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style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Argon" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none"> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Barium" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Europium" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununtrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununpentium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununseptium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununoctium</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_4_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రూప్ 4 మూలకం">గ్రూప్ 4</a> ← <span style="width:8px; border:1px solid black" title="">  </span> → <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_6_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రూప్ 6 మూలకం">గ్రూప్ 6</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC group number</a></th> <th>5 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name by element</td> <td><span class="nowrap">వెనేడియం గ్రూప్</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS group number</a><br /><small>(US, pattern A-B-A)</small></div></td> <td>VB </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">old IUPAC number</a><br /><small>(Europe, pattern A-B)</small></div></td> <td>VA </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="పీరియడ్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)">పీరియడ్</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_4_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పీరియడ్ 4 మూలకం">4</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium: transition metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vanadium etched"><img alt="Image: Vanadium etched" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="3588" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> (V)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">23</span> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transition metal (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పీరియడ్ 5 మూలకం">5</a> </th> <td title="Niobium: transition metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niobium crystals"><img alt="Image: Niobium crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5356" data-file-height="3229" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> (Nb)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">41</span> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transition metal (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_6_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పీరియడ్ 6 మూలకం">6</a> </th> <td title="Tantalum: transition metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tantalum, a single crystal"><img alt="Image: Tantalum, a single crystal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4937" data-file-height="2991" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> (Ta)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">73</span> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transition metal (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_7_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పీరియడ్ 7 మూలకం">7</a> </th> <td title="Dubnium: transition metal; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> (Db)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">105</span> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transition metal (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> <i>Legend</i><center> <table style="text-align:center; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ఆదిమ మూలకం (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">ఆదిమ మూలకం</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="సింథటిక్ మూలకం">సింథటిక్ మూలకం</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atomic number color: </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:#000000;">black=solid</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3795437">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Periodic_table_(group_5)" title="మూస:Periodic table (group 5)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A:Periodic_table_(group_5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="మూస చర్చ:Periodic table (group 5) (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:EditPage/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Periodic_table_(group_5)" title="ప్రత్యేక:EditPage/మూస:Periodic table (group 5)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>గ్రూపు 5</b> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక">ఆవర్తన పట్టికలోని</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మూలకము">మూలకాల</a> గ్రూపు. ఇందులో <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం">వెనేడియం</a> (V), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="నియోబియం">నియోబియం</a> (Nb), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="టాంటలం">టాంటలమ్</a> (Ta), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="డుబ్నియం">డుబ్నియం</a> (Db) ఉన్నాయి. ఈ గ్రూపు ఆవర్తన పట్టిక <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="బ్లాక్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)">d-బ్లాక్‌లో</a> ఉంది. ఈ గ్రూపును దాని లోని అత్యంత తేలికైన మూలకం పేరిట <b>వెనేడియం గ్రూపు</b> లేదా <b>వెనేడియం కుటుంబం</b> అని పిలుస్తారు. </p><p>"గ్రూప్ 5" అనేది ఈ సమూహానికి కొత్త IUPAC పేరు; పాత US సిస్టమ్ (CAS)లో " <i>గ్రూప్ VB</i> " అని, యూరోపియన్ సిస్టమ్ (పాత IUPAC)లో " <i>గ్రూప్ VA</i> " అనీ అనేవారు. <i>VA</i> (US సిస్టమ్, CAS) లేదా <i>VB</i> (యూరోపియన్ సిస్టమ్, పాత IUPAC) అనే పాత-శైలి గ్రూప్ పేర్లతో గ్రూప్ 5ని తికమక పడకూడదు. <i>ఆ</i> గ్రూపును ఇప్పుడు నిక్టోజన్‌లని లేదా గ్రూపు 15 అనీ అంటారు. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="te" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">విషయాలు</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#రసాయన_ధర్మాలు"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">రసాయన ధర్మాలు</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#భౌతిక_లక్షణాలు"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">భౌతిక లక్షణాలు</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#ఉత్పత్తి"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">ఉత్పత్తి</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#ఉపయోగాలు"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">ఉపయోగాలు</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#జీవసంబంధం"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">జీవసంబంధం</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#మూలాలు"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">మూలాలు</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="రసాయన_ధర్మాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A8_.E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>రసాయన ధర్మాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&section=1" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: రసాయన ధర్మాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ఇతర గ్రూపుల మాదిరిగానే, ఈ కుటుంబంలోని సభ్యులు కూడా వాటి ఎలక్ట్రాన్ కాన్ఫిగరేషన్‌లో, ముఖ్యంగా బయటి షెల్‌లలో, ఒక ధోరణిని చూపుతాయి. అయితే నియోబియం ఈ ధోరణి కనబరచదు. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">గ్రూపు 5 మూలకాల ఎలక్ట్రాన్ కాన్ఫిగరేషన్‌లు </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="Atomic number"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic number"><i>Z</i></a></abbr> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మూలకము">మూలకం</a> </th> <th>ఎలక్ట్రాన్లు/షెల్ సంఖ్య </th> <th>ఎలక్ట్రాన్ కాన్ఫిగరేషన్ </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">23 </td> <td>V, వెనేడియం </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3137731">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">2, 8, 11,  2</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">[Ar]   <sup>  </sup> 3d<sup>3</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">41 </td> <td>Nb, నియోబియం </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">2, 8, 18, 12,  1</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">[Kr]   <sup>  </sup> 4d<sup>4</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">74 </td> <td>Ta, టాంటలమ్ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">2, 8, 18, 32, 11,  2</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">[Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>3</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">105 </td> <td>Db, డుబ్నియం </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3137731"><span class="monospaced">[Rn] 5f<sup>14</sup> 6d<sup>3</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>గ్రూపులోని మొదటి మూడు మూలకాల రసాయన ధర్మాలు మాత్రమే తెలుసు. (డుబ్నియం ధర్మాలు అంతగా తెలియదు). గ్రూపులోని అన్ని మూలకాలు అధిక ద్రవీభవన బిందువులు కలిగిన రియాక్టివ్ లోహాలు (వెనేడియం 1910 °C, నియోబియం 2477 °C, టాంటలం 3017 °C). గ్రూప్ 3 లేదా గ్రూప్ 4లోని ట్రెండ్‌ల మాదిరిగానే తదుపరి ప్రతిచర్యలను నిరోధించే స్థిరమైన ఆక్సైడ్ పొర వేగంగా ఏర్పడటం వలన రియాక్టివిటీ ఎల్లప్పుడూ స్పష్టంగా కనిపించదు. ఈ లోహాలు వేర్వేరు ఆక్సైడ్‌లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి: వెనేడియం వెనేడియం(II) ఆక్సైడ్, వెనేడియం(III) ఆక్సైడ్, వెనేడియం(IV) ఆక్సైడ్, వెనేడియం(V) ఆక్సైడ్ లను, నియోబియం నియోబియం(II) ఆక్సైడ్, నియోబియం(IV) ఆక్సైడ్, నియోబియం(V) ఆక్సైడ్ లనూ ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. కానీ టాంటలమ్ ఆక్సైడ్లలో టాంటలమ్(V) ఆక్సైడ్ లక్షణాలు మాత్రమే తెలుసు. మెటల్(V) ఆక్సైడ్‌లు సాధారణంగా చర్యజరపనివి. క్షారాల కంటే ఆమ్లాల లాగానే ఇవి ప్రవర్తిస్తాయి. దిగువ ఆక్సైడ్‌లు తక్కువ స్థిరంగా ఉంటాయి. అయితే, అవి అధిక విద్యుత్ వాహకత వంటి ఆక్సైడ్‌లకు ఉండని కొన్ని అసాధారణ లక్షణాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. <sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>మూడు మూలకాలూ సాధారణంగా ఆక్సీకరణ స్థితి +5 లో వివిధ అకర్బన సమ్మేళనాలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. తక్కువ ఆక్సీకరణ స్థితులు కూడా తెలుసు, కానీ అవి తక్కువ స్థిరంగా ఉంటాయి. పరమాణు ద్రవ్యరాశి పెరుగుదలతో స్థిరత్వం తగ్గుతుంది. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="భౌతిక_లక్షణాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AD.E0.B1.8C.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.95_.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.95.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B7.E0.B0.A3.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>భౌతిక లక్షణాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&section=2" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: భౌతిక లక్షణాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>గ్రూపు 5లోని ధోరణులు ఇతర ప్రారంభ d-బ్లాక్ గ్రూపులనే అనుసరిస్తాయి. ఐదవ నుండి ఆరవ పీరియడ్‌కు వెళ్తోంటే కోర్‌లోకి నిండిన ఎఫ్-షెల్ జోడిస్తాయి. గ్రూపులోని స్థిరమైన మూలకాలన్నీ వెండి-నీలం రంగులో ఉండే వక్రీభవన లోహాలు. అయితే <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్">కార్బన్</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="నత్రజని">నైట్రోజన్</a>, ఆక్సిజన్ ల మలినాలు వాటిని పెళుసుగా చేస్తాయి. <sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood956_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood956-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> అవన్నీ గది ఉష్ణోగ్రత వద్ద బాడీ సెంటర్‌డ్ క్యూబిక్ నిర్మాణంలో స్ఫటికీకరిస్తాయి. <sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood946_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood946-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> డుబ్నియం కూడా అలాగే ప్రవర్తిస్తుందని భావిస్తున్నారు. <sup id="cite_ref-bcc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>దిగువ పట్టిక గ్రూపు 5 మూలకాల ముఖ్య భౌతిక లక్షణాల సారాంశం. నాలుగు ప్రశ్న-గుర్తు విలువలు ఎక్స్‌ట్రాపోలేట్ చేయబడ్డాయి. <sup id="cite_ref-Haire_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>గ్రూపు 5 మూలకాల యొక్క లక్షణాలు </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>పేరు </th> <th>V, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం">వెనేడియం</a> </th> <th>Nb, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="నియోబియం">నియోబియం</a> </th> <th>టా, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="టాంటలం">టాంటలమ్</a> </th> <th>Db, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="డుబ్నియం">డుబ్నియం</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ద్రవీభవన స్థానం">ద్రవీభవన స్థానం</a> </td> <td>2183 K (1910 °C) </td> <td>2750 K (2477 °C) </td> <td>3290 K (3017 °C) </td> <td>2800 K (2500 °C)? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మరుగు స్థానం">మరుగు స్థానము</a> </td> <td>3680 K (3407 °C) </td> <td>5017 K (4744 °C) </td> <td>5731 K (5458 °C) </td> <td>6000 K (5700 °C)? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4" title="సాంద్రత">సాంద్రత</a> </td> <td>6.11 g·cm <sup>−3</sup> </td> <td>8.57 g·cm <sup>−3</sup> </td> <td>16.69 g·cm <sup>−3</sup> </td> <td>21.6 g·cm <sup>−3</sup> ? <sup id="cite_ref-density_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-density-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-kratz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kratz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">స్వరూపం </td> <td>నీలం-వెండి-బూడిద మెటల్ </td> <td>బూడిదరంగు లోహ, ఆక్సీకరణం చెందినప్పుడు నీలం </td> <td>బూడిద నీలం </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">పరమాణు వ్యాసార్థం </td> <td>135 pm </td> <td>సాయంత్రం 146 </td> <td>సాయంత్రం 146 </td> <td>139 pm </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ఉత్పత్తి"><span id=".E0.B0.89.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.BF"></span>ఉత్పత్తి</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&section=3" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ఉత్పత్తి"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>వెనేడియం లోహాన్ని, పిండిచేసిన ధాతువును దాదాపు 850°C వద్ద NaCl లేదా <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="సోడియమ్ కార్బొనేట్">Na <sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> తో కాల్చడంతో మొదలయ్యే బహుళ-దశల ప్రక్రియలో తయారుచేస్తారు. ఈ తొలి దశలో సోడియం మెటావనడేట్ (NaVO<sub>3</sub>) వస్తుంది. ఈ ద్రావణం నుండి తీసిన ఘన పదార్థాన్ని ఆమ్లీకరించి, "రెడ్ కేక్" అనే పాలీవెనెడేట్ ఉప్పును ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తారు. దీన్ని <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాల్షియం">కాల్షియం</a> లోహంతో రిడక్షను చేస్తారు. చిన్న మొత్తాల్లో ఉత్పత్తి చేసేందుకు, వెనేడియం పెంటాక్సైడ్‌ను <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హైడ్రోజన్">హైడ్రోజన్</a> లేదా <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="మాగ్నీషియం">మెగ్నీషియంతో</a> రిడక్షను చేస్తారు. అనేక ఇతర పద్ధతులు కూడా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. వీటన్నింటిలో ఉప ఉత్పత్తిగా వెనేడియం ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. <sup id="cite_ref-Moskalyk3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1925లో అంటోన్ ఎడ్వర్డ్ వాన్ ఆర్కెల్, జాన్ హెండ్రిక్ డి బోయర్ అభివృద్ధి చేసిన క్రిస్టల్ బార్ ప్రక్రియ ద్వారా వెనేడియంను శుద్ధి చేస్తారు. ఇందులో మెటల్ అయోడైడ్ ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఈ ఉదాహరణలో వెనేడియం(III) అయోడైడ్ ఏర్పడుతుంది. స్వచ్ఛమైన లోహం కోసం దాన్ని డీకంపోసు చేస్తారు: <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 V + 3 I <sub>2</sub> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> 2 VI <sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <p>వెనేడియంను ఫెర్రోవెనేడియం అనే <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="ఉక్కు">ఉక్కు</a> మిశ్రమంలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. ఎలక్ట్రిక్ ఫర్నేస్‌లో వెనేడియం ఆక్సైడ్, ఐరన్ ఆక్సైడ్లు, ఇనుము మిశ్రమాన్ని రిడక్షను చెయ్యడం ద్వారా ఫెర్రోవెనేడియం నేరుగా ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. వెనేడియం వెనేడియం-ఉండే మాగ్నెటైట్ నుండి ఉత్పత్తి అయిన దుక్క ఇనుములో చేరుతుంది. ఉపయోగించిన ధాతువుపై ఆధారపడి, స్లాగ్‌లో 25% వరకు వెనేడియం ఉంటుంది. <sup id="cite_ref-Moskalyk2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>సంవత్సరానికి సుమారు 70000 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81" title="టన్ను">టన్నుల</a> వెనేడియం ఖనిజం ఉత్పత్తి చేయబడుతోంది. రష్యాలో 25000 t, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="దక్షిణాఫ్రికా">దక్షిణాఫ్రికాలో</a> 24000, చైనాలో 19000, <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కజకస్తాన్">కజాఖ్స్తాన్‌లో</a> 1000 టన్నులు ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. దీనినుండి ప్రతి సంవత్సరం 7000 టన్నుల వెనేడియం లోహం ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. ఈ ఖనిజాన్ని కార్బన్‌తో వేడి చేయడం ద్వారా వెనేడియం పొందడం అసాధ్యం. అధిక పీడన గోళంలో కాల్షియంతో వెనేడియం ఆక్సైడ్ను వేడి చేయడం ద్వారా వెనేడియం ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. మెగ్నీషియంతో వెనేడియం ట్రైక్లోరైడ్ యొక్క ప్రతిచర్య నుండి చాలా అధిక స్వచ్ఛత గల వెనేడియం ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. <sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ఇతర ఖనిజాల నుండి వేరు చేయబడిన తరువాత, టాంటాలం, నియోబియంల మిశ్రమ ఆక్సైడ్లు Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> లభిస్తాయి. నియోబియంను ఉత్పత్తి చేయడానికి, ప్రాసెసింగ్‌లో మొదటి దశ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="హైడ్రోఫ్లోరిక్ ఆమ్లం">హైడ్రోఫ్లోరిక్ ఆమ్లంతో</a> ఆక్సైడ్‌ల ప్రతిచర్య: <sup id="cite_ref-ICE_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICE-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3476943">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Ta<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub> + 14 HF → 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[TaF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>] + 5 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3476943"><span class="chemf nowrap">Nb<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub> + 10 HF → 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[NbOF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>] + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, బ్రెజిల్‌కు చెందిన CBMM ప్రపంచంలోని 85 శాతం నియోబియం ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తుంది. యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ జియోలాజికల్ సర్వే అంచనాల ప్రకారం ఉత్పత్తి, 2005లో 38,700 టన్నుల నుండి 2006లో 44,500 టన్నులకు పెరిగింది. ప్రపంచవ్యాప్త వనరులు 4.4 మిలియన్ టన్నులుగా అంచనా వేయబడ్డాయి. 1995, 2005 ల మధ్య పదేళ్ల కాలంలో, 1995లో 17,800 టన్నుల నుంచి రెట్టింపు కంటే ఎక్కువ పెరిగింది. 2009, 2011 ల మధ్య ఉత్పత్తి సంవత్సరానికి 63,000 టన్నుల వద్ద స్థిరంగా ఉంది, 2012లో స్వల్పంగా తగ్గి సంవత్సరానికి 50,000 టన్నులు ఉంది.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Mine production (t)<sup id="cite_ref-USGSNiobi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSNiobi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (USGS estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">2000 </th> <th scope="col">2001 </th> <th scope="col">2002 </th> <th scope="col">2003 </th> <th scope="col">2004 </th> <th scope="col">2005 </th> <th scope="col">2006 </th> <th scope="col">2007 </th> <th scope="col">2008 </th> <th scope="col">2009 </th> <th scope="col">2010 </th> <th scope="col">2011 </th> <th scope="col">2012 </th> <th scope="col">2013 </th> <th scope="col">2014 </th> <th scope="col">2015 </th> <th scope="col">2016 </th> <th scope="col">2017 </th> <th scope="col">2018 </th> <th scope="col">2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆస్ట్రేలియా">Australia</a> </td> <td>160 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>290 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్రెజిల్">Brazil</a> </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>22,000 </td> <td>26,000 </td> <td>29,000 </td> <td>29,900 </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>57,300 </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td>53,100 </td> <td>53,000 </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>57,000 </td> <td>60,700 </td> <td>59,000 </td> <td>88,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="కెనడా">Canada</a> </td> <td>2,290 </td> <td>3,200 </td> <td>3,410 </td> <td>3,280 </td> <td>3,400 </td> <td>3,310 </td> <td>4,167 </td> <td>3,020 </td> <td>4,380 </td> <td>4,330 </td> <td>4,420 </td> <td>4,630 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>5,260 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>5,750 </td> <td>6,100 </td> <td>6,980 </td> <td>7,700 </td> <td>6,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="కాంగో గణతంత్ర రిపబ్లిక్">Congo D.R.</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>50 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="మొజాంబిక్">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>5 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>130 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>4 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="నైజీరియా">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>190 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>29 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>122 </td> <td>181 </td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="రువాండా">Rwanda</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>76 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>World </td> <td>32,600 </td> <td>25,600 </td> <td>29,900 </td> <td>32,800 </td> <td>34,000 </td> <td>38,700 </td> <td>44,500 </td> <td>60,400 </td> <td>62,900 </td> <td>62,900 </td> <td>62,900 </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td>50,100 </td> <td>59,400 </td> <td>59,000 </td> <td>64,300 </td> <td>63,900 </td> <td>69,100 </td> <td>68,200 </td> <td>97,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>సంవత్సరానికి 70000 టన్నుల టాంటలమ్ ఖనిజం ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. బ్రెజిల్ 90% టాంటలమ్ ఖనిజాన్ని ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తుంది. కెనడా, ఆస్ట్రేలియా, చైనా, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="రువాండా">రువాండా</a> కూడా ఈ మూలకాన్ని ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తున్నాయి. టాంటలమ్ డిమాండు సంవత్సరానికి 1200 టన్నులు. <sup id="cite_ref-Emsley7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>డుబ్నియం తేలికైన మూలకాలతో ఆక్టినైడ్‌లను ఢీ కొట్టడం ద్వారా కృత్రిమంగా ఉత్పత్తి చేయబడుతుంది. <sup id="cite_ref-Emsley6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ఉపయోగాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.89.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.97.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ఉపయోగాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&section=4" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ఉపయోగాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>వెనేడియంను ప్రధానంగా <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం">వెనేడియం స్టీల్</a> వంటి మిశ్రమాలలో వాడతారు. వెనేడియం మిశ్రమాలను స్ప్రింగ్‌లు, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="పనిముట్టు">టూల్స్</a>, జెట్ ఇంజన్లు, ఆర్మర్ ప్లేటింగ్, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="అణు రియాక్టరు">న్యూక్లియర్ రియాక్టర్లలో</a> ఉపయోగిస్తారు. వెనేడియం ఆక్సైడ్ సిరామిక్స్‌కు బంగారు రంగును ఇస్తుంది. ఇతర వెనేడియం సమ్మేళనాలను <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="అణుపుంజము">పాలిమర్‌లను</a> ఉత్పత్తి చేయడానికి <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్ప్రేరకాలు">ఉత్ప్రేరకాలుగా</a> ఉపయోగిస్తారు. <sup id="cite_ref-Emsley5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>స్టెయిన్‌లెస్ స్టీల్‌ నాణ్యతను మెరుగుపరచడానికి చిన్న మొత్తంలో నియోబియంను కలుపుతారు. నియోబియం తుప్పు నిరోధకత కారణంగా నియోబియం మిశ్రమాలను రాకెట్ నాజిల్‌లలో కూడా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. <sup id="cite_ref-Emsley4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>టాంటలమ్‌కు నాలుగు ప్రధాన రకాల ఉపయోగాలున్నాయి. అధిక ఉష్ణోగ్రతలకు గురయ్యే వస్తువులలో, ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ పరికరాలలో, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంప్లాంట్">శస్త్రచికిత్స ఇంప్లాంట్‌లలో</a>, కరోజను కలిగించే పదార్థాల నిల్వకూ టాంటలంను వాడతారు. <sup id="cite_ref-Emsley3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="జీవసంబంధం"><span id=".E0.B0.9C.E0.B1.80.E0.B0.B5.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.AC.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.82"></span>జీవసంబంధం</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&section=5" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: జీవసంబంధం"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>గ్రూపు 5 మూలకాలలో, జీవ రసాయన శాస్త్రంలో వెనేడియంకు మాత్రమే పాత్ర ఉంది. అయితే అది కూడా ఇది చాలా పరిమిత పాత్రనే పోషిస్తుంది. భూమిపై కంటే సముద్ర వాతావరణంలో ఇది చాలా ముఖ్యమైనది. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="మూలాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>మూలాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit&section=6" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: మూలాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HollemanAF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4342780">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Vanadium". <i>Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</i> (in జర్మన్) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1071–1075. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-3-11-007511-3" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanadium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1071-1075&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood956-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood956_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 956–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood946-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood946_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 946–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bcc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bcc_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">. "<i>First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haire-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Haire_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, D. C.; Lee, D. M.; Pershina, V. (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Science+Business Media (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 1652–1752. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transactinides+and+the+future+elements&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.pages=1652-1752&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Pershina%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-density-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-density_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> (10 May 2011). "<i>Physical properties of the 6 d -series elements from density functional theory: Close similarity to lighter transition metals</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kratz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kratz_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFKratzLieser2013" class="citation book cs1">Kratz; Lieser (2013). <i>Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications</i> (3rd ed.). p. 631.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+and+Radiochemistry%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications&rft.pages=631&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kratz&rft.au=Lieser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moskalyk3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Moskalyk3_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFMoskalykAlfantazi,_A._M.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moskalyk, R. R.; Alfantazi, A. M. (2003). "Processing of vanadium: a review". <i>Minerals Engineering</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 793–805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0892-6875%2803%2900213-9">10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00213-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Engineering&rft.atitle=Processing+of+vanadium%3A+a+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=793-805&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0892-6875%2803%2900213-9&rft.aulast=Moskalyk&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Alfantazi%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, O. N. (1961). "<i>Preparation of High-Purity Vanadium Metals by the Iodide Refining Process</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moskalyk2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Moskalyk2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFMoskalykAlfantazi,_A._M.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moskalyk, R. R.; Alfantazi, A. M. (2003). "Processing of vanadium: a review". <i>Minerals Engineering</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 793–805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0892-6875%2803%2900213-9">10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00213-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Engineering&rft.atitle=Processing+of+vanadium%3A+a+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=793-805&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0892-6875%2803%2900213-9&rft.aulast=Moskalyk&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Alfantazi%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadinum.pdf">USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:Link_rot" title="వికీపీడియా:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICE-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ICE_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Soisson, Donald J. (1961). "<i>Staff-Industry Collaborative Report: Tantalum and Niobium</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2016-niobi.pdf">Niobium (Colombium)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306095041/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2016-niobi.pdf">Archived</a> 6 మార్చి 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSNiobi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSNiobi_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_Larry_D.2012" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Larry D. (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/">"USGS Minerals Information: Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum"</a>. Minerals.usgs.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128101220/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Niobium+%28Columbium%29+and+Tantalum&rft.pub=Minerals.usgs.gov&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Larry+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fniobium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/niobium-columbium-and-tantalum-statistics-and-information">"Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043939/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2019-tanta.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niobium+%28Columbium%29+and+Tantalum+Statistics+and+Information+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fcenters%2Fnmic%2Fniobium-columbium-and-tantalum-statistics-and-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1271222/production-volume-of-niobium-in-nigeria/">"Nigeria: Production volume of niobium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202045325/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1271222/production-volume-of-niobium-in-nigeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+Production+volume+of+niobium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1271222%2Fproduction-volume-of-niobium-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley7-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley7_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley6_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley5_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley4_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley3_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3795437"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4286695">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక">ఆవర్తన పట్టిక</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, బోరాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బోరాన్"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="C, కార్బన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="N, నైట్రోజన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="నైట్రోజన్"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="O, ఆక్సిజన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్సిజన్"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="F, ఫ్లోరిన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్లోరిన్"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Ne, నియాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="నియాన్"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, సోడియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సోడియం"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Mg, మెగ్నీషియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="మెగ్నీషియం"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, అల్యూమినియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="అల్యూమినియం"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Si, సిలికాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సిలికాన్"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="P, భాస్వరం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భాస్వరం"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="S, సల్ఫర్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="సల్ఫర్"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cl, క్లోరిన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్లోరిన్"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Ar, ఆర్గాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆర్గాన్"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, పొటాషియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పొటాషియం"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Ca, కాల్షియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాల్షియం"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, స్కాండియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="స్కాండియం"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ti, టైటానియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="టైటానియం"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="V, వెనేడియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cr, క్రోమియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="క్రోమియం"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mn, మాంగనీస్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="మాంగనీస్"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Fe, ఇనుము" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Co, కోబాల్ట్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ట్"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Ni, నికెల్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cu, కాపర్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="కాపర్"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Zn, జింక్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="జింక్"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Og, ఒగానెస్సాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఒగానెస్సాన్"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3795437"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4286695"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authority_control" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="సహాయం:Authority control (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Authority control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంటెగ్రేటెడ్ అథారిటీ ఫైల్">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4377655-3">4377655-3</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=గ్రూప్_5_మూలకం&oldid=3750528">https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=గ్రూప్_5_మూలకం&oldid=3750528</a>" నుండి వెలికితీశారు</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="వర్గం:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వర్గం:ఆవర్తన పట్టిక గ్రూపులు">ఆవర్తన పట్టిక గ్రూపులు</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">దాచిన వర్గాలు: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="వర్గం:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="వర్గం:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="వర్గం:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:Articles_with_invalid_date_parameter_in_template" title="వర్గం:Articles with invalid date parameter in template">Articles with invalid date parameter in template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="వర్గం:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>మార్గదర్శకపు మెనూ</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="మీ ఐపీ చిరునామాకి సంబంధించిన వాడుకరి పేజీ">లాగిన్ అయిలేరు</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A" title="ఈ ఐపీ చిరునామా నుండి చేసిన మార్పుల గురించి చర్చ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ఈ IP కి సంబంధించిన చర్చ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఈ IP అడ్రసు నుండి చేసిన దిద్దుబాట్ల జాబితా [y]" accesskey="y"><span>మార్పుచేర్పులు</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు"><span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+5+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>లాగినవండి</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">పేరుబరులు</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="విషయపు పేజీని చూడండి [c]" accesskey="c"><span>వ్యాసం</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A:%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" rel="discussion" title="విషయపు పేజీ గురించి చర్చ [t]" accesskey="t"><span>చర్చ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">తెలుగు</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">చూపులు</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82"><span>చదువు</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=edit" title="ఈ పేజీ సోర్సుకోడ్‌ను దిద్దండి [e]" accesskey="e"><span>మార్చు</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82&action=history" title="ఈ పేజీ మునుపటి కూర్పులు [h]" accesskey="h"><span>చరిత్ర</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="మరిన్ని ఎంపికలు" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">మరిన్ని</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <h3 >వెతుకు</h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" aria-label="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" autocapitalize="sentences" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ప్రత్యేక:అన్వేషణ"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="పేజీలలో ఈ పాఠ్యం కొరకు వెతుకు" value="వెతుకు"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="కచ్చితంగా ఇదే పేరుతో పేజీ ఉంటే అక్కడికి తీసుకెళ్ళు" value="వెళ్లు"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="మొదటి పేజీ చూడండి"></a> </div> <nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">మార్గదర్శకము</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="మొదటి పేజీ చూడండి [z]" accesskey="z"><span>మొదటి పేజీ</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="ఓ యాదృచ్చిక పేజీని చూడండి [x]" accesskey="x"><span>యాదృచ్ఛిక పేజీ</span></a></li><li id="n-రచ్చబండ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1"><span>రచ్చబండ</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF"><span>వికీపీడియా గురించి</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:Contact_us"><span>సంప్రదింపు పేజీ</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te" title="మాకు తోడ్పడండి"><span>విరాళాలు</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-పరస్పరక్రియ" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-పరస్పరక్రియ vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-పరస్పరక్రియ-label" > <h3 id="p-పరస్పరక్రియ-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">పరస్పరక్రియ</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-సహాయసూచిక" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95"><span>సహాయసూచిక</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="ప్రాజెక్టు గురించి, మీరేం చేయవచ్చు, సమాచారం ఎక్కడ దొరుకుతుంది"><span>సముదాయ పందిరి</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వికీలో ఇటీవల జరిగిన మార్పుల జాబితా. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>ఇటీవలి మార్పులు</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81"><span>కొత్త పేజీలు</span></a></li><li id="n-దస్త్రం-ఎక్కింపు" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:File_Upload_Wizard"><span>దస్త్రం ఎక్కింపు</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">పరికరాల పెట్టె</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_5_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 5 தனிமங்கள் – తమిళము" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 5 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="తమిళము" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_5_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 5 d'a tabla periodica – అరగోనిస్" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 5 d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="అరగోనిస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة الخامسة – అరబిక్" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة الخامسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="అరబిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_5" title="Elementos del grupu 5 – ఆస్టూరియన్" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 5" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ఆస్టూరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_5-ci_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 5-ci qrupu – అజర్బైజాని" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 5-ci qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="అజర్బైజాని" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_5" title="Datu golongan 5 – బాలినీస్" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 5" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="బాలినీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 5 на периодичната система – బల్గేరియన్" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 5 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="బల్గేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="পঞ্চম শ্রেণীর মৌল – బంగ్లా" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পঞ্চম শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="బంగ్లా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="5. grupa hemijskih elemenata – బోస్నియన్" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="5. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="బోస్నియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_5_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 5 de la taula periòdica – కాటలాన్" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 5 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="కాటలాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._skupina" title="5. skupina – చెక్" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="5. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="చెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_5" title="Elfen Grŵp 5 – వెల్ష్" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 5" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="వెల్ష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumgruppe" title="Vanadiumgruppe – జర్మన్" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vanadiumgruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_5" title="Elemento de grupo 5 – ఎస్పెరాంటో" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 5" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ఎస్పెరాంటో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_5" title="Elementos del grupo 5 – స్పానిష్" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 5" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="స్పానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._taldeko_elementu" title="5. taldeko elementu – బాస్క్యూ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="5. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="బాస్క్యూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B5_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۵ جدول تناوبی – పర్షియన్" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۵ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="పర్షియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_5_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 5 alkuaine – ఫిన్నిష్" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 5 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ఫిన్నిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_5_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 5 du tableau périodique – ఫ్రెంచ్" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 5 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ఫ్రెంచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanaadiumsk%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Wanaadiumskööl – ఉత్తర ఫ్రిసియన్" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wanaadiumskööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ఉత్తర ఫ్రిసియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_Ghr%C3%BApa_5" title="Dúil Ghrúpa 5 – ఐరిష్" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil Ghrúpa 5" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ఐరిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5 – గాలిషియన్" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elementos do grupo 5" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="గాలిషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5 – ఇండోనేషియన్" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur golongan 5" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ఇండోనేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_5" title="Elementi del gruppo 5 – ఇటాలియన్" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 5" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ఇటాలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5族元素 – జపనీస్" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第5族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="జపనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="5족 원소 – కొరియన్" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="5족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="కొరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_5_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 5 de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 5 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 5 на периодниот систем – మాసిడోనియన్" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 5 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="మాసిడోనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_5" title="Unsur kumpulan 5 – మలయ్" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 5" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="మలయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumgroep" title="Vanadiumgroep – డచ్" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vanadiumgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="డచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_5" title="Gruppe 5 – నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppe 5" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_5" title="Gruppe 5 – నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gruppe 5" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grop_5_de_la_taula_periodica" title="Grop 5 de la taula periodica – ఆక్సిటన్" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grop 5 de la taula periodica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ఆక్సిటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_5_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 5 ਤੱਤ – పంజాబీ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 5 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="పంజాబీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanadowce" title="Wanadowce – పోలిష్" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wanadowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="పోలిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_5" title="Elementos do Grupo 5 – పోర్చుగీస్" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 5" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="పోర్చుగీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Vanadiului" title="Grupa Vanadiului – రోమేనియన్" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Vanadiului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="రోమేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Подгруппа ванадия – రష్యన్" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа ванадия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="రష్యన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="5. grupa hemijskih elemenata – సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="5. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 5 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._skupina" title="5. skupina – స్లోవక్" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="5. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadijeva_skupina" title="Vanadijeva skupina – స్లోవేనియన్" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vanadijeva skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruubka_5" title="Guruubka 5 – సోమాలి" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guruubka 5" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="సోమాలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_pest%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i pestë i elementeve kimike – అల్బేనియన్" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i pestë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="అల్బేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="5. група хемијских елемената – సెర్బియన్" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="5. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="సెర్బియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_5-element" title="Grupp 5-element – స్వీడిష్" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grupp 5-element" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="స్వీడిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_5" title="ธาตุหมู่ 5 – థాయ్" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหมู่ 5" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="థాయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._grup_elementi" title="5. grup elementi – టర్కిష్" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="5. grup elementi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="టర్కిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 5 періодичної системи елементів – ఉక్రెయినియన్" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 5 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ఉక్రెయినియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 5 – వియత్నామీస్" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm nguyên tố 5" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="వియత్నామీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素 – వు చైనీస్" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="5族元素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="వు చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素 – చైనీస్" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="5族元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素 – కాంటనీస్" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="5族元素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="కాంటనీస్" 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