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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natural causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human generation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_generation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human generation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greenhouse gas emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Human health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socio_economic_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio_economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Socio economic impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio_economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation and monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dirtiest_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dirtiest_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dirtiest industries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dirtiest_industries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dirtiest industries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dirtiest_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textile_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Textile industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_related_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_related_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Fossil fuel related industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_related_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socially_optimal_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socially_optimal_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Socially optimal level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socially_optimal_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Prior to 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>20th and 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besoedeling" title="Besoedeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Besoedeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB" title="تلوث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܥܘܪܡܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܘܪܡܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="প্ৰদূষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰদূষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n" title="Contaminación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contaminación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekohatyai" title="Tekohatyai – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekohatyai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirl%C9%99nm%C9%99" title="Kirlənmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kirlənmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="দূষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দূষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Бысраныу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бысраныу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Забруджванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Забруджванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon" title="Polusyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Замърсяване на околната среда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замърсяване на околната среда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འཁོར་གཡུགས་གཙོག་སྐྱོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཁོར་གཡུགས་གཙོག་སྐྱོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3" title="Contaminació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Znečištění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znečištění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd" title="Llygredd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forurening" title="Forurening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuoskkideapmi" title="Nuoskkideapmi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nuoskkideapmi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umweltverschmutzung" title="Umweltverschmutzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umweltverschmutzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saastamine" title="Saastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ρύπανση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρύπανση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n" title="Contaminación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluo" title="Poluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsadura" title="Kutsadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kutsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="آلودگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1lking" title="Dálking – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dálking" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truailli%C3%BA" title="Truailliú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Truailliú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n" title="Contaminación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contaminación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="污染 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="污染" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પ્રદૂષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રદૂષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="오염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbatar_yanayi" title="Gurbatar yanayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurbatar yanayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Աղտոտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղտոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaga%C4%91enje" title="Zagađenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zagađenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%8D" title="Mmetọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran" title="Pencemaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencemaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pollution" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengun" title="Mengun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mengun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinamento" title="Inquinamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquinamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="זיהום הסביבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיהום הסביבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გარემოს დაბინძურება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გარემოს დაბინძურება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ластану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ластану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchafuzi_wa_ardhi" title="Uchafuzi wa ardhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchafuzi wa ardhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisyon" title="Polisyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisyon" title="Polisyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Polisyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Кирдөө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кирдөө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABm%C5%ABrd%C4%AB%C5%86s" title="Pīmūrdīņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pīmūrdīņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutio" title="Pollutio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pollutio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pies%C4%81r%C5%86ojums" title="Piesārņojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piesārņojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmweltverschmotzung" title="Ëmweltverschmotzung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ëmweltverschmotzung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C5%A1a" title="Tarša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rnyezetszennyez%C3%A9s" title="Környezetszennyezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Környezetszennyezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Загадување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Загадување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="മലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tni%C4%A1%C4%A1is" title="Tniġġis – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tniġġis" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रदूषण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran" title="Pencemaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%8A%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ညစ်ညမ်းခြင်းများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ညစ်ညမ်းခြင်းများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieuverontreiniging" title="Milieuverontreiniging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milieuverontreiniging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रदूषण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93" title="汚染 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forurensning" title="Forurensning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forurensning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureining" title="Ureining – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ureining" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollucion" title="Pollucion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pollucion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3" title="ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faalama_Qilleensaa_Fi_Naannoo" title="Faalama Qilleensaa Fi Naannoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faalama Qilleensaa Fi Naannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifloslanish" title="Ifloslanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ifloslanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%A9%DA%93%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ککړتیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ککړتیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluushan" title="Paluushan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Paluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanieczyszczenie_%C5%9Brodowiska" title="Zanieczyszczenie środowiska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zanieczyszczenie środowiska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Poluição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poluição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluare" title="Poluare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poluare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallqa_waqlliy" title="Sallqa waqlliy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sallqa waqlliy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Загрязнение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрязнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="प्रदूषणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रदूषणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja" title="Ndotja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="පරිසර දූෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිසර දූෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pollution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BB" title="ماحولياتي گدلاڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماحولياتي گدلاڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Distenie_%C5%BEivotn%C3%A9ho_prostredia" title="Znečistenie životného prostredia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Znečistenie životného prostredia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesna%C5%BEenje" title="Onesnaženje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Onesnaženje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95" title="پیسبوونی ژینگە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیسبوونی ژینگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Контаминација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Контаминација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaga%C4%91enje" title="Zagađenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zagađenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saastuminen" title="Saastuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saastuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B6f%C3%B6rst%C3%B6ring" title="Miljöförstöring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miljöförstöring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon" title="Polusyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polusyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசுபாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசுபாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాలుష్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాలుష్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9" title="มลพิษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มลพิษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evre_kirlili%C4%9Fi" title="Çevre kirliliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çevre kirliliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiy%C9%9B" title="Efiyɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Efiyɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Забруднення довкілля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Забруднення довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="آلودگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلودگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Ô nhiễm môi trường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô nhiễm môi trường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pollution</b> is the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> that cause adverse change.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a>, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. </p><p>Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events, the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">have an anthropogenic source</a> – that is, a source created by human activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extractive industries</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, transportation or <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agriculture</a>. Pollution is often classed as <a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">point source</a> (coming from a highly concentrated specific site, such as a <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction site">construction site</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint source pollution</a> (coming from a widespread distributed sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</a>). </p><p>Many sources of pollution were unregulated parts of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> during the 19th and 20th centuries until the emergence of environmental <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> and pollution <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> in the later half of the 20th century. Sites where historically polluting industries released <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent</a> pollutants may have <a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">legacy pollution</a> long after the source of the pollution is stopped. Major forms of pollution include <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">litter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollution has widespread consequences on human and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a>, having systematic impact on social and economic systems. In 2019, pollution killed approximately nine million people worldwide (about one in six deaths that year); about three-quarters of these deaths were caused by <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carrington_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 literature review found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a> and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollutants frequently have outsized impacts on vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, and marginalized communities, because polluting industries and toxic waste sites tend to be collocated with populations with less economic and political power.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This outsized impact is a core reason for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental justice movement">environmental justice movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schlosberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlosberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to be a core element of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflicts</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>. </p><p>Because of the impacts of these chemicals, local and international countries' policy have increasingly sought to regulate pollutants, resulting in increasing air and water quality standards, alongside regulation of specific waste streams. Regional and national policy is typically supervised by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental agency">environmental agencies or ministries</a>, while international efforts are coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UN Environmental Program</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Treaty_body" title="Treaty body">treaty bodies</a>. Pollution <a href="/wiki/Mitigation" title="Mitigation">mitigation</a> is an important part of all of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_types">Definitions and types</h2></div><p> Various definitions of pollution exist, which may or may not recognize certain types, such as <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>. The United States <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Administration">Environmental Protection Administration</a> defines pollution as "Any substances in water, soil, or air that degrade the natural quality of the environment, offend the senses of sight, taste, or smell, or cause a health hazard. The usefulness of the natural resource is usually impaired by the presence of pollutants and contaminants."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> considers pollution to be the "presence of substances and heat in environmental media (air, water, land) whose nature, location, or quantity produces undesirable environmental effects."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow,_06.08.2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG/220px-Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG/330px-Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG/440px-Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a> in the center of <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow, Russia">Moscow, Russia</a> in August 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular <a href="/wiki/Contaminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminants">contaminants</a> relevant to each of them: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a>: the release of chemicals and <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs) and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector">industry</a> and motor vehicles. Photochemical <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> are created as nitrogen oxides and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> react to sunlight. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">Particulate matter</a>, or fine dust is characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a> size PM<sub>10</sub> to PM<sub>2.5</sub>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic pollution">Electromagnetic pollution</a>: the overabundance of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Non-ionizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-ionizing">non-ionizing</a> form, such as radio and television transmissions, Wi-fi etc. Although there is no demonstrable effect on humans there can be interference with radio-astronomy and effects on safety systems of aircraft and cars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a>: includes light trespass, <a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">over-illumination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> interference.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littering" class="mw-redirect" title="Littering">Littering</a>: the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a>: which encompasses <a href="/wiki/Roadway_noise" title="Roadway noise">roadway noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft noise">aircraft noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial noise">industrial noise</a> as well as high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>: involves the accumulation of plastic products and <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a> occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant <a href="/wiki/Soil_contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil contaminant">soil contaminants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">MTBE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated hydrocarbons">chlorinated hydrocarbons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a>, resulting from 20th century activities in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a>, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See <a href="/wiki/Alpha_emitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha emitter">alpha emitters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">actinides in the environment</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual pollution</a>, which can refer to the presence of overhead <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">power lines</a>, motorway <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard (advertising)">billboards</a>, scarred <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> (as from <a href="/wiki/Strip_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip mining">strip mining</a>), open storage of trash, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a> or <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Water_pollution"></span>Water pollution, caused by the discharge of industrial wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated sewage and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; and releases of waste and contaminants into <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as human feces from open defecation).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_causes">Natural causes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv/220px--Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="133" data-mwtitle="Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution's_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution%27s_Effects_on_Clouds.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most significant natural sources of pollution are <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, which during eruptions release large quantities of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Volcanic gases include carbon dioxide, which can be fatal in large concentrations and contributes to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, hydrogen halides which can cause <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, sulfur dioxides, which are harmful to animals and damage the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfides</a>, which are capable of killing humans at concentrations of less than 1 part per thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanic emissions also include fine and ultrafine particles which may contain toxic chemicals and substances such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a>, which can be caused naturally by <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strikes</a>, are also a significant source of air pollution. Wildfire smoke contains significant quantities of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, which can cause <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>. Large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">fine particulates</a> are found within wildfire smoke as well, which pose a health risk to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_generation">Human generation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Death_rates,_by_energy_source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/220px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/330px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/440px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Deaths caused as a result of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (rectangles barely visible in chart).<sup id="cite_ref-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions">Motor vehicle emissions</a> are one of the leading causes of air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Air pollution in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India" title="Air pollution in India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in Mexico">Mexico</a>, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plants">power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aqueous_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aqueous-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> disposal activity, incinerators, large <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">livestock farms</a> (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 400 million metric tons of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous wastes</a> are generated each year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans constitute less than 5% of the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_population" class="mw-redirect" title="World's population">world's population</a>, but produce roughly 25% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and generate approximately 30% of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">world's waste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> overtook the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while still far behind based on per capita pollution (ranked 78th among the world's nations).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG/220px-Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG/330px-Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG/440px-Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An industrial area, with a power plant, south of <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>'s downtown, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium – found in rechargeable batteries, and lead – found in lead paint, aviation fuel, and even in certain countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic, and benzene are some of the most frequent soil contaminants. A series of press reports published in 2001, culminating in the publication of the book Fateful Harvest, revealed a widespread practise of recycling industrial leftovers into fertilizer, resulting in metal poisoning of the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordinary municipal <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">polychlorinated dibenzodioxins</a>, commonly called <i>dioxins</i> for simplicity, such as <a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">TCDD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollution can also occur as a result of natural disasters. Hurricanes, for example, frequently result in sewage contamination and petrochemical spills from burst boats or automobiles. When coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved, larger-scale and environmental damage is not unusual. When accidents occur, some pollution sources, such as nuclear power stations or oil ships, can create extensive and potentially catastrophic emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plastic pollution is choking our oceans by making plastic gyres, entangling marine animals, poisoning our food and water supply, and ultimately inflicting havoc on the health and well-being of humans and wildlife globally. With the exception of a small amount that has been incinerating, virtually every piece of plastic that was ever made in the past still exists in one form or another. And since most of the plastics do not biodegrade in any meaningful sense, all that <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a> could exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. If plastic production is not circumscribed, plastic pollution will be disastrous and will eventually outweigh fish in oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png/300px-CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png/450px-CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png/600px-CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Historical and projected CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by country (as of 2005).<br /> Source: Energy Information Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a>, while vital for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">increases in the acidity of ocean waters</a>, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems. </p><p>In February 2007, a report by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, confirmed that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_health">Human health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution#Health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil pollution § Health effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxic_hotspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic hotspots">Toxic hotspots</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">List of pollution-related diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effects" title="Air pollution">Air pollution § Health effects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_effects_of_pollution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Health_effects_of_pollution.png/350px-Health_effects_of_pollution.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Health_effects_of_pollution.png/525px-Health_effects_of_pollution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Health_effects_of_pollution.png/700px-Health_effects_of_pollution.png 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Overview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pollution affects humans in every part of the world. An October 2017 study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health found that global pollution, specifically toxic air, water, soil and workplaces, kills nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that "pollution is one of the great existential challenges of the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a> era. Pollution endangers the stability of the Earth's support systems and threatens the continuing survival of human societies."<sup id="cite_ref-Carrington_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adverse <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> can kill many organisms, including humans. Ozone pollution can cause <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> inflammation, chest pain, and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">congestion</a>. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> alone because of air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's high smog levels can damage the human body and cause various diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, air pollution caused 1.67 million deaths in India (17.8% of total deaths nationally).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2022 in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union#Publications" title="American Geophysical Union">GeoHealth</a></i> concluded that energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States cause 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and PM2.5-related illness and death costs the nation $537–$678 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-GeoHealth_20220516_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeoHealth_20220516-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, deaths caused by coal pollution were highest in 1999, but decreased sharply after 2007. The number dropped by about 95% by 2020, as coal plants have been closed or have <a href="/wiki/Scrubbers" title="Scrubbers">scrubbers</a> installed.<sup id="cite_ref-News_2023_i191_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_2023_i191-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> caused 1.4 million premature deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Contamination of drinking water</a> by untreated <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> is an issue, for example, over 732 million Indians (56% of the population) and over 92 million Ethiopians (92.9% of the population) do not have access to basic <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 over 10 million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollution&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acute exposure to certain pollutants can have short and long term effects. Oil spills can cause <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> irritations and <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rashes</a>. Noise pollution induces <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">stress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbance">sleep disturbance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury</a> has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorder" title="Developmental disorder">developmental deficits</a> in children and <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologic</a> symptoms. Older people are significantly exposed to <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_air_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of air pollution">diseases induced by air pollution</a>. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">heavy metals</a> have been shown to cause neurological problems, intellectual disabilities and behavioural problems.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> substances can <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">cause</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socio_economic_impacts">Socio economic impacts</h4></div> <p>The health impacts of pollution have both direct and lasting social consequences. A 2021 study found that exposure to pollution causes an increase in violent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 paper linked pollution to adverse school outcomes for children.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of studies show that pollution has an adverse effect on the productivity of both indoor and outdoor workers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/220px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/330px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/440px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Pollution has been found to be present widely in the natural <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. A 2022 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a></i> found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a> and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of effects of this: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a> describes situations where toxins (such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>) may pass through <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a>, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg/190px-CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg/285px-CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg/380px-CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Global <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> by jurisdiction (as of 2015)</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> emissions cause <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> becomes dissolved.</li> <li>The emission of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> leads to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> which affects ecosystems in many ways.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> can outcompete native species and reduce <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (<a href="/wiki/Allelopathy" title="Allelopathy">allelopathy</a>) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitiveness</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Nitrogen oxides</a> are removed from the air by rain and <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilise</a> land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a> and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and leads to the production of <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ozone">tropospheric ozone</a> which damages plants.</li> <li>Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> which lowers the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> value of soil.</li> <li>Organic pollution of watercourses can deplete <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels and reduce species diversity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_monitoring">Regulation and monitoring</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution" title="Regulation and monitoring of pollution">Regulation and monitoring of pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>To protect the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution. At the local level, regulation usually is supervised by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental agency">environmental agencies</a> or the broader <a href="/wiki/Public_health_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public health system">public health system</a>. Different jurisdictions often have different levels <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">regulation and policy choices</a> about pollution. Historically, polluters will lobby governments in less economically developed areas or countries to maintain lax regulation in order to protect <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> at the cost of human and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The modern environmental regulatory environment has its origins in the United States with the beginning of industrial regulations around Air and Water pollution connected to industry and mining during the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Because many of pollutants have trans-boundary impacts, the UN and other treaty bodies have been used to regulate pollutants that circulate as <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">trade in wastes</a>. Early international agreements were successful at addressing Global Environmental issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>, which banned Ozone depleting chemicals in 1987, with more recent agreements focusing on broader, more widely dispersed chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> created in 2001, such as <a href="/wiki/PCBs" class="mw-redirect" title="PCBs">PCBs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> in 1997 which initiated collaboration on addressing greenhouse gases to <a href="/wiki/Mitigate_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigate climate change">mitigate climate change</a>. Governments, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">NPOs</a>, research groups, and <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen scientists</a> monitor pollution with an expanding list of low-cost pollution monitoring tools.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control"><span class="anchor" id="Pollution_control"></span>Control</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litter_trap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/220px-Litter_trap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/330px-Litter_trap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/440px-Litter_trap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A litter trap catches floating waste in the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_River" title="Yarra River">Yarra River</a>, east-central <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/220px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/330px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/440px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Air pollution control system, known as a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal oxidiser">thermal oxidizer</a>, decomposes hazard gases from industrial air streams at a factory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg/220px-Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg/330px-Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg/440px-Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dust_collector" title="Dust collector">dust collector</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></figcaption></figure><p>Pollution control is a term used in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental management">environmental management</a>. It refers to the control of <a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">emissions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effluents" class="mw-redirect" title="Effluents">effluents</a> into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> products from <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and <a href="/wiki/Waste_minimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste minimization">waste minimization</a> are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(Canada/US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-impact development (Canada/US)">low impact development</a> is a similar technique for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and monitoring/transparency/<a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a>-attached <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> could be developed and enforced to control pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-ChangPires2015_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChangPires2015-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review concluded that there is a lack of attention and action such as work on a <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">globally</a> supported "formal <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">science</a>–<a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> interface", e.g. to "<a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">inform</a> intervention, influence research, and guide funding".<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023 a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Framework_on_Chemicals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Framework on Chemicals (page does not exist)">Global Framework on Chemicals</a> aiming to reduce pollution was agreed during an international conference in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Germany. The framework includes 28 targets, for example, to "end the use of hazardous pesticides in agriculture where the risks have not been managed" by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Mitigating</a></li> <li>Pollution prevention</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Compost</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devices">Devices</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog_tower" title="Smog tower">Smog Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal oxidiser">Thermal oxidizer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_collector" title="Dust collector">Dust collection systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_collector#Types_of_baghouses" title="Dust collector">Baghouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffle_spray_scrubber" title="Baffle spray scrubber">Baffle spray scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_spray_scrubber" title="Cyclonic spray scrubber">Cyclonic spray scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejector venturi scrubber">Ejector venturi scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_aided_scrubber" title="Mechanically aided scrubber">Mechanically aided scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_tower" title="Spray tower">Spray tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber">Wet scrubber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a> (Primary treatment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge biotreaters</a> (Secondary treatment; also used for industrial wastewater)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed wetlands">Constructed wetlands</a> (also used for urban runoff)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_oil-water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="API oil-water separator">API oil-water separators</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aqueous_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aqueous-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">Biofilters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a> (DAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_activated_carbon_treatment" title="Powdered activated carbon treatment">Powdered activated carbon treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_recovery" title="Vapor recovery">Vapor recovery systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2></div> <p>Pollution has a cost.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturing activities that cause <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> impose health and clean-up costs on the whole of society. A manufacturing activity that causes air pollution is an example of a negative <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externality</a> in production. A negative externality in production occurs "when a firm's production reduces the well-being of others who are not compensated by the firm."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a laundry firm exists near a polluting steel manufacturing firm, there will be increased costs for the laundry firm because of the dirt and smoke produced by the steel manufacturing firm.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If external costs exist, such as those created by pollution, the manufacturer will choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the manufacturer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of <a href="/wiki/Cost_externalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost externalization">externalization</a> is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">public safety</a>, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. Goods and services that involve negative externalities in production, such as those that produce pollution, tend to be overproduced and underpriced since the externality is not being priced into the market.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollution can also create costs for the firms producing the pollution. Sometimes firms choose, or are forced by regulation, to reduce the amount of pollution that they are producing. The associated costs of doing this are called abatement costs, or <a href="/wiki/Marginal_abatement_cost" title="Marginal abatement cost">marginal abatement costs</a> if measured by each additional unit.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 pollution abatement capital expenditures and operating costs in the US amounted to nearly $27 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dirtiest_industries">Dirtiest industries</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacksmith Institute">Pure Earth</a>, an international non-for-profit organization dedicated to eliminating life-threatening pollution in the developing world, issues an annual list of some of the world's most polluting industries. Below is the list for 2016:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid battery</a> recycling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">extractive metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">Artisanal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li></ul> <p>A 2018 report by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Agriculture_and_Trade_Policy" title="Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy">Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/GRAIN" title="GRAIN">GRAIN</a> says that the meat and dairy industries are poised to surpass the oil industry as the world's worst polluters.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_industry">Textile industry</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste#Textile_industry" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste § Textile industry</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_waste&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg/220px-Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg/330px-Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg/440px-Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Indigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> is one of the largest polluters in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">globalized</a> world of mostly free market dominated socioeconomic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollution comes from the type of conduct of chemical treatments used e.g., <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that many or most market-driven companies use despite "eco-friendly alternatives". Textile industry wastewater is considered to be one the largest polluters of water and soil <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, causing "carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and allergenic threats to living organisms".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The textile industry uses over 8000 chemicals in its supply chain,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also polluting the environment with large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been identified in one review as the industry sector producing the largest amount of pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A campaign of big clothing brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma to voluntarily reform <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">their manufacturing</a> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chains</a> to commit to achieving zero discharges of hazardous chemicals by 2020 (global goal)<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_waste_destin_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_waste_destin-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears to have failed. </p> The textile industry also creates a lot of pollution that leads to <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> which can cause large economic problems. The problem usually occurs when there is no division of ownership rights. This means that the problem of pollution is largely caused because of incomplete information about which company pollutes and at what scale the damage was caused by the pollution.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_related_industries">Fossil fuel related industries</h3></div> <p>Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">of the top contributors to human death</a>, beyond being a major driver of climate change whereby greenhouse gases are considered per se as a form of pollution <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions">above</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS2019_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS2019-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socially_optimal_level">Socially optimal level</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></div> <p>Society derives some indirect <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> from pollution; otherwise, there would be no incentive to pollute. This utility may come from the consumption of goods and services that inherently create pollution (albeit the level can vary) or lower prices or lower required efforts (or inconvenience) to abandon or substitute these goods and services. Therefore, it is important that policymakers attempt to balance these indirect benefits with the costs of pollution in order to achieve an efficient outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png/400px-Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png/600px-Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png/800px-Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>A visual comparison of the free market and socially optimal outcomes</figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible to use <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental economics</a> to determine which level of pollution is deemed the social optimum. For economists, pollution is an "external cost and occurs only when one or more individuals suffer a loss of welfare". There is a socially optimal level of pollution at which <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> is maximized.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because consumers derive utility from the good or service manufactured, which will outweigh the <a href="/wiki/Social_cost" title="Social cost">social cost</a> of pollution until a certain point. At this point the damage of one extra unit of pollution to society, the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> of pollution, is exactly equal to the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal benefit">marginal benefit</a> of consuming one more unit of the good or service.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, the feasibility of pollution reduction rates could also be a factor of calculating optimal levels. While a study puts the global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE; similar to <a href="/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost" title="Years of potential life lost">YPLL</a>) from air pollution in 2015 at 2.9 years (substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence), it also indicated that a significant fraction of the LLE is unavoidable in terms of current economical-technological feasibility such as aeolian dust and wildfire emission control.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1093/cvr/cvaa025_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1093/cvr/cvaa025-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In markets with pollution, or other negative externalities in production, the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> equilibrium will not account for the costs of pollution on society<b>.</b> If the social costs of pollution are higher than the private costs incurred by the firm, then the true supply curve will be higher. The point at which the social marginal cost and market <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> intersect gives the socially optimal level of pollution. At this point, the quantity will be lower and the price will be higher in comparison to the free market equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the free market outcome could be considered a <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a> because it "does not maximize efficiency".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This model can be used as a basis to evaluate different methods of internalizing the externality, such as <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap and trade</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History of environmental pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_19th_century">Prior to 19th century</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric times">prehistoric times</a>, when man created the first <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a>. According to a 1983 article in the journal <i>Science,</i> "<a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>" found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Metal <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of <a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Greenland" title="List of glaciers in Greenland">glaciers in Greenland</a> indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/220px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/330px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/440px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2919" /></a><figcaption>Air pollution in the US, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the primary sources of pollution. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> of England banned the burning of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seacoal" class="extiw" title="wikt:seacoal">sea-coal</a> by proclamation in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1272, after its smoke became a problem;<sup id="cite_ref-Pea-souper_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pea-souper-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deadly_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deadly-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the <a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">wheelbarrow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <p>The Industrial Revolution gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> problems with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> of 1858, which led to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/London_sewerage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="London sewerage system">London sewerage system</a> soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> far exceeded the viability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems and clean water.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, the sanitary conditions in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> were among the worst in Europe. <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> recalled conditions before a modern <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer</a> system was built in the late 1870s: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_century">20th and 21st century</h3></div> <p>The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial German</a> government brought in its scientists, engineers, and urban planners to solve the deficiencies and forge Berlin as the world's model city. A British expert in 1906 concluded that Berlin represented "the most complete application of science, order and method of public life," adding "it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly organized city that there is."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a significant issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">progressive reformers</a> took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the three million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>. As historian Martin Melosi notes, the generation that first saw automobiles replacing horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1940s, automobile-caused <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> was a significant issue in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century when the short-lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>. The cities of Los Angeles experienced extreme smog events and <a href="/wiki/Donora,_Pennsylvania" title="Donora, Pennsylvania">Donora, Pennsylvania</a>, in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.<sup id="cite_ref-Donora_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donora-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the Industrial Revolution, and extending into the recent past with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Smog of 1952">Great Smog of 1952</a>. Awareness of atmospheric pollution spread widely after World War II, with fears triggered by reports of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_fallout" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive fallout">radioactive fallout</a> from atomic warfare and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then a non-nuclear event – the Great Smog of 1952 in London – killed at least 4000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation: the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act of 1956</a>. </p><p> Pollution began to draw significant public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-issues_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issues-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG/220px-Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG/330px-Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG/440px-Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Smog pollution in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCB</a> dumping in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> resulted in a ban by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> on consumption of its fish in 1974. National news stories in the late 1970s – especially the long-term <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxin</a> contamination at <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> starting in 1947 and uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste disposal">dumping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Drums" title="Valley of the Drums">Valley of the Drums</a> – led to the <a href="/wiki/Superfund_(environmental_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund (environmental law)">Superfund</a> legislation of 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a>, a term now common in <a href="/wiki/City_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="City planning">city planning</a>. </p><p>The development of nuclear science introduced <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Karachay" title="Lake Karachay">Lake Karachay</a> – named by the <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a> as the "most polluted spot" on earth – served as a disposal site for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> throughout the 1950s and 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a>, Russia, is considered the "Most polluted place on the planet".<sup id="cite_ref-Lenssen_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenssen-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">Nuclear weapons</a> continued to be tested in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding the critical threat to human health posed by <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> has also been a prohibitive complication associated with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima</a> pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. Worldwide publicity has been intense on those disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widespread support for <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">test ban treaties</a> has ended almost all nuclear testing in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International catastrophes such as the wreck of the <a href="/wiki/Amoco_Cadiz" title="Amoco Cadiz">Amoco Cadiz</a> oil tanker off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> in 1978 and the <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a> in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of the atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Most recently, the term <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutant</a> (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/PBDE" class="mw-redirect" title="PBDE">PBDEs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">PFCs</a>, among others. Though their effects remain poorly understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity, such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> after only a relatively brief period of widespread use. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Litter.JPG/300px-Litter.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Litter.JPG/450px-Litter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Litter.JPG/600px-Litter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> is a concentration of plastics in the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a>. It and other garbage patches contain debris that can transport invasive species and that can entangle and be ingested by wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/5_Gyres" title="5 Gyres">5 Gyres</a> and the Algalita Marine Research Foundation have researched the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and found <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollution introduced by light at night is becoming a global problem, more severe in urban centres, but contaminating also large territories, far away from towns.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>, which generally seek to limit <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological contamination">Biological contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical hazards">Chemical contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_Data_Bank" title="Hazardous Substances Data Bank">Hazardous Substances Data Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplastic_effects_of_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroplastic effects of pollution">Neuroplastic effects of pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Max_Liboiron" title="Max Liboiron">Pollution is Colonialism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_zone" title="Sacrifice zone">Sacrifice zone</a></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="width:250px; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Category:Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Air dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Arden Pope">Arden Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry_observational_databases" title="Atmospheric chemistry observational databases">Atmospheric chemistry observational databases</a> – links to freely available data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">Emission standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:250px; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Environmental soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">List of solid waste treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_management_companies" title="List of waste management companies">List of waste management companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_management_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste management topics">List of waste management topics</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:250px; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise ship pollution">Cruise ship pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship pollution">Ship pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Municipal wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:250px; text-align:left;"> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_precipitation" title="Alkaline precipitation">Alkaline precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science#Plastics_and_pollution" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contamination_control" title="Contamination control">Contamination control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat pollution">Heat pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise health effects">Noise health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of Climate Change</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 785–791, see page 786. <q>Dr A. Shadwell (Industrial Efficiency, London, 1906) describes it as representing "the most complete application of science.... "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=785-791%2C+see+page+786&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Allitt, <i>A Climate of Crisis: America in the Age of Environmentalism</i> (2014) p 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffry_M._DiefendorfKurkpatrick_Dorsey2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeffry M. 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University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 44–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7277-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-7277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City%2C+Country%2C+Empire%3A+Landscapes+in+Environmental+History&rft.pages=44-49&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7277-8&rft.au=Jeffry+M.+Diefendorf&rft.au=Kurkpatrick+Dorsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeVqitbSP_AC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donora-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donora_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingKnorr" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, James R.; Knorr, Bethany R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ametsoc.org/sloan/cleanair/">"History of the Clean Air Act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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M.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A.; Rybnikova, Nataliya A.; Furgoni, Riccardo (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928945">"The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>2</b> (6): e1600377. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.01041">1609.01041</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciA....2E0377F">2016SciA....2E0377F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600377">10.1126/sciadv.1600377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928945">4928945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27386582">27386582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+new+world+atlas+of+artificial+night+sky+brightness&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1600377&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4928945%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SciA....2E0377F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1609.01041&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600377&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27386582&rft.aulast=Falchi&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft.au=Cinzano%2C+Pierantonio&rft.au=Duriscoe%2C+Dan&rft.au=Kyba%2C+Christopher+C.+M.&rft.au=Elvidge%2C+Christopher+D.&rft.au=Baugh%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Portnov%2C+Boris+A.&rft.au=Rybnikova%2C+Nataliya+A.&rft.au=Furgoni%2C+Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4928945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?rev_t=20110629084344&url=http%3A%2Fwww.oehha.ca.gov%2Fprop65%2Fprop65_list%2FNewlist.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com">OEHHA proposition 65 list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222011524/http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/">National Toxicology Program</a> – from US <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. Reports and studies on how pollutants affect people</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html">TOXNET</a> – NIH databases and reports on toxicology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA-FSA-Public/usdafiles/Environ-Cultural/TRI%20and%20Superfund%20Environmental%20Maps%20%20TOXMAP.htm">TOXMAP</a> – Geographic Information System (GIS) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) <a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superfund_Basic_Research_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund Basic Research Program">Superfund Basic Research Programs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund">EPA.gov</a> – manages Superfund sites and the pollutants in them (CERCLA). Map <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002082045/http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/main/index.jsp">the EPA Superfund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program">Toxic Release Inventory</a> – tracks how much waste US companies release into the water and air. Gives permits for releasing specific quantities of these pollutants each year.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/index.html">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> – Top 20 pollutants, how they affect people, what US industries use them and the products in which they are found</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104003923/http://www.logtv.com/films/chelyabinsk/index.htm">Chelyabinsk: The Most Contaminated Spot on the Planet</a> Documentary Film by Slawomir Grünberg (1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niemanreports.org/articles/tracking-toxics-when-the-data-are-polluted/">Nieman Reports | Tracking Toxics When the Data Are Polluted</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_science" title="Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_science" title="Template talk:Environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/100px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/150px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/200px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioecology" title="Radioecology">Radioecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport encouragement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">Road ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_sciences" title="List of environmental journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_research_institutes" title="List of environmental research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_environment" title="List of years in the environment">Environment by year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_science" title="Category:Environmental science">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_scientists" title="Category:Environmental scientists">scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template talk:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demographic_statistics" title="Demographic statistics">population statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Current population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">Continents/subregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_population" title="List of North American countries by population">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab countries by population">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_by_population" title="List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurasian_countries_by_population" title="List of Eurasian countries by population">Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" title="List of European Union member states by population">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List of Latin American countries by population">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Middle East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities/urban areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">National capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past and future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_future_population" title="List of countries by past and projected future population">Past and future population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">World population estimates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_population_in_1_CE" title="List of states by population in 1 CE">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1000" title="List of countries by population in 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1500" title="List of countries by population in 1500">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1600" title="List of countries by population in 1600">1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1700" title="List of countries by population in 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1900" title="List of countries by population in 1900">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1939" title="List of countries by population in 1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1989" title="List of countries by population in 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2000" title="List of countries by population in 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2005" title="List of countries by population in 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2010" title="List of countries by population in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2015" title="List of countries by population in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_milestones_by_country" title="List of population milestones by country">Population milestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_and_future_population_density_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Past and future population density by country">Past and future population density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_arable_land_density" title="List of countries by arable land density">Person-to-arable land ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of countries by population growth rate">Population growth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by natural increase">Natural increase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_reproduction_rate" title="List of countries by net reproduction rate">Net reproduction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_births" title="List of countries by number of births">Number of births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_deaths" title="List of countries by number of deaths">Number of deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_birth_rate" title="List of countries by birth rate">Birth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mortality_rate" title="List of countries by mortality rate">Mortality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">Fertility rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_fertility_rate" title="List of countries by past fertility rate">Past fertility rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">world regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by past life expectancy">past life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mean_age_at_childbearing" title="List of countries by mean age at childbearing">Age at childbearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_at_first_marriage" title="List of countries by age at first marriage">Age at first marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_structure" title="List of countries by age structure">Age structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_dependency_ratio" title="List of countries by dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">Ethnic and cultural diversity level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Ethnic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">Immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_diversity_index" title="Linguistic diversity index">Linguistic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">Median age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_migration_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_households" title="List of countries by number of households">Number of households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Religion</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_urban_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by urban population">Urban population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">Urbanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_antidepressant_consumption" title="List of countries by antidepressant consumption">Antidepressant consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockpiling_antiviral_medications_for_pandemic_influenza" title="Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza">Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates" title="List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates">Infant and under-five mortality rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maternal_mortality_ratio" title="List of countries by maternal mortality ratio">Maternal mortality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_obesity_rate" title="List of countries by obesity rate">Obesity rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_suffering_from_undernourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment">Percentage suffering from undernourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_OECD_health_expenditure_by_country_by_type_of_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of OECD health expenditure by country by type of financing">Health expenditure by country by type of financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Total health expenditure per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_spending_by_country_as_a_percent_of_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare spending by country as a percent of gross domestic product">Total healthcare spending as % of GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by body mass index">Body mass index</a> (BMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and innovation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovation Index">International Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competencies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a> (PIRLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> (TIMSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="List of countries by tertiary education attainment">Tertiary education attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_population_with_access_to_financial_services" title="List of countries by share of population with access to financial services">Access to financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_sovereign_state_donors" title="List of development aid sovereign state donors">Development aid donors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_Official_Development_Assistance_received" title="List of sovereign states by Official Development Assistance received">Official Development Assistance received</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by employment rate">Employment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index">inequality-adjusted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_planetary_pressures%E2%80%93adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index">planetary pressures–adjusted HDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">Income equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">Labour force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_income_of_the_richest_one_percent" title="List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent">Share of income of top 1%</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires" title="List of countries by number of millionaires">Number of millionaires (US dollars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">Number of billionaires (US dollars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_sector_size" title="List of countries by public sector size">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by wealth inequality">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1070069/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4186812-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104530">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pollution"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932823t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pollution"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932823t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="znečištění životního prostředí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135331&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Contaminación"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525025">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000057690&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563154205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642515">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17253">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 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.portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Pollution</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pollution" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pollution">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pollution" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pollution">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pollution" class="extiw" title="q:Pollution">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Pollution" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Pollution">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pollution" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pollution">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734" 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