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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Alma Thomas</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Alma Thomas</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Thomas.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Alma Thomas.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Alma_Thomas.jpg/220px-Alma_Thomas.jpg" width="220" height="306" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Alma_Thomas.jpg/330px-Alma_Thomas.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/Alma_Thomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556"/></a> <div>Alma Thomas in her studio, ca. 1968. Ida Jervis, photographer. Alma Thomas papers, <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a>, <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td><span class="nickname">Alma Woodsey Thomas</span><br/> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-09-22</span>)</span>September 22, 1891<br/> <span class="birthplace"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus</a>, Georgia, U.S.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td>February 24, 1978<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1978-02-24</span>)</span> (aged 86)<br/> <span class="deathplace">Washington, D.C.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Education</th> <td><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Known for</th> <td>Painting</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work(s)</span></th> <td> <p>(Sky Light) (Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses) (Watusi (Hard Edge)) (Wind and Crepe Myrtle Concerto) (Air View of a Spring Nursery) (Milky Way) (Flowers at Jefferson Memorial) (Untitled (Music Series)) (Red Rose Sonata) (Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers) (The Eclipse</p> )</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Movement</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" title="Realism (visual arts)" class="mw-redirect">Realism</a></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Alma Woodsey Thomas</b> (September 22, 1891 – February 24, 1978) was an African-American <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> painter and art educator.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> She lived and worked primarily in Washington, D.C. and the <i><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post" title="Washington Post" class="mw-redirect">Washington Post</a></i> described her as a force in the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Personal_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life and education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Artistic_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Artistic career</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notable_exhibitions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable exhibitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notable_collections"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notable collections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life_and_education">Personal life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life and education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Alma Thomas was born the eldest of four children to John Harris Thomas, a businessman,<sup id="cite_ref-GA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and Amelia Cantey Thomas, a <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_designer" title="Fashion designer" class="mw-redirect">dress designer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus, Georgia</a>, 1891. In 1906 the family moved to the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Circle,_Washington,_D.C." title="Logan Circle, Washington, D.C.">Logan Circle</a> neighborhood of Washington, D.C., relocating due to <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial violence</a> in <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public school</a> system of Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotter1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotter1-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> As a child she showed artistic interest, making <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppets" title="Puppets" class="mw-redirect">puppets</a> and sculptures at home.<sup id="cite_ref-GA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Thomas attended Armstrong Technical High School, where she took her first art classes. After graduating from high school in 1911, she studied <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> education at <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner_Normal_School" title="Miner Normal School" class="mw-redirect">Miner Normal School</a> until 1913. She served as a substitute teacher in Washington until 1914 when she obtained a permanent teaching position on the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland" title="Eastern Shore of Maryland">Eastern Shore of Maryland</a>. Two years later in 1916, she started teaching kindergarten at the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Garrett_Settlement_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Garrett Settlement House (page does not exist)">Thomas Garrett Settlement House</a> in <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>, staying there until 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Thomas_House.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alma_Thomas_House.jpg/220px-Alma_Thomas_House.jpg" width="220" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alma_Thomas_House.jpg/330px-Alma_Thomas_House.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alma_Thomas_House.jpg/440px-Alma_Thomas_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="2450"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Thomas_House.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Thomas_House" title="Alma Thomas House">Alma Thomas House</a> in Washington, D.C. Where Alma lived until her death.</div> </div> </div> <p>Thomas entered <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in 1921 as a <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics" class="mw-redirect">home economics</a> student, only to switch to <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> after studying under art department founder <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V._Herring" title="James V. Herring">James V. Herring</a>. She earned her BS in Fine Arts in 1924<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> from Howard, becoming the first graduate from the university fine art program.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> That year Thomas began teaching at Shaw Junior High School, where she taught until her retirement in 1960. While at Shaw Junior High, she started a community arts program that encouraged student appreciation of fine art. The program supported <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a> performances and the distribution of student designed <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_card" title="Holiday card" class="mw-redirect">holiday cards</a> which were given to soldiers at the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Veterans_Administration_Medical_Center" title="Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center">Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center</a>. In 1934 she earned her <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(postgraduate)" title="Master of Arts (postgraduate)" class="mw-redirect">Masters</a> in <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Education" title="Art Education" class="mw-redirect">Art Education</a> from <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and studied painting at <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> under <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kainen" title="Jacob Kainen">Jacob Kainen</a> from 1950 to 1960. In 1958 she visited art centers in Western Europe on behalf of the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_School_of_Art" title="Tyler School of Art">Tyler School of Art</a>. She retired in 1960 from teaching and dedicated herself to painting. In 1963, she walked in the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington" class="mw-redirect">March on Washington</a>, with her friend <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Evans" title="Lillian Evans" class="mw-redirect">Lillian Evans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Alma Thomas died, living in the same house that her family moved into upon their arrival in Washington in 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-Cotter1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotter1-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> on February 28, 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Artistic_career">Artistic career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Artistic career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <blockquote> <p>"<i>Creative art is for all time and is therefore independent of time. It is of all ages, of every land, and if by this we mean the creative spirit in man which produces a picture or a statue is common to the whole civilized world, independent of age, race and nationality; the statement may stand unchallenged.</i>"<br/> -Alma Thomas, 1970<sup id="cite_ref-D220_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D220-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Alma Thomas' early work was <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_art" title="Representational art" class="mw-redirect">representational</a> in manner,<sup id="cite_ref-D220_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D220-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and then and upon classes at Howard and training under James V. Herring and <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Mailou_Jones" title="Lois Mailou Jones">Lois Mailou Jones</a> her work became more <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMWA2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMWA2-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Thomas would not be recognized as a professional artist until her retirement from teaching in 1960, when she enrolled in classes at American University. There she learned about the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Field" title="Color Field">Color Field</a> movement and theory from <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Summerford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Summerford (page does not exist)">Joe Summerford</a> and <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kainen" title="Jacob Kainen">Jacob Kainen</a> and became interested in the use of color and <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a>. Within twelve years after her first class at American she began creating Color Field paintings, inspired by the work of the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a> and <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" title="Abstract Expressionism" class="mw-redirect">Abstract Expressionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D220_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D220-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> She worked out of the kitchen in her house, creating works like <i>Watusi (Hard Edge)</i> (1963), a manipulation of the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matisse" title="Matisse" class="mw-redirect">Matisse</a> cutout <i>The Snail</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gopnik_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopnik-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> in which Thomas shifted shapes around and changed the colors that Matisse used, and named it after a <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubby_Checker" title="Chubby Checker">Chubby Checker</a> song.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotter1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotter1-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Her first retrospective exhibit was in 1966 at the Gallery of Art at Howard University, curated by art historian <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Porter" title="James A. Porter">James A. Porter</a>. For this exhibition she created <i>Earth Paintings</i>, a series of nature inspired abstract works, including <i>Wind and Crepe Myrtle Concerto</i> (1973) which art historian <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Patton" title="Sharon Patton">Sharon Patton</a> considers "one of the most <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist" title="Minimalist" class="mw-redirect">Minimalist</a> Color-Field paintings ever produced by an African-American artist."<sup id="cite_ref-D220_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D220-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> These paintings have been compared to <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillist</a> paintings of <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Pierre_Seurat" title="Georges-Pierre Seurat" class="mw-redirect">Georges-Pierre Seurat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMWA2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMWA2-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A friend of <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delilah_Pierce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delilah Pierce (page does not exist)">Delilah Pierce</a>, Thomas and Pierce would drive into the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside" title="Countryside" class="mw-redirect">countryside</a> where Thomas would seek inspiration, pulling ideas from the effects of light and atmosphere on rural environments. Thomas was, in 1972, the first African-American woman to have a solo exhibition at the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>, and within the same year an exhibition was also held at the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art" title="Corcoran Gallery of Art">Corcoran Gallery of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D220_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D220-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg/220px-Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg" width="220" height="266" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg/330px-Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="483"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Thomas at opening in the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum" class="mw-redirect">Whitney Museum</a>, 1972. Unidentified photographer. Alma Thomas papers, <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a>, <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>In 2009 two paintings, including <i>Watusi (Hard Edge)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cotter1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotter1-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> by Alma Thomas were chosen by <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">First Lady Michelle Obama</a>, <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> interior designer Michael Smith and White House <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> William Allman to be exhibited during the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_presidency" title="Obama presidency" class="mw-redirect">Obama presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Watusi (Hard Edge)</i> was eventually removed from the White House due to concerns with the piece fitting into the space in Michelle Obama's <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wing" title="East Wing">East Wing</a> office.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Sky Light</i>, on loan from the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a>, hangs in the Obama family private quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopnik_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopnik-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The choice of Thomas for the White House collection was described as an ideal <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> for the Obama administration by <i><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a></i> <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a> Holland Cotter. Cotter described Thomas' work as "forward-looking without being radical; post-racial but also race-conscious."<sup id="cite_ref-Artnews1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artnews1-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Thomas' papers were donated in several periods between 1979 and 2004 to the <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a> by J. Maurice Thomas, Alma Thomas' sister.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_exhibitions">Notable exhibitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable exhibitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><i>A Proud Continuum: Eight Decades of Art at Howard University</i>, 2005, Howard University<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas</i>, 2010, <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasher_Museum_of_Art" title="Nasher Museum of Art">Nasher Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nasher_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasher-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_collections">Notable collections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable collections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><i>Air View of a Spring Nursery</i>, 1966; <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Museum" title="Columbus Museum">Columbus Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-GA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers</i>, 1968; <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Collection" title="Phillips Collection" class="mw-redirect">Phillips Collection</a><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses</i>, 1969; <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Women_in_the_Arts" title="National Museum of Women in the Arts">National Museum of Women in the Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-NMWA1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMWA1-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Vogel, Carol (October 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html?_r=1">"A Bold and Modern White House"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. pp. A14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://web.archive.org/web/20091009120136/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Alma+Thomas+%281891%E2%80%931978%29&rft.au=Charles+T.+Butler&rft.aulast=Charles+T.+Butler&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Fnge%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1040&rft.jtitle=Individual+Artists&rft.pub=The+New+Georgia+Encyclopedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Cotter1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotter1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotter1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotter1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotter1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Holland Cotter (October 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/weekinreview/11cotter.html">"White House Art: Colors From a World of Black and White"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Museum of Women in the Arts. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://web.archive.org/web/20110624191431/http://nmwa.org/collection/Profile.asp?LinkID=753">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Alma+Woodsey+Thomas&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmwa.org%2Fcollection%2FProfile.asp%3FLinkID%3D753&rft.jtitle=Artist+Profile&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Women+in+the+Arts&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gopnik-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gopnik_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopnik_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Blake Gopnik (November 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/04/AR2009110405053.html">"Alma Thomas's "Watusi (Hard Edge)" Won't Hang in White House"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Alma+Thomas%27s+%22Watusi+%28Hard+Edge%29%22+Won%27t+Hang+in+White+House&rft.au=Blake+Gopnik&rft.aulast=Blake+Gopnik&rft.date=November+5%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F11%2F04%2FAR2009110405053.html&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Vogel, Carol (October 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html?_r=1">"A Bold and Modern White House"</a>. <i>Art & Design</i> (The New York Time)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=A+Bold+and+Modern+White+House&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Carol&rft.date=October+7%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F07borrow.html%3F_r%3D1&rft.jtitle=Art+%26+Design&rft.pub=The+New+York+Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://flavorwire.com/48319/alma-thomas-watusi-gets-the-white-house-kibosh">http://flavorwire.com/48319/alma-thomas-watusi-gets-the-white-house-kibosh</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Artnews1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Artnews1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Robin Cembalest (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789">"Critics Nix Obamas' Pix Mix"</a>. <i>Past Issues</i>. ARTnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://web.archive.org/web/20110707170726/http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Critics+Nix+Obamas%27+Pix+Mix&rft.aulast=Robin+Cembalest&rft.au=Robin+Cembalest&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartnews.com%2Fissues%2Farticle.asp%3Fart_id%3D2789&rft.jtitle=Past+Issues&rft.pub=ARTnews&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Nasher-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasher_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php">"Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas"</a>. <i>Exhibitions</i>. Nasher Museum of Art. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Color+Balance%3A+Paintings+by+Felrath+Hines+and+Alma+Thomas&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasher.duke.edu%2Fexhibitions_colorbalance.php&rft.jtitle=Exhibitions&rft.pub=Nasher+Museum+of+Art&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm">"Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers"</a>. <i>American Art</i>. Phillips Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Breeze+Rustling+Through+Fall+Flowers&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillipscollection.org%2Fresearch%2Famerican_art%2Fartwork%2FThomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm&rft.jtitle=American+Art&rft.pub=Phillips+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NMWA1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMWA1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.nmwa.org/collection/detail.asp?WorkID=2178">"Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses"</a>. <i>Permanent Collection</i>. National Museum of Women in the Arts. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://web.archive.org/web/20110624204926/http://nmwa.org/collection/detail.asp?WorkID=2178">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Thomas&rft.atitle=Iris%2C+Tulips%2C+Jonquils+and+Crocuses&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmwa.org%2Fcollection%2Fdetail.asp%3FWorkID%3D2178&rft.jtitle=Permanent+Collection&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Women+in+the+Arts&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Patton, Sharon F. <i>African-American Art.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998). <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192842138" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-01-92842-13-8</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Thomas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><i>Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings</i>. Fort Wayne: Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998). <a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764906860" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7649-0686-0</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/https://viaf.org/viaf/50087178">50087178</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500041104">500041104</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History#Online_artist_pages" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">RKD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095056/https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/306670">306670</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Thomas, Alma</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>Expressionist painter and art educator</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>September 22, 1891</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150208095056/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus</a>, Georgia, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>February 24, 1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Washington, D.C.</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150208095056im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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