ADW: Eptatretus stoutii: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Eptatretus stoutii: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eptatretus_stoutii/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eptatretus_stoutii/" /> <meta content="Eptatretus stoutii (California hagfish)" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Grzimek_fish/Myxiniformes/eptatretus_stouti/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Eptatretus stoutii (California hagfish)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Eptatretus stoutii (California hagfish) on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Grzimek_fish/Myxiniformes/eptatretus_stouti/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="472" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="640" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eptatretus_stoutii/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Eptatretus stoutii&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Eptatretus stoutii<span class="vernacular-name">California hagfish</span><span class="vernacular-name alt-vernacular-name">(Also: Lamperina; Pacific hagfish)</span></h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Eptatretus_stoutii/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_fish/Myxiniformes/eptatretus_stouti/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/Grzimek_fish/Myxiniformes/eptatretus_stouti/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Brett Schroeder</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#comments">Other Comments</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Eptatretus stoutii</span> (Pacific hagfish) are found in cold marine waters of the antitropical north and south Pacific Ocean on muddy sea floors. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020917114731">pacific ocean</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish are found typically on muddy bottoms to depths of 633 meters, but can also be found occasionally on rocky bottoms. They are more common at shallower depths, from 40 to 100 meters. Pacific hagfish may make small migrations from shallow waters in the fall into deeper water. Although this is unconfirmed, it is consistent with seasonal migrations in other hagfish. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03" class="citation">Fernholm, 1998</a>; <a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145582">saltwater or marine</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145431">benthic</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range depth</dt> <dd>16 to 633 m</dd> <dd class="english">52.49 to 2076.77 ft</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish resemble <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Petromyzontidae/">lampreys</a>, being long, tubular, and pinkish grey in color. They lack fins, except for a primitive tail fin that proves useless for propulsion. Their eyes are small and reduced, but Pacific hagfish have a good sense of smell and touch. Their mouth contains a ring of short and sensitive tentacles. Hagfish do not have true jaws, but instead have two pair of rasps on the tongue used for pulling and tearing. Large slime glands run the length of their body near the degenerate lateral line. Hagfish have a partial skull and cartilagenous skeleton. They are from 30 to 63.5 cm in length and from 0.8 to 1.4 kg. Females are typically larger than males. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb" class="citation">Broadal and Fange, 1963</a>; <a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>female larger</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range mass</dt> <dd>0.8 to 1.4 kg</dd> <dd class="english">1.76 to 3.08 lb</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>30.48 to 63.5 cm</dd> <dd class="english">12.00 to 25.00 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish hatch from an egg in fully functional form without any intermediate larval stage. Determining the sex of Pacific hagfish below 35 cm in length is difficult as a copulatory organ is absent. Despite over a century of searching, only 200 fertilized eggs of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Eptatretus stoutii</span> have been found in Monterey Bay, California. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb" class="citation">Broadal and Fange, 1963</a>; <a href="#e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03" class="citation">Fernholm, 1998</a>; <a href="#72e1a98da0508e33f3e2587e2d3e6275" class="citation">Martini, 1998</a>; <a href="#013ebc772676753c0c6ca4ffc9575c21" class="citation">Patzner, 1998</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Hagfish reproduction is poorly understood, but evidence has been found indicating sequential hermaphroditic periods thought to arise from population pressures. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Sexes are separate, but hermaphroditic adults can be found. No specific spawning season has been identified as males and females are found at various maturation stages throughout the year. Some females have been found with distinctly separate egg batches in them. Smaller sized egg batches do not develop further until the larger batch has completed development. From 20 to 30 eggs are usually deposited at a time. Eggs have been found at depths of 15 to 25 meters. Age is difficult to determine, as hagfish have a cartilagenous skeleton. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <span>sequential hermaphrodite</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Breeding intervals are unknown, but there is some evidence that individuals breed once yearly.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>There is no evidence of a breeding season.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range number of offspring</dt> <dd>20 to 30</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish hatch into fully functional, small hagfish. There is no parental involvement after egg-laying. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Estimated life span of Pacific hagfish in the wild is 40 years, and 17 years in captivity. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#47620e289cca8e5cec9bd80e4408b1a6" class="citation">Finch, 1990</a>; <a href="#33c985d1e9ac5a36c579b2bdafd032ac" class="citation">King and McFarlane, 2003</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Typical lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>40 (high) years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Typical lifespan<br /><span>Status: captivity</span></dt> <dd>17 (high) years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">One of the most distinguishing behaviors of hagfish is the ability to produce large amounts of mucilaginous slime almost instantaneously. The slime is secreted as a defense mechanism from pores that line the sides of the body. Upon contact with seawater, the slime rapidly expands into a sticky gel that can sometimes suffocate an attacker. Hagfish also have the ability to tie a knot in their body, and slide in and out of the knot. This can be used to elude predators, to bury into a carcass, to gain leverage to tear off pieces of flesh, or clean itself of slime. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb" class="citation">Broadal and Fange, 1963</a>; <a href="#52bfa43b3c250d4b85e42b1cf895cf56" class="citation">Schewe, et al., 2003</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914213156">natatorial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145440">colonial</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">A system of sensory organs resembling taste buds, called Schreiner organs, are found throughout the epidermis. The distribution of these organs is more extensive than taste buds in nearly any vertebrate, giving hagfish the ability to sense prey in dark and muddy habitats. This sensory system has no direct homologue in vertebrates and seems specific to hagfish. Hagfish also have well-developed nasal organs used in olfaction. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#d8d51c67ee7a5d5802fdc182a128f4d4" class="citation">Braun, 1998</a>; <a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish have two pair of primitive, yet effective, rasps on the tongue used primarily for grasping. After establishing a firm hold on a food source, the hagfish ties and unties a knot within its own body to generate a ripping force. Pacific hagfish feed on a variety of dead or dying organisms, including fish and mammals, but also probably include marine invertebrates in their diet. Male hagfish may eat hagfish eggs. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb" class="citation">Broadal and Fange, 1963</a>; <a href="#e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03" class="citation">Fernholm, 1998</a>; <a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145488">scavenger</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>mammals</span> </li> <li> <span>fish</span> </li> <li> <span>eggs</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913233224">carrion</a> </li> <li> <span>aquatic or marine worms</span> </li> <li> <span>other marine invertebrates</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish produce large amounts of mucilaginous slime, and can tie and untie knots in their body to evade predators. The primary predators of Pacific hagfish are harbor seals (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Phoca_vitulina/">Phoca vitulina</a>) and humans. They have also been found in the stomachs of sablefish (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Anoplopoma_fimbria/">Anoplopoma fimbria</a>). <span class="citations"> (<a href="#e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03" class="citation">Fernholm, 1998</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>harbor seals (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Phoca_vitulina/">Phoca vitulina</a>)</li> <li>humans (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a>)</li> <li>sablefish (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Anoplopoma_fimbria/">Anoplopoma fimbria</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish are crucial for eliminating dead and dying organsims, and the effect of large-scale removal on the ecosystem could be significant as hagfish are important for recycling nutrients. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb" class="citation">Broadal and Fange, 1963</a>; <a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145725">biodegradation</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">In Korea, approximately 5 million pounds of Pacific hagfish meat is consumed yearly, and in many countries the skin is commonly processed into "eelskin" accessories such as purses, wallets, and boots. Hagfish are sometimes found in public aquariums, and their very low metabolic rate is of specific research interest. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#de63993fff90cd2dd78fc1fbd4e0a425" class="citation">Barnaby, et al., 1995</a>; <a href="#e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03" class="citation">Fernholm, 1998</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145418">food</a> </li> <li> <span>body parts are source of valuable material</span> </li> <li> <span>research and education</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no negative impacts of Pacific hagfish on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish remain common throughout their range.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196044/0"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196044/0"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="comments">Other Comments</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific hagfish are a member of one of the most primitive <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Craniata/">craniate</a> groups. Pacific hagfish have changed little over the past 330 million years, and closely resemble the first craniates. The evolutionary path leading to <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a> probably diverged from hagfish approximately 530 million years ago. Hagfish can go several months without eating. One adult Pacific hagfish can fill a seven-liter bucket with slime in minutes. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb" class="citation">Broadal and Fange, 1963</a>; <a href="#e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03" class="citation">Fernholm, 1998</a>; <a href="#72e1a98da0508e33f3e2587e2d3e6275" class="citation">Martini, 1998</a>; <a href="#8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf" class="citation">McCrae, 1997</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web. </p> <p>Brett Schroeder (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Kevin Wehrly (editor, instructor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020917114731"> <dl> <dt>Pacific Ocean</dt> <dd> <p>body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145431"> <dl> <dt>benthic</dt> <dd> <p>Referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145725"> <dl> <dt>biodegradation</dt> <dd> <p>helps break down and decompose dead plants and/or animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913233224"> <dl> <dt>carrion</dt> <dd> <p>flesh of dead animals.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145440"> <dl> <dt>colonial</dt> <dd> <p>used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. More specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145418"> <dl> <dt>food</dt> <dd> <p>A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914213156"> <dl> <dt>natatorial</dt> <dd> <p>specialized for swimming</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145767"> <dl> <dt>parasite</dt> <dd> <p>an organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms in a harmful way that doesn't cause immediate death</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145582"> <dl> <dt>saltwater or marine</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145488"> <dl> <dt>scavenger</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats dead animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="de63993fff90cd2dd78fc1fbd4e0a425">Barnaby, R., G. Nardi, K. Cho, J. Goldman. 1995. "Trade Barriers Lifted on Hagfish Exports to Korea Earnings of Developing New England Fishery Expected to Double" (On-line). Sea Grant News Media Center. Accessed October 15, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://www.seagrantnews.org/news/hagfish.html">http://www.seagrantnews.org/news/hagfish.html</a></tt>. </p> <p id="d8d51c67ee7a5d5802fdc182a128f4d4">Braun, C. 1998. Schreiner Organs: A new Craniate Chemosensory Modality in Hagfishes. <span style="font-style: italic">J Comp Neurol.</span>, March 9;392(2): 135-163. </p> <p id="89a2e99e972988b2dc8de75af9e2f7eb">Broadal, A., R. Fange. 1963. <span style="font-style: italic">The Biology of Myxine</span>. Oslo: Grondahl & Son. Accessed October 15, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/hagfish/hagfish.html">http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/hagfish/hagfish.html</a></tt>. </p> <p id="e882a30fb9155c7d52290d71faeabc03">Fernholm, B. 1998. <span style="font-style: italic">The Biology of Hagfishes</span>. London: Chapman & Hall. </p> <p id="47620e289cca8e5cec9bd80e4408b1a6">Finch, C. 1990. <span style="font-style: italic">Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome</span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </p> <p id="33c985d1e9ac5a36c579b2bdafd032ac">King, J., G. McFarlane. 2003. Marine Fish Life History Strategies: Applications to Fishery Management. <span style="font-style: italic">Fisheries Management & Ecology</span>, 10: 249-264. </p> <p id="72e1a98da0508e33f3e2587e2d3e6275">Martini, F. 1998. Secrets of the Slime Hag. <span style="font-style: italic">Scientific American</span>, October: 70-75. </p> <p id="8468fcb99d5f75fd303cf604d94be2cf">McCrae, J. 1997. "Pacific Hagfish" (On-line). Oregon Developmental Species. Accessed October 15, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/odfw/devfish/sp/hagfish.html">http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/odfw/devfish/sp/hagfish.html</a></tt>. </p> <p id="013ebc772676753c0c6ca4ffc9575c21">Patzner, R. 1998. <span style="font-style: italic">Gonads and Reproduction in Hagfishes</span>. London: Chapman & Hall. Accessed October 15, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://www.fishbase.org/References/FBRefSummary.cfm?ID=51361">http://www.fishbase.org/References/FBRefSummary.cfm?ID=51361</a></tt>. </p> <p id="52bfa43b3c250d4b85e42b1cf895cf56">Schewe, P., B. Stein, J. Riordon. 2003. "A Close Look at Hagfish Slime" (On-line). Accessed October 17, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://www.aip.org/pnu/2003/660.html">http://www.aip.org/pnu/2003/660.html</a></tt>. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 35px"> <label for="feature-list" 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ADW: Eptatretus stoutii: INFORMATION