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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conceptual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conceptual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabetical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabetical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alphabetical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabetical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrasting_senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrasting_senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contrasting senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrasting_senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Additional elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bilingual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_science_and_natural_language_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_science_and_natural_language_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Information science and natural language processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_science_and_natural_language_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thesaurus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B2" title="مكنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurus" title="Tezaurus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tezaurus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesauro" title="Tesauro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tesauro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurusi" title="Tezaurusi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tezaurusi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesaurus" title="Tesaurus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tesaurus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurus" title="Tezaurus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tezaurus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begrebsordbog" title="Begrebsordbog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Begrebsordbog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD)" title="Θησαυρός (ανάκτηση πληροφοριών) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θησαυρός (ανάκτηση πληροφοριών)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesauro#En_literatura" title="Tesauro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tesauro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thesaurus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="اصطلاح‌نامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصطلاح‌نامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9saurus_lexicographique" title="Thésaurus lexicographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thésaurus lexicographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%86%8C%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="시소러스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시소러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Թեզաուրուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեզաուրուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="समान्तर कोश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समान्तर कोश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurus" title="Tezaurus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tezaurus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezauro" title="Tezauro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tezauro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesaurus" title="Tesaurus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tesaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samheitaor%C3%B0ab%C3%B3k" title="Samheitaorðabók – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samheitaorðabók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thesaurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אגרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesorusi" title="Tesorusi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tesorusi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(liber)" title="Thesaurus (liber) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thesaurus (liber)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thesaurus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezauras" title="Tezauras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tezauras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurusz" title="Tezaurusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tezaurusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="തെസോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെസോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%BCawru" title="Teżawru – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Teżawru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesaurus" title="Tesaurus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tesaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thesaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8" title="類語辞典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="類語辞典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesaurus" title="Tesaurus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tesaurus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesaurus" title="Tesaurus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tesaurus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurus" title="Tezaurus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tezaurus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਥੀਸਾਰਸ ਕੋਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥੀਸਾਰਸ ਕੋਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="تھیسارس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھیسارس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesauro" title="Tesauro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tesauro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurusi" title="Thesaurusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thesaurusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thesaurus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurus" title="Tezaurus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tezaurus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaver" title="Tezaver – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tezaver" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezaurus" title="Tezaurus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tezaurus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesaurus" title="Tesaurus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tesaurus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อรรถาภิธาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อรรถาภิธาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏗᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesarus" title="Tesarus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tesarus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тезаурус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тезаурус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9D_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n" title="Ý điển – Vietnamese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reference work for synonyms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thesaurus (disambiguation)">Thesaurus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>thesaurus</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>thesauri</b> or <b>thesauruses</b>), sometimes called a <b>synonym dictionary</b> or <b>dictionary of synonyms</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> which arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes as a hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy">broader and narrower terms</a>, sometimes simply as lists of <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonyms</a>. They are often used by writers to help find the best word to express an idea: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...to find the word, or words, by which [an] idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mark_Roget" title="Peter Mark Roget">Peter Mark Roget</a>, 1852<sup id="cite_ref-Roget_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roget-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Synonym dictionaries have a long history. The word 'thesaurus' was used in 1852 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mark_Roget" title="Peter Mark Roget">Peter Mark Roget</a> for his <i><a href="/wiki/Roget%27s_Thesaurus" title="Roget's Thesaurus">Roget's Thesaurus</a></i>. </p><p>While some works called "thesauri", such as <i>Roget's Thesaurus</i>, group words in a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypernym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernym">hypernymic</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of concepts, others are organised alphabetically<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in some other way. </p><p>Most thesauri do not include definitions, but many dictionaries include listings of synonyms. </p><p>Some thesauri and dictionary synonym notes characterise the distinctions between similar words, with notes on their "connotations and varying shades of meaning".<sup id="cite_ref-ah_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some synonym dictionaries are primarily concerned with differentiating synonyms by meaning and usage. <a href="/wiki/Usage_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage dictionary">Usage manuals</a> such as Fowler's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_English_Usage" title="Garner's Modern English Usage">Garner's Modern English Usage</a></i> often <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescribe</a> appropriate usage of synonyms. </p><p>Writers sometimes use thesauri to avoid repetition of words – <a href="/wiki/Elegant_variation" title="Elegant variation">elegant variation</a> – which is often criticised by usage manuals: "Writers sometimes use them not just to vary their vocabularies but to dress them up too much".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "thesaurus" comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:thesaurus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:thesaurus">thēsaurus</a></i>, which in turn comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:θησαυρός">θησαυρός</a></span></span> (<i>thēsauros</i>) 'treasure, treasury, storehouse'.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>thēsauros</i> is of uncertain etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 19th century, a thesaurus was any <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_Linguae_Latinae" title="Thesaurus Linguae Latinae">Thesaurus Linguae Latinae</a></i> (<i>Dictionary of the Latin Language</i>, 1532), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_Linguae_Graecae" title="Thesaurus Linguae Graecae">Thesaurus Linguae Graecae</a></i> (<i>Dictionary of the Greek Language</i>, 1572). It was Roget who introduced the meaning "collection of words arranged according to sense", in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roget_P_M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Roget_P_M.jpg/200px-Roget_P_M.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Roget_P_M.jpg/300px-Roget_P_M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Roget_P_M.jpg/400px-Roget_P_M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>Peter Mark Roget, author of <i>Roget's thesaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In antiquity, <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos" title="Philo of Byblos">Philo of Byblos</a> authored the first text that could now be called a thesaurus. In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amarakosha" title="Amarakosha">Amarakosha</a> is a thesaurus in verse form, written in the 4th century. </p><p>The study of synonyms became an important theme in 18th-century philosophy, and <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a> wrote, but never published, a dictionary of synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lafaye_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafaye-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early synonym dictionaries include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> and <i>Alphabetical Dictionary</i> (1668) is a "regular enumeration and description of all those things and notions to which names are to be assigned". They are not explicitly synonym dictionaries — in fact, they do not even use the word "synonym" — but they do group synonyms together.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Girard_(priest)" title="Gabriel Girard (priest)">Gabriel Girard</a>, <i>La Justesse de la langue françoise, ou les différentes significations des mots qui passent pour synonymes</i> (1718)<sup id="cite_ref-girard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-girard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trusler" title="John Trusler">John Trusler</a>, <i>The Difference between Words esteemed Synonyms, in the English Language; and the proper choice of them determined</i> (1766)<sup id="cite_ref-trusler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trusler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hester_Lynch_Piozzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hester Lynch Piozzi">Hester Lynch Piozzi</a>, <i>British Synonymy</i> (1794)<sup id="cite_ref-piozzi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piozzi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>James Leslie, <i>Dictionary of the Synonymous Words and Technical Terms in the English Language</i> (1806)<sup id="cite_ref-leslie_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslie-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crabb_(writer)" title="George Crabb (writer)">George Crabb</a>, <i>English Synonyms Explained</i> (1818)<sup id="cite_ref-crabb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crabb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Roget%27s_Thesaurus" title="Roget's Thesaurus">Roget's Thesaurus</a></i>, first compiled in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget, and published in 1852, follows <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>' semantic arrangement of 1668. Unlike earlier synonym dictionaries, it does not include definitions or aim to help the user choose among synonyms. It has been continuously in print since 1852 and remains widely used across the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roget described his thesaurus in the foreword to the first edition:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It is now nearly fifty years since I first projected a system of verbal classification similar to that on which the present work is founded. Conceiving that such a compilation might help to supply my deficiencies, I had, in the year 1805, completed a classed catalogue of words on a small scale, but on the same principle, and nearly in the same form, as the Thesaurus now published. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual">Conceptual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conceptual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roget's original thesaurus was organized into 1000 conceptual Heads (e.g., 806 Debt) organized into a four-level <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a>. For example, debt is classed under V.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">ii</span>.iv:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Class five, <i>Volition: the exercise of the will</i> <dl><dd>Division Two: <i>Social volition</i> <dl><dd>Section 4: <i>Possessive Relations</i> <dl><dd>Subsection 4: <i>Monetary relations</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Each head includes direct synonyms: Debt, obligation, liability, ...; related concepts: interest, usance, usury; related persons: debtor, debitor, ... defaulter (808); verbs: to be in debt, to owe, ... <i>see</i> Borrow (788); phrases: to run up a bill or score, ...; and adjectives: in debt, indebted, owing, .... Numbers in parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-references</a> to other Heads. </p><p>The book starts with a Tabular Synopsis of Categories laying out the hierarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then the main body of the thesaurus listed by the Head, and then an alphabetical index listing the different Heads under which a word may be found: Liable, <i>subject to</i>, 177; <i>debt</i>, 806; <i>duty</i>, 926.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some recent versions have kept the same organization, though often with more detail under each Head.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have made modest changes such as eliminating the four-level taxonomy and adding new heads: one has 1075 Heads in fifteen Classes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some non-English thesauri have also adopted this model.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to its taxonomic organization, the <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Thesaurus_of_English" title="Historical Thesaurus of English">Historical Thesaurus of English</a></i> (2009) includes the date when each word came to have a given meaning. It has the novel and unique goal of "charting the semantic development of the huge and varied vocabulary of English". </p><p>Different senses of a word are listed separately. For example, three different senses of "debt" are listed in three different places in the taxonomy:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>A sum of money that is owed or due; a liability or obligation to pay</b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>Society <dl><dd>Trade and Finance <dl><dd>Management of Money <dl><dd>Insolvency <dl><dd>Indebtedness [noun]</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /><b>An immaterial debt; is an obligation to do something</b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>Society <dl><dd>Morality <dl><dd>Duty or obligation <dl><dd>[noun]</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /><b>An offence requiring expiation (figurative, Biblical)</b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>Society <dl><dd>Faith <dl><dd>Aspects of faith <dl><dd>Spirituality <dl><dd>Sin <dl><dd>[noun] <dl><dd>instance of</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabetical">Alphabetical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabetical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other thesauri and synonym dictionaries are organized alphabetically. </p><p>Most repeat the list of synonyms under each word.<sup id="cite_ref-longman_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-websters_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxfordamerican_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordamerican-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some designate a principal entry for each concept and cross-reference it.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third system interfiles words and conceptual headings. <a href="/wiki/Francis_March" title="Francis March">Francis March</a>'s <i>Thesaurus Dictionary</i> gives for <i>liability</i>: <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CONTINGENCY, CREDIT–DEBT, DUTY–DERELICTION, LIBERTY–SUBJECTION, MONEY</span></span>, each of which is a conceptual heading.<sup id="cite_ref-march_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CREDIT—DEBT</span></span> article has multiple subheadings, including Nouns of Agent, Verbs, Verbal Expressions, <i>etc.</i> Under each are listed synonyms with brief definitions, <i>e.g.</i> "<b>Credit.</b> Transference of property on promise of future payment." The conceptual headings are not organized into a taxonomy. </p><p>Benjamin Lafaye's <i>Synonymes français</i> (1841) is organized around <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a> related families of synonyms (<i>e.g.</i> <i>logis, logement</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his <i>Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française</i> (1858) is mostly alphabetical, but also includes a section on morphologically related synonyms, which is organized by prefix, suffix, or construction.<sup id="cite_ref-lafaye_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafaye-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrasting_senses">Contrasting senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contrasting senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Roget, most thesauri and dictionary synonym notes included discussions of the differences among near-synonyms, as do some modern ones.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxfordamerican_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordamerican-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-websters_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ah_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms</i> is a stand-alone modern English synonym dictionary that does discuss differences.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many general English dictionaries include synonym notes. </p><p>Several modern synonym dictionaries in French are <i>primarily</i> devoted to discussing the precise demarcations among synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lafaye_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafaye-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_elements">Additional elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some include short definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-march_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some give illustrative phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some include lists of objects within the category (<a href="/wiki/Hyponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponym">hyponyms</a>), <i>e.g.</i> breeds of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilingual">Bilingual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bilingual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilingual synonym dictionaries are designed for language learners. One such dictionary gives various French words listed alphabetically, with an English translation and an example of use.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another one is organized taxonomically with examples, translations, and some usage notes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_science_and_natural_language_processing">Information science and natural language processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Information science and natural language processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>, a thesaurus is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a>. </p><p>A thesaurus can form part of an <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontology</a> and be represented in the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a> (SKOS).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thesauri are used in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense disambiguation</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">text simplification</a> for <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>W.E. Collinson, "Comparative Synonymics: Some Principles and Illustrations", <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i> <b>38</b>:1:54–77, November 1939, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1939.tb00202.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1939.tb00202.x</a></li> <li>Gerda Hassler, "Lafaye's <i>Dictionnaire des synonymes</i> in the History of Semantics" in Sheli Embleton, John E. Joseph, Hans-Josef Hiederehe, <i>The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences</i>, John Benjamins 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556197594" title="Special:BookSources/1556197594">1556197594</a>, p. <b>1</b>:27–40</li> <li>Werner Hüllen, "Roget's Thesaurus, deconstructed" in <i>Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research</i>, papers from the <i>International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology</i>, University of Leicester, 2002, Max Niemeyer Verlag 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484391235" title="Special:BookSources/3484391235">3484391235</a>, p. 83–94</li> <li>Werner Hüllen, <i>A history of Roget's thesaurus : origins, development, and design</i>, Oxford University Press 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199254729" title="Special:BookSources/0199254729">0199254729</a></li> <li>Werner Hüllen, <i>Networks and Knowledge in Roget's Thesaurus</i>, Oxford, January 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199553235.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553235.001.0001</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199553238" title="Special:BookSources/0199553238">0199553238</a></li> <li>Gertrude E. Noyes, "The Beginnings of the Study of Synonyms in England", <i>Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (PMLA)</i> <b>66</b>:6:951–970 (December 1951) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F460151">10.2307/460151</a> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/460151">460151</a></li> <li>Eric Stanley, "Polysemy and Synonymy and how these Concepts were Understood from the Eighteenth Century onwards in Treatises, and Applied in Dictionaries of English" in <i>Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research</i>, papers from the <i>International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology</i>, University of Leicester, 2002, Max Niemeyer Verlag 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484391235" title="Special:BookSources/3484391235">3484391235</a>, p. 157–184</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/200648">"thesaurus, n."</a>, <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=thesaurus%2C+n.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F200648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/321014234"><i>Oxford thesaurus of English</i></a>. Maurice Waite (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956081-3"><bdi>978-0-19-956081-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/321014234">321014234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+thesaurus+of+English.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F321014234&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956081-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F321014234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThesaurus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roget-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roget_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roget, Peter. 1852. <i>Thesaurus of English Language Words and Phrases</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57506786"><i>The Merriam-Webster thesaurus</i></a>. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-637-4"><bdi>978-0-87779-637-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57506786">57506786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merriam-Webster+thesaurus.&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57506786&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-637-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F57506786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ah-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ah_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>, 5th edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547041018" title="Special:BookSources/9780547041018">9780547041018</a>, p. xxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_L._Battistella" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin L. Battistella">Edwin L. Battistella</a>, "Beware the thesaurus", OUPblog, "Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/02/beware-the-thesaurus/">February 11, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=thesaurus">"thesaurus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a>, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/200648"><i>s.v.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Embleton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lafaye-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lafaye_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafaye_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafaye_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Lafaye, <i>Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française</i>, Hachette 1869, 3rd edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wilkins, <i>An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</i>, London 1668 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AnEssayTowardsARealCharacterAndAPhilosophicalLanguage/page/n7/mode/2up">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wilkins, William Lloyd (anonymously), <i>An Alphabetical Dictionary Wherein all English Words According to their Various Significations, Are either referred to their Places in the Philosophical Tables, Or explained by such Words as are in those Tables</i>, London 1668 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ErlplQnAWz4C">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natascia Leonardi, "An Analysis of a Seventeenth Century Conceptual Dictionary with an Alphabetical List of Entries and a Network Definition Structure: John Wilkins' and William Lloyd's <i>An Alphabetical Dictionary</i> (1668)" in <i>Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research</i>, papers from the <i>International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology</i>, University of Leicester, 2002, Max Niemeyer Verlag 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484391235" title="Special:BookSources/3484391235">3484391235</a>, p. 39-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-girard-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-girard_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel Girard, <i>La Justesse de la langue françoise, ou les différentes significations des mots qui passent pour synonymes</i>, Paris 1718, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-50626">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trusler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trusler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Trusler (anonymously), <i>The Difference between Words esteemed Synonyms, in the English Language; and the proper choice of them determined</i>, London, 1766 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175014957412&view=1up&seq=13">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piozzi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-piozzi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hester Lynch Piozzi, <i>British Synonymy; or, an Attempt Regulating the Choice of Words in Familiar Conversation</i>, Dublin 1794 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024527288&view=1up&seq=7">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leslie-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leslie_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Leslie, <i>Dictionary of the Synonymous Words and Technical Terms in the English Language</i>, Edinburgh, 1806 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069257057&view=1up&seq=1">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crabb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crabb_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Crabb, <i>English Synonyms Explained, in Alphabetical Order with Copious Illustrations and Examples Drawn from the Best Writers</i>, 2nd edition, London 1818 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069256901">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHüllen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hüllen, Werner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254729.001.0001/acprof-9780199254729-chapter-1">"Introduction - Oxford Scholarship"</a>. <i>oxfordscholarship.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199254729.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254729.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925472-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925472-9"><bdi>978-0-19-925472-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=oxfordscholarship.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+-+Oxford+Scholarship&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199254729.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925472-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCllen&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199254729.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199254729-chapter-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoget1982" class="citation book cs1">Roget, P. M. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rogetsthesauruso00lloy/page/n22/mode/1up">"Prefact to the first edition, 1852"</a></span>. In Lloyd, Susan M. (ed.). <i>Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases</i> (New ed.). Harlow: Longman. p. xix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prefact+to+the+first+edition%2C+1852&rft.btitle=Roget%27s+Thesaurus+of+English+Words+and+Phrases&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=xix&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Roget&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frogetsthesauruso00lloy%2Fpage%2Fn22%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Mark Roget, <i>Thesaurus of English words and phrases, classified so as to facilitate the expression of ideas</i>, 1853, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c4WAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA204">V.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ii</span>.iv, p. 204</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roget, <i>op.cit.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c4WAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR26">p. xxvi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roget, <i>op.cit.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c4WAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA349">p. 349</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>e.g.</i>, George Davidson, ed., <i>Thesaurus of English words and phrases</i> (150th Anniversary Edition), Penguin, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141004428" title="Special:BookSources/0141004428">0141004428</a>, p. 454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Kipfer" title="Barbara Ann Kipfer">Barbara Ann Kipfer</a>, ed., <i>Roget's International Thesaurus</i>, 7th edition, Collins Reference, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061715228" title="Special:BookSources/9780061715228">9780061715228</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Péchoin, <i>Thésaurus Larousse</i>, Larousse 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782033201074" title="Special:BookSources/9782033201074">9782033201074</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels, Irené Wotherspoon, <i>Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199208999" title="Special:BookSources/9780199208999">9780199208999</a>, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-longman-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-longman_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Longman Synonym Dictionary</i>, Rodale Press and Longman Group, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582893224" title="Special:BookSources/0582893224">0582893224</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-websters-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-websters_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-websters_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton Laird, Michael Agnes, eds., <i>Webster's New World Roget's A-Z Thesaurus</i>, Macmillan USA, 3rd edition, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028632818" title="Special:BookSources/0028632818">0028632818</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordamerican-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordamerican_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordamerican_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine A. Lindberg, <i>The Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English</i>, Oxford University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195133757" title="Special:BookSources/0195133757">0195133757</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Thesaurus of English</i>, 3rd edition, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199560813" title="Special:BookSources/9780199560813">9780199560813</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mw_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mw_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms : Choose Words with Precision</i>, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877799067" title="Special:BookSources/0877799067">0877799067</a> uses an asterisk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bertaud du Chazaud, <i>Dictionnaire de synonyms et contraires</i>, Le Robert "Les Usuels", 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2850364568" title="Special:BookSources/2850364568">2850364568</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Boussinot, <i>Dictionnaire des synonymes, analogies et antonymes</i>, Bordas 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2040120092" title="Special:BookSources/2040120092">2040120092</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-march-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-march_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Francis Andrew March, Francis A. March, Jr., <i>March's Thesaurus and Dictionary of the English Language</i> (issued under the editorial supervision of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a>), Doubleday, 1968, p. 598 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QUxAQAAMAAJ">full text, 1906 edition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Benjamin Lafaye, <i>Synonymes français</i>, Paris 1841 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19cSAAAAYAAJ">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bénac, <i>Dictionnaire des synonymes</i>, Hachette 1956, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2010112199" title="Special:BookSources/2010112199">2010112199</a> (1982 edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.E. Batchelor, M.H. Offord, <i>Using French Synonyms</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521372771" title="Special:BookSources/0521372771">0521372771</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie-Noëlle Lamy, <i>The Cambridge French-English Thesaurus</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521563488" title="Special:BookSources/0521563488">0521563488</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilesBechhofer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Miles, Alistair; Bechhofer, Sean (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/">"SKOS simple knowledge organization system reference"</a>. <i>W3C Recommendation</i>. <b>18</b>: W3C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W3C+Recommendation&rft.atitle=SKOS+simple+knowledge+organization+system+reference&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=W3C&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft.au=Bechhofer%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fskos-reference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarowsky, David. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.info/pdf/C/C92/C92-2070.pdf">Word-sense disambiguation using statistical models of Roget's categories trained on large corpora</a>." Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics-Volume 2. Association for Computational Linguistics, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siddharthan, Advaith. "An architecture for a text simplification system." Language Engineering Conference, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE, 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thesaurus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thesaurus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:thesaurus"><i>thesaurus</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Thesaurus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wiktionary:Thesaurus">Wiktionary Thesaurus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onelook.com/thesaurus/">OneLook Thesaurus</a> in <i>OneLook</i> online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerthesaurus.org">Power Thesaurus</a> community-driven online thesaurus</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thesaurus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:thesaurus">thesaurus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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