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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Evaluations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music_and_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music_and_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In music and fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music_and_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gustavus Adolphus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gustav II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf_von_Schweden" title="Gustav II. Adolf von Schweden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf von Schweden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_II_%C3%86%C3%B0elwulf_Sw%C4%93ona_Cyning" title="Gustaf II Æðelwulf Swēona Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gustaf II Æðelwulf Swēona Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="غوستاف الثاني أدولف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوستاف الثاني أدولف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_II_Adolfo_de_Suecia" title="Gustavo II Adolfo de Suecia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gustavo II Adolfo de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Qustav_Adolf" title="II Qustav Adolf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Qustav Adolf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_2-s%C3%A8_Adolf" title="Gustav 2-sè Adolf – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gustav 2-sè Adolf" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Густаў II Адольф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Густаў II Адольф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Густаў II Адольф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Густаў II Адольф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Густав II Адолф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Густав II Адолф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gustav II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustau_II_Adolf" title="Gustau II Adolf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gustau II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf" title="Gustav II. Adolf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolff,_brenin_Sweden" title="Gustav II Adolff, brenin Sweden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gustav II Adolff, brenin Sweden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_2._Adolf_af_Sverige" title="Gustav 2. Adolf af Sverige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gustav 2. Adolf af Sverige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gustav II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf" title="Gustav II. Adolf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gustav II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%91%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γουσταύος Β΄ Αδόλφος της Σουηδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουσταύος Β΄ Αδόλφος της Σουηδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_II_Adolfo_de_Suecia" title="Gustavo II Adolfo de Suecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gustavo II Adolfo de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_la_2-a_Adolfo_(Svedio)" title="Gustavo la 2-a Adolfo (Svedio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gustavo la 2-a Adolfo (Svedio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_II.a_Adolfo" title="Gustavo II.a Adolfo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gustavo II.a Adolfo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="گوستاو دوم آدولف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوستاو دوم آدولف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf_av_Sv%C3%B8r%C3%ADki" title="Gustav II Adolf av Svøríki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gustav II Adolf av Svøríki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_II_Adolphe" title="Gustave II Adolphe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gustave II Adolphe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaaf_II_Adolf_fan_Sweden" title="Gustaaf II Adolf fan Sweden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gustaaf II Adolf fan Sweden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Adolf" title="Gustaf Adolf – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gustaf Adolf" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_II_Adolfo_de_Suecia" title="Gustavo II Adolfo de Suecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gustavo II Adolfo de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%B8%8C_2%EC%84%B8_%EC%95%84%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84" title="구스타브 2세 아돌프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구스타브 2세 아돌프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE_II" title="Գուստավ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուստավ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf" title="Gustav II. Adolf – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_la_2ma_Adolf" title="Gustaf la 2ma Adolf – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gustaf la 2ma Adolf" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf_dari_Swedia" title="Gustav II Adolf dari Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gustav II Adolf dari Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BAstaf_2._Ad%C3%B3lf" title="Gústaf 2. Adólf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gústaf 2. Adólf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_II_Adolfo_di_Svezia" title="Gustavo II Adolfo di Svezia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gustavo II Adolfo di Svezia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="גוסטב השני אדולף, מלך שוודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוסטב השני אדולף, מלך שוודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_II_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გუსტავ II ადოლფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუსტავ II ადოლფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%86_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="ІІ Густав Адольф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ІІ Густав Адольф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_II_Adolphus_(rex_Sueciae)" title="Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavs_II_%C4%80dolfs" title="Gustavs II Ādolfs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gustavs II Ādolfs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavas_II_Adolfas" title="Gustavas II Adolfas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gustavas II Adolfas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Guszt%C3%A1v_Adolf_sv%C3%A9d_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Gusztáv Adolf svéd király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Gusztáv Adolf svéd király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Густав II Адолф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Густав II Адолф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B8" title="स्वीडनचा गुस्तावस एडोल्फस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वीडनचा गुस्तावस एडोल्फस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="جوستاف التانى ادولف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوستاف التانى ادولف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_dari_Sweden" title="Gustavus Adolphus dari Sweden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gustavus Adolphus dari Sweden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="II Густав Адольф – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Густав Адольф" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A)" title="ဂပ်စတားဗပ် (ဒုတိယ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂပ်စတားဗပ် (ဒုတိယ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaaf_II_Adolf_van_Zweden" title="Gustaaf II Adolf van Zweden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gustaaf II Adolf van Zweden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%952%E4%B8%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="グスタフ2世アドルフ (スウェーデン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グスタフ2世アドルフ (スウェーデン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf_(Sweeden)" title="Gustav II. Adolf (Sweeden) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf (Sweeden)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf_av_Sverige" title="Gustav II Adolf av Sverige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gustav II Adolf av Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf_av_Sverige" title="Gustav II Adolf av Sverige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gustav II Adolf av Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf" title="Gustav II. Adolf – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaw_II_Adolf" title="Gustaw II Adolf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gustaw II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_II_Adolfo_da_Su%C3%A9cia" title="Gustavo II Adolfo da Suécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gustavo II Adolfo da Suécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Adolf" title="Gustav Adolf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gustav Adolf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Густав II Адольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Густав II Адольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_o_Swaden" title="Gustavus Adolphus o Swaden – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gustavus Adolphus o Swaden" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gustavus Adolphus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_II._Adolf" title="Gustáv II. Adolf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gustáv II. Adolf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf" title="Gustav II. Adolf – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gustav II. Adolf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Густаф II Адолф Шведски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Густаф II Адолф Шведски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf_od_%C5%A0vedske" title="Gustav II Adolf od Švedske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gustav II Adolf od Švedske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustaa_II_Aadolf" title="Kustaa II Aadolf – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kustaa II Aadolf" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gustav II Adolf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="சுவீடனின் கஸ்டாவஸ் அடால்பஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவீடனின் கஸ்டாவஸ் அடால்பஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Gustaf_Adolf" title="II. Gustaf Adolf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Gustaf Adolf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_II_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Густав II Адольф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Густав II Адольф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Gustav II Adolf của Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gustav II Adolf của Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_han_Sweden" title="Gustavus Adolphus han Sweden – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gustavus Adolphus han Sweden" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the college in Minnesota, see <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a>. For other Swedish royalty by this name, see <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_of_Sweden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gustav Adolf of Sweden (disambiguation)">Gustav Adolf of Sweden (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Gustavus Adolphus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus,_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hoefnagel" title="Jacob Hoefnagel">Jacob Hoefnagel</a>, 1624</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1611 – <span class="nowrap">6 November 1632</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Swedish_monarch" title="Coronation of the Swedish monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1617</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1594-12-09</span>)</span>9 December 1594<br /><a href="/wiki/Castle_Tre_Kronor" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Tre Kronor">Castle Tre Kronor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1632<span style="display:none">(1632-11-06)</span> (aged 37)<br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a><br />near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzen" title="Lützen">Lützen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1634<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Riddarholmen_Church" title="Riddarholmen Church">Riddarholmen Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg" title="Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg">Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 November 1620">1620</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina, Queen of Sweden</a><br /> Illegitimate:<br /><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Vasaborg" title="Gustav of Vasaborg">Gustav of Vasaborg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Christina of Holstein-Gottorp">Christina of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustavus Adolphus's signature"><img alt="Gustavus Adolphus's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg/125px-Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg/188px-Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg/250px-Gustav_II_Adolf_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Treelike list</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Kristianopel" title="Storming of Kristianopel">Storming of Kristianopel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittsj%C3%B6" title="Battle of Vittsjö">Battle of Vittsjö</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gdov" title="Siege of Gdov">Siege of Gdov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov_(1615)" title="Siege of Pskov (1615)">Siege of Pskov (1615)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1621)" title="Siege of Riga (1621)">Siege of Riga (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_campaign_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Prussian campaign (1626–1629)">Prussian campaign (1626–1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wallhof" title="Battle of Wallhof">Battle of Wallhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gniew" title="Battle of Gniew">Battle of Gniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dirschau" title="Battle of Dirschau">Battle of Dirschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trzciana" title="Battle of Trzciana">Battle of Trzciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weichselsm%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Weichselsmünde">Battle of Weichselsmünde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Battle of Werben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Battle of Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Siege of Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Battle of Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Battle of the Alte Veste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen (1632)</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-spacing:0px; padding:0px;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="font-weight:bold;">Swedish Royalty</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg/140px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg/210px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg/280px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Vasa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><i>Parents</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erik_Johansson_Vasa" title="Erik Johansson Vasa">Erik Johansson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_M%C3%A5nsdotter" title="Cecilia Månsdotter">Cecilia Månsdotter</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Vasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Vasa">Catherine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Cecilia_of_Sweden" title="Princess Cecilia of Sweden">Cecilia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Magnus, Duke of Östergötland">Magnus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Sweden_(1545%E2%80%931610)" title="Anna of Sweden (1545–1610)">Anna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_Sweden" title="Princess Sophia of Sweden">Sophia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Sweden" title="Princess Elizabeth of Sweden">Elizabeth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sigrid_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sigrid of Sweden">Sigrid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gustav of Sweden">Gustav</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Finland">Anna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">John</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Charles Ferdinand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Alexander Charles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vasa_of_Sweden" title="Anna Vasa of Sweden">Anna Catherine Constance</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Sweden,_Countess_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg">Catherine</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustavus Adolphus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Elizabeth_of_Sweden" title="Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden">Maria Elizabeth</a></dd> <dd>Christina</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland">Charles Philip</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Grandson</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustavus Adolphus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:5px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Vasa" title="Template:House of Vasa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Vasa" title="Template talk:House of Vasa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Vasa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Vasa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gustavus Adolphus</b> (9 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S</a> 19 December] 1594 – 6 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S</a> 16 November] 1632), also known in English as <b>Gustav II Adolf</b> or <b>Gustav II Adolph</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden as a great European power</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Stormaktstiden</i>). During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name <b>Gustavus Adolphus the Great</b> (Swedish: <i lang="sv">Gustav Adolf den store</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Gustavus Adolphus Magnus</i>) by the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> in 1634.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most notable military victory was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld</a> in 1631. With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was killed a year later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a>. He was assisted in his efforts by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Count Axel Oxenstierna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Chancellor_of_Sweden" title="Lord High Chancellor of Sweden">Lord High Chancellor of Sweden</a>, who also acted as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> after his death. </p><p>Coming to the throne at the age of 16, Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a>: border conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, and a dynastic struggle with his first cousin, King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the Danish war was the most serious.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign, Sweden rose from the status of a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> basin regional power to one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> of Europe and a model of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern era">early modern era</a> government. Gustavus Adolphus is known as the "father of modern warfare",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the first modern general. He taught a number of other military commanders, such as <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Torstensson" title="Lennart Torstensson">Lennart Torstensson</a>, who would go on to expand the boundaries and power of the Swedish Empire after Gustavus Adolphus's death. Spoils meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, targeting <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> library collections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2009118_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2009118-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His contributions to Sweden's rise in power included reformation of the administrative structure. For example, he began <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish Registration</a> of the population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him, including the <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf-Werk" title="Gustav-Adolf-Werk">Gustav-Adolf-Werk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffman_2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffman_2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographical_details">Biographical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biographical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gustavus Adolphus was born in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> on 9 December 1594, eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Duke Charles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a> and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Christina of Holstein-Gottorp">Christina of Holstein-Gottorp</a>. At the time, his cousin <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a> was both King of Sweden and Poland. The Protestant Duke Charles <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">forced the Catholic Sigismund</a> to abandon the throne of Sweden in 1599, part of the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">preliminary religious strife</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, and reigned as regent before taking the throne as <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a> in 1604. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalecarlia</a> as a duchy from 1610. Upon his father's death in October 1611, a sixteen-year-old Gustavus inherited the throne, being declared of age and able to reign himself at seventeen as of 16 December.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also inherited an ongoing succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his Polish cousin, Sigismund III, who persisted in his effort to regain the Swedish throne.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also briefly assumed the title of tsar of Russia in the beginning of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_(probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_%28probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen%29.jpg/220px-Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_%28probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_%28probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen%29.jpg/330px-Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_%28probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_%28probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen%29.jpg/440px-Gustavus_Adolphus_in_action_%28probably_at_L%C3%BCtzen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Gustavus Adolphus leading a cavalry charge</figcaption></figure> <p>In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Livonia when he was 31, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)</a>. In the course of it he won a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wallhof" title="Battle of Wallhof">victory at Wallhof</a>, fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gniew" title="Battle of Gniew">Gniew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dirschau" title="Battle of Dirschau">Dirschau</a>, and suffered a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trzciana" title="Battle of Trzciana">defeat at Trzciana</a>. His reign became known from his actions a few years later when, in June 1630, he landed in Germany, marking the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War</a>. Gustavus Adolphus intervened on the anti-Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarworks_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarworks_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gustavus Adolphus was married to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg" title="Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg">Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg">John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, and chose the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing</a> as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a> in 1632. His involvement in the Thirty Years' War gave rise to the nickname "the Lion from the North".<sup id="cite_ref-Six_2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Swedish_Empire" title="Military of the Swedish Empire">Military of the Swedish Empire</a></div> <p>Historian Ronald S. Love wrote that in 1560–1660 there were "a few innovators, notably <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurice of Nassau</a> and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, whom many scholars credit with revolutionary developments in warfare and with having laid the foundations of military practice for the next two centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars consider him an extremely able military commander.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics, and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". </p><p>Future commanders who studied and admired Gustavus Adolphus include <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>. His advancements in warfare helped make Sweden the dominant <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> power for the next hundred years (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></i>). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_%22the_Great%22" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people known as "the Great"">the Great</a>". This decision was made by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates in 1634, making him officially called Gustavus Adolphus the Great (<i>Gustavus Adolphus Magnus</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg/180px-Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg/270px-Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg/360px-Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><i>The Lion of the North</i>: Gustavus Adolphus depicted at the turning point of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)</a> against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Count_Tilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Tilly">Count Tilly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led his nation to great prestige. As a <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a>, Gustavus Adolphus employed mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized. </p><p>Among other innovations, he installed an early form of <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> in his formations, where the cavalry could attack from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and retire again within to regroup after their foray. Inspired by the reform of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurice of Nassau</a>, he adopted much shallower infantry formations than were common in the <a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a> armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or 6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and cavalry as noted above.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His artillery were themselves different—in addition to the usual complements of heavy cannon, he introduced light mobile guns for the first time into the Renaissance battlefield. These were grouped in batteries supporting his more linearly deployed formations, replacing the cumbersome and unmaneuverable traditional deep squares (such as the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a> that were up to 50 ranks deep) used in other pike and shot armies of the day. In consequence, his forces could redeploy and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the modern <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a>, which transported troops and supplies to the Continental battlefront.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him one of the greatest generals of all time, an evaluation agreed with by <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> and others. He was also renowned for his constancy of purpose and the equality of his troops—no one part of his armies was considered better or received preferred treatment, as was common in other armies where the cavalry were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the lowly infantry. In Gustavus Adolphus's' army the units were extensively cross-trained. Both cavalry and infantry could service the artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery on the opposing Catholic tercios at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">First Breitenfeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pikemen could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing line. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed. Napoleon thought highly of the achievement and copied the tactics. However, recent historians have challenged his reputation. <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a> says it is an exaggeration to credit him with a uniquely disciplined conscript army, or call his the first military state to fight a protracted war on the continent. He argues that he improved existing techniques and used them brilliantly. Richard Brzezinski says his legendary status was based on inaccurate myths created by later historians. Many of his innovations were developed by his senior staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif/lossy-page1-270px-Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Dankaerts-Historis-9256.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Gustavus Adolphus</figcaption></figure> <p>Gustavus Adolphus' politics also show progressive tendencies:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for example, in 1631, in the conquered territory of Estonia he forced the local nobility into granting more individual rights to the commoners. He also encouraged education, opening a school in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> in 1631, today known as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Grammar_School" title="Gustav Adolf Grammar School">Gustav Adolf Grammar School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 1632, Gustavus Adolphus signed the decree for the foundation of Academia Dorpatensis in Estonia, today known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite significant hardships for the common people, the period of Swedish rule over Estonia has been idealized in local folklore as the "good old Swedish times", which has been attributed to comparisons with the harder times that followed under the Russian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 August 1617, his speech before his <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> included the following statement: </p> <blockquote><p>I had carefully learned to understand, about that experience which I could have upon things of rule, how fortune is failing or great, subject to such rule in common, so that otherwise I would have had scant reason to desire such a rule, had I not found myself obliged to it through God's bidding and nature. Now it was of my acquaintance, that inasmuch as God had let me be born a prince, such as I then am born, then my good and my destruction were knotted into one with the common good; for every reason then, it was now my promise that I should take great pains about their well-being and good governance and management, and thereabout bear close concern.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_commander">Military commander</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military commander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended the throne: against <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, which had attacked Sweden earlier in 1611; against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take advantage of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>; and against <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>, due to King Charles's having deposed King Sigismund III, his nephew, as King of Sweden. </p><p>The war against Denmark–Norway (<a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a>), during which Gustavus fought in minor military actions, — the victorious for Sweden <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Kristianopel" title="Storming of Kristianopel">Storming of Kristianopel</a> and the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittsj%C3%B6" title="Battle of Vittsjö">Battle of Vittsjö</a>, — was concluded in 1613 with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory except for Älvsborg Castle, which Sweden had to <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsborg_Ransom_(1613)" title="Älvsborg Ransom (1613)">pay to get back</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark–Norway (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kn%C3%A4red" title="Treaty of Knäred">Treaty of Knäred</a>). During this war, Gustavus Adolphus let his soldiers plunder towns and villages, and as he met little resistance from Danish forces in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, they pillaged and devastated twenty-four Scanian parishes. His memory in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> has been negative because of that fear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts199233_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199233-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest destroyed settlement was the Town <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4" title="Vä">Væ</a>, which two years later was replaced by Danish–Norwegian King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> as the nearby <a href="/wiki/Kristianstad" title="Kristianstad">Christiansted</a> (after the Swedification process, spelled Kristianstad), the last Scanian town to be founded by a Danish king.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/220px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/330px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/440px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Gustavus Adolphus at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Breitenfeld</a> in 1631</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%28front%29.jpg/220px-Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%28front%29.jpg/330px-Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%28front%29.jpg/440px-Gold_coin_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of King Gustav Adolph, 1632</figcaption></figure> <p>The war against Russia (<a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a>) marked Gustavus' involvement in the successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gdov" title="Siege of Gdov">Siege of Gdov</a> and the failed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov_(1615)" title="Siege of Pskov (1615)">Siege of Pskov</a> and ended in 1617 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stolbovo" title="Treaty of Stolbovo">Treaty of Stolbovo</a>, which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">war against Poland</a>, ended in 1629 with the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a>, which transferred the large province of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Livonia</a> to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the subsequent intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in Germany, where Swedish forces had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1628)">already established a bridgehead in 1628.</a> </p><p>The electorate of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> was especially torn apart by a quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The Brandenburg minister and diplomat baron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_von_Winterfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel von Winterfeld (page does not exist)">Samuel von Winterfeld</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_von_Winterfeld" class="extiw" title="de:Samuel von Winterfeld">de</a>]</span> influenced Gustavus Adolphus to support and protect the Protestant side in Germany. When Gustavus Adolphus <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">began his push</a> into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. He was soon able to consolidate the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> position in the north, however, using reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by France at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_B%C3%A4rwalde" title="Treaty of Bärwalde">Treaty of Bärwalde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Swedish plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of retrieving <a href="/wiki/Bellum_se_ipsum_alet" title="Bellum se ipsum alet">war contributions from occupied territories</a>, "marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly</a> was laying waste to <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly's army and won a decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">First Battle of Breitenfeld</a> in September 1631. He then marched across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, making plans for the invasion of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, an ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic opponents at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Battle of Rain</a>, marking the high point of the campaign. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on the battlefield. </p><p>Some other military actions in the Thirty Years' War with Gustavus at the head were: the victorious battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Werben</a>, the botched <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Siege of Nuremberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Battle of Fürth</a>, and the unfavourable <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Battle of the Alte Veste</a>. </p><p>Gustavus Adolphus is reported<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have entered battle without wearing any armor, proclaiming, "The Lord God is my protector!" However, it is more likely that he simply wore a padded <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> rather than going into battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. In 1627, near Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles above his shoulders. He survived, but the doctors could not remove the bullet, so from that point on, he could not wear iron armor and two fingers of his right hand were paralyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The plate cuirass normally worn by important officers at that time was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Buff_coat" title="Buff coat">buff coat</a> made of moose hide, which would have serious consequences later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrönhammarNestor2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrönhammarNestor2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_aftermath">Death and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg/220px-Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg/330px-Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg/440px-Glaubw%C3%BCrdiger_Bericht_und_Erzehlung_Was_etwa_von_der_vorm_Jahr_den_siebenden_Septemb._Ausschnitt_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3094" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Lützen. Cornelis Danckerts: <i>Historis oft waerachtich verhael</i>.., 1632. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG/220px-Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG/330px-Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG/440px-Carl_Wahlbom_L%C3%BCtzen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Death of Gustavus Adolphus at Lützen by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wahlbom" title="Carl Wahlbom">Carl Wahlbom</a> (1855)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 November 1632, Gustavus Adolphus encountered the Imperial Army under <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a>, in what would prove to be one of the most significant battles of the Thirty Years' War. Gustavus Adolphus was killed when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge on his wing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lützen was a victory for the Protestants, but cost them their leader, which caused their campaign to lose direction and finally suffer a crushing defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a>. </p><p>Towards 1:00 pm, in the thick mix of gun smoke and fog covering the field, the king was separated from his fellow riders and suffered multiple shots. A bullet crushed his left arm below the elbow. Almost simultaneously his horse suffered a shot to the neck that made it hard to control. In the mix of fog and smoke from the burning town of Lützen the king rode astray behind enemy lines. There he sustained yet another shot in the back, was stabbed and fell from his horse. </p><p>Lying on the ground, he received a final, fatal shot to the temple. His fate remained unknown for some time. However, when the gunnery paused and the smoke cleared, his horse was spotted between the two lines, Gustavus Adolphus himself not on it and nowhere to be seen. His disappearance stopped the initiative of the hitherto successful Swedish right wing, while a search was conducted. His partly stripped body was found an hour or two later, and evacuated from the field in a Swedish artillery wagon. </p><p>As late as the 19th century several stories were retold about Gustav Adolphus's death. In most of them the assassin was named as Prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Albert_of_Saxe-Lauenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg (page does not exist)">Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Albrecht_von_Sachsen-Lauenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg">de</a>]</span>, who was next to the king on the occasion and was thought to be acting on behalf of the enemy. When King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> was shown purported evidence in 1707 he dismissed the theory out of doubt that <i>"any prince could be so ungrateful"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1633, the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> gave him the title "Gustavus Adolphus the Great", or <i>Gustav Adolf den Store</i> in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, the only Swedish monarch to be so honoured. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif/lossy-page1-220px-M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif/lossy-page1-330px-M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif/lossy-page1-440px-M%C3%A5lning_av_Gustav_II_Adolf_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91527.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15426" data-file-height="10157" /></a><figcaption>Gustavus Adolphus's <a href="/wiki/Lit_de_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lit de parade">lit de parade</a>, by F. and J. Strachen, Wolgast 1633</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg/180px-Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg/270px-Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg/360px-Riddarholmskyrkan_Gustav_II_Adolfs_sarkofag_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Gustavus Adolphus's sarcophagus at <a href="/wiki/Riddarholmskyrkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddarholmskyrkan">Riddarholmen Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As those Vasa princes who descended from deposed monarchs were excluded from the throne and Gustavus Adolphus's younger brother had died ten years before, his young daughter <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a> became his successor, with Maria Eleonora and other ministers governing on her behalf. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Vasaborg" title="Gustav of Vasaborg">Gustav, Count of Vasaborg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg/180px-Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg/270px-Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg/360px-Gustav_Adolfi_Gymnaasium_20070403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Grammar_School" title="Gustav Adolf Grammar School">Gustav Adolf Grammar School</a> in Tallinn, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Gustavus Adolphus is widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him. He became a symbol of Swedish pride, and his name is attached to <a href="/wiki/City_square" class="mw-redirect" title="City square">city squares</a> in major Swedish cities like <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolfs_torg,_Stockholm" title="Gustav Adolfs torg, Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Adolfs_torg,_G%C3%B6teborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Adolfs torg, Göteborg">Gothenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Day" title="Gustavus Adolphus Day">Gustavus Adolphus Day</a> is celebrated in Sweden and Finland each year on 6 November, the day the king died at Lützen. One of the traditions on this day is the <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_pastry" title="Gustavus Adolphus pastry">Gustavus Adolphus pastry</a>. In Finland, the day is also celebrated as "Swedish heritage day". <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> college in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter,_Minnesota" title="St. Peter, Minnesota">St. Peter, Minnesota</a>, is also named for him. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg/110px-Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg/165px-Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg/220px-Fahne_Gustav-Adolf-Verein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>A GAW flag in the Protestant church of <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf-Werk" title="Gustav-Adolf-Werk">Gustav-Adolf-Werk</a> (GAW) of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a>, founded on the bicentennial celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a>, has as its object the aid of other churches and commemorates Gustavus' legacy. It is responsible for taking care of the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> work of the EKD and has separate branches internationally. The organization in Austria is called the Gustav-Adolf-Verein. The project of forming such a society was first broached in connection with the bicentennial celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a> on 6 November 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proposal to collect funds for a monument to Gustavus Adolphus was agreed to, and it was suggested by Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Leberecht_Gro%C3%9Fmann" title="Christian Gottlob Leberecht Großmann">Grossmann</a> that the best memorial to Gustavus Adolphus would be the formation of a union for propagating his ideas. It quickly gained popularity in Germany. The lack of political correctness received some criticism; however, the organization used GAW as its brand in the meanwhile. The Swedish royal family visited the GAW headquarters in Leipzig on the 400th birthday of Gustavus Adolphus, in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluations">Evaluations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evaluations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i> sums up his record: </p> <dl><dd>In military organization and strategy, Gustavus (sic) was ahead of his time. While most powers relied on mercenary troops, he organized a national standing army that distinguished itself by its discipline and relatively high moral standards. Deeply religious, the king desired his soldiers to behave like a truly Christian army; his stern measures against the common practices of looting, raping, and torture were effective until his death. His successes were due to this discipline, his use of small, mobile units, the superiority of his firearms, and his personal charisma. Although he was deeply interested in the internal progress of his kingdom, much of the credit for the development of Swedish industry and the fiscal and administrative reforms of his reign belongs to Oxenstierna.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The German Socialist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mehring" title="Franz Mehring">Franz Mehring</a> wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> perspective on the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion. The Swedes discovered huge deposits of copper, which were used to build brass cannon. The cottage-industrial growth stimulated an armaments industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare"), the Swedish historian and author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a> argues that there was probably no single all-important reason for the king's decision to go to war. Instead, it was likely a combination of religious, security, as well as economic considerations. This view is supported by German historian Johannes Burkhardt, who writes that Gustavus entered the 30 Years War exactly 100 years after the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Confessio_Augustana" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessio Augustana">Confessio Augustana</a>, the core confession of faith of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, and let himself be praised as its saviour. Yet Gustavus Adolphus's own "manifesto of war" does not mention any religious motivations at all but speaks of political and economic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden would have to maintain its integrity in the face of several provocations and aggressions by the Habsburg Empire. The manifesto was written by scholar Johann Adler Salvius in a style common of the time that promotes a "just war". Burkhardt argues that traditional Swedish historiography constructed a defensive interest in security out of that by taking the manifesto's text for granted. But to defend Stockholm, the occupation of the German Baltic territories would have been an extreme advance and the imperial Baltic Sea fleet mentioned as a threat in the manifesto had never reached more than a quarter of the size of the Swedish fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, it was never maintained to challenge Sweden but to face the separatist Netherlands. So if ruling the Baltic Sea was a goal of Swedish strategy, the conquests in Germany were not a defensive war but an act of expansion. From Swedish Finland, Gustavus Adolphus advanced along the Baltic Sea coast and eventually to Augsburg and Munich and he even urged the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a> to join him. This was no longer about Baltic interests but the imperial capital of Vienna and the alpine passes that were now in close reach of the Swedish army.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burkhardt points out that the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> legacy of the Swedes, coalesced as a political program. The Swedish king was also "<i>Rex Gotorum</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">King of the Goths</i>), and the list of kings was traced back to the Gothic rulers to construct continuity. Prior to his embarkment to northern Germany, Gustavus urged the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Swedish nobility</a> to follow the example of conquests set by their Gothic ancestors. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Born</th> <th>Died</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>(Illegitimate) <b>By <a href="/wiki/Margareta_Slots" title="Margareta Slots">Margareta Slots</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Vasaborg" title="Gustav of Vasaborg">Gustav</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">24 May 1616<br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">25 October 1653<br /><a href="/wiki/Wildeshausen" title="Wildeshausen">Wildeshausen</a></div></td> <td>Married Countess Anna Sofia Wied-Runkel and had issue, buried in <a href="/wiki/Riddarholmskyrkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddarholmskyrkan">Riddarholmskyrkan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg" title="Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg">Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg</a></b></i> (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655) </td></tr> <tr> <td>A daughter</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">24 July 1621<br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td> <td>Stillborn, buried in <a href="/wiki/Riddarholmskyrkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddarholmskyrkan">Riddarholmskyrkan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christina</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">16 October 1623<br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">21 September 1624<br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heiress_presumptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiress presumptive">Heiress presumptive</a> to the thrones of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Denmark</a>; buried in <a href="/wiki/Riddarholmskyrkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddarholmskyrkan">Riddarholmskyrkan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>A son</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">May 1625<br /><a href="/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle" title="Gripsholm Castle">Gripsholm Castle</a></td> <td>Stillborn, buried in <a href="/wiki/Riddarholmskyrkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddarholmskyrkan">Riddarholmskyrkan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">8 December 1626<br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">19 April 1689<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Queen of Sweden</a> (1632 – 1654), never married; buried in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Gustavus Adolphus</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Johansson_Vasa" title="Erik Johansson Vasa">Erik Johansson</a> (Vasa)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a> (Vasa)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_M%C3%A5nsdotter" title="Cecilia Månsdotter">Cecilia Månsdotter</a> (Eka)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a> (Vasa)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leijonhufvud" title="Margaret Leijonhufvud">Margaret Leijonhufvud</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Eriksdotter_Vasa" title="Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa">Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Pomerania" title="Sophie of Pomerania">Sophie of Pomerania</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Christina of Holstein-Gottorp">Christina of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Christine_of_Hesse" title="Christine of Hesse">Christine of Hesse</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Christine_of_Saxony" title="Christine of Saxony">Christine of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of King Gustav Adolph on campus at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota"><img alt="A copper bust of King Gustav Adolph's shoulders and head. He wears his military garb and a crown of laurels. His eyes are fixed at a point in the sky and his chin tilts upward confidently. He wears a full mustache and a triangular goatee. The bust is from Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg/97px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg/145px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg/193px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_bust_2007_St._Peter_MN_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of King Gustav Adolph on campus at <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a> in Minnesota</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of King Gustav Adolph on a wall of Stockholm Palace"><img alt="Image of King Gustav Adolph on a wall of Stockholm Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg/120px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg/180px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg/240px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of King Gustav Adolph on a wall of <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Palace" title="Stockholm Palace">Stockholm Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of King Gustav Adolph in Tartu, Estonia"><img alt="Statue of King Gustav Adolph in Tartu, Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg/90px-Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg/135px-Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg/180px-Gustaph_Adolph_Statue_Tartu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of King Gustav Adolph in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, Estonia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stockholm statue at square named for him"><img alt="Stockholm statue at square named for him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg/80px-00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg/120px-00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg/160px-00_5321_Statue_of_Gustav_II_Adolph_in_Stockholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stockholm statue at square named for him</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With his wife"><img alt="With his wife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg/96px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg/144px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg/192px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_%26_Mary_Eleanor_of_Sweden_c_1632.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With his wife</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral memorial in Borlänge"><img alt="Cathedral memorial in Borlänge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg/90px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg/135px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg/180px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_memorial_2010_Borl%C3%A4nge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cathedral memorial in <a href="/wiki/Borl%C3%A4nge" title="Borlänge">Borlänge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Death location memorial in Lützen"><img alt="Death location memorial in Lützen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_%281%29.jpg/120px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_%281%29.jpg/180px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_%281%29.jpg/240px-Gustav_II_Adolph_of_Sweden_death_monument_L%C3%BCtzen_2015_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Death location memorial in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzen" title="Lützen">Lützen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_(1594-1632),_king_of_Sweden,_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait by Servatius de Kock from 1632"><img alt="Portrait by Servatius de Kock from 1632" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_%281594-1632%29%2C_king_of_Sweden%2C_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg/100px-Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_%281594-1632%29%2C_king_of_Sweden%2C_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_%281594-1632%29%2C_king_of_Sweden%2C_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg/150px-Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_%281594-1632%29%2C_king_of_Sweden%2C_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_%281594-1632%29%2C_king_of_Sweden%2C_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg/200px-Servaes_Kock_-_Gustav_II_Adolf_%281594-1632%29%2C_king_of_Sweden%2C_married_to_Maria_Eleonora_of_Brandenburg_-_NMGrh_1552_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait by Servatius de Kock from 1632</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden,_BK-2009-271.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait on leather wallpaper by Crispijn van de Passe the Younger and Marten van den Heuvel"><img alt="Portrait on leather wallpaper by Crispijn van de Passe the Younger and Marten van den Heuvel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden%2C_BK-2009-271.jpg/88px-Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden%2C_BK-2009-271.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden%2C_BK-2009-271.jpg/132px-Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden%2C_BK-2009-271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden%2C_BK-2009-271.jpg/176px-Portret_van_koning_Gustav_Adolf_II_van_Zweden%2C_BK-2009-271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4007" data-file-height="5466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait on <a href="/wiki/Leather_wallpaper" title="Leather wallpaper">leather wallpaper</a> by <a href="/wiki/Crispijn_van_de_Passe_the_Younger" title="Crispijn van de Passe the Younger">Crispijn van de Passe the Younger</a> and Marten van den Heuvel</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music_and_fiction">In music and fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In music and fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swedish composer Franz Berwald composed the choral work <i>Gustaf Adolph den stores seger och död vid Lützen</i> (<i>Gustav Adolf the Great's Victory and Death near Lützen</i>) in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a>'s 1898 choral work <i><a href="/wiki/Choral_works_by_Max_Bruch#Gustav_Adolf" title="Choral works by Max Bruch">Gustav Adolf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also a significant supporting character in the best-selling<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_interview_on_Baen_Books_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_interview_on_Baen_Books-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> <a href="/wiki/1632_series" title="1632 series">book series, <i>1632</i></a>, written by American author <a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a> (first published in 2000).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song "The Lion from the North" from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Rex_(album)" title="Carolus Rex (album)">Carolus Rex</a></i>, released in 2012 by Swedish power metal band <a href="/wiki/Sabaton_(band)" title="Sabaton (band)">Sabaton</a>, is about Gustavus Adolphus.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Day" title="Gustavus Adolphus Day">Gustavus Adolphus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Sweden_as_a_Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Sweden as a Great Power">Rise of Sweden as a Great Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Vasaborg" title="Gustav of Vasaborg">Gustav of Vasaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Grammar_School" title="Gustav Adolf Grammar School">Gustav Adolf Grammar School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Gustav_II_Adolf_and_Maria_Eleonora" title="Wedding of Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora">Wedding of Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1988" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, David (1988). <i>Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe</i>. Webb & Bower. pp. 124, 128, 194, 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86350-194-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86350-194-X"><bdi>0-86350-194-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Kings+and+Queens+of+Europe&rft.pages=124%2C+128%2C+194%2C+207&rft.pub=Webb+%26+Bower&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-86350-194-X&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Ahnlund" title="Nils Ahnlund">Nils Ahnlund</a>/<a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Michael Roberts</a> <i>Gustav Adolf the Great</i> American-Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Anders Fryxell</a> <i>Gustaf II Adolf</i> <a href="/wiki/Norstedts" class="mw-redirect" title="Norstedts">Norstedts</a>, Stockholm, 1894, p. 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lis Granlund <i>Riddarholmskyrkan, de svenska konungarnas gravkyrka</i> <a href="/wiki/Riksmarskalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksmarskalk">Riksmarskalks</a>ämbetet, 1980 ill. p. 14 (<i>GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS MAGNUS</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Chapter V of <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i>, he lists Gustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding military leader, along with: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, Alexander Farnese, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R.G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk"><i>Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders</i></a>. DK Publishing. pp. 144–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3696-3"><bdi>978-1-4053-3696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanders%3A+History%27s+Greatest+Military+Leaders&rft.pages=144-147&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-3696-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Lee, <i>Aspects of European History 1494–1789</i> (2nd ed. 1984), pp. 109–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svensk Uppslagsbok, 1950,vol 5,column 353, article "Gustav; 2. Gustav II Adolf" Quote: (Swedish) "<i>Av de tre krig, det danska, det ryska och det polska, G. ärvde...</i>" In English "Of the three wars, the Danish, the Russian and the Polish, Gustav II Adolphus inherited...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Same source, and the quote continues "<i>hotade det första rikets existens</i>". English "... did the first one endanger the existence of the realm."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge1890" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIsDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Gustavus Adolphus: A History of the Art of War from Its Revival After the Middle Ages to the End of the Spanish Succession War, with a Detailed Account ... of Turenne, Conde, Eugene and Marlborough</i></a>. Boston and New York: Da Capo Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80863-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80863-0"><bdi>978-0-306-80863-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419080815/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIsDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustavus+Adolphus%3A+A+History+of+the+Art+of+War+from+Its+Revival+After+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+End+of+the+Spanish+Succession+War%2C+with+a+Detailed+Account+...+of+Turenne%2C+Conde%2C+Eugene+and+Marlborough&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press+Inc&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80863-0&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Ayrault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIsDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2009118-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2009118_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2009">Murray 2009</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. K. Derry, <i>History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland</i> (1979), pp. 110–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffman_2022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huffman_2022_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2022" class="citation web cs1">Huffman, John (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discerninghistory.com/2022/03/gustavus-adolphus-the-lion-of-the-north/">"Gustavus Adolphus: The Lion of the North"</a>. <i>Discerning History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817100807/http://discerninghistory.com/2022/03/gustavus-adolphus-the-lion-of-the-north/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discerning+History&rft.atitle=Gustavus+Adolphus%3A+The+Lion+of+the+North&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscerninghistory.com%2F2022%2F03%2Fgustavus-adolphus-the-lion-of-the-north%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf">"Gustavus Adolphus"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714074450/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Gustavus+Adolphus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGustav-II-Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅlund1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ålund, Otto Wilhelm (1894). <i>Gustaf II Adolf: Ett 300-årsminne berättadt för ung och gammal : Med öfver 100 illustr. och flera kartor</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Alb. Bonnier. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/1627779">1627779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustaf+II+Adolf%3A+Ett+300-%C3%A5rsminne+ber%C3%A4ttadt+f%C3%B6r+ung+och+gammal+%3A+Med+%C3%B6fver+100+illustr.+och+flera+kartor&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Alb.+Bonnier&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=%C3%85lund&rft.aufirst=Otto+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Garstein, Oskar (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJxEw4nVDXQC&dq=Sigismund+III+gustavus+adolphus&pg=PA30"><i>Rome and the Counter Reformation in Scandinavia: The Age of Adolphus Gustavus and Queen Christina of Sweden, 1622–1656</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004093959" title="Special:BookSources/9789004093959"><bdi>9789004093959</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404034737/https://books.google.com/books?id=SJxEw4nVDXQC&dq=Sigismund+III+gustavus+adolphus&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Counter+Reformation+in+Scandinavia%3A+The+Age+of+Adolphus+Gustavus+and+Queen+Christina+of+Sweden%2C+1622%E2%80%931656&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789004093959&rft.aulast=Garstein&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJxEw4nVDXQC%26dq%3DSigismund%2BIII%2Bgustavus%2Badolphus%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöfstrandNordquist2006" class="citation book cs1">Löfstrand, Elisabeth; Nordquist, Laila (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:353792/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>Accounts of an Occupied City – Series 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Sweden" title="National Archives of Sweden">National Archives of Sweden</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-88366-67-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-88366-67-7"><bdi>91-88366-67-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+of+an+Occupied+City+%E2%80%93+Series+1&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Sweden&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-88366-67-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6fstrand&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Nordquist%2C+Laila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A353792%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssen2020" class="citation book cs1">Essen, Michael (2020). <i>The Lion from the North: The Swedish army during the Thirty Years War</i>. Helion & Company. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781804511060" title="Special:BookSources/9781804511060"><bdi>9781804511060</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, Novgorod land grants from 1612 show that Gustavus Adolphus by then, briefly, had assumed the title of Tsar, with the support of Moscow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+from+the+North%3A+The+Swedish+army+during+the+Thirty+Years+War&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781804511060&rft.aulast=Essen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholarworks_2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scholarworks_2015_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBuis2015" class="citation web cs1">DuBuis, Marc C. (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=gvjh">"Swedish Intervention and Conduct in the Thirty Years' War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025709/https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=gvjh">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swedish+Intervention+and+Conduct+in+the+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.aulast=DuBuis&rft.aufirst=Marc+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1124%26context%3Dgvjh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Six_2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Six_2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSix2015" class="citation web cs1">Six, Ronald (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/gustavus-adolphus-lion-of-the-north/">"Gustavus Adolphus: Lion of the North"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330140713/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/gustavus-adolphus-lion-of-the-north/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=Gustavus+Adolphus%3A+Lion+of+the+North&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Six&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fgustavus-adolphus-lion-of-the-north%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald S. Love, "'All the King's Horsemen': The Equestrian Army of Henri IV, 1585–1598." <i>The sixteenth century journal</i> (1991): 511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1979. p. 502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852293399" title="Special:BookSources/0852293399"><bdi>0852293399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=502&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0852293399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd L. Dastrup, <i>The Field Artillery: History and Sourcebook</i> (1994) p 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Roberts, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660" in Clifford J. Rogers, ed., <i>The Military Revolution Debate</i> (1995), pp. 13–24,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2013218_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJorgensen2013">Jorgensen 2013</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gag.ee/index.php?categoryid=2&s=&">"Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium – Ajalugu"</a>. <i>www.gag.ee</i> (in Estonian). <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Grammar_School" title="Gustav Adolf Grammar School">Gustav Adolf Grammar School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223071326/http://www.gag.ee/index.php?categoryid=2&s=&">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gag.ee&rft.atitle=Gustav+Adolfi+G%C3%BCmnaasium+%E2%80%93+Ajalugu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gag.ee%2Findex.php%3Fcategoryid%3D2%26s%3D%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ut.ee/en/university/general/history">"Facts about the History of the University of Tartu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>. 10 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610005604/http://www.ut.ee/en/university/general/history">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+History+of+the+University+of+Tartu&rft.pub=University+of+Tartu&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ut.ee%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fgeneral%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611210738/https://ekspress.delfi.ee/kuum/kas-vana-hea-rootsi-aeg-oli-ikka-hea-nagu-rahvasuu-raagib?id=27687029">"Kas vana hea rootsi aeg oli ikka nii hea, kui rahvasuu räägib?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Ekspress" title="Eesti Ekspress">Eesti Ekspress</a></i> (in Estonian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/elu/kas-vana-hea-rootsi-aeg-oli-ikka-hea-nagu-rahvasuu-raagib.d?id=27687029">the original</a> on 11 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eesti+Ekspress&rft.atitle=Kas+vana+hea+rootsi+aeg+oli+ikka+nii+hea%2C+kui+rahvasuu+r%C3%A4%C3%A4gib%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekspress.ee%2Fnews%2Fpaevauudised%2Felu%2Fkas-vana-hea-rootsi-aeg-oli-ikka-hea-nagu-rahvasuu-raagib.d%3Fid%3D27687029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tal och skrifter av konung Gustav II Adolf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norstedts" class="mw-redirect" title="Norstedts">Norstedts</a>, Stockholm, 1915, pp. 58–59,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiksarkivet" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riksarkivet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/alvsborgs-losen?infosida=historik-Alvsborgs-losen-1613">"Riksarkivet - Sök i arkiven"</a>. <i>sok.riksarkivet.se</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sok.riksarkivet.se&rft.atitle=Riksarkivet+-+S%C3%B6k+i+arkiven&rft.au=Riksarkivet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2Falvsborgs-losen%3Finfosida%3Dhistorik-Alvsborgs-losen-1613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199233-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts199233_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1992">Roberts 1992</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoberg" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Moberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Moberg">Moberg, Wilhelm</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janmilld.se/historia/moberg.html">"Hur historien förfalskas or "How history is falsified" – short story by famous Wilhelm Moberg who asked to see the King's letter written to his cousin Johan at Swedish National Archive, and then wrote about it"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927200754/http://www.janmilld.se/historia/moberg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hur+historien+f%C3%B6rfalskas+or+%22How+history+is+falsified%22+%E2%80%93+short+story+by+famous+Wilhelm+Moberg+who+asked+to+see+the+King%27s+letter+written+to+his+cousin+Johan+at+Swedish+National+Archive%2C+and+then+wrote+about+it&rft.aulast=Moberg&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janmilld.se%2Fhistoria%2Fmoberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedish National Archive (the original document can be seen there in Stockholm, and a copy at the same institution at Lund), Kungsbrev 1600-tal, Kings' Letters, 17th Century</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinz2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prinz, Oliver C. (2005). <i>Der Einfluss von Heeresverfassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts</i>. Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 7. Osnabrück: V&R unipress. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89971-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89971-129-7"><bdi>3-89971-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Einfluss+von+Heeresverfassung+und+Soldatenbild+auf+die+Entwicklung+des+Milit%C3%A4rstrafrechts&rft.place=Osnabr%C3%BCck&rft.series=Osnabr%C3%BCcker+Schriften+zur+Rechtsgeschichte&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=V%26R+unipress&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-89971-129-7&rft.aulast=Prinz&rft.aufirst=Oliver+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span> Referring to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroener1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kroener, Bernhard R. (1993). "Militärgeschichte des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger zum Söldner". In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker (ed.). <i>Grundzüge der deutschen Militärgeschichte</i> (in German). Vol. 1. Freiburg: Rombach. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte+des+Mittelalters+und+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit+bis+1648.+Vom+Lehnskrieger+zum+S%C3%B6ldner&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+deutschen+Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Rombach&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kroener&rft.aufirst=Bernhard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuosa1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuosa, Tauno (1963). <i>Jokamiehen Suomen historia II. Sata sotaista vuotta</i> [<i>Everyman's Finnish History II: Hundred Warlike Years</i>] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publishing Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jokamiehen+Suomen+historia+II.+Sata+sotaista+vuotta&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Werner+S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Kuosa&rft.aufirst=Tauno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrönhammarNestor2011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrönhammarNestor2011_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrönhammarNestor2011">Grönhammar & Nestor 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Murray, "The English-Language Military Historiography of Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years’ War, 1900–Present." <i>Western Illinois Historical Review</i> 5 (2013): 1–30 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://143.43.221.130/cas/history/wihr/pdfs/Murray-Military%20HistoriograpyVol5.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092319/http://143.43.221.130/cas/history/wihr/pdfs/Murray-Military%20HistoriograpyVol5.pdf">Archived</a> 31 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Anders Fryxell</a> in <i>Gustaf Adolf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norstedts" class="mw-redirect" title="Norstedts">Norstedts</a>, Stockholm 1894, pp. 414–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gustav-adolf-werk.de/chronik.html">"Die Chronik"</a> [The chronicle]. <i>www.gustav-adolf-werk.de</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf-Werk" title="Gustav-Adolf-Werk">Gustav-Adolf-Werk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101230035/http://www.gustav-adolf-werk.de/chronik.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gustav-adolf-werk.de&rft.atitle=Die+Chronik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gustav-adolf-werk.de%2Fchronik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gustavus II" <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia,</i> 6th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhardt" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burkhardt, Johann. "Ein Gotenkönig als Friedenskaiser? (lit.: A King of Goths as Emperor of Peace?)". <i><a href="/wiki/Damals" title="Damals">Damals</a></i> (in German). Vol. 42, no. 8/2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damals&rft.atitle=Ein+Gotenk%C3%B6nig+als+Friedenskaiser%3F+%28lit.%3A+A+King+of+Goths+as+Emperor+of+Peace%3F%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=8%2F2010&rft.aulast=Burkhardt&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damals.de/de/13/Ein-Gotenkoenig-als-Kaiser.html?aid=189421&cp=1&action=showDetails">Abstract in German</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718224322/http://www.damals.de/de/13/Ein-Gotenkoenig-als-Kaiser.html?aid=189421&cp=1&action=showDetails">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swedishmusicalheritage.com/composers/berwald-franz/SMH-W3417-Gustaf_Adolf_den_stores_seger_och_dod_vid_Lutzen">"Franz Berwald (1796–1868) Gustaf Adolf den stores seger och död vid Lützen"</a>. <i>swedishmusicalheritage.com</i>. Levanter Musikarv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211054256/https://www.swedishmusicalheritage.com/composers/berwald-franz/SMH-W3417-Gustaf_Adolf_den_stores_seger_och_dod_vid_Lutzen">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swedishmusicalheritage.com&rft.atitle=Franz+Berwald+%281796%E2%80%931868%29+Gustaf+Adolf+den+stores+seger+och+d%C3%B6d+vid+L%C3%BCtzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swedishmusicalheritage.com%2Fcomposers%2Fberwald-franz%2FSMH-W3417-Gustaf_Adolf_den_stores_seger_och_dod_vid_Lutzen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GA_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackenberg" class="citation web cs1">Hackenberg, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de/wp-content/uploads/vorworte_prefaces/3048.html">"Gustav Adolf, op. 73"</a>. <i>repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de</i>. Musikproduktion Hoeflich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814013328/https://repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de/wp-content/uploads/vorworte_prefaces/3048.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de&rft.atitle=Gustav+Adolf%2C+op.+73&rft.aulast=Hackenberg&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepertoire-explorer.musikmph.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fvorworte_prefaces%2F3048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_interview_on_Baen_Books-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_interview_on_Baen_Books_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/business/media-publisher-s-web-books-spur-hardcover-sales.html?scp=102&sq=1632&st=nyt&pagewanted=2">"Publisher's Web Books Spur Hardcover Sales"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 19 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112054341/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/business/media-publisher-s-web-books-spur-hardcover-sales.html?scp=102&sq=1632&st=nyt&pagewanted=2">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabaton+Official+Website&rft.atitle=The+Lion+From+The+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabaton.net%2Fdiscography%2Fcarolus-rex%2Fthe-lion-from-the-north-english-version%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ahnlund, Nils, <i>Gustav Adolf the Great,</i> trans. Michael Roberts., Princeton, 1940.</li> <li>Brzezinski, Richard, <i>The Army of Gustavus Adolphus</i>. (Osprey, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-350-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-350-8">1-85532-350-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Army-Gustavus-Adolphus-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/0850459974/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Brzezinski, Richard. <i>Lützen 1632: Climax of the Thirty Years’ War</i> (Praeger, 2005).</li> <li>Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt. <i>The Military Life of Gustavus Adolphus: Father of Modern War</i> (Franklin Watts, 1969).</li> <li>Earle, E.M. ed. <i>Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler</i>, 1948.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrönhammarNestor2011" class="citation book cs1">Grönhammar, Ann; Nestor, Sofia (2011). <i>The Royal Armoury in the cellar vaults of the Royal Palace</i>. HathiTrust Digital Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9187594304" title="Special:BookSources/978-9187594304"><bdi>978-9187594304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Armoury+in+the+cellar+vaults+of+the+Royal+Palace&rft.pub=HathiTrust+Digital+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9187594304&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6nhammar&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Nestor%2C+Sofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundberg2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Grundberg" class="extiw" title="sv:Malin Grundberg">Grundberg, Malin</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Swedish]</span> (2005). <i>Ceremoniernas makt: Maktöverföring och genus i Vasatidens kungliga ceremonier</i> (in Swedish). Nordic Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89116-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-89116-73-9"><bdi>91-89116-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceremoniernas+makt%3A+Makt%C3%B6verf%C3%B6ring+och+genus+i+Vasatidens+kungliga+ceremonier&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=91-89116-73-9&rft.aulast=Grundberg&rft.aufirst=Malin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i>. War and a Golden Age: Skyhorse Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=War+and+a+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nordstrom, Byron J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404900479.html">"Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden) (1594–1632; Ruled 1611–1632)"</a> <i>Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World</i>: <i>Europe, 1450 to 1789</i>, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangström2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rangström, Lena (2015). <i>Dödens teater: Kungliga svenska begravningar genom fem århundraden</i> (in Swedish). Atlantis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7353-785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7353-785-8"><bdi>978-91-7353-785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%B6dens+teater%3A+Kungliga+svenska+begravningar+genom+fem+%C3%A5rhundraden&rft.pub=Atlantis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-91-7353-785-8&rft.aulast=Rangstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Lena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ringmar, Erik. <i>Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years' War.</i> (Cambridge, 1996).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Michael</a>. <i>Gustavus Adolphus, A History of Sweden 1611–1632</i> (two volumes) (London: Longmans, Green, 1953–1958).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1992" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael (1992). <i>Gustavus Adolphus</i>. Profiles in Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582090008" title="Special:BookSources/0582090008"><bdi>0582090008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustavus+Adolphus&rft.place=London&rft.series=Profiles+in+Power&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0582090008&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden</i> (London: English Universities Press, 1973).</li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>The Military Revolution 1560–1660</i>, (Belfast: M. Boyd, 1956).</li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>Sweden as a great power 1611–1697</i> (London: St. Martin's Press, 1968)</li> <li>Schürger, André. <i>The Battle of Lützen: an examination of 17th century military material culture</i> (University of Glasgow 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6508">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Wolke, Lars Ericson. <i>Gustavus Adolphus, Sweden and the Thirty Years War 1630-1632</i> (Pen & Sword Books, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ekman, Ernst. "Three Decades of Research on Gustavus Adolphus" <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 38#3 (1966), pp. 243–255 DOI: 10.2307/1877349 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877349">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgensen2013" class="citation book cs1">Jorgensen, Christer (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">"Gustavus Adolphus II"</a>. In Charles Messenger (ed.). <i>Reader's Guide to Military History</i>. Routledge. pp. 218–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135959708" title="Special:BookSources/9781135959708"><bdi>9781135959708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustavus+Adolphus+II&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+Military+History&rft.pages=218-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135959708&rft.aulast=Jorgensen&rft.aufirst=Christer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVT7fAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Murray, Jeremy. "The English-Language Military Historiography of Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years’ War, 1900–Present," <i>Western Illinois Historical Review</i> (Spring 2013) vol 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://143.43.221.130/cas/history/wihr/pdfs/Murray-Military%20HistoriograpyVol5.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Thomson, Erik. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden’s Great Power Period in Recent Historiography." <i>History Compass</i> 9.4 (2011): 269–283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/49373105/j.1478-0542.2011.00761.x20161005-27752-1l6o75l.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gustav II Adolf of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf of Sweden</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28%28Gustaf+OR+Gustav+OR+Gustavus%29+AND+%28Adolphus+OR+Adolf%29+AND+%28King+OR+Sweden+OR+1632%29%29+OR+%22Gustav+II+Adolf%22%29">Works by or about Gustavus Adolphus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8403">Works by Gustavus Adolphus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528071504/http://www.aquinas.edu/history/research.html"><i>The Great and Famous Battle of Lutzen</i>..., transcription</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Gustavus_II" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Gustavus II">Gustavus II</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustavus+II&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gustavus_II._Adolphus" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gustavus II. Adolphus">Gustavus II. Adolphus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 735–736.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustavus+II.+Adolphus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=735-736&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Gustavus_II._Adolphus" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Gustavus II. Adolphus">Gustavus II. Adolphus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustavus+II.+Adolphus&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Gustavus_II.,_Adolphus" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Gustavus II., Adolphus">Gustavus II., Adolphus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustavus+II.%2C+Adolphus&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustavus+Adolphus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Gustav II Adolf</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 9 December 1594</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 November 1632</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a> </b><br />1611–1632 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Monarchs of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Muns%C3%B6" title="House of Munsö">Munsö</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._970_–_c._1060" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 970 – c. 1060</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric "VII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anund Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emund_the_Old" title="Emund the Old">Emund the Old</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stenkil" title="House of Stenkil">Stenkil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1060_–_c._11301160–1161" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1060 – c. 1130<br />1160–1161</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenkil" title="Stenkil">Stenkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_and_Eric" title="Eric and Eric">Eric and Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_G%C3%A5rdske" class="mw-redirect" title="Anund Gårdske">Anund Gårdske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_the_Red" title="Håkan the Red">Håkan the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blot-Sweyn" title="Blot-Sweyn">Blot-Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sweden" title="Philip of Sweden">Philip</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Younger" title="Inge the Younger">Inge the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnvald_Knaph%C3%B6vde" title="Ragnvald Knaphövde">Ragnvald Knaphövde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Strong" title="Magnus the Strong">Magnus I</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, <small>descendant of Inge the Elder</small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverker" title="House of Sverker">Sverker</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Eric">Eric</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1130_–_1250" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1130 – 1250</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Elder" title="Sverker the Elder">Sverker the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Erik" title="Saint Erik">Eric "IX" the Holy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Henriksson" title="Magnus Henriksson">Magnus II</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, <small>descendant of Inge the Elder</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sverkersson" title="Karl Sverkersson">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_of_Sweden" title="Kol of Sweden">Kol</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boleslaw_of_Sweden" title="Boleslaw of Sweden">Boleslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Eriksson" title="Knut Eriksson">Knut Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Younger" title="Sverker the Younger">Sverker the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Knutsson" title="Erik Knutsson">Eric "X"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Sweden">John I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_L%C3%A5nge" title="Knut Långe">Knut Långe</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1250–1364" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1250–1364</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ladul%C3%A5s" title="Magnus Ladulås">Magnus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XII_of_Sweden" title="Eric XII of Sweden">Eric "XII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VI of Norway">Haakon</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1364–1389" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1364–1389</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden" title="Albert, King of Sweden">Albert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> <div style="padding-top:0.5em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:80%;"><i>Italics</i> indicate<br />regents</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1389–1523" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1389–1523</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bengt_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Nils_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John II</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svante_Nilsson_(regent_of_Sweden)" title="Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden)">Svante Nilsson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Trolle" title="Erik Trolle">Erik Trolle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger" title="Sten Sture the Younger">Sten Sture the Younger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav (I)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1523–1654" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1523–1654</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-<br />Zweibrücken</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach)</a><br /><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1654–1751" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1654–1751</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav" title="Charles X Gustav">Charles X Gustav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1751–1818" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1751–1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolf Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="since_1818" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">since 1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Charles XIV John</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles XV</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">Gustaf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">Gustaf VI Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Lineage uncertain</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>3</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>4</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">king of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swedish_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_princes" title="Template talk:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">King Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">King John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Magnus, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">King Charles IX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">King Sigismund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Sweden_(1568%E2%80%931607)" title="Gustav of Sweden (1568–1607)">Gustav, Prince of Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">Prince John, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Prince Alexander Charles</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">King Charles XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">King Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">King Frederick I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">King Adolf Frederick</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">King Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">King Charles XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Adolf,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">King Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Gustav,_Duke_of_Sm%C3%A5land" title="Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland">Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_August,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden" title="Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles August</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">King Charles XIV John</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Prince_of_Vasa" title="Gustav, Prince of Vasa">Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">King Oscar I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">King Charles XV</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf,_Duke_of_Uppland" title="Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland">Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">King Oscar II</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August,_Duke_of_Dalarna" title="Prince August, Duke of Dalarna">Prince August, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Oscar,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">King Gustaf V</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bernadotte" title="Oscar Bernadotte">Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen,_Duke_of_N%C3%A4rke" title="Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke">Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">King Gustaf VI Adolf</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Erik,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland">Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Carl Bernadotte">Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten">Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvard_Bernadotte" title="Sigvard Bernadotte">Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bertil,_Duke_of_Halland" title="Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland">Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte" title="Carl Johan Bernadotte">Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Bernadotte" title="Lennart Bernadotte">Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland" title="Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland">Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Daniel,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oscar,_Duke_of_Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne">Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Norway</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Poland and Lithuania</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> <i>Lost his title due to an unequal marriage</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> <i>Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52938#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52938#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52938#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110210464">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10637323">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1444368/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk36JPG4m4y3HFBk9xDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118543733">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056899">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968139b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968139b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00852585">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gustav II Adolf <re di Svezia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV225216">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35927709">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011211166&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX961995">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070529957">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p395221552">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90545687">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000139305&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145183">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt79b47f42nbg14">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810564107105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/111923">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007311811205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000105546">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14524638">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/490358">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/90ada1fb-4a83-4bd5-ad6a-2cbfe403fb8a">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1149443">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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