CINXE.COM
The St Andrews Gifford Lectures – Lectures on Natural Theology
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The St Andrews Gifford Lectures – Lectures on Natural Theology</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The St Andrews Gifford Lectures » Feed" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The St Andrews Gifford Lectures » Comments Feed" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-style-css' href='https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/plugins/wp-sta-cookie-consent/assets/css/sta-cookie-style.css?ver=6.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/main.min.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' /> <style id='generate-style-inline-css'> body{background-color:#f7f8f9;color:#222222;}a{color:#1e73be;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:#000000;}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}:root{--contrast:#222222;--contrast-2:#575760;--contrast-3:#b2b2be;--base:#f0f0f0;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#1e73be;}:root .has-contrast-color{color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-2-color{color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-3-color{color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-base-color{color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-background-color{background-color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-2-color{color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-2-background-color{background-color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-3-color{color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-base-3-background-color{background-color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-accent-color{color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-background-color{background-color:var(--accent);}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";}body{line-height:1.5;}.entry-content > [class*="wp-block-"]:not(:last-child):not(.wp-block-heading){margin-bottom:1.5em;}.main-title{font-size:33px;}.site-description{font-size:19px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{font-size:14px;}.sidebar .widget, .footer-widgets .widget{font-size:17px;}@media (max-width:768px){h1{font-size:31px;}h2{font-size:27px;}h3{font-size:24px;}h4{font-size:22px;}h5{font-size:19px;}}.top-bar{background-color:#636363;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#303030;}.site-header{background-color:#666666;}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:#ffffff;}.site-description{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation,.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#595959;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#424242;}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#424242;}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#424242;}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#424242;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:#dbdbdb;background-color:#424242;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#dbdbdb;background-color:#424242;}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:#ffffff;}.entry-title a{color:#1e73be;}.entry-title a:hover{color:#55555e;}.entry-meta{color:#595959;}.sidebar .widget{background-color:#ffffff;}.footer-widgets{background-color:#ffffff;}.footer-widgets .widget-title{color:#000000;}.site-info{color:#ffffff;background-color:#55555e;}.site-info a{color:#ffffff;}.site-info a:hover{color:#d3d3d3;}.footer-bar .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a{color:#d3d3d3;}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:#666666;background-color:#fafafa;border-color:#cccccc;}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:#666666;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#bfbfbf;}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:#55555e;}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3f4047;}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:#ffffff;}}.inside-top-bar.grid-container{max-width:1280px;}.inside-header{padding:50px 40px 50px 40px;}.inside-header.grid-container{max-width:1280px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:40px;}.separate-containers .paging-navigation{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-40px;width:calc(100% + 80px);max-width:calc(100% + 80px);}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:20px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:20px;}.footer-widgets-container.grid-container{max-width:1280px;}.inside-site-info.grid-container{max-width:1280px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:30px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:30px;}.inside-top-bar{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.inside-header{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.widget-area .widget{padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px;}.footer-widgets-container{padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px;}.inside-site-info{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-30px;width:calc(100% + 60px);max-width:calc(100% + 60px);}.one-container .site-main .paging-navigation{margin-bottom:20px;}}/* End cached CSS */.is-right-sidebar{width:30%;}.is-left-sidebar{width:30%;}.site-content .content-area{width:70%;}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav,.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation):not(.toggled) .main-nav > ul,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation .inside-navigation > *:not(.navigation-search):not(.main-nav){display:none;}.nav-align-right .inside-navigation,.nav-align-center .inside-navigation{justify-content:space-between;}} .site-header{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;background-position:0 50%;} .dynamic-author-image-rounded{border-radius:100%;}.dynamic-featured-image, .dynamic-author-image{vertical-align:middle;}.one-container.blog .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child), .one-container.archive .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:0px;}.dynamic-entry-excerpt > p:last-child{margin-bottom:0px;} </style> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/418" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/PaT1aW-6K' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F&format=xml" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The St Andrews Gifford Lectures" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Lectures on Natural Theology" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The St Andrews Gifford Lectures" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Home" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .site-header { background: linear-gradient(rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5), rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5)), url(https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/files/2019/04/St-Andrews-from-the-sea.jpg); background-size: cover; background-position: 0 20%; } body.home h1.entry-title { display: none; } </style> </head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-418 wp-embed-responsive post-image-aligned-center sticky-menu-fade right-sidebar nav-below-header one-container header-aligned-center dropdown-hover" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemscope> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a> <header class="site-header" id="masthead" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope> <div class="inside-header grid-container"> <div class="site-branding"> <p class="main-title" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/" rel="home">The St Andrews Gifford Lectures</a> </p> <p class="site-description" itemprop="description">Lectures on Natural Theology</p> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="main-navigation nav-align-center sub-menu-right" id="site-navigation" aria-label="Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope> <div class="inside-navigation grid-container"> <button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="gp-icon icon-menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span><span class="mobile-menu">Menu</span> </button> <div id="primary-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class=" menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-253" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item current_page_item menu-item-home menu-item-253"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-416"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/introduction/">About the Lectures<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-415" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-415"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/introduction/">Introduction</a></li> <li id="menu-item-414" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-414"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/lord-gifford-and-his-will/">Lord Gifford and his Will</a></li> <li id="menu-item-287" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-287"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/natural-theology-philosophy-and-the-gifford-lectures/">Natural Theology, Philosophy and the Gifford Lectures</a></li> <li id="menu-item-286" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-286"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/the-st-andrews-gifford-lectures-from-1889-to-the-present/">The St Andrews Gifford Lectures – from 1889 to the present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-817" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-817"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/lectures-2024/">Lectures 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-666"><a href="#">Previous Lectures<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-667"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/lectures-2021/">Lectures 2021</a></li> <li id="menu-item-424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-424"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/lectures-2019/">Lectures 2019</a></li> <li id="menu-item-259" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-259"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/lectures-2017/">Lectures 2017</a></li> <li id="menu-item-258" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-258"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/lectures-2015/">Lectures 2015</a></li> <li id="menu-item-256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-256"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/2012/">Lectures 2012</a></li> <li id="menu-item-255" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-255"><a href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/category/2010/">Lectures 2010</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </div> </nav> <div class="site grid-container container hfeed" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-418" class="post-418 page type-page status-publish" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Home</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p>The prestigious Gifford Lectureships were established by Adam Lord Gifford (1820–1887), a senator of the College of Justice in Scotland. The purpose of Lord Gifford’s bequest to the universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews and Aberdeen was to sponsor lectures to “promote and diffuse the study of Natural Theology in the widest sense of the term—in other words, the knowledge of God”.</p> <p>This website carries full information about the lecture series given at the University of St Andrews.</p> <hr> <div class="su-posts su-posts-single-post "> <div id="su-post-806" class="su-post "> <h1 class="su-post-title">Gifford Lectures 2024</h1> <div class="su-post-meta"> Posted: Tuesday January 16, 2024 </div> <div class="su-post-content"> <p><a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/clare-carlisle">Prof. Clare Carlisle</a> (King’s College London) will give a series of Gifford Lectures in St Andrews this coming semester, beginning on Tuesday 19 March. The title of the series is <em>Transcendence for Beginners: Life Writing and Philosophy</em>.</p> <p>Biography is a humble literary genre, yet it opens up grand philosophical questions. What is the shape, purpose, value and meaning of a human life? Which parts or aspects of a life are most important? How much freedom and responsibility went into making this particular life? What kind of truth is at stake in answering these questions? Even more fundamentally: what <em>is</em> a human life? Clare Carlisle’s lectures will explore life writing across a broad philosophical terrain traversing European and Indian traditions, and according to a Spinozist view of ‘Natural Theology’ (the subject-matter specified by Lord Gifford when he endowed these lectures) which sees all singular things as expressions of ‘God or Nature.’ Along the way she will consider childhood and mortality, art and religion, beauty and loss. Drawing on her own experience as a biographer of Søren Kierkegaard and George Eliot, Professor Carlisle will ask what one whole human life can reveal about the world—and how writing can transmit its truth.</p> <ol> <li>Tuesday 19 March: <strong>Halfway Up a Mountain</strong></li> <li>Thursday 21 March: <strong>Life Writing</strong></li> <li>Tuesday 26 March: <strong>The Milieu</strong></li> <li>Thursday 28 March: <strong>Incarnations</strong></li> <li>Tuesday 2 April: <strong>Arunachala</strong></li> <li>Thursday 4 April: <strong>Transcendence For Beginners</strong></li> </ol> <p>All lectures will take place in School 2 in St. Salvator’s Quad at 5pm.</p> <p>For further information about this series, contact James Harris at <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d4beb5bce5e194a7a0f9b5bab0a6b1a3a7fab5b7faa1bf"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="d5bfb4bde4e095a6a1f8b4bbb1a7b0a2a6fbb4b6fba0be">[email protected]</span></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </main> </div> <div class="widget-area sidebar is-right-sidebar" id="right-sidebar"> <div class="inside-right-sidebar"> <aside id="search-2" class="widget inner-padding widget_search"><form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> </label> <button class="search-submit" aria-label="Search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg></span></button></form> </aside><aside id="media_image-2" class="widget inner-padding widget_media_image"><h2 class="widget-title">The Gifford Lectures website</h2><a href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/"><img width="226" height="282" src="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/files/2010/03/lordgifford.jpg" class="image wp-image-48 attachment-full size-full" alt="" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a></aside><aside id="text-2" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><hr /> <p><a href="https://wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility statement</a></p> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer"> <footer class="site-info" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope> <div class="inside-site-info grid-container"> <div class="copyright-bar"> <span class="copyright">© 2024 The St Andrews Gifford Lectures</span> • Built with <a href="https://generatepress.com" itemprop="url">GeneratePress</a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script id="generate-a11y">!function(){"use strict";if("querySelector"in document&&"addEventListener"in window){var e=document.body;e.addEventListener("mousedown",function(){e.classList.add("using-mouse")}),e.addEventListener("keydown",function(){e.classList.remove("using-mouse")})}}();</script><link rel='stylesheet' id='su-shortcodes-css' href='https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/plugins/shortcodes-ultimate/includes/css/shortcodes.css?ver=7.3.1' media='all' /> <script id="cookie-script-js-before"> const cookieList = {"firstParty":{"performance":["sc_is_visitor_unique","tk_ai","jp-visit-counter","_ga","_gid","_gat*","_ga_*","nmstat","_hjClosedSurveyInvites","_hjDonePolls","_hjMinimizedPolls","_hjShownFeedbackMessage","_hjid","_hjRecordingLastActivity","_hjTLDTest","_hjUserAttributesHash","_hjCachedUserAttributes","_hjLocalStorageTest","_hjIncludedInSample","_hjAbsoluteSessionInProgress","_hjIncludedInPageviewSample","_hjIncludedInSessionSample","_hjFirstSeen","_hjSession_*","_hjSessionUser_*","_clck","_clsk","CLID","ANONCHK","MR","MUID","SM","monsido"],"functionality":["pll_language","a11y-high-contrast","a11y-larger-fontsize","akm_mobile","jetpack_comments_subscribe_*","jetpack_blog_subscribe_*","eucookielaw","jetpack_comments_subscribe_*","jetpack_blog_subscribe_*","comment_author*","comment_author_email*","comment_author_url*","wp_dlm_downloading","","dismissed_notifications"],"targeting":[""]},"thirdParty":{"performance":{"Twitter":"https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/twitter-cookies","SoundCloud":"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pages\/cookies","Statcounter":"https:\/\/statcounter.com\/about\/set-refusal-cookie\/","Vimeo":"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/cookie_policy","Microsoft":"https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/privacystatement","Panopto":"https:\/\/www.panopto.com\/privacy\/","Knightlab":"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/technologies\/cookies","Google":"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/technologies\/cookies","Gecko Engage":"https:\/\/geckoengage.com\/privacy-policy\/","Hobson Radius":"https:\/\/www.anthology.com\/privacy-policy","Microsoft Clarity":"https:\/\/optout.aboutads.info\/"},"functionality":{"YouTube":"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy","SoundCloud":"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pages\/cookies","Twitter":"https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/twitter-cookies","Facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/policies\/cookies","Microsoft":"https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/privacystatement","Panopto":"https:\/\/www.panopto.com\/privacy\/"},"targeting":{"Twitter":"https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/twitter-cookies","SoundCloud":"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pages\/cookies","YouTube":"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy"}},"necessary":["stauser","PHPSESSID","_COLLECTIONSCART","_COLLECTIONSCART_CC","_COLLECTIONSRESULTS","IMu","CookieControl","HAP_UNI_SERVERID","HP_USR_SERVERID","_shibsession*"],"overlay":" \n\t<div id='sta-cc' role='region' aria-label='Cookie preferences' aria-live='polite'>\n\t\t<div id='sta-cc__cookie-prefs' role='dialog'>\n\t\t\t<div id='sta-cc__cookie-prefs--intro'>\n\t\t\t\t<button id='sta-cc__close-prefs' class='btn btn-small-tag'>Save and close <svg xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' aria-hidden='true'><title>Save and close cookie preferences<\/title><path d='M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z'><\/path><\/svg><\/button>\n\n\t\t\t\t<h2>This site uses cookies<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class='sta-cc__cookie-information'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Some of these cookies are essential, while others help us to improve your experience.<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tFor more information visit our <a href='https:\/\/www.st-andrews.ac.uk\/terms\/cookie-notice\/'>cookie notice<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class='sta-cc__notification-buttons'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='sta-cc__notification-accept btn btn-lg btn-tertiary-1'>Accept recommended settings<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='sta-cc__notification-reject btn btn-lg btn-tertiary-2'>Reject all cookies<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div id='sta-necessary-cookies'>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Necessary cookies<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<p>Necessary cookies enable core functionality. The website cannot function properly without these cookies which can only be disabled by changing your browser preferences.<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id='sta-performance-cookies'>\n\t\t\t\t<div class='form-group'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<legend><h3>Performance cookies<\/h3><\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id='sta-checkbox-performance'>These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources, so we can measure and improve the performance of our site.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='checkbox' value='default' id='sta-performance-accept' class='sta-cookie-checkbox' name='sta-performance-check'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='sta-performance-accept'>Accept performance cookies<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id='sta-performance__alert' class='sta-third-party__alert' role='region' aria-live='polite'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Warning: some cookies require your attention<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class='sta-third-party__description'>Consent for the following cookies could not be automatically revoked. Please follow the link(s) below to opt out manually.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href='https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/twitter-cookies'>Twitter<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pages\/cookies'>SoundCloud<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/statcounter.com\/about\/set-refusal-cookie\/'>Statcounter<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/vimeo.com\/cookie_policy'>Vimeo<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/privacystatement'>Microsoft<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/www.panopto.com\/privacy\/'>Panopto<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/policies.google.com\/technologies\/cookies'>Knightlab<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/policies.google.com\/technologies\/cookies'>Google<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/geckoengage.com\/privacy-policy\/'>Gecko Engage<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/www.anthology.com\/privacy-policy'>Hobson Radius<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/optout.aboutads.info\/'>Microsoft Clarity<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id='sta-functionality-cookies'>\n\t\t\t\t<div class='form-group'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<legend><h3>Functionality cookies<\/h3><\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id='sta-checkbox-functionality'>These cookies are used to remember visitor preferences; conduct customer surveys and allow us to provide enhanced personalised features.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='checkbox' value='default' id='sta-functionality-accept' class='sta-cookie-checkbox' name='sta-functionality-check'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='sta-functionality-accept'>Accept functionality cookies<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id='sta-functionality__alert' class='sta-third-party__alert' role='region' aria-live='polite'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Warning: some cookies require your attention<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class='sta-third-party__description'>Consent for the following cookies could not be automatically revoked. Please follow the link(s) below to opt out manually.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href='https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy'>YouTube<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pages\/cookies'>SoundCloud<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/twitter-cookies'>Twitter<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/policies\/cookies'>Facebook<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/privacystatement'>Microsoft<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/www.panopto.com\/privacy\/'>Panopto<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id='sta-targeting-cookies'>\n\t\t\t\t<div class='form-group'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<legend><h3>Targeting cookies<\/h3><\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id='sta-checkbox-targeting'>These cookies are set through our site by third-party provided features. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant ads on other sites.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='checkbox' value='default' id='sta-targeting-accept' class='sta-cookie-checkbox' name='sta-targeting-check'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='sta-targeting-accept'>Accept targeting cookies<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id='sta-targeting__alert' class='sta-third-party__alert' role='region' aria-live='polite'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Warning: some cookies require your attention<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class='sta-third-party__description'>Consent for the following cookies could not be automatically revoked. Please follow the link(s) below to opt out manually.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href='https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/twitter-cookies'>Twitter<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pages\/cookies'>SoundCloud<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy'>YouTube<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t<div id='sta-cc__notification' role='dialog' aria-labelledby='staCookieHeading' aria-describedby='staCookieDesc'>\n\t\t\t<div class='sta-cc__notification-text'>\n\t\t\t\t<h2 id='staCookieHeading' class='font-scale-2'>Your choice regarding cookies on this site<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<p id='staCookieDesc'>We use cookies to optimise site functionality and give you the best possible experience<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='sta-cc__notification-buttons'>\n\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='sta-cc__notification-accept btn btn-lg btn-tertiary-1'>Accept recommended settings<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class=' sta-cc__notification-reject btn btn-lg btn-tertiary-2'>Reject all cookies<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button type='button' id='sta-cc__notification_preferences' class='btn btn-lg btn-tag'>Cookie preferences<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t"} </script> <script src="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/plugins/wp-sta-cookie-consent/assets/js/sta-cookie-script.js?ver=1" id="cookie-script-js"></script> <!--[if lte IE 11]> <script src="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/classList.min.js?ver=3.5.1" id="generate-classlist-js"></script> <![endif]--> <script id="generate-menu-js-extra"> var generatepressMenu = {"toggleOpenedSubMenus":"1","openSubMenuLabel":"Open Submenu","closeSubMenuLabel":"Close Submenu"}; </script> <script src="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/menu.min.js?ver=3.5.1" id="generate-menu-js"></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"160875922\",\"post\":\"418\",\"tz\":\"0\",\"srv\":\"gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk\",\"j\":\"1:13.9.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "160875922", "418" ]); </script> <div id='sta-cc__button' role='region' aria-label='Cookie preferences button' aria-live='polite' class='ththth'> <div id='sta-cc__cookie-icon' aria-label='Set cookie preferences.' tabindex=0> <p>Cookie preferences</p> </div> </div> </body> </html>