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Cumulus – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Formação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Formação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descrição" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descrição"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descrição</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descrição-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Descrição</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descrição-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tipos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tipos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interação_climática" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interação_climática"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interação climática</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interação_climática-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relação_com_outros_tipos_de_nuvens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relação_com_outros_tipos_de_nuvens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relação com outros tipos de nuvens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relação_com_outros_tipos_de_nuvens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Relação com outros tipos de nuvens</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relação_com_outros_tipos_de_nuvens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cirrocumulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cirrocumulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Cirrocumulus </i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cirrocumulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altocumulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altocumulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i> Altocumulus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altocumulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratocumulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratocumulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Stratocumulus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratocumulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumulonimbus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumulonimbus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Cumulonimbus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumulonimbus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocorrência_extraterrestre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocorrência_extraterrestre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ocorrência extraterrestre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocorrência_extraterrestre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Cumulus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 63 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumuluswolk" title="Cumuluswolk — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cumuluswolk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="ركام (سحاب) — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ركام (سحاب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulus" title="Cúmulus — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cúmulus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Кучавыя воблакі — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кучавыя воблакі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Купести облаци — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Купести облаци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulus" title="Cúmulus — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúmulus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulu" title="Cumulu — córsico" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cumulu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="córsico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmwlws" title="Cwmwlws — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwmwlws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulus" title="Kumulus — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kumulus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σωρείτης — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σωρείτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cumulus cloud" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuluso" title="Kumuluso — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kumuluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulus" title="Cúmulus — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cúmulus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCnkpilved" title="Rünkpilved — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rünkpilved" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulu" title="Kumulu — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kumulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ابر کومه‌ای — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابر کومه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpupilvi" title="Kumpupilvi — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kumpupilvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumalas" title="Cumalas — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumalas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קומולוס — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומולוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="कपासी बादल — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कपासी बादल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulus" title="Kumulus — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kumulus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomolyfelh%C5%91" title="Gomolyfelhő — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gomolyfelhő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կույտային ամպեր — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կույտային ամպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awan_kumulus" title="Awan kumulus — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Awan kumulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuluso" title="Kumuluso — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kumuluso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulo_(nube)" title="Cumulo (nube) — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cumulo (nube)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%9B%B2" title="積雲 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="積雲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%9A%B4" title="적운 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumul" title="Cumul — lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cumul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuoliniai_debesys" title="Kamuoliniai debesys — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamuoliniai debesys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubum%C4%81ko%C5%86i" title="Gubumākoņi — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gubumākoņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Кумулус — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кумулус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awan_kumulus" title="Awan kumulus — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Awan kumulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кучевые облака — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кучевые облака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_clood" title="Cumulus clood — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cumulus clood" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulus" title="Kumulus — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kumulus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cumulus cloud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulus" title="Kumulus — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kumulus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulus" title="Kumulus — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kumulus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Кумулус — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кумулус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திரள் மேகம் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரள் மேகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="คิวมูลัส — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คิวมูลัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCm%C3%BCl%C3%BCs" title="Kümülüs — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kümülüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Купчасті хмари — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Купчасті хмари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2y_t%C3%ADch" title="Mây tích — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mây tích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" title="Cumulus — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cumulus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%AF%E4%BA%91" title="积云 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="积云" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%AF%E4%BA%91" title="积云 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="积云" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%9B%B2" title="積雲 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="積雲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amafufu" title="Amafufu — zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amafufu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cumulus" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Cumulus" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cumulus"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cumulus"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=history"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Cumulus" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Cumulus" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;oldid=67630977" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&amp;page=Cumulus&amp;id=67630977&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCumulus"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCumulus"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Cumulus"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Cumulus&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cumulus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14189" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header 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Clique aqui para mais informações." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cscr-featured2.svg/20px-Cscr-featured2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cscr-featured2.svg/30px-Cscr-featured2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cscr-featured2.svg/40px-Cscr-featured2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><div style="display: none;"></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim,_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim%2C_Austria.jpg/220px-Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim%2C_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim%2C_Austria.jpg/330px-Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim%2C_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim%2C_Austria.jpg/440px-Cumulus_cloud_above_Lechtaler_Alps_at_tannheim%2C_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Nuvens do tipo <i>cumulus humilis</i> (maior) e <i>cumulus fractus</i> (menores ao fundo) pairando sobre os <a href="/wiki/Alpes_de_Lechtal" title="Alpes de Lechtal">Alpes de Lechtal</a> na <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria">Áustria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Os <b>cúmulos</b> ou, do <a href="/wiki/Latim" title="Latim">latim</a>, <i><b>cumulus</b></i>, são <a href="/wiki/Nuvem" title="Nuvem">nuvens</a> de contornos nítidos, com base aplainada e bem definidas, formadas em baixas altitudes. Tipicamente, surgem a partir de correntes de convecção, que leva a humidade da superfície para regiões mais altas da atmosfera, onde formam-se gotículas de <a href="/wiki/%C3%81gua" title="Água">água</a> que condensam-se. Apresentam-se sob os mais diversos tamanhos, desde pequenos fragmentos esfarrapados, <i>cumulus fractus</i>, a nuvens maiores com forma bem definida, <i>cumulus humilis</i> e <i>cumulus mediocris</i>, atingindo até um importante desenvolvimento vertical, <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus congestus">cumulus congestus</a></i> que, por sua vez, pode se transformar em um <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a></i>. </p><p>Outros tipos de nuvens podem apresentar formatos cumuliformes similares às nuvens cúmulos, em diversos níveis de altitude, como os <a href="/wiki/Estrato-c%C3%BAmulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrato-cúmulo">estrato-cúmulos</a> em atitudes médias e os <a href="/wiki/Cirrocumulus" title="Cirrocumulus">cirro-cúmulos</a> em grandes altitudes. Nuvens com formatos de cúmulos foram detectados também em outros planetas do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Solar" title="Sistema Solar">Sistema Solar</a>, geralmente associadas a correntes convectivas ascendentes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formação"><span id="Forma.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Formação</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar secção: Formação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Formação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Fly00803_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Muitos cúmulos em uma fotografia aérea.</figcaption></figure> <p>As nuvens cúmulos se formam a partir da <a href="/wiki/Convec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Convecção atmosférica">convecção atmosférica</a>, quando o <a href="/wiki/Ar" title="Ar">ar</a> aquecido na superfície sobe. Á medida que ganha altitude, a temperatura cai (de acordo com o <a href="/wiki/Gradiente_adiab%C3%A1tico" title="Gradiente adiabático">gradiente adiabático</a>), fazendo com que a <a href="/wiki/Humidade_relativa_do_ar" class="mw-redirect" title="Humidade relativa do ar">humidade relativa do ar</a> cresça. Ao atingir determinada altitude, a humidade relativa chega a cem por cento, e a fase "adiabática húmida" se inicia. Como a humidade do ar chega ao máximo, a água se condensa, libertando <a href="/wiki/Calor_latente" title="Calor latente">calor latente</a>, que aquece o ar e favorece ainda mais o processo de convecção.<sup id="cite_ref-CRH-NOAA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRH-NOAA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nesta fase, o vapor de água se condensa ao redor de vários núcleos de condensação presentes, formando a nuvem cúmulos. Isto cria seu formato característico, com uma base achatada e um aspeto macio e bem definido.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stommel91_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stommel91-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> O tamanho da nuvem depende do <a href="/wiki/Gradiente_de_temperatura" title="Gradiente de temperatura">gradiente de temperatura</a> atmosférico, bem como da existência de certas condições especiais, como a <a href="/wiki/Invers%C3%A3o_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Inversão térmica">inversão térmica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mossop632-634_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mossop632-634-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante a convecção, o ar cincundante é carregado junto com a corrente ascendente, aumentando a massa total de ar deslocada para as camadas superiores atmosféricas.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmuir175_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmuir175-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> A chuva forma-se numa nuvem cúmulos a partir de dois estágios. O primeiro ocorre quando as pequenas gotículas coalescem nos vários núcleos de condensação. A <a href="/wiki/Tens%C3%A3o_superficial" title="Tensão superficial">tensão superficial</a> nas gotículas de água cria uma pressão ligeiramente maior na gotícula, elevando a <a href="/wiki/Press%C3%A3o_de_vapor" title="Pressão de vapor">pressão de vapor</a>. Esta pressão maior faz com que as gotículas evaporem e o vapor posteriormente seja incorporado em gotículas maiores. Devido ao tamanho extremamente reduzido das gotículas de água, este processo se torna insignificante quando as gotículas maiores atingem de 20&#160;a 30&#160;<a href="/wiki/Micr%C3%B3metro_(unidade_de_medida)" title="Micrómetro (unidade de medida)">micrometros</a>, quando a segunda etapa do processo se inicia.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmuir175_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmuir175-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Nesta fase de acreção, a gota de chuva começa a cair, e outras gotas colidem e se incorporam a ela, formando gotas maiores. De acordo com uma relação matemática<sup id="cite_ref-formula_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formula-6"><span>[</span>nota 1<span>]</span></a></sup> que predizia que o raio da gotícula cresceria indefinidamente em um intervalo de tempo finito.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmuir177_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmuir177-7"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrição"><span id="Descri.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Descrição</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar secção: Descrição" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Descrição"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Asalem-clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Asalem-clouds.jpg/200px-Asalem-clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Asalem-clouds.jpg/300px-Asalem-clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Asalem-clouds.jpg/400px-Asalem-clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption><i>Cumulus humilis</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A densidade de água líquida em uma nuvem cúmulo varia conforme a altitude acima de sua base, ao invés de ser constante em toda sua extensão. Na base, a concentração era mínima, 0&#160;gramas por quilograma de ar. Mas conforme a altitude aumenta, a concentração aumenta rapidamente para a concentração máxima próxima ao centro da nuvem, chegando a 1,25&#160; gramas de água por quilograma de ar. Acima deste nível, a concentração decresce gradualmente até o topo, onde a concentração novamente é zero.<sup id="cite_ref-Stommel94_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stommel94-8"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cúmulos podem ser formar em linhas estendendo-se por mais de 480 quilômetros, formando uma espécie de linha ou estrada. Se formam quando <a href="/wiki/Windshear" title="Windshear">correntes de vento</a> causa a circulação horizontal de massas de ar na atmosfera, produzindo longas extensões de nuvens cúmulos alinhadas.<sup id="cite_ref-Weston433_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston433-9"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Se formam geralmente durante <a href="/wiki/Anticiclone" title="Anticiclone">sistemas de alta pressão atmosférica</a>, como após a passagem de uma <a href="/wiki/Frente_fria" title="Frente fria">frente fria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weston437-438_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston437-438-10"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Belleza_puntana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Belleza_puntana.JPG/200px-Belleza_puntana.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Belleza_puntana.JPG/300px-Belleza_puntana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Belleza_puntana.JPG/400px-Belleza_puntana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i>Cumulus mediocris</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A altitude na qual os cúmulos se formam dependem da umidade na corrente de ar que a forma. Altos teores de umidade geralmente resultam em uma base localizada a menores altitudes. Em <a href="/wiki/Zona_temperada" title="Zona temperada">regiões temperadas</a>, a base dos cúmulos estão abaixo de 550 metros acima do nível do solo, mas podem estar até a 2&#160;400 metros, enquanto que em <a href="/wiki/Clima_%C3%A1rido" title="Clima árido">regiões áridas</a> e montanhosas podem estar acima de 6&#160;100 metros.<sup id="cite_ref-nws-jetstream_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-jetstream-11"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As nuvens cúmulos podem ser formadas por cristais de gelo, gotículas de água, gotículas super-arrefecidas de água ou uma mistura deles.<sup id="cite_ref-CRH-NOAA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRH-NOAA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> As gotículas de água formam-se quando o vapor condensa no <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_de_condensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Núcleo de condensação">núcleo de condensação</a>, que coalescem em gotículas cada vez maiores. Em zonas temperadas, a concentração de gotículas no interior da nuvem varia entre 23&#160;a 1 300&#160;gotículas por centímetro cúbico, em nuvens que estavam em fase de crescimento sem apresentar precipitação.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner1049_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner1049-12"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> As gotículas eram muito pequenas, com diâmetros inferiores a cinco micrómetros, embora as gotículas ainda menores devem existir.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner1051_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner1051-13"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> As gotículas menores concentram-se na parte inferior da nuvem, com a quantidade de gotículas maiores (entre 20 e 30 micrómetros) crescendo até ao topo. A distribuição se mostrou ainda simétrica no interior da nuvem.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner1052_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner1052-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Além disso, a concentração de gotículas por unidade de volume de ar é inversamente proporcional ao tamanho das gotículas.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner1054_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner1054-15"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Os "buracos" na nuvem, onde não há gotículas de água, são provocados por correntes de ar circundantes que entram na nuvem.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner1056_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner1056-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warner1058_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner1058-17"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg/220px-2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg/330px-2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg/440px-2014-02-17_12-51-44_paysage-champey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Cumulus fractus</i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tipos">Tipos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar secção: Tipos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tipos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cúmulos aparecem em quatro espécies distintas, <i>cumulis humilis</i>, <i>mediocris</i>, <i>congestus</i>, e <i>fractus</i>. Estas espécies podem ser organizadas de acordo com a variedade, <i>cumulus radiatus</i>; ou podem ser acompanhadas com outras características, <i>cumulus pileus</i>, <i>velum</i>, <i>virga</i>, <i>praecipitatio</i>, <i>arcus</i>, <i>pannus</i>, e <i>tuba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pretor-Pinney17-19"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A espécie <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_fractus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus fractus">cumulus fractus</a></i> tem um aspecto esfarrapado e é precursora para o <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_humilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus humilis">cumulus humilis</a></i> e outras espécies maiores de cúmulos; ou pode se formar durante a <a href="/wiki/Precipita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(meteorologia)" title="Precipitação (meteorologia)">precipitação</a> como a característica suplementar <i>pannus</i>, os quais podem incluir também <i>stratus fractus</i> de mau tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cumulus humilis</i> aparecem com uma textura aveludada, e formas achatadas. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus_mediocris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumulus mediocris (página não existe)">Cumulus mediocris</a></i> são similares, mas apresentam maior desenvolvimento vertical. <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus congestus">Cumulus congestus</a></i> possuem uma estrutura que lembra uma <a href="/wiki/Couve-flor" title="Couve-flor">couve-flor</a> e se estendem para grandes altitudes na atmosfera, sendo chamados também de "cúmulos-torre".<sup id="cite_ref-TWC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWC-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> The variety <i>Cumulus radiatus</i> formam-se em bandas radiais e podem incluir as quatro espécies de cúmulos.<sup id="cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pretor-Pinney20-23"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Características suplementares nos cúmulos são vistos principalmente com a espécie <i>congestus</i>. <i>Cumulus virga</i> são nuvens que possuem <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">virga</a> (precipitação que se evapora antes de chegar ao solo), e <i>cumulus praecipitatio</i> que produzem <a href="/wiki/Chuva" title="Chuva">chuva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop77-78_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop77-78-24"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cumulus pannus</i> são nuvens com aspecto de fragmentos esfarrapados que estão geralmente associados à precipitação. <i>Cumulus arcus</i> tem uma frente de condensação com a forma de arco<sup id="cite_ref-Ludlum473_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlum473-25"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> e <i>cumulus tuba</i> tem nuvens em forma de funil ou tubo ou mesmo <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop79_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop79-26"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cumulus pileus</i> são aquelas que apresentam crescimento vertical rápido, de forma que surgem o <i><a href="/wiki/Pileus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pileus">pileus</a></i> sobre seu topo.<sup id="cite_ref-GarretI_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarretI-27"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cumulus velum</i> tem uma estrutura formada por cristais de gelo em sua parte superior.<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG/220px-Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG/330px-Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG/440px-Nuvens_Cumulus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Cumulus congestus</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Cumulus humilis</i> geralmente indicam tempo firme.<sup id="cite_ref-TWC_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWC-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cumulus mediocris</i> são similares, exceto pelo fato de que podem apresentar desenvolvimento vertical, o que implica que podem se desenvolver até se tornarem <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus congestus">cumulus congestus</a></i> ou mesmo um <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" title="Cumulonimbus">cúmulo-nimbo</a>, que produzem pancadas de chuva, <a href="/wiki/Raio_(meteorologia)" title="Raio (meteorologia)">raios</a>, ventos fortes, granizo ou mesmo <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TWC_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWC-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WeatherThompson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeatherThompson-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cumulus congestus</i> normalmente crescem até se tornarem cúmulos-nimbos.<sup id="cite_ref-TWC_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWC-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> A existência de cúmulos é um indicador da existência de correntes de ar ascendentes, as <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9rmicas" title="Térmicas">térmicas</a>, que representam condições adversas para <a href="/wiki/Ultraleve" title="Ultraleve">ultraleves</a>, como o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glider (página não existe)">Glider</a>, que podem ser sugados para o interior da nuvem e levados para grandes altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagen-105-108_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagen-105-108-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cúmulos também podem produzir <a href="/wiki/Chuva_%C3%A1cida" title="Chuva ácida">chuva ácida</a>, que está relacionada à <a href="/wiki/Oxida%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidação">oxidação</a> do <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_enxofre" title="Dióxido de enxofre">dióxido de enxofre</a>, que possui alto poder de acidificação, produzindo íons de <a href="/wiki/Sulfato" title="Sulfato">sulfato</a>. Os principais componentes oxidantes são <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidrog%C3%AAnio" title="Peróxido de hidrogênio">peróxido de hidrogênio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Oz%C3%B4nio" title="Ozônio">ozônio</a>. Vários <a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido_de_nitrog%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Óxido de nitrogênio">óxidos de nitrogênio</a> também podem reagir com <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido" title="Hidróxido">hidróxido</a> para formar ácidos.<sup id="cite_ref-Junge_227_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junge_227-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interação_climática"><span id="Intera.C3.A7.C3.A3o_clim.C3.A1tica"></span>Interação climática</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar secção: Interação climática" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Interação climática"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/220px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/330px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/440px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>Muitos cúmulos se formam sobre a <a href="/wiki/Floresta_amaz%C3%B4nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Floresta amazônica">floresta amazônica</a>, devido ao calor e à umidade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Devido à sua refletividade, as nuvens esfriam a superfície terrestre em cerca de 12°C, que é promovido especialmente pelas nuvens do tipo <a href="/wiki/Stratocumulus" title="Stratocumulus">estrato-cúmulos</a>. Entretanto, simultaneamente, aquecem a Terra em cerca de de 7°C refletindo a <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_t%C3%A9rmica" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiação térmica">radiação térmica</a> de volta para a superfície, como uma estufa. Desta forma, as nuvens são responsáveis por esfriar em somente 5°C em média, a superfície do planeta.<sup id="cite_ref-cloud-heating_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-heating-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cúmulos, por outro lado, possuem efeito variável no aquecimento da superfície.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Os <i>cumulus congestus</i> e <i>cumulonimbus</i>, de maior desenvolvimento vertical carregam consigo umidade que pode dar origem à formação de nuvens do tipo <i><a href="/wiki/Cirrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrus">cirrus</a></i>, cuja presença seria responsável por prender mais calor na superfície o que, por sua vez, seria responsável pela formação de mais <i>cumulus congestus</i>, levando ainda mais umidade para a alta atmosfera.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature384_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature384-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relação_com_outros_tipos_de_nuvens"><span id="Rela.C3.A7.C3.A3o_com_outros_tipos_de_nuvens"></span>Relação com outros tipos de nuvens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar secção: Relação com outros tipos de nuvens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Relação com outros tipos de nuvens"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os cúmulos são um gênero de nuvens convectivas das camadas inferiores da atmosfera que estão relacionadas com outros tipos de nuvem cumuliformes ou estratocumuformes. Estas nuvens se formam a partir de 2&#160;000 metros acima do nível do solo por todo o planeta. Nuvens do tipo estrato também são de altitudes menores. Em altitudes médias, entre 2&#160;000 e 7&#160;000 metros nas regiões polares e temperadas e 7&#160;600 nas regiões tropicais, estão as nuvens estratocumuliformes e cumuliformes associadas a correntes convectivas limitadas. Nas camadas superiores, estão as nuvens do tipo cirro que, eventualmente, apresentam um aspecto cumuliforme, e cuja altitude pode variar de 3&#160;000 a 7&#160;600 metros em regiões polares a 18&#160;000 metros em regiões tropicais.<sup id="cite_ref-nws-jetstream_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-jetstream-11"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Cúmulos-nimbos, assim como <i>cumulus congestus</i>, desenvolvem-se verticalmente, atingindo vários quilômetros de extensão vertical.<sup id="cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cirrocumulus"><i>Cirrocumulus </i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar secção: Cirrocumulus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cirrocumulus"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo&#32;principal: <a href="/wiki/Cirrocumulus" title="Cirrocumulus">Cirrocumulus</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG/250px-Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG/375px-Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG/500px-Cirrocumulus_to_Altocumulus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Cirrocumulus</i> com características estratiformes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Os cirro-cúmulos se formam em faixas<sup id="cite_ref-YDN-364_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YDN-364-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> e não são capazes de bloquear a luz solar. Comumente aparecem em um padrão regular, cheio de rachaduras<sup id="cite_ref-H&amp;H-340_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&amp;H-340-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> ou em conjuntos de nuvens com faixas entre elas.<sup id="cite_ref-cloud-classification_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-classification-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Cirrocumulus</i> são, como os outros membros de formato cumuliforme ou estratocumuliforme, formados por processos convectivos.<sup id="cite_ref-parungo-251_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parungo-251-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> Crescimento significativo destas faixas indicam instabilidade em grandes altitudes e podem significar a mudança das condições meteorológicas locais.<sup id="cite_ref-common-clouds_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-clouds-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audubon-448_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audubon-448-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Os cristais de gelo nas camadas inferiores dos cirro-cúmulos tendem a adquirir formatos de cilindros hexagonais. Eles não são sólidos, mas tendem a ter formato afunilado a partir de suas extremidades. Em direção ao topo da nuvem, estes cristais tem a tendência de se aglomerar.<sup id="cite_ref-parungo-252_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parungo-252-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estas nuvens possuem duração curta e tendem a se transformar em cirros, pois conforme o vapor de água continua a se depositar nos cristais de gelo, eles começam a cair, destruindo a corrente convectiva. A nuvem então se dissipa sob a forma de cirros.<sup id="cite_ref-parungo-254_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parungo-254-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Cirro-cúmulos podem se apresentar sob quatro espécies que são comuns aos três gêneros que possuem características convectivas ou estratocumuliformes: <i>stratiformis</i>, <i>lenticularis</i>, <i>castellanus</i>, e <i>floccus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-common-clouds_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-clouds-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Elas são<a href="/wiki/Iridesc%C3%AAncia" title="Iridescência">iridescentes</a> quando são constituídas por gotículas de água super-resfriada de tamanhos aproximadamente uniformes.<sup id="cite_ref-audubon-448_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audubon-448-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg/220px-Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg/330px-Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg/440px-Altocumulus_clouds_-_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Altocumulus stratiformis</i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altocumulus"><i> Altocumulus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar secção: Altocumulus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Altocumulus"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo&#32;principal: <a href="/wiki/Altocumulus" title="Altocumulus">Altocumulus</a></div> <p>Alto-cúmulos são nuvens de altitudes médias que se formam a partir de 2&#160;000 metros até 4&#160;000 metros em regiões polares, 7&#160;000 em zonas temperadas e 7&#160;600 metros em regiões tropicais.<sup id="cite_ref-nws-jetstream_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-jetstream-11"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Podem produzir precipitação e são compostas por uma mistura de cristais de gelo, água super-resfriada e gotículas de água em latitudes médias. Contudo, a concentração de água líquida é significantemente maior que a concentração de cristais de gelo, estando concentrada sobretudo no topo, enquanto o gelo fica nas camadas inferiores da nuvem.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey2490_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2490-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carey2491_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2491-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Os cristais de gelo na base dos alto-cúmulos possuem formato de detritos ou conglomerados enquanto formatos de placas e agulhas estão concentrados no seu topo.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey2491_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2491-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Alto-cúmulos podem se formar pela convecção ou pela elevação do ar causado por uma <a href="/wiki/Frente_quente" title="Frente quente">frente quente</a>. Pelo fato dos alto-cúmulos serem um gênero de convecção limitada, são divididas da mesma foram que os cirros-cúmulos. <sup id="cite_ref-Carey2494_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2494-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratocumulus"><i>Stratocumulus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar secção: Stratocumulus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Stratocumulus"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_%281%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_%281%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Clustered_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><i>Stratocumulus stratiformis</i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo&#32;principal: <a href="/wiki/Stratocumulus" title="Stratocumulus">Stratocumulus</a></div> <p>Uma nuvem estrato-cúmulo é outro tipo de nuvem que adquire formato cumuliforme ou estratocumuliforme. Assim como os cúmulos, se formam em níveis baixos<sup id="cite_ref-cloud-classification_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-classification-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> e por convecção. Entretanto, diferentemente dos cúmulos, seu crescimento é quase completamente retardado por uma forte <a href="/wiki/Invers%C3%A3o_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Inversão térmica">inversão</a>. Como resultado, adquirem formato achatado como <a href="/wiki/Stratus" title="Stratus">nuvens estratos</a>, com aspecto de camadas. São um dos tipos mais comuns de nuvens, cobrindo em média vinte e três por cento dos oceanos e doze por cento dos continentes. São menos comuns em regiões tropicais e comumente se formam após a passagem de uma <a href="/wiki/Frente_fria" title="Frente fria">frente fria</a>. São capazes ainda de refletir boa parte da luz solar, contribuindo para o resfriamento da superfície.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2374_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2374-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Estrato-cúmulos podem produzir <a href="/wiki/Garoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Garoa">garoa</a>, que estabiliza a nuvem pelo seu aquecimento e reduzido a turbulência em seu interior. Sendo uma nuvem de convecção limitada, estrato-cúmulos são dividos em três espécies: <i>stratiformis</i>, <i>lenticularis</i>, e <i>castellanus</i>, que são comuns a outros tipos de nuvem de formato estratocumulifomre.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2398_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2398-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg/220px-Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg/330px-Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg/440px-Cumulonimbus_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><i>Cumulonimbus</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cumulonimbus"><i>Cumulonimbus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar secção: Cumulonimbus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cumulonimbus"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo&#32;principal: <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" title="Cumulonimbus">Cumulonimbus</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Tempestade_de_massa_de_ar" title="Tempestade de massa de ar">Tempestade de massa de ar</a></div> <p>Os cúmulo-nimbos são o estágio final de desenvolvimento das nuvens do tipo cúmulo. Formam-se quando o <i>cumulus congestus</i> desenvolvem uma <a href="/wiki/Movimento_vertical_do_ar" title="Movimento vertical do ar">corrente de ar ascendente vertical</a> em seu interior que impulsionam seu crescimento para as camadas mais altas até atingirem a <a href="/wiki/Tropopausa" title="Tropopausa">tropopausa</a>, a 18&#160;000 metros de altitude. Os cumulo-nimbus são responsáveis por produzir tempo severo, causando fortes pancadas de chuvas, <a href="/wiki/Raio_(meteorologia)" title="Raio (meteorologia)">raios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trovoada" title="Trovoada">trovoadas</a>, ventos fortes e até mesmo <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TWC_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWC-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ludlum471_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlum471-49"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ocorrência_extraterrestre"><span id="Ocorr.C3.AAncia_extraterrestre"></span>Ocorrência extraterrestre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar secção: Ocorrência extraterrestre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ocorrência extraterrestre"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algumas nuvens de aspecto cumuliforme foram encontradas em vários planetas do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Solar" title="Sistema Solar">Sistema Solar</a>. Em <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta)">Marte</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking">orbitador Viking</a> detectou cirro-cúmulos e estrato-cúmulos se formando por processos convectivos primariamente próximo às calotas polares do planeta.<sup id="cite_ref-Mars-clouds_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars-clouds-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sonda_espacial)" title="Galileo (sonda espacial)">sonda Galileo</a> detectou grandes cúmulo-nimbos próximo à <a href="/wiki/Grande_Mancha_Vermelha" title="Grande Mancha Vermelha">Grande Mancha Vermelha</a>, uma gigantesca tempestade ciclônica em <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Júpiter (planeta)">Júpiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jupiter-clouds_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jupiter-clouds-51"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Nuvens cumuliformes também foram identificadas em <a href="/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta)">Saturno</a>. Em 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">sonda Cassini</a> determinou que os cúmulos próximos ao polo sul de Saturno faziam parte de um ciclone com mais de 4&#160;000 quilômetros de <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A2metro" title="Diâmetro">diâmetro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturn-clouds_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn-clouds-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Observat%C3%B3rio_W._M._Keck" title="Observatório W. M. Keck">observatório de Keck</a> detectou cúmulos de cor esbranquiçada em <a href="/wiki/Urano_(planeta)" title="Urano (planeta)">Urano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uranus-clouds_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uranus-clouds-53"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> Assim como Urano, <a href="/wiki/Netuno_(planeta)" title="Netuno (planeta)">Netuno</a> possui nuvens brancas, formadas por cristais de <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-115_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-115-54"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AAnus_(planeta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vênus (planeta)">Vênus</a>, entretanto, parece não apresentar nuvens cúmulos.<sup id="cite_ref-Bougher-127-129_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bougher-127-129-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfera terrestre">Atmosfera terrestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologia" title="Meteorologia">Meteorologia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Notas" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso.">Notas</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-formula-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-formula_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esta relação matemática é dada por<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t={18\eta \over Egwr_{0}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>18</mn> <mi>&#x03B7;<!-- η --></mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>w</mi> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t={18\eta \over Egwr_{0}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1aa2561e491dc54549f0ff9973a7c4582e21500" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.433ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t={18\eta \over Egwr_{0}}}"></span>, com <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> sendo o tempo para o raio infinito, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03B7;<!-- η --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }"></span> sendo a <a href="/wiki/Viscosidade" title="Viscosidade">viscosidade</a> do ar, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> sendo a fração percentual das gotículas de água que são aglutinadas por volume de ar que a gotícula passa, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>w</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}"></span> sendo a concentração de água em gramas por metro cúbico e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb12fcfddb65e3d1e6a044215f6e833f0cd4337b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}}"></span> sendo o raio inicial da gotícula.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CRH-NOAA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRH-NOAA_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRH-NOAA_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=cloud_classification">«Cloud Classification and Characteristics»</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Classification+and+Characteristics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crh.noaa.gov%2Flmk%2F%3Fn%3Dcloud_classification&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wcumulus.htm">«Cumulus clouds»</a>. <i>Weather</i>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. 16 de outubro de 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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JetStream (em inglês). National Weather Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 21 de julho de 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Classifications&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Feducation%2Fyos%2Fresource%2FJetStream%2Fsynoptic%2Fclouds_max.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner1049-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner1049_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1969">Warner 1969</a>, p.&#160;1049</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner1051-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner1051_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1969">Warner 1969</a>, p.&#160;1051</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner1052-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner1052_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1969">Warner 1969</a>, p.&#160;1052</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner1054-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner1054_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1969">Warner 1969</a>, p.&#160;1054</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner1056-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner1056_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1969">Warner 1969</a>, p.&#160;1056</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner1058-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner1058_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1969">Warner 1969</a>, p.&#160;1058</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_18-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_18-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf">«WMO classification of clouds»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>. 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Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=WMO+classification+of+clouds&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheranswer.com%2Fpublic%2FClouds_WMO.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pretor-Pinney17-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney17_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPretor-Pinney2007">Pretor-Pinney 2007</a>, p.&#160;17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/l7.htm">«L7 Clouds: Stratus fractus (StFra) and/or Cumulus fractus (CuFra) bad weather»</a>. JetStream - Online School for Weather: Cloud Classifications (em inglês). National Weather Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de fevereiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=L7+Clouds%3A+Stratus+fractus+%28StFra%29+and%2For+Cumulus+fractus+%28CuFra%29+bad+weather&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.noaa.gov%2Fjetstream%2Fsynoptic%2Fl7.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Allaby, Michael, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199567669.001.0001/acref-9780199567669-e-4082">«Pannus»</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Ecology</i> 4 ed. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780199567669" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780199567669">9780199567669</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de fevereiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=Pannus&amp;rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ecology&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780199567669&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199567669.001.0001%2Facref-9780199567669-e-4082&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWC-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWC_22-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWC_22-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWC_22-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWC_22-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWC_22-4">e</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165021/http://www.weather.com/glossary/c.html">«Weather Glossary»</a>. The Weather Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/glossary/c.html">original</a> em 17 de Outubro de 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Weather+Glossary&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Fglossary%2Fc.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pretor-Pinney20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney20_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPretor-Pinney2007">Pretor-Pinney 2007</a>, p.&#160;20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop77-78-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop77-78_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2003">Dunlop 2003</a>, pp.&#160;77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludlum473-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ludlum473_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlum2000">Ludlum 2000</a>, p.&#160;473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop79-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop79_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2003">Dunlop 2003</a>, p.&#160;79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarretI-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GarretI_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarret,_et_al.2006">Garret, et al. 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeatherThompson-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WeatherThompson_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thompson, Philip; Robert O'Brien (1965). <i>Weather</i>. New York: Time Inc. pp.&#160;86–87</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.au=Robert+O%27Brien&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.btitle=Weather&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=86-87&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Time+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pagen-105-108-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pagen-105-108_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagen2001">Pagen 2001</a>, pp.&#160;105–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junge_227-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Junge_227_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJunge1960">Junge 1960</a>, p.&#160;227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoIribarneNiewiadomski1989">Cho, Iribarne &amp; Niewiadomski 1989</a>, p.&#160;12907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cloud-heating-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cloud-heating_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/role.html">«Cloud Climatology»</a>. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Climatology&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisccp.giss.nasa.gov%2Frole.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp">«Will Clouds Speed or Slow Global Warming?»</a>. National Science Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Will+Clouds+Speed+or+Slow+Global+Warming%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Fclouds%2Fquestion.jsp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature384-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature384_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDel_GenfoLacisRuedy1991">Del Genfo, Lacis &amp; Ruedy 1991</a>, p.&#160;384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_35-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_35-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2009/08/cumulonimbus-incus.html">«Cumulonimbus Incus»</a> (em inglês). Universities Space Research Association. 5 de agosto de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulonimbus+Incus&amp;rft.date=2009-08-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Universities+Space+Research+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepod.usra.edu%2Fblog%2F2009%2F08%2Fcumulonimbus-incus.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YDN-364-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YDN-364_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyazakiYoshidaDobashiNishita2001">Miyazaki et al. 2001</a>, p.&#160;364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&amp;H-340-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-H&amp;H-340_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbardHubbard2000">Hubbard &amp; Hubbard 2000</a>, p.&#160;340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cloud-classification-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-cloud-classification_38-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-cloud-classification_38-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Funk, Ted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/soo/docu/cloudchart.pdf">«Cloud Classifications and Characteristics»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Consultado em 19 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.aufirst=Ted&amp;rft.aulast=Funk&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Classifications+and+Characteristics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crh.noaa.gov%2Flmk%2Fsoo%2Fdocu%2Fcloudchart.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parungo-251-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-parungo-251_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParungo1995">Parungo 1995</a>, p.&#160;251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-common-clouds-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-common-clouds_40-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-common-clouds_40-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nenes.eas.gatech.edu/Cloud/Clouds.pdf">«Common Cloud Names, Shapes, and Altitudes»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (em inglês). Georgia Institute of Technology. pp.&#160;2, 10–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de fevereiro de 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Common+Cloud+Names%2C+Shapes%2C+and+Altitudes&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pages=2%2C+10-13&amp;rft.pub=Georgia+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnenes.eas.gatech.edu%2FCloud%2FClouds.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-audubon-448-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-audubon-448_41-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-audubon-448_41-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlum2000">Ludlum 2000</a>, p.&#160;448</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parungo-252-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-parungo-252_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParungo1995">Parungo 1995</a>, p.&#160;252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parungo-254-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-parungo-254_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParungo1995">Parungo 1995</a>, p.&#160;254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey2490-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Carey2490_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey_et_al2008">Carey et al 2008</a>, p.&#160;2490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey2491-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carey2491_45-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carey2491_45-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey_et_al2008">Carey et al 2008</a>, p.&#160;2491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey2494-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Carey2494_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey_et_al2008">Carey et al 2008</a>, p.&#160;2494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood2374-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood2374_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2012">Wood 2012</a>, p.&#160;2374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood2398-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood2398_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2012">Wood 2012</a>, p.&#160;2398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludlum471-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ludlum471_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlum2000">Ludlum 2000</a>, p.&#160;471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mars-clouds-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mars-clouds_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-441/ch12.htm">«NASA SP-441: Viking Orbiter Views of Mars»</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+SP-441%3A+Viking+Orbiter+Views+of+Mars&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-441%2Fch12.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jupiter-clouds-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jupiter-clouds_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia00506">«Thunderheads on Jupiter»</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Thunderheads+on+Jupiter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fpia00506&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saturn-clouds-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Saturn-clouds_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Minard, Anne (14 de outubro de 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081014-saturn-cyclones.html">«Mysterious Cyclones Seen at Both of Saturn's Poles»</a>. National Geographic News. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft.aulast=Minard&amp;rft.btitle=Mysterious+Cyclones+Seen+at+Both+of+Saturn%27s+Poles&amp;rft.date=2008-10-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F10%2F081014-saturn-cyclones.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uranus-clouds-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Uranus-clouds_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boyle, Rebecca (18 outubro de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-10/most-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus">«Check Out The Most Richly Detailed Image Ever Taken Of Uranus»</a>. Popular Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca&amp;rft.aulast=Boyle&amp;rft.btitle=Check+Out+The+Most+Richly+Detailed+Image+Ever+Taken+Of+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2012-10-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Popular+Science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F2012-10%2Fmost-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-115-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-115_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrwin2003">Irwin 2003</a>, p.&#160;115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bougher-127-129-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bougher-127-129_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBougherPhillips1997">Bougher &amp; Phillips 1997</a>, pp.&#160;127–129</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r60995074">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBougherPhillips1997" class="citation book">Bougher, Stephen Wesley; Phillips, Roger (dezembro de 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=b93lEgkPquoC&amp;pg=PA128"><i>Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment</i></a>. [S.l.]: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8165-1830-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8165-1830-2">978-0-8165-1830-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.au=Phillips%2C+Roger&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+Wesley&amp;rft.aulast=Bougher&amp;rft.btitle=Venus+II%3A+Geology%2C+Geophysics%2C+Atmosphere%2C+and+Solar+Wind+Environment&amp;rft.date=1997-12&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1830-2&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db93lEgkPquoC%26pg%3DPA128&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarey_et_al2008" class="citation journal">Carey, Lawrence D.; Niu, Jianguo; Yang, Ping; Kankiewicz, J. Adam; Larson, Vincent E.; Haar, Thomas H. Vonder (setembro de 2008). «The Vertical Profile of Liquid and Ice Water Content in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Altocumulus Clouds». <i>Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology</i>. <b>47</b> (9): 2487–2495. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JAMC1885.1">10.1175/2008JAMC1885.1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Vertical+Profile+of+Liquid+and+Ice+Water+Content+in+Midlatitude+Mixed-Phase+Altocumulus+Clouds&amp;rft.au=Carey%2C+Lawrence+D.%3B+Niu%2C+Jianguo%3B+Yang%2C+Ping%3B+Kankiewicz%2C+J.+Adam%3B+Larson%2C+Vincent+E.%3B+Haar%2C+Thomas+H.+Vonder&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+and+Climatology&amp;rft.pages=2487-2495&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2008JAMC1885.1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Nomes_m%C3%BAltiplos:_lista_de_autores" title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Cho, H. R.; Iribarne, J. V.; Niewiadomski, M. (20 de setembro de 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192437/http://www.grims-model.org/front/bbs/paper/mps-2/MPS_1989-3_Cho_et_al.pdf">«A Model of the Effect of Cumulus Clouds on the Redistribution and Transformation of Pollutants»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>94</b> (D10): 12,895–12,910. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2Fjd094id10p12895">10.1029/jd094id10p12895</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de novembro de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grims-model.org/front/bbs/paper/mps-2/MPS_1989-3_Cho_et_al.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span> em 14 de agosto de 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=A+Model+of+the+Effect+of+Cumulus+Clouds+on+the+Redistribution+and+Transformation+of+Pollutants&amp;rft.au=Iribarne%2C+J.+V.&amp;rft.au=Niewiadomski%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Cho&amp;rft.date=1989-09-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=D10&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=12%2C895-12%2C910&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grims-model.org%2Ffront%2Fbbs%2Fpaper%2Fmps-2%2FMPS_1989-3_Cho_et_al.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2Fjd094id10p12895&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDel_GenfoLacisRuedy1991" class="citation journal">Del Genfo, Anthony D.; Lacis, Andrew A.; Ruedy, Reto A. (30 de maio de 1991). «Simulations of the effect of a warmer climate on atmospheric humidity». Nature Publishing Group. <i>Nature</i>. <b>351</b>: 382–385. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F351382a0">10.1038/351382a0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=Simulations+of+the+effect+of+a+warmer+climate+on+atmospheric+humidity&amp;rft.au=Lacis%2C+Andrew+A.&amp;rft.au=Ruedy%2C+Reto+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Del+Genfo&amp;rft.date=1991-05-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=382-385&amp;rft.volume=351&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F351382a0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDunlop2003" class="citation book">Dunlop, Storm (junho de 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BR2ft4G5TgQC"><i>The Weather Identification Handbook</i></a>. [S.l.]: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1585748570" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1585748570">978-1585748570</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de fevereiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.aufirst=Storm&amp;rft.aulast=Dunlop&amp;rft.btitle=The+Weather+Identification+Handbook&amp;rft.date=2003-06&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1585748570&amp;rft.pub=Lyons+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR2ft4G5TgQC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGarret.2C_et_al.2006" class="citation journal">Garrett, T. J.; Dean-Day, J.; Liu, C.; Barnett, B.; Mace, G.; Baumgardner, D.; Webster, C.; Bui, T.; Read, W.; and Minnis, P. (19 de abril de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/1185/2006/acp-6-1185-2006.html">«Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause»</a>. <i>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 1185–1200. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1680-7316">1680-7316</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006">10.5194/acp-6-1185-2006</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=Convective+formation+of+pileus+cloud+near+the+tropopause&amp;rft.au=Garrett%2C+T.+J.%3B+Dean-Day%2C+J.%3B+Liu%2C+C.%3B+Barnett%2C+B.%3B+Mace%2C+G.%3B+Baumgardner%2C+D.%3B+Webster%2C+C.%3B+Bui%2C+T.%3B+Read%2C+W.%3B+and+Minnis%2C+P.&amp;rft.date=2006-04-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1680-7316&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.pages=1185-1200&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos-chem-phys.net%2F6%2F1185%2F2006%2Facp-6-1185-2006.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Nomes_m%C3%BAltiplos:_lista_de_autores" title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHubbardHubbard2000" class="citation book">Hubbard, Richard; Hubbard, Richard Keith (5 de maio de 2000). «Glossary». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nfWSxRr8VP4C&amp;pg=PA340"><i>Boater's Bowditch: The Small Craft American Practical Navigator</i></a> 2 ed. [S.l.]: International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-07-136136-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-07-136136-1">978-0-07-136136-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=Glossary&amp;rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Richard+Keith&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Hubbard&amp;rft.btitle=Boater%27s+Bowditch%3A+The+Small+Craft+American+Practical+Navigator&amp;rft.date=2000-05-05&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-136136-1&amp;rft.pub=International+Marine%2FRagged+Mountain+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfWSxRr8VP4C%26pg%3DPA340&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2003" class="citation book">Irwin, Patrick (julho de 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&amp;pg=PA115"><i>Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure</i></a> 1 ed. [S.l.]: Springer. p.&#160;115. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-3-540-00681-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-3-540-00681-7">978-3-540-00681-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.btitle=Giant+Planets+of+Our+Solar+System%3A+Atmospheres%2C+Composition%2C+and+Structure&amp;rft.date=2003-07&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-00681-7&amp;rft.pages=115&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp8wCsJweUb0C%26pg%3DPA115&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Junge, C. E. 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(outubro de 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x/abstract">«An Observational Study of Convective Cloud Streets»</a>. <i>Tell us</i>. <b>32</b> (35): 433–438. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x">10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de fevereiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=An+Observational+Study+of+Convective+Cloud+Streets&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Weston&amp;rft.date=1980-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=35&amp;rft.jtitle=Tell+us&amp;rft.pages=433-438&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x%2Fabstract&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWood2012" class="citation journal">Wood, Robert (agosto de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1">«Stratocumulus Clouds»</a>. <b>140</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0493">1520-0493</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-11-00121.1">10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.atitle=Stratocumulus+Clouds&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Wood&amp;rft.date=2012-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1520-0493&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.volume=140&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1175%2FMWR-D-11-00121.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FMWR-D-11-00121.1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui uma <i>categoria</i> com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cumulus_clouds?uselang=pt">Cumulus</a></span></b></div> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmet.gov.br/html/informacoes/sobre_meteorologia/atlas_nuvens/atlas_nuvens.html">«Atlas de Nuvens»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Meteorologia" title="Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia">Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Atlas+de+Nuvens&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmet.gov.br%2Fhtml%2Finformacoes%2Fsobre_meteorologia%2Fatlas_nuvens%2Fatlas_nuvens.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisica.ufpr.br/grimm/aposmeteo/cap6/cap6-2-2.html">«Classificação de nuvens»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1" title="Universidade Federal do Paraná">Universidade Federal do Paraná</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+nuvens&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffisica.ufpr.br%2Fgrimm%2Faposmeteo%2Fcap6%2Fcap6-2-2.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://super.abril.com.br/galerias-fotos/10-tipos-nuvens-735063.shtml#0">«10 tipos de nuvens»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Superinteressante" title="Superinteressante">Revista Superinteressante</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACumulus&amp;rft.btitle=10+tipos+de+nuvens&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuper.abril.com.br%2Fgalerias-fotos%2F10-tipos-nuvens-735063.shtml%230&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14189" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14189">Q14189</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cumulus">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4166003-1">4166003-1</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jstor.org/topic/cumulus-clouds">cumulus-clouds</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034796">sh85034796</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_T%C3%A9cnica_Nacional_de_Praga" title="Biblioteca Técnica Nacional de Praga">PSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psh.techlib.cz/skos/PSH4158">4158</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg" title="Portal da meteorologia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg/25px-Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg/38px-Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg/50px-Weather_Icons_-_hi_tsra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Meteorologia" title="Portal:Meteorologia">Portal da meteorologia</a></span></span></li> </ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b7f745dd4‐q95x2 Cached time: 20241125100852 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.670 seconds Real time usage: 0.869 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5911/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 93508/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2747/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40220/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.332/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6676009/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 6/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 666.566 1 -total 30.57% 203.781 1 Predefinição:Controlo_de_autoridade 25.52% 170.117 3 Predefinição:Referências 14.96% 99.698 18 Predefinição:Citar_web 7.22% 48.115 13 Predefinição:Citar_periódico 5.50% 36.691 1 Predefinição:Portal3 5.12% 34.142 1 Predefinição:Portal3/Portais 5.08% 33.893 8 Predefinição:Citar_livro 5.07% 33.814 1 Predefinição:Artigo_bom 4.73% 31.556 1 Predefinição:Top_icon --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key ptwiki:pcache:233932:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241125100852 and revision id 67630977. 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