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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>electronics from FOLDOC</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'unsafe-inline' http: https:"> <meta name="verify-v1" content="siAI0ZOMn41hao0E/T76D1I2L3MtFjzE48P3ctCjRNU="> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="google-translate-customization" content="828219db36930e1e-c51d915bf2ea717c-g9b503f9a85d5b5a7-a">  <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-9715943-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-9715943-1'); </script>  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Duru+Sans%7CBelgrano%7CInconsolata%7CAlef%7CArmata" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/layout.css?2">  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href="/balun">balun</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/bathtub+curve">bathtub curve</a></td><td><a href="/binary+counter">binary counter</a></td><td><a href="/bipolar">bipolar</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/bipolar+transistor">bipolar transistor</a></td><td><a href="/button">button</a></td><td><a href="/capacitor">capacitor</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/charge-coupled+device">charge-coupled device</a></td><td><a href="/circuit">circuit</a></td><td><a href="/Computer+Aided+Test+Engineering">Computer Aided Test Engineering</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/cosmic+rays">cosmic rays</a></td><td><a href="/crosstalk">crosstalk</a></td><td><a href="/current">current</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/die">die</a></td><td><a href="/digital+electronics">digital electronics</a></td><td><a href="/Digital+Multimeter">Digital Multimeter</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/Digital+to+Analog+Converter">Digital to Analog Converter</a></td><td><a href="/diode">diode</a></td><td><a href="/Electing+a+Pope">Electing a Pope</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/electromigration">electromigration</a></td><td><a href="/electron">electron</a></td><td><a href="/electron+model">electron model</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/electron+tube">electron tube</a></td><td><a href="/fan-out">fan-out</a></td><td><a href="/fat+electrons">fat electrons</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/feedback">feedback</a></td><td><a href="/feedback+control">feedback control</a></td><td><a href="/field+effect+transistor">field effect transistor</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/Finite+Impulse+Response">Finite Impulse Response</a></td><td><a href="/FIR">FIR</a></td><td><a href="/Fowler-Nordheim+tunnelling">Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/friode">friode</a></td><td><a href="/gas+plasma+display">gas plasma display</a></td><td><a href="/Gunning+Transceiver+Logic">Gunning Transceiver Logic</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/hard-wired">hard-wired</a></td><td><a href="/hole">hole</a></td><td><a href="/hole+model">hole model</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/ICE">ICE</a></td><td><a href="/impedance">impedance</a></td><td><a href="/Infinite+Impulse+Response">Infinite Impulse Response</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/infrared">infrared</a></td><td><a href="/integrated+circuit">integrated circuit</a></td><td><a href="/intermodulation+distortion">intermodulation distortion</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/IR">IR</a></td><td><a href="/Joint+Test+Action+Group">Joint Test Action Group</a></td><td><a href="/Josephson+Junction">Josephson Junction</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/Junction+Field+Effect+Transistor">Junction Field Effect Transistor</a></td><td><a href="/LED">LED</a></td><td><a href="/LER">LER</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/light-emitting+diode">light-emitting diode</a></td><td><a href="/light-emitting+resistor">light-emitting resistor</a></td><td><a href="/logic">logic</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/low+pass+filter">low pass filter</a></td><td><a href="/magic+smoke">magic smoke</a></td><td><a href="/Metal+Oxide+Semiconductor">Metal Oxide Semiconductor</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/Metal+Oxide+Semiconductor+Field+Effect+Transistor">Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor</a></td><td><a href="/National+Television+Standards+Committee">National Television Standards Committee</a></td><td><a href="/noise+margin">noise margin</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/PNP">PNP</a></td><td><a href="/push-button">push-button</a></td><td><a href="/quantum+cell">quantum cell</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/quantum+cell+wire">quantum cell wire</a></td><td><a href="/Quantum-dot+Cellular+Automata">Quantum-dot Cellular Automata</a></td><td><a href="/scan+design">scan design</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/scan+register">scan register</a></td><td><a href="/semiconductor">semiconductor</a></td><td><a href="/SET">SET</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/Seven-Segment+Display">Seven-Segment Display</a></td><td><a href="/silicon">silicon</a></td><td><a href="/Single+Electron+Tunneling">Single Electron Tunneling</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/smoke-emitting+diode">smoke-emitting diode</a></td><td><a href="/solid+state">solid state</a></td><td><a href="/SSI">SSI</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/terminal">terminal</a></td><td><a href="/terminator">terminator</a></td><td><a href="/transient">transient</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/transistor">transistor</a></td><td><a href="/tube">tube</a></td><td><a href="/valve">valve</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/VCC+filtering">VCC filtering</a></td><td><a href="/voltage">voltage</a></td><td><a href="/Xilinx+Netlist+Format">Xilinx Netlist Format</a></td></tr> </table> </div></p> <p class="vertical-space"></p> <hr> <div></div> <hr>  <div id="HCB_comment_box">Loading</div> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//www.htmlcommentbox.com/static/skins/bootstrap/twitter-bootstrap.css?v=0"> <script language="javascript" id="hcb"> hcb_user = { PAGE: 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