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<li id="toc-Medium_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medium models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II and later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1r_pulemyot" title="Ağır pulemyot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağır pulemyot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metralladora_pesant" title="Metralladora pesant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metralladora pesant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweres_Maschinengewehr" title="Schweres Maschinengewehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweres Maschinengewehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskekuulipilduja" title="Raskekuulipilduja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raskekuulipilduja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametralladora_pesada" title="Ametralladora pesada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ametralladora pesada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مسلسل سنگین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسلسل سنگین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrailleuse_lourde" title="Mitrailleuse lourde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mitrailleuse lourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B4%9D" title="중기관총 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중기관총" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senapan_mesin_berat" title="Senapan mesin berat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senapan mesin berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragliatrice_pesante" title="Mitragliatrice pesante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mitragliatrice pesante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesingan_berat" title="Mesingan berat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesingan berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2%E9%8A%83" title="重機関銃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重機関銃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitralj%C3%B8se" title="Mitraljøse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mitraljøse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkokalibrowy_karabin_maszynowy" title="Wielkokalibrowy karabin maszynowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkokalibrowy karabin maszynowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metralhadora_pesada" title="Metralhadora pesada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metralhadora pesada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82" title="Крупнокалиберный пулемёт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крупнокалиберный пулемёт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitralozi_i_r%C3%ABnd%C3%AB" title="Mitralozi i rëndë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mitralozi i rëndë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94_(%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94)" title="විශාල මැෂින් තුවක්කු (කාල තුවක්කු) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශාල මැෂින් තුවක්කු (කාල තුවක්කු)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heavy machine gun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%BEki_mitraljez" title="Težki mitraljez – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Težki mitraljez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Тешки митраљез – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тешки митраљез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_kulspruta" title="Tung kulspruta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tung kulspruta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ปืนกลหนัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปืนกลหนัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1r_makineli_t%C3%BCfek" title="Ağır makineli tüfek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağır makineli tüfek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Великокаліберний кулемет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великокаліберний кулемет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAng_m%C3%A1y_h%E1%BA%A1ng_n%E1%BA%B7ng" title="Súng máy hạng nặng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Súng máy hạng nặng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%AA" title="重机枪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="重机枪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1195448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gun capable of heavy sustained fire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Special:EditPage/Heavy machine gun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Heavy+machine+gun%22">"Heavy machine gun"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Heavy+machine+gun%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Heavy+machine+gun%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Heavy+machine+gun%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Heavy+machine+gun%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Heavy+machine+gun%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M2_machine_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/M2_machine_gun.jpg/300px-M2_machine_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/M2_machine_gun.jpg/450px-M2_machine_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/M2_machine_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">M2 Browning</a> machine gun with a <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a> weighs 58 kg (128 lb).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>heavy machine gun</b> (<b>HMG</b>) is significantly larger than <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">medium</a> or <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun" title="General-purpose machine gun">general-purpose machine guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HMGs are typically too heavy to be man-portable (carried by one person) and require <a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">mounting</a> onto a <a href="/wiki/Weapons_platform" title="Weapons platform">weapons platform</a> to be operably stable or tactically <a href="/wiki/Mobility_(military)" title="Mobility (military)">mobile</a>, have more formidable <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a>, and generally <a href="/wiki/Crew-served_weapon" title="Crew-served weapon">require a team of personnel</a> for operation and maintenance. </p><p>There are two classes of weapons generally defined as HMGs: </p> <ul><li>The historical definition refers to machine guns, typically chambered in standard <a href="/wiki/Full-power_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-power cartridge">full-power cartridges</a>, that are identified as being "heavy" due to their weight and cumbersomeness, which prevents infantrymen from transporting them on foot. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Maxim_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim machine gun">Maxim machine gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1917 Browning machine gun">M1917 Browning machine gun</a>.</li> <li>The modern definition refers to "heavy caliber" machine guns, pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MG_18_TuF" title="MG 18 TuF">MG 18 TuF</a> which was a Maxim derivative chambered in <a href="/wiki/13.2%C3%9792mmSR" title="13.2×92mmSR">13.2×92mmSR</a> fielded near the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. They are designed to provide increased <a href="/wiki/Effective_range" title="Effective range">effective range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weapons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penetration (weapons)">penetration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">stopping power</a> against <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and light <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> beyond the full-power cartridges used in <a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">battle rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">medium</a> or <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun" title="General-purpose machine gun">general-purpose machine guns</a>, and far beyond the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">intermediate cartridges</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">squad automatic weapons</a>. HMGs also have more felt <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> than its lighter counterparts. Popular HMG rounds today are the <a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%9799mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×99mm">12.7×99mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×108mm">12.7×108mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/14.5%C3%97114mm" class="mw-redirect" title="14.5×114mm">14.5×114mm</a> cartridges.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term originally referred to the generation of machine guns which came to prominence in the lead up to and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. These fired standard full-power <a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">rifle cartridges</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/7.92%C3%9757mm_Mauser" title="7.92×57mm Mauser">7.92×57mm Mauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/7.7%C3%9756mmR" class="mw-redirect" title="7.7×56mmR">7.7×56mmR</a> (.303 British) or <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a>, but featured heavy construction, elaborate mountings and <a href="/wiki/Water-cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-cooling">water-cooling</a> mechanisms that enabled long-range sustained automatic fire with excellent accuracy. However, these advantages came at the cost of being too cumbersome to move and required a crew of several soldiers to operate them. Thus, in this sense, the "heavy" aspect of the weapon referred to the weapon's bulk and ability to sustain fire, not the cartridge caliber. This class of weapons was best exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a>, invented by the American inventor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Maxim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maxim was the most ubiquitous machine gun of World War I, variants of which were fielded in large simultaneously by three separate warring nations—Germany with the <a href="/wiki/MG_08" title="MG 08">MG 08</a>, Britain with the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers</a>, and Russia with the <a href="/wiki/PM_M1910" title="PM M1910">PM M1910</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg/170px-A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg/255px-A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg/340px-A_soldier_with_the_Ukrainian_Land_Forces_fires_a_Degtyaryov-Shpagin_Large-Caliber_heavy_machine_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3939" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ukrainian Ground Forces</a> soldier firing the <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShKM</a> in heavy role.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern definition refers to a class of machine guns chambered in "heavy caliber" ammunition, generally with a minimum <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a> diameter of 12mm, a minimum <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge case</a> length of 80mm and a minimum bullet weight of <span class="nowrap">500 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grain</a></span>, but <em>below</em> a bullet diameter of 20mm which are considered "medium caliber" ammunition for <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/13.2%C3%9792mmSR" title="13.2×92mmSR">13.2×92mmSR</a> caliber <a href="/wiki/MG_18_TuF" title="MG 18 TuF">MG 18 TuF</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Maschinengewehr 18 Tank und Flieger</i></span>, 'Machinegun 18 Tank and Aircraft') during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, these weapons are designed to provide increased range, penetration and destructive power against vehicles, buildings, aircraft and light fortifications beyond the standard rifle calibers used in medium or general-purpose machine gun, or the intermediate cartridges used in light machine guns. In this sense, the "heavy" aspect of the weapon refers to its superior power and range over light and medium caliber weapons, in addition to its weight. This class of machine gun came into widespread use during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when the M2 was used widely in fortifications, on vehicles and in aircraft by American forces. A similar HMG capacity was later fielded by the Soviets in the form of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Degtyaryov" title="Vasily Degtyaryov">Vasily Degtyaryov's</a> <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShK</a> in <a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×108mm">12.7×108mm</a>. The ubiquitous German <a href="/wiki/MG42" class="mw-redirect" title="MG42">MG42</a> general-purpose machine gun, though well-suited against infantry, lacked the M2's anti-fortification and anti-vehicle capability, a fact that was noted and lamented by the Germans. The continued need for a longer-range machine gun with <a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-materiel">anti-materiel</a> capability to bridge the gap between exclusively anti-infantry weapons and exclusively anti-materiel weapons has led to the widespread adoption and modernization of the class, and most nations' armed forces are equipped with some type of HMG. </p><p>Currently, machine guns with calibers smaller than 10mm are generally considered medium or light machine guns, while those larger than 15mm are generally classified as <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a> instead of HMGs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Other sources state 20mm as the boundary between firearms and artillery. 15mm is surprising. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a> and other externally powered types such as the <a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt_gun" title="Nordenfelt gun">Nordenfelt gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardner_gun" title="Gardner gun">Gardner gun</a> were often made in a variety of calibers, such as 0.5-inch and 1-inch. Due to their multiple barrels, overheating was not so much of an issue, but they were also quite heavy. When Maxim developed his recoil-powered <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a> using a single barrel, his first main design weighed a modest 26 pounds (11.8 kg) and fired a .45-inch rifle-caliber bullet from a 24-inch barrel. A famous photo of Maxim showed him picking it up by its 15-pound tripod (6.8 kg) with one arm. It was similar to present-day medium machine guns, but it could not be fired for extended periods due to overheating. As a result, Maxim created a water jacket cooling system to enable it to fire for extended periods. However, this added significant weight, as did the change to more powerful rifle cartridges. </p><p>There were thus two main types of heavy, rapid-fire weapons: the manually powered, multiple-barrel machine guns and the single-barrel Maxim guns. By the end of the 19th century, many new designs such as the <a href="/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun" title="M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun">M1895 Colt–Browning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1914_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun">Hotchkiss M1897</a> were developed, powered by <a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">gas operation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">recoil operation</a>. Also, rather than the heavy water jacket, new designs introduced other types of barrel cooling, such as barrel replacement, metal fins, heat sinks or some combination of these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designs">Designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12,7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(3-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/12%2C7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%283-1%29.jpg/220px-12%2C7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%283-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/12%2C7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%283-1%29.jpg/330px-12%2C7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%283-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/12%2C7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%283-1%29.jpg/440px-12%2C7-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%283-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Wheel mounted DShK.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127,_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127%2C_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127%2C_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127%2C_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127%2C_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127%2C_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P050127%2C_Man%C3%B6ver_der_Reichswehr_in_K%C3%B6nigshofen-Franken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08" class="mw-redirect" title="Maschinengewehr 08">MG 08</a> system (7.92 mm) and crew circa 1931.</figcaption></figure> <p>Machine guns diverged into heavier and lighter designs. The later model water-cooled Maxim guns and its derivatives the <a href="/wiki/MG_08" title="MG 08">MG 08</a> and the Vickers, as well as the American <a href="/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1917 Browning machine gun">M1917 Browning machine gun</a>, were all substantial weapons. The <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303</a> Vickers, for example, weighed 33 lb (15 kg) and was mounted on a tripod that brought the total weight to 50 lb (23 kg). The heavier designs could, and in some cases did, fire for days on end, mainly in fixed defensive positions to repel infantry attacks. These machine guns were typically mounted on tripods and were water-cooled, and a well-trained crew could fire nonstop for hours, given sufficient ammunition, replacement barrels and cooling water. Carefully positioned HMGs could stop an attacking force before they reached their objectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_machine_guns">Light machine guns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Light machine guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, during the same period a number of lighter and more portable air-cooled designs were developed weighing less than 30 lbs (15 kg). In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> they were to be as important as the heavier designs, and were used to support <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> on the attack, on aircraft, and on many types of vehicles. </p><p>The lightest of the new designs were not capable of sustained automatic fire, as they did not have water jackets and were fed from comparatively small <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazines</a>. Essentially machine rifles with a <a href="/wiki/Bipod" title="Bipod">bipod</a>, weapons like the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Gun">Lewis Gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauchat" title="Chauchat">Chauchat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madsen_machine_gun" title="Madsen machine gun">Madsen</a> were portable by one soldier, but were made for single and burst fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium_models">Medium models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medium models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medium designs offered greater flexibility, either being fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Bipod" title="Bipod">bipod</a> in the light machine gun role or on a tripod or other <a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">weapon mount</a> as medium machine guns. An example was the <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Ben%C3%A9t%E2%80%93Merci%C3%A9_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun">Hotchkiss M1909 machine gun</a> weighing 27.6 lb (12.2 kg) fitted with a mini-tripod and using linkable 30-round ammunition strips, but there was also a <a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt (firearm)">belt-fed</a> version. </p><p>This type of multipurpose machine gun would be further developed, and later given names such as "universal machine gun", and later "general-purpose machine gun", and would eventually supplant the water-cooled designs. These later designs used quick-change barrel replacement to reduce overheating, which further reduced the weapon's weight, but at the cost of increasing the soldier's load due to the extra barrels. Some earlier designs like the Vickers had this feature, but it was mainly for barrel wear, as they normally used water cooling. It was in the 1920s and 1930s that quick barrel replacement for cooling purposes became more popular in weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/ZB_vz._30" title="ZB vz. 30">ZB vz. 30</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MG34" class="mw-redirect" title="MG34">MG34</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MG42" class="mw-redirect" title="MG42">MG42</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Lightweight_.50-Caliber_Machine_Gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4062" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>US .50 caliber HMG developments – Browning M2, Browning M2E2 Quick Change Barrel, <a href="/wiki/XM806" title="XM806">XM806</a> Lightweight .50 Caliber Machine Gun (LW50)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_later">World War II and later</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II and later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heavier designs continued to be used throughout World War II and into the 1960s, but were gradually phased out in favor of air-cooled designs. The mediums were now used both as medium machine guns while mounted on tripods and as light machine guns while mounted on bipods. This was possible in part because a heavy, static MG position was not a very effective tactic in vehicle-centered warfare, and the significantly lighter air-cooled designs could nearly match the capabilities of the water-cooled versions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gatling#Modern_Gatling-style_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatling">Gatling</a>-type machine guns such as the <a href="/wiki/Minigun" class="mw-redirect" title="Minigun">Minigun</a> and <a href="/wiki/GShG-7.62" class="mw-redirect" title="GShG-7.62">GShG-7.62</a> reappeared after World War II. These are typically mounted on ships and helicopters because of their weight and large ammunition requirements due to their extremely high rate of fire. The need for sustained automatic fire on the ground, however, is now nearly entirely filled by air-cooled medium machine guns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">Squad automatic weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms" title="List of firearms">List of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List of machine guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_barrel_firearms#Machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multiple barrel firearms">List of multiple barrel machine guns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_machine_gun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/machine-gun">"Machine Gun"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Machine+Gun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fmachine-gun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+machine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/how-machine-gun-changed-combat-during-world-war-i">"How The Machine Gun Changed Combat During World War I"</a>. <i>Norwich University Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+University+Online&rft.atitle=How+The+Machine+Gun+Changed+Combat+During+World+War+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.norwich.edu%2Facademic-programs%2Fresources%2Fhow-machine-gun-changed-combat-during-world-war-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+machine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/medium-caliber-ammunition-mca/">"Medium Caliber Ammunition (MCA) - USAASC"</a>.</cite><span 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