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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Wren_als_beginnend_architect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wren_als_beginnend_architect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Wren als beginnend architect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wren_als_beginnend_architect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wren_als_hofarchitect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wren_als_hofarchitect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wren als hofarchitect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wren_als_hofarchitect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrens_kerken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrens_kerken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wrens kerken</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wrens_kerken-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wrens kerken-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wrens_kerken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nog_bestaande_kerken_gebouwd_naar_ontwerpen_van_Wren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nog_bestaande_kerken_gebouwd_naar_ontwerpen_van_Wren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nog bestaande kerken gebouwd naar ontwerpen van Wren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nog_bestaande_kerken_gebouwd_naar_ontwerpen_van_Wren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nog_bestaand,_maar_gewijzigd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nog_bestaand,_maar_gewijzigd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nog bestaand, maar gewijzigd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nog_bestaand,_maar_gewijzigd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ten_dele_behouden_gebleven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_dele_behouden_gebleven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ten dele behouden gebleven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_dele_behouden_gebleven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Wren</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 76 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%86" title="كريستوفر رن – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستوفر رن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%86" title="كريستوفر رن – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستوفر رن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Ren" title="Kristofer Ren – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kristofer Ren" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کریستوفر رن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستوفر رن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Крыстафер Рэн – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крыстафер Рэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Крыстафэр Рэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крыстафэр Рэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Кристофър Рен – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристофър Рен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ক্রিস্টোফার রেন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিস্টোফার রেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рен Кристофер – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рен Кристофер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Κρίστοφερ Ρεν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίστοφερ Ρεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کریستوفر رن – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستوفر رن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="כריסטופר רן – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטופר רן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Քրիստոֆեր Ռեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոֆեր Ռեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="クリストファー・レン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリストファー・レン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კრისტოფერ რენი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრისტოფერ რენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%8D%BC_%EB%A0%8C" title="크리스토퍼 렌 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스토퍼 렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Wren" title="Christophorus Wren – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christophorus Wren" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofers_Rens" title="Kristofers Rens – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristofers Rens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="क्रिस्टोफर रेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर रेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခရစ္စတိုဖာ ရင်း – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ္စတိုဖာ ရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫਰ ਵਰੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫਰ ਵਰੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren" title="Sir Christopher Wren – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sir Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کرسٹوفر رن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرسٹوفر رن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کريسټوفر رن – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کريسټوفر رن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рен, Кристофер – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рен, Кристофер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Кристофер Рен – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристофер Рен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிறிஸ்டோபர் ரென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிஸ்டோபர் ரென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="คริสโตเฟอร์ เรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสโตเฟอร์ เรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Крістофер Рен – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістофер Рен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Christopher Wren" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9B%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9" title="克里斯多佛·雷恩 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里斯多佛·雷恩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კრისტოფერ რენი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კრისტოფერ რენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9" title="克里斯托弗·雷恩 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里斯托弗·雷恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9B%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9" title="克里斯多佛·雷恩 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克里斯多佛·雷恩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170373#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg/260px-Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg/390px-Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg/520px-Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Christopher Wren</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Christopher Wren</b> (<a href="/wiki/East_Knoyle" title="East Knoyle">East Knoyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_oktober" title="20 oktober">20 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a> – Hampton Court, <a href="/wiki/25_februari" title="25 februari">25 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Groot-Brittannië">Brits</a> <a href="/wiki/Wetenschapper" title="Wetenschapper">wetenschapper</a> en <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>. </p><p>Wren studeerde aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Oxford" title="Universiteit van Oxford">Universiteit van Oxford</a> en doceerde vanaf 1653 aan het All Souls College in Oxford. Daarna werd hij benoemd tot hoogleraar sterrenkunde, eerst aan het <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a> in Londen (1657) en vervolgens in Oxford (1661). Wren hield zich ook bezig met <a href="/wiki/Optica" title="Optica">optica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorologie" title="Meteorologie">meteorologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica">mechanica</a> en hij was een kundig tekenaar. </p><p>Aan het begin van zijn loopbaan schreef hij: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58633982">.mw-parser-output .cquote{margin:1.5em 0;padding:0 50px;display:table;position:relative;border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .cquote>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite{position:relative;margin:20px -40px 0;text-align:right;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite-leeg{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .cquote>:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite::after{color:#B2B7F2;font-size:42px;font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-weight:bold;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .cquote>:first-child::before{content:"“";left:10px;top:-19px}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite::after{content:"”";right:0;top:-53px;height:0}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite-leeg::after{top:-33px}</style> </p> <blockquote class="cquote"> <p>Wiskundige bewijzen die worden opgetrokken op de onuitwisbare funderingen van de meetkunde en de rekenkunde, zijn de enige vorm van waarheid die in de menselijke geest kan beklijven, gevrijwaard van elke onzekerheid. </p> <div class="cquote-cite cquote-cite-leeg"></div> </blockquote> <p>Zijn wetenschappelijk werk werd zeer gewaardeerd, onder andere door <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> en <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>. Wren was een van de oprichters van de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (voorzitter van 1680 tot 1682). Wren werd geridderd in 1673 en was parlementslid van 1685-1688 en van 1702-1705. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wren_als_beginnend_architect">Wren als beginnend architect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wren als beginnend architect" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wren als beginnend architect"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wren volgde geen opleiding tot architect en heeft Italië niet bezocht, maar hij kende de Renaissance-architectuur door de ontwerpen van <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> en diens leerling John Web. Verder bestudeerde hij de werken van <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius_(architect)" title="Vitruvius (architect)">Vitruvius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> en <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>. In 1663 ontwierp Wren zijn eerste gerealiseerde gebouw een vergaderruimte voor de universiteit van Oxford: het <a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theatre</a> (gereed in 1669). Het ontwerp was gebaseerd op Serlio’s tekening van het <a href="/wiki/Theater_van_Marcellus" title="Theater van Marcellus">Theater van Marcellus</a> in Rome. </p><p>Nog voor 1665 ontwierp Wren twee kleinere gebouwen: Pembroke College Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Cambridge</a> en een woonblok voor het Trinity College in Oxford (slechts ten dele bewaard). In de periode 1665/1666 reisde Wren naar Frankrijk, waar hij <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> ontmoette. Hij bezocht onder andere het <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Kasteel_van_Chantilly" title="Kasteel van Chantilly">kasteel van Chantilly</a> en Château le Raincy. Mogelijk heeft hij ook de Nederlanden bezocht. Zijn verdere ontwikkeling als architect berustte voor een groot deel op deze reis. Begin 1666 maakte Wren plannen voor een ingrijpende verbouwing van <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_(Londen)" title="St Paul's Cathedral (Londen)">St Paul's Cathedral</a>. Als gevolg van de <a href="/wiki/Grote_brand_van_Londen" title="Grote brand van Londen">grote brand van Londen</a> van 2 tot 5 september waren deze plannen snel achterhaald. De kathedraal werd voor een deel door het vuur verwoest. Duizenden woningen en 87 kerken in de <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> werden totaal vernietigd. Binnen enkele dagen maakte Wren een plan voor de wederopbouw van de City gebaseerd op het – niet gerealiseerde – plan voor de Place de France van koning <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_IV_van_Frankrijk" title="Hendrik IV van Frankrijk">Hendrik IV van Frankrijk</a>. Ook het plan van Wren werd niet uitgevoerd. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Emmanuel_College_Front_Court,_Cambridge,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emmanuel_College_Front_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/260px-Emmanuel_College_Front_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emmanuel_College_Front_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/390px-Emmanuel_College_Front_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emmanuel_College_Front_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/520px-Emmanuel_College_Front_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5930" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption>Emmanuel College, Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1667 ontwierp Wren de Chapel of Emmanuel College in Cambridge en waarschijnlijk het nieuwe Customs House in Londen. Het oude Customs House was verloren gegaan bij de brand in 1666 en het nieuwe Customs House brandde omstreeks 1715 af. </p><p>In 1668 werd getracht de restanten van St Paul’s Cathedral te restaureren, maar dit bleek niet mogelijk. Besloten werd de resten van de oude kathedraal te slopen en een nieuwe kathedraal te bouwen, waarvan Wren het ontwerp zou maken. Wrens eerste ontwerp werd achteraf te bescheiden gevonden. Met als voorbeeld koepelkerken die hij in Frankrijk had gezien, met name de Notre-Dame du <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce" title="Val-de-Grâce">Val-de-Grâce</a>, maakte Wren in 1673 een nieuw ontwerp waarnaar het zes meter lange 'Great Model' werd gemaakt. Het ontwerp had een plattegrond in de vorm van een <a href="/wiki/Grieks_kruis" title="Grieks kruis">Grieks kruis</a>, met een verlengde westelijke arm en een koepel op acht pijlers, die bijna zo groot zou zijn als de koepel van de <a href="/wiki/Sint-Pietersbasiliek" title="Sint-Pietersbasiliek">Sint-Pieter</a> in Rome. Dit ontwerp werd afgekeurd en in 1675 maakte Wren een bescheiden gotisch ontwerp: het Warrant Design, dat onmiddellijk werd geaccepteerd door de koning en de bouw startte. Het werd Wren toegestaan op onderdelen van het Warrant Design af te wijken. Het regelmatig door Wren gewijzigde ontwerp dat uiteindelijk werd gerealiseerd leek totaal niet op het oorspronkelijke Warrant Design. De bouw van de kathedraal duurde van 1675 tot 1710. Wren is een van de weinige architecten die de realisatie van zijn ontwerp voor een kathedraal heeft meegemaakt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg/260px-St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>St. Paul's cathedral (definitief ontwerp)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wren_als_hofarchitect">Wren als hofarchitect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wren als hofarchitect" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wren als hofarchitect"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1669 werd Wren hofarchitect met de titel Surveyor-General. Hij volgde hiermee <a href="/wiki/John_Denham" title="John Denham">John Denham</a> op. In december van dat jaar trouwde hij met Faith Coghill en verhuisde hij naar zijn ambtswoning in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_(Londen)" title="Whitehall (Londen)">Whitehall</a> waar hij, voor zover bekend, woonde tot 1718. Zij kregen twee zoons, Gilbert en Christopher. Zijn eerste vrouw overleed in 1675, hij trouwde in 1677 met Jane Fitzwilliam die in 1679 overleed. Ook met haar kreeg hij twee kinderen, Jane en William. </p><p>Tussen 1670 en 1690 werden 52 van de 87 verbrande kerken herbouwd, alle ontwerpen werden door – of onder leiding van – Wren gemaakt. Bij de bouw werd uit kostenoverwegingen vaak gebruik gemaakt van de middeleeuwse fundamenten van de te vervangen kerk. Hierdoor werd de ontwerpvrijheid, met name de plaats van de toren(s) sterk beperkt. Hoewel de meest kerken rond 1685 waren voltooid zijn veel van de torens tegen het eind van de eeuw gebouwd, omdat Londen toen welvarender was. Omdat veel kerken stonden ingeklemd tussen de herbouwde huizen zijn de gevels van die kerken eenvoudig uitgevoerd. De herbouw van de City werd betaald uit de opbrengsten van belasting op in Londen aangevoerde steenkool. Veel van de 52 herbouwde kerken zijn in de 18e en 19e eeuw verbouwd of opnieuw ingericht en 17 kerken werden gesloopt om ruimte te maken voor de groeiende verkeersstromen. In de jaren 1940 en 1941 van WO II werden een aantal van de overgebleven kerken zwaar beschadigd of geheel verwoest door brandbommen. </p><p>In 1675 gaf <a href="/wiki/Karel_II_van_Engeland" title="Karel II van Engeland">Karel II</a> opdracht voor de bouw van een koninklijke sterrenwacht in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_(Londen)" title="Greenwich (Londen)">Greenwich</a>. De fundamenten en het materiaal van een ouder kasteel werden hergebruikt. Het ontwerp was van Wren, waarschijnlijk geassisteerd door <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg/260px-WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg/390px-WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg/520px-WrenLibraryCambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Omstreeks 1676 ontwierp Wren de bibliotheek inclusief het interieur voor <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a> in Cambridge. Het gebouw bevat een grote zaal met <a href="/wiki/Ionische_zuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionische zuil">Ionische zuilen</a> aan de voorzijde boven een <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architectuur)" title="Arcade (architectuur)">arcade</a> met <a href="/wiki/Dorische_zuilen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorische zuilen">Dorische zuilen</a>. De achterzijde aan de rivier is voorzien van <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>. Het gebouw werd voltooid in 1695. </p><p>Samen met Robert Hooke ontwierp Wren een monument ter herinnering aan de Grote Brand. Het monument, eenvoudigweg '<a href="/wiki/Monument_(Londen)" title="Monument (Londen)">The Monument</a>' genoemd, is een Dorische zuil van meer dan 60 meter hoog en was gereed in 1676. In 1681 werd Wren gevraagd een toren te ontwerpen voor de ingang van <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Oxford)" title="Christ Church (Oxford)">Christ Church college</a> in Oxford. Het ontwerp moest een aanvulling zijn op gotische ingang uit de vroege 16e eeuw. Het resultaat staat bekend als Tom Tower. Wrens ontwerp voor een mausoleum voor koning <a href="/wiki/Karel_I_van_Engeland" title="Karel I van Engeland">Karel I</a> werd nooit gerealiseerd. </p><p>In 1682 stichtte Karel II (1630 - 1685) het koninklijke hospitaal in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_(Londen)" title="Chelsea (Londen)">Chelsea</a>, naar voorbeeld van het door <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_XIV_van_Frankrijk" title="Lodewijk XIV van Frankrijk">Lodewijk XIV</a> gestichte <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides" title="Hôtel des Invalides">Hôtel des Invalides</a>. In het door Wren ontworpen gebouwencomplex konden vanaf 1692 circa 500 veteranen wonen. Vlak voor zijn dood in 1685 gaf Karel II opdracht een paleis te bouwen in Winchester. Na de dood van Karel II werd Wrens ontwerp voor dit enorme paleis niet voltooid. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:HamptonCurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HamptonCurt.jpg/260px-HamptonCurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HamptonCurt.jpg/390px-HamptonCurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HamptonCurt.jpg/520px-HamptonCurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Hampton Court</figcaption></figure> <p>Gedurende de korte regeringsperiode van <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_II_van_Engeland" title="Jacobus II van Engeland">Jacobus II van Engeland</a> (de broer van Karel II) was Wren vooral werkzaam in Whitehall. De nieuwe koning was rooms-katholiek en wenste daar een nieuwe kapel, naast een aantal andere bouwwerken. Al deze gebouwen zijn verloren gegaan tijdens een brand in 1698. Na de <i><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></i> in 1688 werd Wren hofarchitect van <a href="/wiki/Willem_III_van_Oranje" title="Willem III van Oranje">Willem III van Oranje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_van_Engeland" title="Maria II van Engeland">Maria II</a>. Hij kreeg opdracht twee paleizen te bouwen, een in <a href="/wiki/Kensington_(Londen)" title="Kensington (Londen)">Kensington</a> en een in Hampton Court. <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a> was een uitbreiding van een bestaand huis, maar <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a> was een enorm project, hoewel niet alle plannen van Wren werden uitgevoerd. Een van de redenen was het overlijden van Maria II in 1694, waarna de koning niet meer was geïnteresseerd in de voortgang van het bouwproject. Een andere reden was de vergrote zelfstandigheid van het parlement dat zich in het <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> vestigde. Het paleis hoefde niet meer te voorzien in werkruimte voor het parlement en de bijbehorende administratie. </p><p>Vanaf 1679 werkte <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a> voor Wren. In de loop der tijd kreeg Hawksmoor steeds meer verantwoordelijkheid; hij had de leiding over de werkzaamheden in Kensington en zijn invloed is zichtbaar in het resultaat. </p><p>In 1692 besloot Maria II een koninklijk hospitaal voor zeelui te stichten in Greenwich. Wren maakte een ontwerp 1694 en de bouw begon in 1696, maar het werk werd pas enkele jaren na Wrens dood voltooid. Greenwich Hospital (later het <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Naval_College" title="Old Royal Naval College">Royal Naval College</a>) was Wrens laatste grote werk. Een kleinere opdracht was de bouw van Marlborough House (1708-1711). </p><p>Wren overleed op 90-jarige leeftijd in zijn slaap. Hij werd ceremonieel begraven in St Paul's Cathedral. Een inscriptie in de buurt van zijn graf, geplaatst door zijn zoon Christopher, eindigt met de woorden: "Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice" ("Lezer, als u zijn monument zoekt, kijk om u heen"). </p><p>Deze zoon schreef ook een biografie over zijn vader: <i>Parentalia, or, Memoirs of the family of the Wrens</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wren was lid van de <a href="/wiki/Vrijmetselarij" title="Vrijmetselarij">vrijmetselarij</a>, maar hij was niet zeer actief in deze organisatie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wrens_kerken">Wrens kerken</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wrens kerken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wrens kerken"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nog_bestaande_kerken_gebouwd_naar_ontwerpen_van_Wren">Nog bestaande kerken gebouwd naar ontwerpen van Wren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nog bestaande kerken gebouwd naar ontwerpen van Wren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nog bestaande kerken gebouwd naar ontwerpen van Wren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:St_Benet_Paul%27s_Wharf,_Queen_Victoria_Street,_London_EC4_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1202624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/St_Benet_Paul%27s_Wharf%2C_Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London_EC4_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1202624.jpg/260px-St_Benet_Paul%27s_Wharf%2C_Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London_EC4_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1202624.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/St_Benet_Paul%27s_Wharf%2C_Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London_EC4_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1202624.jpg/390px-St_Benet_Paul%27s_Wharf%2C_Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London_EC4_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1202624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/St_Benet_Paul%27s_Wharf%2C_Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London_EC4_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1202624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>St Benet Paul's Wharf</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>St Benet, Paul's Wharf, Queen Victoria Street</li> <li>St Clement's Church, Clement's Lane</li> <li>St Clement Eastcheap, Clement's Lane, Candlewick</li> <li>St Edmund the King and Martyr, Lombard Street</li> <li>St James Garlickhythe Church, Garlick Hill</li> <li>St Margaret, Lothbury</li> <li>St Margaret Pattens, Eastcheap</li> <li>St Martin, Ludgate Hill</li> <li>St Mary Abchurch, Abchurch Lane</li> <li>St Mary Aldermary, Queen Victoria Street</li> <li>St Michael, Cornhill</li> <li>St Peter upon Cornhill, Cornhill</li> <li>St Stephen Walbrook</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nog_bestaand,_maar_gewijzigd"><span id="Nog_bestaand.2C_maar_gewijzigd"></span>Nog bestaand, maar gewijzigd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nog bestaand, maar gewijzigd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nog bestaand, maar gewijzigd"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg/260px-St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg/390px-St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg/520px-St_Stephen_Walbrook1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>St Stephen Walbrook</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>St Magnus-the-Martyr, Lower Thames Street</li> <li>St Mary at Hill, Cheapside</li> <li>St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, Queen Victoria Street</li> <li>St Andrew's Church, St Andrew Street</li> <li>St Anne and St Agnes, Gresham Street</li> <li>St Bride, Fleet Street</li> <li>St Lawrence Jewry, Gresham Street</li> <li>St Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside</li> <li>St Michael Paternoster Royal</li> <li>St Nicholas Cole Abbey, Queen Victoria Street</li> <li>St Vedast, Foster Lane</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_dele_behouden_gebleven">Ten dele behouden gebleven</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ten dele behouden gebleven" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Wren&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ten dele behouden gebleven"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>St Mary Somerset, Upper Thames Street</li> <li>St Olave Old Jewry, Ironmonger Lane</li> <li>Christ Church Greyfriars, Newgate Street</li> <li>St Alban, Wood Street</li> <li>St Alban's, Wood Street</li> <li>St Augustine, Watling Street</li> <li>St Dunstan-in-the-East, Billingsgate</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Bronnen</b></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Margaret Whinney</span>, <i>Wren</i>, Londen/New York: Thames and Hudson, 1987. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-500-20112-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-500-20112-9">ISBN 0-500-20112-9</a></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins_Encyclopedie" title="Winkler Prins Encyclopedie">Winkler Prins Encyclopedie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Online in te zien: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924015672920">https://archive.org/details/cu31924015672920</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style><div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Bibliografische informatie" data-collapsetext="Inklappen" data-expandtext="Uitklappen"><div id="Bibliografische_informatie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografische_informatie" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografische informatie">Bibliografische informatie</a></div><div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content plainlist ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">Bibsys</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90088617">90088617</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4842681">XX4842681</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121401670">cb121401670</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121401670">(data)</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" title="Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508924506706">981058508924506706</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0259984X?l=en">DA0259984X</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Digitale_Bibliotheek_voor_de_Nederlandse_Letteren" title="Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren">Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=wren002">wren002</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators_1450%E2%80%931950" title="Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950">Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=1015">1015</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11880796X">11880796X</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000081274046">0000 0000 8127 4046</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/KulturNav" title="KulturNav">KulturNav</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/a817c05e-857c-4cbf-9458-85ea74ffa9fc">a817c05e-857c-4cbf-9458-85ea74ffa9fc</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80102228">n80102228</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Letland" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland">Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000189002&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000189002</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=234537">234537</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0059651&CON_LNG=ENG">xx0059651</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_bibliotheek_van_Australi%C3%AB" title="Nationale bibliotheek van Australië">Nationale bibliotheek van Australië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35161532">35161532</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269966305171">987007269966305171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Polen" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen">Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001891067">a0000001891067</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068366485">068366485</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/R%C3%89RO" title="RÉRO">Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A022402803">02-A022402803</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/RKD-Nederlands_Instituut_voor_Kunstgeschiedenis" title="RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis">RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/85698">85698</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/308509">308509</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d50qng">w6d50qng</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">Système universitaire de documentation</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029865247">029865247</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/847064">847064</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">Union List of Artist Names</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115492">500115492</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49261635">49261635</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/49261635">49261635</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christopher_Wren#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christopher Wren">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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