Gender Justice in Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Gender Justice in Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="This fall, a number of States expressed support for the inclusion of various gender justice proposals in a potential future treaty." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Progress on Gender Justice Continues as States Consider Next Steps on Draft Crimes Against Humanity Treaty" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This fall, a number of States expressed support for the inclusion of various gender justice proposals in a potential future treaty." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-18T15:00:05+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-19T00:16:27+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-6423437101.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="683" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Kelly Adams" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Gender Justice in Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Kelly Adams" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="10 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/2941b9e68f0ce89ca4d235ec021f8c98"}],"headline":"Progress on Gender Justice Continues as States Consider Next Steps on Draft Crimes Against Humanity Treaty","datePublished":"2024-11-18T15:00:05+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-19T00:16:27+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"},"wordCount":2047,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-6423437101.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1","keywords":["Accountability","apartheid","civil society","Crimes Against Humanity","Diplomacy","Gender","Gender and security","gender persecution","International Criminal Court (ICC)","international justice","Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty","Rome Statute","slavery","Treaties","United Nations","United Nations General Assembly"],"articleSection":["Atrocities","International and Foreign","International Justice","Other","United Nations"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/","name":"Gender Justice in Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-6423437101.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1","datePublished":"2024-11-18T15:00:05+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-19T00:16:27+00:00","description":"This fall, a number of States expressed support for the inclusion of various gender justice proposals in a potential future treaty.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-6423437101.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-6423437101.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1","width":1024,"height":683,"caption":"General Assembly Hall of United Nations"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.justsecurity.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Progress on Gender Justice Continues as States Consider Next Steps on Draft Crimes Against Humanity Treaty"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/","name":"Just Security","description":"A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.justsecurity.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization","name":"Just Security","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","width":5371,"height":1757,"caption":"Just Security"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/","https://x.com/just_security","https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/","https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/","https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/2941b9e68f0ce89ca4d235ec021f8c98","name":"Kelly Adams","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/05db84e4df8590517ffde704a22093de","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2024d0064690f15142d1a7ca85cae95a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2024d0064690f15142d1a7ca85cae95a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Kelly Adams"},"description":"Kelly Adams is a Legal Advisor at the Global Justice Center (@GlobalJusticeC). Prior to joining GJC, she worked at an international law firm, specializing in sanctions and complex cross-border litigation. She obtained her J.D. from Washington University School of Law, where she was the Editor-in-Chief of the Washington University Global Studies Law Review and obtained certificates in International and Comparative Law and Public Interest Law. She also holds an M.P.S. in Intelligence from Georgetown University. Prior publications can be found in the Fordham International Law Journal, Syracuse University College of Law’s Journal of Global Rights and Organizations, and the Transnational Litigation Blog. She is on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/adamskelly/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/104884\/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations ); } else { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations; } var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-G-C8GWL90XNK', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (mi_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id; var hookName = name; if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') { hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name; } if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') { MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters); } } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true, }); if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) { __gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations); } __gtagTracker('config', 'G-C8GWL90XNK', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='remodal-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='remodal-default-theme-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal-default-theme.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpgmza-marker-library-dialog-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/css/marker-library-dialog.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ds-google-pt-serif-font-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=PT+Serif:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;1,400;1,700&family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;1,300;1,400;1,700;1,900&display=swap' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ds-main-styles-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/style.css?ver=1728684854' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ds-custom-scrollbar-css-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/custom-scrollbar/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='searchwp-forms-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/searchwp/assets/css/frontend/search-forms.css?ver=4.3.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-official-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/css/all.css' type='text/css' media='all' integrity="sha384-SZXxX4whJ79/gErwcOYf+zWLeJdY/qpuqC4cAa9rOGUstPomtqpuNWT9wdPEn2fk" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-official-v4shim-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/css/v4-shims.css' type='text/css' media='all' integrity="sha384-C2B+KlPW+WkR0Ld9loR1x3cXp7asA0iGVodhCoJ4hwrWm/d9qKS59BGisq+2Y0/D" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <style id='font-awesome-official-v4shim-inline-css' type='text/css'> @font-face { font-family: "FontAwesome"; font-display: block; src: url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.eot"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff") format("woff"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.ttf") format("truetype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.svg#fontawesome") format("svg"); } @font-face { font-family: "FontAwesome"; font-display: block; src: url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.eot"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff") format("woff"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.ttf") format("truetype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.svg#fontawesome") format("svg"); } @font-face { font-family: "FontAwesome"; font-display: block; src: url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.eot"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff") format("woff"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.ttf") format("truetype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.svg#fontawesome") format("svg"); unicode-range: U+F004-F005,U+F007,U+F017,U+F022,U+F024,U+F02E,U+F03E,U+F044,U+F057-F059,U+F06E,U+F070,U+F075,U+F07B-F07C,U+F080,U+F086,U+F089,U+F094,U+F09D,U+F0A0,U+F0A4-F0A7,U+F0C5,U+F0C7-F0C8,U+F0E0,U+F0EB,U+F0F3,U+F0F8,U+F0FE,U+F111,U+F118-F11A,U+F11C,U+F133,U+F144,U+F146,U+F14A,U+F14D-F14E,U+F150-F152,U+F15B-F15C,U+F164-F165,U+F185-F186,U+F191-F192,U+F1AD,U+F1C1-F1C9,U+F1CD,U+F1D8,U+F1E3,U+F1EA,U+F1F6,U+F1F9,U+F20A,U+F247-F249,U+F24D,U+F254-F25B,U+F25D,U+F267,U+F271-F274,U+F279,U+F28B,U+F28D,U+F2B5-F2B6,U+F2B9,U+F2BB,U+F2BD,U+F2C1-F2C2,U+F2D0,U+F2D2,U+F2DC,U+F2ED,U+F328,U+F358-F35B,U+F3A5,U+F3D1,U+F410,U+F4AD; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal.min.js?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f" id="remodal-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=9.2.2" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-C8GWL90XNK"};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgmza_data-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpgmza_google_api_status = {"message":"Engine is not google-maps","code":"ENGINE_NOT_GOOGLE_MAPS"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps/wpgmza_data.js?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f" id="wpgmza_data-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/104884" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p5gGh3-rhG' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2F104884%2Fgender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2F104884%2Fgender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty%2F&format=xml" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/js-pull-quote/css/simple-pull-quote.css" />  <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style> @media (max-width: 1180px) { #masthead .menu-wrap { display:none; } #masthead .social-wrap a.search-icon, #masthead .social-wrap a.menu-toggle { display:block; } } </style><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1" /> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-104884 single-format-standard"> <a href="#primary" class="skip" role="link">Skip to content</a> <div id="page-wrap" class="clearfix"> <div class="site-name">Justsecurity.org</div><header id="masthead" class="clearfix" role="banner"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org" id="site-logo"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/white-logo.png" alt="A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security" /></a><nav class="menu-wrap clearfix" role="navigation"><div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="sm"><li id="menu-item-76321" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76321"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-104167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-104167"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/">Masthead</a></li> <li id="menu-item-104168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-104168"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49070" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-49070"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/guest-authors-2/">Guest Authors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76337" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76337"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-97911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-97911"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/2025-26-postgraduate-law-fellows/">Work With Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79333" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-79333"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">More About Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-76322" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-76322"><a href="#">Key Topics</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-94073" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-94073"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84707" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-84707"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76323" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76323"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76324" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76324"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84709" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84709"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82357" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82357"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76328" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76328"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84711" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84711"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76331" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76331"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76543"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76329" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76329"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-91476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-91476"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82359"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76332"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76333" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76333"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76334" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76334"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-82541"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive">Russia-Ukraine War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84713" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84713"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76335"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76540"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76330" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76330"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-50783" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-50783"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write for Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-83988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83988"><a href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/2074610">Podcast</a></li> </ul></div><a href="#" class="search-icon"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></nav><div class="social-wrap clearfix"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on YouTube</span> </a><a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span> </a><a href="https://www.givecampus.com/campaigns/21763/donations/new?designation=justsecurity" class="button green">Donate</a><a href="#" class="search-icon"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Open the search tool</span> </a><a href="#" class="menu-toggle"> <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Open the main navigation</span> </a></div><div id="search-drop"><div class="form-wrap"> <form role="search" method="get" id="default-searchform" class="searchform" data-author-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/author-search/" data-default-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/" action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search for: </span> <input type="search" class="search-field" name="searchwp" placeholder="Search posts, authors, media..." value="" title="Search for:" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </form> <div class="advanced-search"> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" id="author-search" /> Search authors only </div> </div></div><div id="mobile-nav-drop"><div class="inner"><a href="#" class="close"><i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org" class="mobile-menu-logo"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/white-logo.png" alt="A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security" /></a><div class="menu-mobile-container"><ul id="menu-mobile" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-733" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-733"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76571" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76571"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-76565" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76565"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/">Masthead</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76533" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76533"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76566"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/guest-authors-2/">Guest Authors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76572" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76572"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-83989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83989"><a title="NEW: Podcast" href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/2074610">NEW: Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-93849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-93849"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum">YouTube</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82330" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-82330"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/main-archive/">Key Topics</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-94074" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-94074"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84715" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84715"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82331" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82331"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82332"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82336" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82336"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82354" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82354"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82338" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82338"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84716" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84716"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82345" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82345"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82340" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82340"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82341" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82341"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82342" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82342"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li> <li id="menu-item-91477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-91477"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82353" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82353"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82343" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82343"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82344" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82344"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82346" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82346"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-82542"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive">Russia-Ukraine War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84718" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84718"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82348" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82348"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82349" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82349"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-82351" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-82351"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/featured-new/">Featured Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76568"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write for Just Security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37577"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76569" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76569"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-email-signup-2/">Signups for A.M. and P.M. emails</a></li> </ul></div></div></div></header><div id="content-wrap" class="clearfix"><div id="post-hero" class="clearfix" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-6423437101.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Progress on Gender Justice Continues as States Consider Next Steps on Draft Crimes Against Humanity Treaty </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/adamskelly/" title="Profile and articles by Kelly Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kelly Adams</a></p><p class="date">November 18, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-104884" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-104884" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-104884" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104884/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/accountability/" rel="tag">Accountability</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/apartheid/" rel="tag">apartheid</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/civil-society/" rel="tag">civil society</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crimes-against-humanity/" rel="tag">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/" rel="tag">Diplomacy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender/" rel="tag">Gender</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-and-security/" rel="tag">Gender and security</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-persecution/" rel="tag">gender persecution</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-court/" rel="tag">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-justice/" rel="tag">international justice</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/proposed-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/" rel="tag">Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rome-statute/" rel="tag">Rome Statute</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/slavery/" rel="tag">slavery</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/treaties/" rel="tag">Treaties</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations-general-assembly/" rel="tag">United Nations General Assembly</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/adamskelly/" title="Profile and articles by Kelly Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kelly Adams</a></p><p class="date">November 18, 2024</p></div><p><em>(Editor’s Note: This article has been edited to clarify that the text summary reflects only the contents of the October 2024 United Nations Sixth Committee debate, while the chart reflects States’ articulated views across all sessions and in written comments.)</em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This fall, the United Nations General Assembly’s legal arm (the Sixth Committee) convened to discuss and debate the Draft Articles on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity (</span><a href="https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/7_7_2019.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Draft Articles</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">). The meeting was the latest in a </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104188/justice-delayed-denied-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">series of gatherings</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> held under a December 2022 General Assembly </span><a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F77%2F249&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False"><span style="font-weight: 400;">resolution</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> calling for a series of sessions to discuss elements of the International Law Commission’s (ILC’s) draft treaty, which was developed to address </span><a href="https://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2013/english/annex.pdf#page=10"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gaps</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in international law in combatting crimes against humanity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The majority of the interventions during this round, which ran from Oct. 9-14, 2024, focused on whether to move forward with the ILC’s recommendation to use the Draft Articles as the basis for negotiating an international treaty on crimes against humanity. A significant </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104188/justice-delayed-denied-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">majority of States</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> supported this approach.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even with this focus, a number of States expressed support for the inclusion of various </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96034/gender-justice-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gender justice proposals</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in a future treaty. Multiple States expressed support for the inclusion of specific gender-justice crimes, such as reproductive violence and forced marriage, and a handful of States backed the general application of a gender lens to a future convention. Only a few States expressed any concerns.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to debates, States also had the opportunity to submit written comments on the Draft Articles in December 2023, and these comments were published in January 2024. Taking all of these interventions and written comments into account, 114 U.N. Member States have to date expressed either support for or openness to the inclusion of at least one aspect of gender justice in a future treaty on crimes against humanity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The sections below highlight interventions from States on gender justice proposals from the October 2024 debate. As most States focused on the narrow question of whether to move forward to negotiations, the extent of State support for each proposal is not reflected in this summary. A full tally of State support for each gender justice proposal, as expressed in Sixth Committee debates and written comments on the Draft Articles, can be found in the chart at the end of this article. </span></p> <h2><b>Including the Slave Trade as a Crime</b></h2> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_sierraleone.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sierra Leone</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*t8id4b*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjc2NzIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7134"><span style="font-weight: 400;">El Salvador</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/09mtg_nigeria.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nigeria</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*adebh*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAyOTk0NTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=746"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bolivia</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> all explicitly supported the inclusion of the “slave trade” as a crime in a future convention on crimes against humanity. In addition, the 54 States in the </span><a href="https://www.africanunion-un.org/africangroup"><span style="font-weight: 400;">African Group</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> joined a </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">statement</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, delivered by Uganda, in support of including the slave trade as a crime. Although the Draft Articles already enumerates “enslavement” as a crime against humanity, several prominent international legal scholars have </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90085/time-to-enumerate-the-slave-trade-as-a-distinct-provision-in-the-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that “enslavement” and the “slave trade” are two separate crimes and many </span><a href="https://www.globaljusticecenter.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Slavery-and-Slave-Trade-Expert-Legal-Brief-CAH-Treaty.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">civil society groups have backed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> its incorporation into the treaty. The crime of enslavement requires the exercise of ownership power (e.g., ownership rights), whereas the crime of the slave trade includes non-ownership conduct such as bartering for or transporting slaves.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Referencing the historical impact of the slave trade, as well as the continued impact of the transatlantic slave trade and racial discrimination “which continue to the continent and people of African descent,” the African Group statement </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that “it is in this context that we continue to call for the admissions of responsibility for slavery and the slave trade… [and] reiterate our call for the inclusion of these crimes as crimes against humanity as the prohibition of these crimes is inalienable and imprescriptible.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sierra Leone, speaking in its national capacity, </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_sierraleone.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">expressed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that the explicit inclusion of the slave trade “would send </span><b>a strong signal </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">to the victims in the comprehensive acknowledgement of and redress for their harm,” and “</span><b>urge[d]</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">” States to include it in any future convention. (bold in original).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nigeria noted that it “further supports the expansion of the scope of the definition of Crime Against Humanity and this is not limited to as provided in the ILC draft article, in addition to including slavery, the slave trade, colonialism and the illegal exploitation of resources.” El Salvador and Bolivia also expressed support for the inclusion of this crime.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Further, although not explicitly using the term “slave trade,” </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1289ggu*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMTc4ODIwNS43NC4xLjE3MzE3ODg0MzguMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9313"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Côte d’Ivoire</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*20bn69*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMTc4ODIwNS43NC4xLjE3MzE3ODgzNzQuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=340"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Togo</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1289ggu*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMTc4ODIwNS43NC4xLjE3MzE3ODg0MzguMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=8687"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Burkina Faso</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*50tnjn*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDUwMzcuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9778"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Haiti</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> highlighted the effects of slavery in their interventions.</span></p> <h2><b>Gender Apartheid</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A broad coalition of States have </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96096/gender-apartheid-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">consistently expressed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> support for the codification of gender apartheid in the Draft Articles in previous sessions. In October,</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Afghanistan (representing the recognized government, not the Taliban), </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1rsmv92*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTcwODc1MS42Mi4xLjE3Mjk3MTA0NzAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=5817"><span style="font-weight: 400;">expressed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> its continued support for the inclusion of gender apartheid as a crime against humanity in a future convention. While discussing the effects of the current Taliban rule, Afghanistan noted that “one of the most alarming developments has been the institutionalization of gender apartheid in Afghanistan.” The delegate went on to explain that “the denial of education and employment opportunities for women is not simply a violation of their rights, it’s an assault on the very foundation of Afghan society” a “broader strategy of persecution that the international community cannot ignore.”</span></p> <h2><b>Gender Justice</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Colombia, Spain, and Myanmar commented </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">at the October session </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">on the need to include a gender perspective in a future convention on crimes against humanity. Colombia </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=6117"><span style="font-weight: 400;">highlighted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that women are uniquely impacted by the nature of crimes against humanity, and that this “need[s] to be addressed” in order to achieve inclusive justice. Spain </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=8402"><span style="font-weight: 400;">expressed support</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for “the inclusion of a gender-based perspective in the articles.” Myanmar also </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/10mtg_myanmar.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">expressed its support</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for an international convention, specifically highlighting the effects of current atrocities on women and girls in Myanmar as an example of why a convention on crimes against humanity is so needed. “Since the illegal coup attempt in February 2021,” the delegate said, “over 5,700 were brutally killed [by] the military junta. Over 3.4 million people [have been] displaced. Over 18.6 million people are in urgent need of humanitarian [assistance], [the] majority of them are women and girls.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Seven other States specifically highlighted the need to include a progressive perspective on sexual and/or gender-based violence in a future convention. Denmark, who spoke on behalf of the Nordic Group – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden – </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141"><span style="font-weight: 400;">stated that</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> a convention on crimes against humanity “could reflect evolving definitions under customary international law and contribute to increasing prevention and accountability for grave human rights violations, including sexual and gender-based crimes.” Likewise, Spain </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=8402"><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted that</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> “a future convention could provide the unique opportunity to reflect on progress in international criminal law with regard to the concept of sexual crimes and gender-based violence.” While expressing a more negative view on the exclusion of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court’s (Rome Statute) definition of the word “gender,” Niger </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*1t41xwe*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUzNTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9739"><span style="font-weight: 400;">expressed support</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for a focus on sexual violence, saying that women and girls are “raped and subject to other forms of sexual violence” that “have to be considered as crimes against humanity.”</span></p> <h2><b>Survivor-Centric Approach</b></h2> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Denmark</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (on behalf of the Nordic Group), </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1x/k1xvvl9cwt?_gl=1*1ggcq41*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDk2NTIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7862"><span style="font-weight: 400;">El Salvador</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Poland, and </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*1mwauhg*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMTc4ODIwNS43NC4xLjE3MzE3ODgyMDYuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=56"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mongolia</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> all also expressed support for a survivor-centered approach to a future convention. In particular, Poland </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_poland.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted that</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> it has been “a strong advocate of the victim-centered approach and [has] paid particular attention to the plight of child victims in the global efforts to fight international crimes.”</span><b> </b></p> <h2><b>The Exclusion of the Gender Definition</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On a less positive note, two States expressed their dissatisfaction with the ILC’s decision to exclude the definition of “gender” included in the Rome Statute’s definition of crimes against humanity. As </span><a href="https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/7_7_2019.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted by the ILC</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, excluding this gender definition in a treaty on crimes against humanity would allow space for our understanding of the term “gender” to evolve over time. In previous sessions, many States have voiced support for the ILC decision. But in October, while noting that Nigeria </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/09mtg_nigeria.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">strongly supports</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> moving forward with negotiations and welcomes the decision to model the definition of crimes against humanity after the Rome Statute, it “reject[s] the decision of the [ILC] to delete [paragraph] 3 of the article based on written comments submitted by some group of states.” Speaking for the first time on the topic of crimes against humanity, Niger also </span><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*1t41xwe*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUzNTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9739"><span style="font-weight: 400;">expressed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> concern regarding the ILC’s decision to omit the gender definition. The Holy See, which has U.N. observer status, also </span><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/11mtg_holysee.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">reiterated</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> its desire to exclude the gender definition.</span></p> <h2><b>Analysis of Overall Growth in Gender Justice Support</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The chart below tracks each gender justice-related position expressed by States over all four Sixth Committee debates as well as in written comments, reflecting a continuous increase in support over time.</span></p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">(</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Note: An asterisk indicates a view expressed via a group statement, italics indicates an intervention from a non-member State or organization with U.N. observer status.) </span></i></p> <table style="font-weight: 400;" width="624"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="156"><strong>Gender Justice Position</strong></td> <td width="156"><strong>Indicating strong support of at least one element of the gender justice position</strong></td> <td width="156"><strong>Indicating openness to at least one element of the gender justice position</strong></td> <td width="156"><strong>Indicating opposition to at least one element of the gender justice position</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><strong>Overall Gender-Competent Approach to Treaty</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/australia_e.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=6117">Colombia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_malta_2.pdf">Malta</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*1vq88zk*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxNDM4OC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=2136">Mexico</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/09mtg_canz.pdf">New Zealand</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k185suaren?_gl=1*k3q80h*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDQ0MjAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=3150">Peru</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=8402">Spain</a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Albania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Austria</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Bulgaria</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Croatia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Czech Republic</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/nordic_countries_e.pdf">Denmark</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17fywbh8o?_gl=1*1alehbf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDg1NjQuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=541">El Salvador</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Estonia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_eu_2.pdf">European Union</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/nordic_countries_e.pdf">Finland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">France</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Georgia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Germany</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Greece</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/nordic_countries_e.pdf">Iceland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Ireland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Italy</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Latvia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Lithuania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Luxembourg</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Moldova</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Monaco</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Montenegro</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">North Macedonia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/nordic_countries_e.pdf">Norway</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Poland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">San Marino</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Serbia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_sierraleone_2.pdf">Sierra Leone</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Slovakia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Slovenia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Spain</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/nordic_countries_e.pdf">Sweden</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/38mtg_eu_1.pdf">Ukraine</a>*</td> <td width="156"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96034/gender-justice-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><strong>Gender Definition</strong></a><strong>, i.e. not including a definition</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/argentina_e.pdf">Argentina</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_australia_2.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/belgium_e.pdf">Belgium</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_brazil_2.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_canada_2.pdf">Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*10gahg3*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxMzE4Ni4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=5897">Chile</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*eyreq8*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxMzU0NS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=6764">Colombia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_cyprus_2.pdf">Cyprus</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1%2A1u23k06%2A_ga%2AMTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz%2A_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z%2AMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjAuMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=9447">Denmark</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1%2A1u23k06%2A_ga%2AMTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz%2A_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z%2AMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjAuMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=9447">Finland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_hungary_2.pdf">Hungary</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1%2A1u23k06%2A_ga%2AMTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz%2A_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z%2AMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjAuMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=9447">Iceland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1iy2jjcxi?_gl=1*1sq0xl9*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDY2NTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=72">Malta</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*1vq88zk*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxNDM4OC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=2136">Mexico</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*5lbdr3*_ga*MTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjEuMTcxNjIxOTk2NC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=368">Netherlands</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_newzealand_2.pdf">New Zealand</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1%2A1u23k06%2A_ga%2AMTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz%2A_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z%2AMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjAuMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=9447">Norway</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_portugal_2.pdf">Portugal</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_romania_2.pdf">Romania</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1%2A1u23k06%2A_ga%2AMTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz%2A_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z%2AMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjAuMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=9447">Sweden</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*5lbdr3*_ga*MTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjEuMTcxNjIxOTk2NC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=7765">United Kingdom</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_us_2.pdf">United States</a></td> <td width="156"> </p> <p> </td> <td width="156"><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Algeria</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Angola</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Benin</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Botswana</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Burkina Faso</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Burundi</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Cabo Verde</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Cameroon</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Central African Republic</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Chad</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Comoros</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Congo Republic</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Côte d’Ivoire</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Djibouti</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">DRC</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Egypt</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Equatorial Guinea</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Eritrea</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Eswatini</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Ethiopia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Gabon</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Gambia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Ghana</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Guinea</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Guinea-Bissau</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/11mtg_holysee.pdf"><em>Holy See</em></a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Kenya</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Lesotho</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Liberia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Libya</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Madagascar</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Malawi</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Mali</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Mauritania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Mauritius</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Morocco</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Mozambique</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Namibia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*1t41xwe*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUzNTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9739">Niger</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/09mtg_nigeria.pdf">Nigeria</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/cah/43mtg_poland_5.pdf">Poland</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1iy2jjcxi?_gl=1*ybwkm2*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDU1MDQuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=5198">Qatar</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Rwanda</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Sao Tome and Principe</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Senegal</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Seychelles</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Somalia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">South Africa</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">South Sudan</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Sudan</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Tanzania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_turkey_2.pdf">Turkey</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Togo</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Tunisia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Uganda</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Zambia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1w/k1wrhrca2z?_gl=1*1cr2aaf*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMzA2OTUuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7370">Zimbabwe</a>*</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90219/strengthening-reproductive-autonomy-in-the-draft-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><strong>Forced Pregnancy</strong></a><strong>, i.e. to remove the national law caveat and have a more expansive reference to persons as opposed to women</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_brazil_2.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_canada_2.pdf">Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1x/k1xvvl9cwt?_gl=1*ynvggv*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDU3OTcuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9590">Cuba</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_southafrica_2.pdf">South Africa</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*5lbdr3*_ga*MTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjEuMTcxNjIxOTk2NC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=7765">United Kingdom</a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_nordic_2.pdf">Denmark</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_nordic_2.pdf">Finland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_nordic_2.pdf">Iceland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_nordic_2.pdf">Norway</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_nordic_2.pdf">Sweden</a>*</td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_holysee_2.pdf"><em>Holy See</em></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_pakistan_12345.pdf">Pakistan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.globaljusticecenter.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Forced-Marriage-Expert-Legal-Brief-CAH-Treaty.pdf"><strong>Forced Marriage</strong></a><strong>, i.e. inclusion of the crime</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_australia_2.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_brazil_2.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_canada_2.pdf">Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*eyreq8*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxMzU0NS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=6764">Colombia</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*1vq88zk*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxNDM4OC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=2136">Mexico</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_southafrica_2.pdf">South Africa</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*5lbdr3*_ga*MTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjEuMTcxNjIxOTk2NC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=7765">United Kingdom</a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_hungary_2.pdf">Hungary</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*1099c6l*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDUxNDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=3757">Netherlands</a></td> <td width="156"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90219/strengthening-reproductive-autonomy-in-the-draft-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><strong>Reproductive violence</strong></a><strong>, i.e. inclusion of the crime</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_australia_2.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_brazil_2.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/canada_e.pdf">Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*eyreq8*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxMzU0NS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=6764">Colombia</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*1vq88zk*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxNDM4OC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=2136">Mexico</a></td> <td width="156"></td> <td width="156"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89193/why-the-crimes-against-humanity-treaty-should-codify-gender-apartheid/"><strong>Gender Apartheid</strong></a><strong> or Conduct That Would Amount to Gender Apartheid, i.e. inclusion of the crime</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*13at2yn*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjc1NDguMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=5819">Afghanistan</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_australia_2.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*10gahg3*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxMzE4Ni4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=5897">Chile</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_malta_2.pdf">Malta</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*1vq88zk*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxNDM4OC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=2136">Mexico</a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_austria_2.pdf">Austria</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_brazil_2.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*17gigqx*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxOTU1Ny4wLjAuMA&kalturaStartTime=8857&kalturaStartTime=3763&kalturaStartTime=3667">Iceland</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_philippines_2.pdf">Philippines</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_us_2.pdf">United States</a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*1099c6l*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDUxNDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=3757&kalturaStartTime=3815">Cameroon</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90085/time-to-enumerate-the-slave-trade-as-a-distinct-provision-in-the-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/"><strong>Slavery/Slave Trade</strong></a><strong>, i.e. inclusion of the crime</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Algeria</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Angola</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_australia_2.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Benin</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*adebh*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAyOTk0NTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=746">Bolivia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Botswana</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Burkina Faso</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_brazil_2.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Cabo Verde</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Cameroon</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Central African Republic</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Chad</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k17/k17tiua4k7?_gl=1*eyreq8*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxMzU0NS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=6764">Colombia</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Comoros</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Congo Republic</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Côte d’Ivoire</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Djibouti</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">DRC</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*t8id4b*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjc2NzIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7134">El Salvador</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Egypt</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Equatorial Guinea</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Eritrea</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Eswatini</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Ethiopia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Gabon</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Gambia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Ghana</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Guinea</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Guinea-Bissau</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*50tnjn*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDUwMzcuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9778">Haiti</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Kenya</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Lesotho</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Liberia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Libya</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Madagascar</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Malawi</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Mali</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Mauritania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Mauritius</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1iy2jjcxi?_gl=1*ybwkm2*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDU1MDQuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=5198">Mexico</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Morocco</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Mozambique</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Namibia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Niger</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/09mtg_nigeria.pdf">Nigeria</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Rwanda</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Sao Tome and Principe</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Senegal</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Seychelles</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_sierraleone.pdf">Sierra Leone</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Somalia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">South Africa</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">South Sudan</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Sudan</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Tanzania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Togo</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Tunisia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Uganda</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Zambia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_african_group.pdf">Zimbabwe</a>*</td> <td width="156"><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*14l8cwo*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDU0NTIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=3666">Iceland</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1irdnfd66?_gl=1*1099c6l*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDUxNDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=3757">Netherlands</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/41mtg_palestine_2.pdf">Palestine</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_philippines_2.pdf">Philippines</a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1iy2jjcxi?_gl=1*ybwkm2*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDU1MDQuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=5198">Qatar</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.globaljusticecenter.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Victims-and-Survivors-Expert-Legal-Brief-CAH-Treaty.pdf"><strong>Survivor-centric approach</strong></a></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/11mtg_albania.pdf">Albania</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/argentina_e.pdf">Argentina</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/australia_e.pdf">Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1n/k1npec6205?_gl=1*1kpxoxu*_ga*OTM3NDA3MzQ3LjE3MTUxMTMzNjA.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxNjMxMjA2Ny45LjEuMTcxNjMxNjk0MC4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=5359">Belgium</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/brazil_e.pdf">Brazil</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/canada_e.pdf">Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=6117">Colombia</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Denmark</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*t8id4b*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjc2NzIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7134">El Salvador</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_baltic_2.pdf">Estonia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/eu_e.pdf">European Union</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Finland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Iceland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_baltic_2.pdf">Latvia</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/liechtenstein_e.pdf">Liechtenstein</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_baltic_2.pdf">Lithuania</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1*1kzy0gm*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDk5NjIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=5644">Mali</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/09mtg_malta.pdf">Malta</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1p/k1pi3g8gzk?_gl=1*f29tv1*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMTAxMzkuMC4wLjA.">Mexico</a></p> <p><u><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*1mwauhg*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMTc4ODIwNS43NC4xLjE3MzE3ODgyMDYuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=56">Mongolia</a></u></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/netherlands_e.pdf">Netherlands</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/newzealand_e.pdf">New Zealand</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Norway</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k187uk5y6x?_gl=1%2A1u23k06%2A_ga%2AMTk4MTQ2NzUxNi4xNzE1NzIyMzMz%2A_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z%2AMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4zLjAuMTcxNjIxOTkzMS4wLjAuMA..&kalturaStartTime=8037">Palestine</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k185suaren?_gl=1*k3q80h*_ga*MjEyODAwMjk1NS4xNzI0MTY0OTg3*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDMwMzg2MC41MC4xLjE3MzAzMDQ0MjAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=3150">Peru</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/08mtg_poland.pdf">Poland</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/portugal_e.pdf">Portugal</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/44mtg_sierraleone_5.pdf">Sierra Leone</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/spain_e.pdf">Spain</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Sweden</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_uk_1.pdf">United Kingdom</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/us_e.pdf">United States</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/79/pdfs/statements/cah/11mtg_icrc.pdf"><em>International Committee of the Red Cross</em></a></td> <td width="156"></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/pdfs/statements/cah/39mtg_turkey_1.pdf">Turkey</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156"><strong>Sexual and Gender-Based Violence</strong></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_canada_2.pdf">Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1x/k1xvvl9cwt?_gl=1*1ggcq41*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDk2NTIuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=7862">El Salvador</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Denmark</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Finland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Iceland</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Norway</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k1039hd3hb?_gl=1*1t41xwe*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUzNTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=9739">Niger</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1al9u453w?_gl=1*1nqfeto*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDIyNTA4NS42NS4xLjE3MzAyMjUxMDkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=8402">Spain</a></p> <p><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yi0hpcye?_gl=1*ls1p5m*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcyOTY4ODk1My41OC4xLjE3Mjk2ODg5NTkuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=1141">Sweden</a>*</p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/78/cah/uk_e.pdf">United Kingdom</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/cah/40mtg_us_2.pdf">United States</a></td> <td width="156"></td> <td width="156"><a href="https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1i/k1iy2jjcxi?_gl=1*1sq0xl9*_ga*NTM3ODg5MjE2LjE3MTIzNDU0NTM.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTczMDI5NjQ5NC42Ny4xLjE3MzAzMDY2NTAuMC4wLjA.&kalturaStartTime=72&kalturaStartTime=7506">Russian Federation</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>The Prospect of Treaty Negotiations </strong></h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In accordance with <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/004/85/pdf/n2300485.pdf">Resolution 77/249</a>, the Sixth Committee must decide by the end of its 79th session, November 22, 2024, whether to move forward with formal negotiations for an international treaty on crimes against humanity. While the four Sixth Committee debates on crimes against humanity demonstrate significant support for the advancement of gender justice in a future convention, this progress cannot occur if States do not opt to move forward into negotiations. States committed to gender justice in international criminal law should redouble their efforts to ensure a positive outcome leading to negotiations of the much-needed convention.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: A shot of the U.N. General Assembly hall (via Getty Images).</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/accountability/" rel="tag">Accountability</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/apartheid/" rel="tag">apartheid</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/civil-society/" rel="tag">civil society</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crimes-against-humanity/" rel="tag">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/" rel="tag">Diplomacy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender/" rel="tag">Gender</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-and-security/" rel="tag">Gender and security</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-persecution/" rel="tag">gender persecution</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-court/" rel="tag">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-justice/" rel="tag">international justice</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/proposed-crimes-against-humanity-treaty/" rel="tag">Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rome-statute/" rel="tag">Rome Statute</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/slavery/" rel="tag">slavery</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/treaties/" rel="tag">Treaties</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations-general-assembly/" rel="tag">United Nations General Assembly</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. Emails</a><aside id="search-3" class="widget widget_search clearfix"> <form role="search" method="get" id="default-searchform" class="searchform" data-author-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/author-search/" data-default-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/" action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search for: </span> <input type="search" class="search-field" name="searchwp" placeholder="Search posts, authors, media..." value="" title="Search for:" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </form> <div class="advanced-search"> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" id="author-search" /> Search authors only </div> </aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Featured Articles</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-3" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:450px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gwenadmin/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103200/state-department-reform-commission/">The State Department Reform Commission: A Once in A Generation Opportunity to Reform American Diplomacy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/spokojnydan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Spokojny" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Spokojny</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103265/analysis-iran-2024-election-interference-indictment/">Analysis of Remarkable and Unremarkable Aspects of Iranian 2024 Election Interference Indictment </a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aarondavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Aaron" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Aaron</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103164/usaid-digital-policy-conflict-peacebuilding/">The Next Step for USAID’s New Digital Policy: Account for Conflict Risks and Include Peacebuilding</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/guintaclaire/" title="Profile and articles by Claire Guinta" class="author url fn" rel="author">Claire Guinta</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/zuroskinick/" title="Profile and articles by Nick Zuroski" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nick Zuroski</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103184/amended-protocol-booby-traps-pagers/">Article 7(2) of Amended Protocol II on Conventional Weapons and the Lebanon Pager Explosions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100374/ukraine-us-public-support-election/">Will US Public Support for Ukraine Aid Survive the Presidential Campaign?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mironrobert/" title="Profile and articles by Robert Miron" class="author url fn" rel="author">Robert Miron</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/feaver-peter/" title="Profile and articles by Peter Feaver" class="author url fn" rel="author">Peter Feaver</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100333/rethinking-united-nations-cybercrime-treaty/">Rethinking the United Nations Cybercrime Treaty</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pielemeierjason/" title="Profile and articles by Jason Pielemeier" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jason Pielemeier</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100172/why-criminalize-ecocide-experts/">Why Criminalize Ecocide? Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/">Musk, X, and Trump 2024: Where are the Legal and Ethical Boundaries?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jacksondean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean Jackson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean Jackson</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100259/u-n-general-assembly-high-level-week-2024-what-experts-are-looking-for/">U.N. General Assembly High-Level Week 2024 : What Experts Are Looking For</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100195/a-2024-election-litigation-hot-list/">A 2024 Election Litigation Hot List</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100193/law-war-exploding-pagers-lebanon/">Law of War Questions Raised by Exploding Pagers in Lebanon</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100130/competition-not-control-is-key-to-winning-the-global-ai-race/">Competition, Not Control, is Key to Winning the Global AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mittelsteadtmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew Mittelsteadt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew Mittelsteadt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97864/political-violence-us-enough/">Political Violence in the United States Is Rising – and It Might Be Up to Americans to Say “Enough!”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99994/americas-national-security-threat/">America’s Overlooked National Security Threat</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/" title="Profile and articles by Harold Hongju Koh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harold Hongju Koh</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99964/challenging-state-capture/">To Challenge State Capture, the US Needs a Strategy of State Retrieval</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/prendergastjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Prendergast" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Prendergast</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wilsondamon/" title="Profile and articles by Damon Wilson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Damon Wilson</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99869/telegrams-security-sham/">Telegram’s Security Sham</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vanlandinghammichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Van Landingham" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Van Landingham</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wildeg/" title="Profile and articles by Gavin Wilde" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gavin Wilde</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99841/public-safety-reform-targeted-violence/">Public-Safety Reform and Preventing Targeted Violence: Two Sides of the Same Public-Health Coin</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosanderic/" title="Profile and articles by Eric Rosand" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eric Rosand</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weinestevan/" title="Profile and articles by Stevan Weine" class="author url fn" rel="author">Stevan Weine</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gimenezalejandrosantana/" title="Profile and articles by Alejandro Giménez Santana" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alejandro Giménez Santana</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99831/reaim-second-summit-context/">Putting the Second REAIM Summit into Context</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vestnertobias/" title="Profile and articles by Tobias Vestner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tobias Vestner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cleoburysimon/" title="Profile and articles by Simon Cleobury" class="author url fn" rel="author">Simon Cleobury</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99113/north-korea-growing-threat/">The Growing Threat from North Korea</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kirbymichael/" title="Profile and articles by The Hon. Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80800/introduction-to-symposium-still-at-war-where-and-why-the-united-states-is-fighting-the-war-on-terror/">Introduction to Symposium: Still at War – Where and Why the United States is Fighting the “War on Terror”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/">After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80290/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-executive-order-9066-80-years-after-signing/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Executive Order 9066, 80 Years After Signing</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79951/congress-can-and-should-address-the-threat-from-unauthorized-paramilitary-activity/">Congress Can and Should Address the Threat from Unauthorized Paramilitary Activity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79900/the-good-governance-papers-a-january-2022-report-card-update/">The Good Governance Papers: A January 2022 “Report Card” Update</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bermanemily/" title="Profile and articles by Emily Berman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emily Berman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78797/symposium-recap-security-privacy-and-innovation-reshaping-law-for-the-ai-era/">Symposium Recap: Security, Privacy and Innovation – Reshaping Law for the AI Era</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brawleylaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Brawley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Brawley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joardarantara/" title="Profile and articles by Antara Joardar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Antara Joardar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/narasimhanmadhu/" title="Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhu Narasimhan</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78063/towards-a-new-treaty-on-crimes-against-humanity-next-steps/">Towards a New Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity: Next Steps</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sadatleila/" title="Profile and articles by Leila Nadya Sadat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leila Nadya Sadat</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 13th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78118/introduction-to-a-symposium-how-perpetual-war-has-changed-us-reflections-on-the-anniversary-of-9-11/">Introduction to Symposium: How Perpetual War Has Changed Us — Reflections on the Anniversary of 9/11</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goldbrennerrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Goldbrenner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 7th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77536/new-just-security-series-beyond-the-myanmar-coup/">New Just Security Series: Beyond the Myanmar Coup</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 19th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77262/new-just-security-series-reflections-on-afghanistan-on-the-eve-of-withdrawal/">New Just Security Series: Reflections on Afghanistan on the Eve of Withdrawal</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 30th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76906/introducing-a-symposium-on-the-un-global-counterterrorism-strategy/">Introducing a Symposium on the UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 14th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76709/the-mendez-principles-leadership-to-transform-interrogation-via-science-law-and-ethics/">The Méndez Principles: Leadership to Transform Interrogation via Science, Law, and Ethics</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barelasteven/" title="Profile and articles by Steven J. Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/adamskelly/">Kelly <span>Adams</span></a></h4><p>Kelly Adams is a Legal Advisor at the Global Justice Center.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Mexico-disappeared-graves-Jalisco-scaled-e1732587876513.jpg?fit=768%2C302&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C486&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/">New UN Guidance Calling for Restraints on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/soohoocynthia/" title="Profile and articles by Cynthia Soohoo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cynthia Soohoo</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghermjaime/" title="Profile and articles by Jaime M. Gher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jaime M. Gher</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105179/disability-slavery-connection/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-1356708163-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C576&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105179/disability-slavery-connection/">Slavery Often Creates Disability – The International Criminal Court Should Address this Overlooked Connection</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcinneskate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate McInnes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate McInnes</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/map-responses-to-ICC-arrest-warrants-featured-image-11-23-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C266&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2180882096_cropped.jpg?fit=768%2C339&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ICC-building-The-Hague-scaled-e1687206613717.jpg?fit=768%2C309&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zelenskyy-Trump-shaking-hands-scaled-e1732164790599.jpg?fit=768%2C282&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104992/magnitsky-sanctions-iran-impunity-crisis/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2181065820.jpg?fit=768%2C512&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104992/magnitsky-sanctions-iran-impunity-crisis/">Magnitsky-Style Sanctions Are a Precision Measure for Iran’s Crisis of Impunity</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thompsonskylar/" title="Profile and articles by Skylar Thompson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Skylar Thompson</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kubeschnatalia/" title="Profile and articles by Natalia Kubesch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Natalia Kubesch</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104969/states-ethics-excuse-war-crimes/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GettyImages-2175584066-scaled-e1727966924336.jpg?fit=768%2C384&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104969/states-ethics-excuse-war-crimes/">Beyond Law: When States Use Ethics to Excuse War Crimes</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wolfendalejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Wolfendale" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Wolfendale</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 20th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104983/abu-ghraib-alien-tort-statute/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-1937062-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C559&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104983/abu-ghraib-alien-tort-statute/">Abu Ghraib Torture Survivors’ Landmark Win Gives Hope for Alien Tort Statute Cases</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 20th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Collage-6-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C324&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive/">Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grahamtess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Graham" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Graham</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 20th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104922/early-warning-atrocities-technology/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Xinjiang-surveillance-scaled-e1731983570416.jpg?fit=768%2C287&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104922/early-warning-atrocities-technology/">Early Warning in Atrocity Scenarios Must Account for the Effects of Technology, Good or Bad</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dealessandrafederica/" title="Profile and articles by Federica D'Alessandra" class="author url fn" rel="author">Federica D'Alessandra</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gildeaross/" title="Profile and articles by Ross Gildea" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ross Gildea</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </div></div></div></div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { // make a copy so that the authors and related can come after the post story // when on mobile (under 768px) var $postAuthors = $('.post-bottom-row.about-authors'); var $postRelated = $('.post-bottom-row.related-posts'); $postAuthors.clone().addClass('mobile-authors').appendTo('#primary'); $postRelated.clone().addClass('mobile-related').appendTo('#primary'); }); </script> </div> <footer id="footer" class="clearfix" role="contentinfo"> <div class="pagewidth pw1000"> <div class="col-1"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/footer-logo.png" alt="Just Security logo" /></a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-am">A.M. Early Edition</a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">P.M. Today at Just Security</a></div><div class="col-2"><div class="about"><aside id="text-3" class="widget widget_text clearfix"> <div class="textwidget"><h3 class="widget-title"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a></h3> <p>Just Security is based at the Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law.</p> </div> </aside></div><div class="contact-row"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/" class="contact">Contact Us</a> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/" class="icon"><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="icon" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="icon" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="icon" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span> </a> </div></div><div class="col-3"> <div class="links"> <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/footer/accessibility.html" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-universal-access" aria-hidden="true"></i> Accessibility</a> <div class="copyright">© 2024 Just Security</div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/104884\/gender-progress-crimes-against-humanity-treaty\/":104884}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/accordions-pro/assets/frontend/js/scripts.js?ver=1732708237" id="accordions_pro_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/site.js?ver=1727362368" id="ds-site-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/smart-menus/jquery.smartmenus.min.js?ver=1.0" id="ds-smartmenus-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/smart-menus/jquery.smartmenus.keyboard.min.js?ver=1.0" id="ds-smartmenus-keyboard-nav-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/custom-scrollbar/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.js?ver=1.0" id="ds-custom-scrollbar-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"77857433\",\"post\":\"104884\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"www.justsecurity.org\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "77857433", "104884" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.0" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function($){ $(window).on('load', function() { $('.custom-scroll').mCustomScrollbar(); }); })(jQuery); </script> <style> </style> <script> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { }); </script> <script> var accordions_active = null; var accordions_tabs_active = null; </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Gender Justice in Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Treaty