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id="toc-Early_spread_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Parthian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_to_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_to_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansion to Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_to_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_(1st_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_(1st_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>India (1st century AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_(1st_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_Nestorian_Christianity_(431–1360_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_Nestorian_Christianity_(431–1360_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expansion of Nestorian Christianity (431–1360 AD)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion_of_Nestorian_Christianity_(431–1360_AD)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expansion of Nestorian Christianity (431–1360 AD) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_Nestorian_Christianity_(431–1360_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nestorianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nestorianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nestorianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nestorianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_to_Sogdiana_and_eastern_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_to_Sogdiana_and_eastern_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Expansion to Sogdiana and eastern Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_to_Sogdiana_and_eastern_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early Christianity in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_among_the_Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_among_the_Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Christianity among the Mongols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_among_the_Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East–West_rapprochement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East–West_rapprochement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>East–West rapprochement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-East–West_rapprochement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle East–West rapprochement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-East–West_rapprochement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Armenian Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Byzantine Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_missions_to_the_Mongols_and_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_missions_to_the_Mongols_and_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catholic missions to the Mongols and China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_missions_to_the_Mongols_and_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_voyages_of_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_voyages_of_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>European voyages of exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_voyages_of_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European voyages of exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_voyages_of_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Christianity in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_in_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christianity in Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_in_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuits_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuits_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Jesuits in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuits_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independently_formed_Catholic_movements_in_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independently_formed_Catholic_movements_in_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Independently formed Catholic movements in Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independently_formed_Catholic_movements_in_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_in_Asia_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_in_Asia_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Christianity in Asia today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity_in_Asia_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity in Asia today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity_in_Asia_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Percentage_and_number_of_Christians_per_Asian_country_or_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percentage_and_number_of_Christians_per_Asian_country_or_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Percentage and number of Christians per Asian country or territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percentage_and_number_of_Christians_per_Asian_country_or_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Table notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المسيحية في آسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية في آسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5anstv%C3%AD_v_Asii" title="Křesťanství v Asii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanství v Asii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_en_Asia" title="Cristianismo en Asia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo en Asia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="아시아의 기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시아의 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_di_Asia" title="Kekristenan di Asia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan di Asia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Asia" title="Cristianesimo in Asia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo in Asia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_di_Asia" title="Kristian di Asia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kristian di Asia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinusko_Aasiassa" title="Kristinusko Aasiassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinusko Aasiassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo_sa_Asya" title="Kristiyanismo sa Asya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristiyanismo sa Asya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆசியாவில் கிறித்தவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசியாவில் கிறித்தவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ایشیا میں مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایشیا میں مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%B4_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BA%A1i_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%81" title="Kitô giáo tại châu Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kitô giáo tại châu Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3491281#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="View the content page [c]" 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a 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title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a 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Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> <ul><li><ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a 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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Oceania" title="Category:Christianity in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in 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title="Christianity in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_South_America" title="Category:Christianity in South America">South America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Colombia" title="Christianity in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/17px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/26px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/33px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_by_country" title="Template talk:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christianity in Asia</b> has its roots in the very inception of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which originated from the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a>. Christianity then spread through the missionary work of his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">apostles</a>, first in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and taking roots in the major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a>. According to tradition, further eastward expansion occurred via the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, who established Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (Iran) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">India</a>. The very <a href="/wiki/First_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ecumenical Council">First Ecumenical Council</a> was held in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (325). The first nations to adopt Christianity as a state religion were <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in 301 and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in 327. By the 4th century, Christianity became the dominant religion in all Asian provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 and the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Schism">Nestorian Schism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian Christianity</a> developed. <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorians</a> began converting Mongols around the 7th century, and Nestorian Christianity was probably introduced into China during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907). Mongols tended to be tolerant of multiple religions, with several Mongol tribes being primarily Christian, and under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s grandson, the great khan <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a>, Christianity was a small religious influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the 13th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Ecumenical Council">Fourth Ecumenical Council</a> was held in Asian city of <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> (451). Christological controversies and disputes that surrounded the Council and its aftermath gradually resulted in division between pro-Chalcedonian (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>) and anti-Chalcedonian (<a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>) Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the late 12th and 13th centuries, there was some effort to reunite Eastern and Western Christianity. There were also numerous missionary efforts from Europe to Asia, primarily by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries. In the 16th century, Spain began to convert <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipinos</a>. In the 18th century, Catholicism developed more or less independently in Korea. </p><p>At present, Christianity continues to be the majority religion in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. It has significant minority populations in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and several other countries in Asia with a total Christian population of more than 295 million.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianity_in_Asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Christianity_in_Asia.svg/400px-Christianity_in_Asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Christianity_in_Asia.svg/600px-Christianity_in_Asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Christianity_in_Asia.svg/800px-Christianity_in_Asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Spread of Christianity to Asia 1st century.</figcaption></figure><p> As of 2021, there are nearly 383 million Christians in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_spread_in_Asia">Early spread in Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early spread in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levant">Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/225px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/338px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/450px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A 6th century <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian church">Nestorian church</a>, St. John the Arab, in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Andac" class="mw-redirect" title="Andac">Geramon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity spread through the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (Eastern Mediterranean) from the 1st century AD. One of the key centers of Christianity became the city of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, previous capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, located in today what is modern Turkey. Antioch was evangelized perhaps by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Apostle">Peter the Apostle</a>, according to the tradition upon which the Antiochene patriarchate still rests its claim for primacy,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certainly by <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a>. Its converts were the first to be called <i>Christians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They multiplied rapidly, and by the time of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> (347–395) were reckoned by <a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a> (347–407), Archbishop of Constantinople, at about 100,000 people. Between 252 and 300, ten assemblies of the church were held at Antioch and it became the seat of one of the original <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentarchy (Christianity)">five patriarchates</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintNino.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/SaintNino.gif" decoding="async" width="135" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> (290–338) is credited with establishing Christianity as a state religion in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> were the first nations to adopt Christianity as a state religion, in 301 and 326 respectively. </p><p>Christianity had been preached in Armenia by two of Jesus' twelve <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Thaddaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> — between 40–60 AD. Because of these two founding apostles, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> is considered to be the world's oldest national church. In Georgia, Christianity was first preached by the apostles <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Andrew</a> in the first century. It became the state religion of <a href="/wiki/Kartli,_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartli, Iberia">Kartli, Iberia</a> (the area of Georgia's capital) in 326. The conversion of Georgia to Christianity is credited to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> (290–338).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parthian_Empire">Parthian Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parthian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity in Iran</a></div> <p>Christianity further spread eastward under the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, which displayed a high tolerance of religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, Christian <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> in Central Asia, starting with <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the Iranian plateau, was put under the responsibility of Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(apostle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas (apostle)">Thomas the Apostle</a>, and started in the first century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-roux-216_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roux-216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Thomas is also credited with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a>. The Christians of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> were organized under several bishops, and were present at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-roux-216_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roux-216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_to_Central_Asia">Expansion to Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion to Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread of Christianity in Central Asia seems to have been facilitated by the great diffusion of Greek in the region (<a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, the language of Jesus Christ. The spread of the Jews in Asia since the deportation from Babylon and the capture of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> also seems to have been a contributing factor.<sup id="cite_ref-roux-216_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roux-216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known references to Christian communities in Central Asia is from a writing by <a href="/wiki/Bar_Daisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Daisan">Bar Daisan</a> around 196 AD: "Nor do our sisters among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilanians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilanians (page does not exist)">Gilanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> have any intercourse with strangers".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanians">Sasanians</a> also proved rather tolerant of the Christian faith until the persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> (276–93 AD). Further persecutions seem to have taken place under <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (310–379) and <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (438–457), with events in 338 having brought significant damage to the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-roux-216_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roux-216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_(1st_century_AD)"><span id="India_.281st_century_AD.29"></span>India (1st century AD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India (1st century AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GondopharesShinObv.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GondopharesShinObv.JPG/220px-GondopharesShinObv.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GondopharesShinObv.JPG/330px-GondopharesShinObv.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GondopharesShinObv.JPG/440px-GondopharesShinObv.JPG 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>According to tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a> king Gondophares was proselytized by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(apostle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas (apostle)">St Thomas</a>, who continued on to southern India, and possibly as far as Malaysia or China.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Eusebius' record</a>, the apostles <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> were assigned to <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (modern Iran) and India.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the establishment of the Second Persian Empire (AD 226), there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India, Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (region)">Baluchistan</a> (including parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early third-century Syriac work known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connects the apostle's Indian ministry with two kings, one in the north and the other in the south. According to the <i>Acts</i>, Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission, but the Lord appeared to him in a night vision and compelled him to accompany an Indian merchant, Abbanes (or Habban), to his native place in northwest India. There, Thomas found himself in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a> king, Gondophares. The Apostle's ministry resulted in many conversions throughout the kingdom, including the king and his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas thereafter went south to <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and baptized the natives, whose descendants form the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Malabar_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Malabar Nasrani">Syrian Malabar Nasranis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piecing together the various traditions, the story suggests that Thomas left northwest India when invasion threatened, and traveled by vessel to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> along the southwestern coast of the Indian continent, possibly visiting southeast <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> en route, and landing at the former flourishing port of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> on an island near <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> in 52. From there he preached the gospel throughout the Malabar Coast. The various Churches he founded were located mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Periyar_River" title="Periyar River">Periyar River</a> and its tributaries and along the coast. He preached to all classes of people and had about 170 converts, including members of the four principal castes. Later, stone crosses were erected at the places where churches were founded, and they became pilgrimage centres. In accordance with apostolic custom, Thomas ordained teachers and leaders or elders, who were reported to be the earliest ministry of the Malabar church. </p><p>Thomas next proceeded overland to the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> in southeastern India, and ministered in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> area, where a local King and many people were converted. One tradition related that he went from there to China via <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in Malaysia, and after spending some time there, returned to the Madras area.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently his renewed ministry outraged the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, who were fearful lest Christianity undermine their social caste system. So according to the Syriac version of the <i>Acts of Thomas</i>, Mazdai, the local king at <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>, after questioning the Apostle condemned him to death about the year AD 72. Anxious to avoid popular excitement, the King ordered Thomas conducted to a nearby mountain, where, after being allowed to pray, he was then stoned and stabbed to death with a lance wielded by an angry Brahmin.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christianity in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>Christianity was introduced to Sri Lanka in the 1st century (72 AD). Possibly after the apostle <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas'</a> visit to India.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_cross" title="Anuradhapura cross">Anuradhapura cross</a> is an ancient recorded symbol of Christianity in the island.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> was the majority branch of Christianity before the arrival of the Portuguese. Catholicism was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> invasion of Ceylon in the 16th century. With the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> colonial period seeing a percentage of church members in excess of 10–20%.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_of_Nestorian_Christianity_(431–1360_AD)"><span id="Expansion_of_Nestorian_Christianity_.28431.E2.80.931360_AD.29"></span>Expansion of Nestorian Christianity (431–1360 AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expansion of Nestorian Christianity (431–1360 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></div> <p>In 410 the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> emperor summoned the Persian church leaders to the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Seleucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Seleucia">Synod of Seleucia</a>. His purpose was to make the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia-Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> the minority leader of the Christians in the Empire, and personally responsible for their good conduct throughout the Persian empire. The synod accepted the emperor's wish. </p><p>In 424 the bishops of Persia met in council under the leadership of Catholicos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadiso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadiso (page does not exist)">Dadiso</a> and determined that there would be no reference of their disciplinary or theological problems to any other power, especially not to any church council in the Roman Empire. The formal separation from the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">See of Antioch</a> and the western Syrian Church under the Roman (Byzantine) Emperors, occurred at this synod in 424. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nestorianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern development of Christianity continued to separate from the west, pushed along by such events as 431's <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>, in which the Syrian bishop <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> since 428, was accused of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> for preaching his brand of Christianity, labelled <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> after him. He and his followers were banished from the Byzantine Empire, and other religious and political institutions gave him sanctuary. Eastern Christianity seceded to form the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, though some historians refer to it with the catchall term <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian Church</a> despite the fact that many eastern Christians were not following the doctrine preached by Nestorius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_to_Sogdiana_and_eastern_Central_Asia">Expansion to Sogdiana and eastern Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Expansion to Sogdiana and eastern Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proselytism, combined with sporadic <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> persecutions and the exiling of Christian communities in their own area, caused the spread of Christianity to the east. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313, granted Christianity toleration by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. After the Emperor Constantine's conversion to Christianity, the indigenous Christians of Persia were considered a political threat to the Sassanians. They exiled Christian communities to the east, such as a community of Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Melkites" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkites">Melkites</a> who were installed in Romagyri near <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, or a community of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobites</a>, who were sent to <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> at the doorstep of China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a> are known to have been open somewhat to Christianity since 498, and they requested the Nestorian <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> to establish a diocesan bishop in their lands in 549.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 650, there were 20 Nestorian dioceses east of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of Islam in the late 7th century further cut off Asian Christianity from the Western Christians, but eastern expansion of the faith continued nonetheless. Relations with Islam were good enough for the Catholicos to leave Seleucia-Ctesiphon to set up his seat in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> upon the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Abbassids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbassids">Abbassids</a> in 750. </p><p>From the 7th century onward, the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> of Central Asia started to convert to <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a>. Mass conversions are recorded in 781−2 and later in 1007, when 200,000 Turks and Mongols reportedly became Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> are also known to have converted to Christianity at the suggestion of the Georgians as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of the Georgian king <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David II</a>. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an influential clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity_in_China">Early Christianity in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Christianity in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Church of the East in Sichuan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestorian-Stele-Budge-plate-X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nestorian-Stele-Budge-plate-X.jpg/220px-Nestorian-Stele-Budge-plate-X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Nestorian-Stele-Budge-plate-X.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Stele">Nestorian Stele</a> in China, erected in 781. The title is: <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="大秦">大秦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="景教">景教</a>流行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中國">中國</a>碑 "Stele of the propagation of the luminous Roman faith in China"</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity may have existed earlier in China, but the first documented introduction was during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) A Christian mission under the leadership of the priest <a href="/wiki/Alopen" title="Alopen">Alopen</a> (described variously as Persian, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>) was known to have arrived in 635, where he and his followers received an Imperial Edict allowing for the establishment of a church.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, the religion was known as the <i>Luminous Religion of the Romans</i> (大秦景教 <i>Dàqín Jǐngjiào</i>). "<i><a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a></i>" was a Chinese term used to mean Rome and the Near East, though from the Western view, Nestorian Christianity was considered heretical by the Latin Christians. </p><p>Opposition arose to the Christians in 698–699 from the Buddhists, and then from the Daoists in 713, but Christianity continued to thrive, and in 781, a stone <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Stele">Nestorian Stele</a>) was erected at the Tang capital of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, which recorded 150 years of Emperor-supported Christian history in China. The text of the stele describes flourishing communities of Christians throughout China, but beyond this and few other fragmentary records, relatively little is known of their history. In later years, other emperors were not as religiously tolerant. In 845, the Chinese authorities implemented an interdiction of foreign cults, and Christianity diminished in China until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_among_the_Mongols">Christianity among the Mongols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity among the Mongols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Christianity among the Mongols</a></div> <p>Overall, Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions, and typically sponsored several at the same time. They had been <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christians">Nestorian Christians</a> since about the 7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several Mongol tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kerait" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerait">Kerait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a>, and to a large extent the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara Khitan</a> (who practiced it side by side with Buddhism),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founder of the Mongol Empire, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (1162–1227) was a <a href="/wiki/Shamanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanist">shamanist</a>, but showed great tolerance to other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman-246_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman-246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sons were married to Christian princesses of the Kerait clan,<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman-246_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman-246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Doquz_Khatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Doquz Khatan">Doquz Khatan</a>, a remarkable Kerait noblewoman, the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Keraites#Khanate" title="Keraites">Toghrul Khan</a> and a passionate Christian who held considerable influence at the court of the Khan. She made no secret of her dislike of Islam and her eagerness to help Christians of every sect.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the rule of Genghis's grandson <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> (1205–1259), son of Sorghaghtani, the main religious influence was that of the Christians, to whom Möngke showed special favour in memory of his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East–West_rapprochement"><span id="East.E2.80.93West_rapprochement"></span>East–West rapprochement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East–West rapprochement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> of 1054, various efforts, over several centuries, were made at reuniting eastern and western Christianity, with the objective of putting both under the rule of the Pope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Church">Armenian Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armenian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HetoumIIDrawing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HetoumIIDrawing.JPG/220px-HetoumIIDrawing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HetoumIIDrawing.JPG/330px-HetoumIIDrawing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HetoumIIDrawing.JPG/440px-HetoumIIDrawing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Hetoum_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetoum II">Hetoum II</a>, as a Franciscan friar</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1198, a Union was proclaimed between Rome and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Church</a> by the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">catholicos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sis,_Armenia" title="Sis, Armenia">Sis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigor_VI_Apirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigor VI Apirat">Grigor VI Apirat</a>. This was not followed in deeds however, as the local clergy and populace was strongly opposed to such a union. Again in 1441, the Armenian Catholicos of Sis <a href="/wiki/Grigor_IX_Musabekiants" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigor IX Musabekiants">Grigor IX Musabekiants</a> proclaimed the union of the Armenian and Latin churches at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>, but this was countered by an Armenian schism under Kirakos I Virapetsi, which installed the Catholicos see at <a href="/wiki/Edjmiatzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edjmiatzin">Edjmiatzin</a>, and marginalized Sis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous Catholic missions were also sent to Cilician Armenia to help with rapprochement. The <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> were put in charge of these missions. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> visited Cilicia in 1254, and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Monte_Corvino" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Monte Corvino">John of Monte Corvino</a> in 1288.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian king <a href="/wiki/Hethoum_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethoum II">Hethoum II</a> (1266–1307) would himself become a Franciscan friar upon his multiple abdications. Another such monk was the historian <a href="/wiki/Nerses_Balients" title="Nerses Balients">Nerses Balients</a>, who was a member of the "Unitarian" movement advocating unification with the Latin Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Church">Byzantine Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Byzantine Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various efforts were also made by the Byzantine Church to unite with Rome. In 1272, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a> was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a>, to negotiate for the reunion of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The objective was to drive a wedge between the pope and supporters of the Latin Empire, who had views on reconquering Constantinople. A tenuous union between the Greek and Latin churches was signed at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Lyons">Second Council of Lyons</a> in 1274. Michael VIII's concession was met with determined opposition at home, and prisons filled with many opponents to the union. At the same time the unionist controversy helped drive Byzantium's Orthodox neighbors <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> into the camp of Michael VIII's opponents. For a while the diplomatic intent of the union worked out in the West, but in the end <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Pope Martin IV</a>, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a>, excommunicated Michael VIII.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_missions_to_the_Mongols_and_China">Catholic missions to the Mongols and China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Catholic missions to the Mongols and China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contacts between the Mongols and the West occurred in the 13th century, as the Mongol Empire expanded towards Europe and Palestine, coinciding with the latter part of the Crusades. Initial contacts showed that the Mongols had the impression that the Pope was the leader of the Europeans, and sent him messages insisting that he submit Europe to Mongol authority. In return, the Mongols stated that after they conquered <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, they would return it to the Crusaders. The various popes, for their part, seemed to be unaware that Christianity already existed in the East, and tended to respond with messages insisting that the Mongols convert to Christianity and accept baptism. Later communications between the Mongols and Europe saw attempts to form a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a> against the Muslims. </p><p>In 1253, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> sent the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> to the Mongol capital of <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a> to convert the Tartars. William visited the court of the great khan <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> in 1254, and observed representatives of several religions there. He engaged in a famous debate set up by Möngke, with representatives of each religion debating (unsuccessfully) which was best. He left in August 1254, bearing Möngke's reply to King Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG/220px-NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG/330px-NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG/440px-NoccoloAndMaffeoPoloWithGregoryX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Niccolo and Maffeo <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Polo</a> remitting a letter from <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> in 1271.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1268, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s father and uncle returned from China with an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> to the pope, imploring him that a hundred teachers of science and religion be sent to reinforce the Christianity already present in Kublai's empire. However, this came to naught due to the hostility of influential Nestorian Christians within the largely Mongol court.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai did request Western assistance to secure Mongol rule over the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. In 1289, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a> sent the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/John_of_Monte_Corvino" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Monte Corvino">John of Monte Corvino</a> to China by way of India. Although Kublai had already died by the time John arrived in 1294, the court at <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> received him graciously and encouraged him to settle there. John was China's first Catholic missionary, and he was significantly successful. He laboured largely in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongol tongue</a>, translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, built a central church, and within a few years (by 1305) could report 6,000 baptized converts. He also established a lay training school of 150 students. Other priests joined him, John was consecrated a bishop, and centers were established in the coastal provinces of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, known to Europeans of the time as "Zaitun"). Under John's influence, many Mongols, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Ongut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongut">Ongut</a> tribe, changed allegiance from the Eastern Nestorian (Syro-Oriental) Church, to Western Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-uhalley-14_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhalley-14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of Monte Corvino, an embassy to the French <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Pope Benedict XII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> was sent by <a href="/wiki/Toghun_Tem%C3%BCr" class="mw-redirect" title="Toghun Temür">Toghun Temür</a> in 1336, requesting a new spiritual guide. The pope replied by appointing four ecclesiastics as his legates to the khan's court. In 1338, a total of 50 ecclesiastics were sent by the Pope to Peking, such as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Marignolli" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Marignolli">John of Marignolli</a>, who arrived in Khanbaliq in 1342, and stayed until 1347, then returning to Avignon in 1353.<sup id="cite_ref-uhalley-14_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhalley-14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty in China was in decline, and in 1368 was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> founded by the native Chinese. The last Catholic bishop of Quanzhou, Giacomo da Firenze, was killed by the Chinese in 1362. By 1369 all Christians, whether Catholic or Nestorian (Syriac Orthodox, or Syro-Oriental), were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-uhalley-14_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhalley-14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_voyages_of_exploration">European voyages of exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European voyages of exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European voyages of exploration in the 16th century would create new opportunities for Christian proselytism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_in_the_Philippines">Christianity in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christianity in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_(Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard,_Cebu_City;_01-10-2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_%28Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard%2C_Cebu_City%3B_01-10-2024%29.jpg/300px-Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_%28Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard%2C_Cebu_City%3B_01-10-2024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_%28Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard%2C_Cebu_City%3B_01-10-2024%29.jpg/450px-Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_%28Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard%2C_Cebu_City%3B_01-10-2024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_%28Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard%2C_Cebu_City%3B_01-10-2024%29.jpg/600px-Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu_%28Osme%C3%B1a_Boulevard%2C_Cebu_City%3B_01-10-2024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Basilica del Santo Niño">Basilica del Santo Niño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s arrival in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> represents the first attempt by Spain to convert natives to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. According to a description of events,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2016)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Magellan met with <a href="/wiki/Humabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Humabon">Raja Humabon of Cebu</a>, who had an ill grandson whom the explorer, or one of his men, was able to help cure. Out of gratitude, Humabon and his chief consort allowed themselves to be christened "Carlos" and "Juana", with some 800 of his subjects also being baptised. Later, <a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a>, the monarch of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mactan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactan Island">Mactan Island</a>, had his men kill Magellan and routed the ill-fated Spanish expedition. </p><p>In 1564, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Velasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís de Velasco">Luís de Velasco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, sent the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> to the Philippines. Legazpi's expedition, which included the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Order">Augustinian</a> friar and circumnavigator <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a>, erected what is now <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Niño de Cebu">Holy Child</a>, and later conquered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Maynila">Kingdom of Maynila</a> in 1571 and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tondo">Kingdom of Tondo</a> in 1589. The colonisers then proceeded to proselytise as they explored and subjugated the remaining parts of what is now the Philippines until 1898, with the exception of parts of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Muslim</a> since at latest the 10th century CE, and <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">the Cordilleras</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">numerous mountain tribes</a> maintained their ancient beliefs as they resisted Western colonisation until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_in_Indonesia">Christianity in Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christianity in Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity in Indonesia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier"><img alt="Francis Xavier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/150px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/225px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/300px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6589" data-file-height="8402" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a>, who is the first <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionary">Christian missionary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Islands of Maluku</a> in 16th century during Portuguese exploration around Asia.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen"><img alt="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/150px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/225px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/300px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a>, which brought missionary project to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and who also translated the New Testament into the native <a href="/wiki/Batak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak language">Batak language</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A 12th-century Christian Egyptian record of churches suggest that a church was established in <a href="/wiki/Barus" title="Barus">Barus</a>, on the west coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, a trading post known to have been frequented by Indian traders, and therefore linked to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> (modern-day Malaysia) in 1509 seeking access to its wealth. Although initially well-received, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Conquest_of_Goa_(1510)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)">capture of Goa</a> as well as other Muslim–Christian conflicts convinced the Malaccan Muslims that the Portuguese Christians would be a hostile presence. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">capture of Malacca</a> is believed to have enhanced a sense of Muslim solidarity against the Christian Portuguese, and ongoing resistance against the Portuguese came from Muslim <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> as well as from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Although the Portuguese built some churches in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> itself, their evangelical influence in neighbouring territories was perhaps more negative than positive in promulgating Christianity. </p><p>The first missionaries were sent by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> in 1824, at which time Sumatra was under temporary British rule. They observed that the Batak seemed receptive to new religious thought, and were likely to fall to the first mission, either Islamic or Christian, to attempt conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second mission that in 1834 of the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> met with a brutal end when its two missionaries were killed by Batak resistant to outside interference in their traditional <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a>. </p><p>The first Christian community in North Sumatra was established in <a href="/wiki/Sipirok" title="Sipirok">Sipirok</a>, a community of (Batak) <a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola people</a>. Three missionaries from an independent church in <a href="/wiki/Ermelo,_Netherlands" title="Ermelo, Netherlands">Ermelo</a>, Netherlands arrived in 1857, and on 7 October 1861 one of the Ermelo missionaries united with the Rhenish Missionary Society, which had been recently expelled from Kalimantan as a result of the Banjarmasin War. </p><p>The mission was immensely successful, being well supported financially from Germany, and adopted effective evangelistic strategies led by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a>, who spent most of his life from 1862 until his death in 1918 in North Sumatra, successfully converting many among the <a href="/wiki/Simalungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Simalungun">Simalungun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Batak Toba</a> as well as a minority of Angkola people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuits_in_China">Jesuits in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jesuits in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit China missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/220px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/330px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/440px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Jesuits in China</figcaption></figure> <p>The missionary efforts and other work of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>, or Jesuits, between the 16th and 17th century played a significant role in continuing the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and the West, and affected <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christian culture in Chinese society</a> today. Members of the Jesuit delegation to China were perhaps the most influential of the different Christian missionaries in that country between the earliest period of the religion up until the 19th century, when significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missions developed. Prominent Jesuit missionaries included the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarrese</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">St. Francis Xavier</a>, and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>. At the time of their peak influence, members of the Jesuit delegation were considered some of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a>'s most valued and trusted advisors, holding numerous prestigious posts in the imperial government. However, between the 18th and mid-19th century, nearly all Western missionaries in China were forced to conduct their teaching and other activities covertly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independently_formed_Catholic_movements_in_Korea">Independently formed Catholic movements in Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Independently formed Catholic movements in Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">Catholic Church in South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea#Growth_of_Christianity" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity in Korea § Growth of Christianity</a></div> <p>The history of Catholicism in Korea began in 1784 when <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sung-hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Sung-hun">Yi Sung-hun</a> was baptized while in China under the Christian name of Peter. He later returned home with various religious texts and baptized many of his fellow countrymen. The Church in Korea survived without any formal missionary priests until clergy from France (the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a>) arrived in 1836 for the ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, the Catholic Church suffered persecution by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a>, chiefly for the religion's refusal to carry out ancestral worship, which it perceived to be a form of idolatry, but which the State prescribed as a cornerstone of culture. A century-long persecution produced thousands of martyrs – <a href="/wiki/Korean_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean martyrs">103 of whom were canonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in May 1984, including the first Korean priest, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">St. Andrew Dae-gun Kim</a>, who was ordained in 1845 and martyred in 1846. Despite the persecution though, the Church in Korea expanded. The Apostolic Vicariate of Korea was formed in 1831, and after the expansion of Church structure for next century, the current structure of three Metropolitan Provinces each with an Archdiocese and several suffragan Dioceses was established in 1962. </p><p>Currently <a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Deokwon</a> (덕원) in North Korea is the See of the only territorial abbey outside Europe. The abbey was vacant for more than 50 years until Fr. Francis Ri was appointed as abbot in 2005. The abbey was never united with or changed into a diocese presumably due to the lack of effective church activity in the area since the division of Korea at the end of World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity_in_Asia_today">Christianity in Asia today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christianity in Asia today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Christianity is the predominant faith in six Asian countries, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. In both conservative (the UAE) and moderately liberal (Malaysia and Indonesia) Muslim states,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christians continue to enjoy freedom of worship, despite limits on their ability to spread their faith.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A 2015 study estimates 6,968,500 Christian believers from a Muslim background in Asia, while about 483,500 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the Middle East, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percentage_and_number_of_Christians_per_Asian_country_or_territory">Percentage and number of Christians per Asian country or territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Percentage and number of Christians per Asian country or territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country or region </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Percentage Christians </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total population </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Christian population </th> <th>Dominant <a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">religious affiliation</a>, percentage of total population </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td>98.7% </td> <td>3,299,000 </td> <td>3,256,113 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> </td> <td>98% </td> <td>1,108,777 </td> <td>1,086,601 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, 97% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>91.5%<sup id="cite_ref-Philippine_Statistics_Authority_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippine_Statistics_Authority-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>109,035,343 </td> <td>92,746,021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, 78.8%; Other Christian, 12.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>88.6% </td> <td>4,636,400 </td> <td>4,107,850 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>, 83.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td>79.3% </td> <td>792,604 </td> <td>628,535 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Orthodox Church">Cypriot Orthodox Church</a>, 70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td> <td>73.6%<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum.org_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wciom.ru_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wciom.ru-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fgi-tbff.org_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fgi-tbff.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fom.ru_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fom.ru-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>142,200,000 </td> <td>58,800,000–120,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-levada.ru_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levada.ru-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Плотность_населения_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Плотность_населения-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, 70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>41% </td> <td>4,200,000 </td> <td>1,800,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, each 27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>25% </td> <td>16,536,000 </td> <td>4,134,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 69%–70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>23% </td> <td>51,709,098 </td> <td>14,375,990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (Including <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Confucianism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism in Korea">Confucianism</a>, 60%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>19% </td> <td>5,638,700 </td> <td>1,060,016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a> (various sects), 31.1%<sup id="cite_ref-2020Religion_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Religion-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td>17.9%<sup id="ref_g" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_g">[g]</a></sup> </td> <td>4,621,638 </td> <td>837,87 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-PACI_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (incl. between 259 – 400 Christian Kuwaiti citizens)<sup id="cite_ref-rel_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rel-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td>7% </td> <td>5,587,443 </td> <td>949,865 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 86.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>14.5%<sup id="ref_g" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_g">[g]</a></sup> </td> <td>718,306 </td> <td>180,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pew2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (incl. 1,000 Christian Bahraini citizens)<sup id="cite_ref-2010-Census_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010-Census-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, 66–70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td>13.8%<sup id="ref_g" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_g">[g]</a></sup> </td> <td>928,635 </td> <td>240,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pew2010_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> Islam (<a href="/wiki/Salafi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Islam">Salafi Islam</a>), 72.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>12.6%<sup id="ref_g" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_g">[g]</a></sup> </td> <td>4,621,399 </td> <td>940,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pew2010_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 65% of residents, 85% of citizens </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i><sup id="ref_b" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> </td> <td>11.7% </td> <td>7,122,508 </td> <td>833,333 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Buddhism in Hong Kong">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, 57% – 80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>10.73% </td> <td>282,477,584 </td> <td>30,277,477<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td>10% </td> <td>381,371 </td> <td>40,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pew2010_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>10% </td> <td>19,747,586 </td> <td>1,974,759 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>9.10% </td> <td>33,938,222 </td> <td>3,091,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></i><sup id="ref_b" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> </td> <td>9% </td> <td>460,823 </td> <td>41,474 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, more than 75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td>9% </td> <td>4,997,503 </td> <td>449,775 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>), 89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td>3% </td> <td>28,128,600 </td> <td>2,531,574 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> 90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>8.3% </td> <td>95,500,000 </td> <td>7,926,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, 70%<sup id="cite_ref-Intelligence_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intelligence-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>8% </td> <td>21,128,773 </td> <td>1,690,302 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, 70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td>4.3% – 6.5%<sup id="ref_g" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_g">[g]</a></sup> </td> <td>3,311,640 </td> <td>120,000<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 180,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pew2010_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi Islam</a>, 75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>6% </td> <td>6,198,677 </td> <td>371,921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>8,845,127 </td> <td>424,566 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, 81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup id="ref_b" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> </td> <td>4.5% </td> <td>22,920,946 </td> <td>1,031,443 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Buddhism</a> (various sects), 35.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Burma) </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>47,758,224 </td> <td>1,910,329 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, 89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="ref_b" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> </td> <td>3% – 5% </td> <td>1,322,044,605 </td> <td>39,661,338 – 67,070,000<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, 60% – 70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> </td> <td>3% <sup id="ref_c" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_c">[c]</a></sup> </td> <td>4,277,000 </td> <td>128,310 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 98% <sup id="ref_h" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_h">[h]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>1,147,995,226 </td> <td>26,403,890 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, 79.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>2,996,082 </td> <td>62,918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, 53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>7,112,359 </td> <td>161,000<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> (various sects), 75.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>127,920,000 </td> <td>2,558,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Folk Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, 70% – 84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>25,368,620 </td> <td>431,266 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, 64.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>6,677,534 </td> <td>100,163 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, 67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>167,762,049 </td> <td>2,516,431 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 80% – 95% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>29,535,000 </td> <td>413,900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, 80.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td>1% </td> <td>13,388,910 </td> <td>133,889 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, 95% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>1% <sup id="ref_d" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_d">[d]</a></sup> </td> <td>4,997,503 </td> <td>499,750 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>682,321 </td> <td>12,255<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, 67% – 76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>1.17% </td> <td>65,493,298 </td> <td>787,589 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, 94.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>70,472,846 </td> <td>300,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, 90% – 95% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>153,546,901 </td> <td>460,641 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 89.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>74,724,269 </td> <td>149,449 – 310,000<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 70–80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>23,013,376 </td> <td>3,000 – 41,000<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>0.02% – insignificant </td> <td>32,738,775 </td> <td>500 – 8,000<sup id="cite_ref-state2009_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state2009-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 80% – 85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="ref_j" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_j">[j]</a></sup> </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>46,523,657 </td> <td>~150,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, 60%–65% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a><sup id="ref_e" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_e">[e]</a></sup> </td> <td>0% – insignificant </td> <td>379,174 </td> <td>300 – 1,400<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 100% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="ref_f" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_f">[f]</a></sup> </td> <td>0% – insignificant </td> <td>23,513,330 </td> <td>expatriate Christians are around 1,200,000 (4.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, 85% – 90% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_notes">Table notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Table notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nations mentioned in the above list follow the list of countries and territories mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Asia" title="United Nations geoscheme for Asia">United Nations geoscheme for Asia</a>. Areas which have not been recognised, such as <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, are not mentioned in this list. The data included in the table above are per sources in linked articles when available, and the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> when not. The number of Christians mentioned per country is the result of applying the percentages to the total population. These results will deviate from actual counts where they are available. The dominant <a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">religious affiliation</a> per country mentions the dominant <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a>. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> for instance, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is shown as having 53% of the total population as followers. It does not mention that of the remaining 47% of the total population, 45% of the total population belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> sect. </p><p><span id="cnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> <b>a:</b> The provided data are for the whole of Russia as no separate data are known for Asian Russia (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>)<br /> <span id="cnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> <b>b:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Regions</a> (SAR) of China. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (officially the Republic of China) is a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">claimed</a> by the PRC. Figures given for China do not include these areas.<br /> <span id="cnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^</a></b></span> <b>c:</b> Estimate, see <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians#Demographics_and_denominations" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians#Demographics and denominations</a><br /> <span id="cnote_d"><b><a href="#ref_d">^</a></b></span> <b>d:</b> Estimate, see <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan#Religion" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan#Religion</a><br /> <span id="cnote_e"><b><a href="#ref_e">^</a></b></span> <b>e:</b> Islam is the official religion of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and open practice of any other religion is forbidden and liable to prosecution. Article nine of the revised constitution says that "a non-Muslim may not become a citizen".<br /> <span id="cnote_f"><b><a href="#ref_f">^</a></b></span> <b>f:</b> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> allows Christians to enter the country as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">temporary work</a>, but does not allow them to practice their <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> openly.<br /> <span id="cnote_g"><b><a href="#ref_g">^</a></b></span> <b>g:</b> Mainly non-citizens: <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a><br /> <span id="cnote_h"><b><a href="#ref_h">^</a></b></span> <b>h:</b> See <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Palestinian territories">Freedom of religion in the Palestinian territories</a><br /> <span id="cnote_i"><b><a href="#ref_i">^</a></b></span> <b>i:</b> As no reliable percentages were found in the Wikipedia article <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion in Russia</a>, this percentage is derived from the CIA World Factbook by subtracting the percentage of believers mentioned there from 100%<br /> <span id="cnote_j"><b><a href="#ref_j">^</a></b></span> <b>j:</b> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, 1.5 million Christians (primarily <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a>) lived in Iraq. Estimates of the current Christian population are hard to estimate, but it's known that there are less than 150,000 as of 2024. See <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a> for more info.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_of_Asia" title="List of Catholic dioceses of Asia">List of Catholic dioceses of Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/">The Global Religious Landscape: Christians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/center-for-global-christianity/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2021.pdf">https://www.gordonconwell.edu/center-for-global-christianity/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2021.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <i>Acts</i> xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></i> 11:26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712213603/http://www.stnina.ca/stnina_life.html">"Saint Nina Orthodox Christian Mission :: Vancouver, BC, Canada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stnina.ca/stnina_life.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Nina+Orthodox+Christian+Mission+%3A%3A+Vancouver%2C+BC%2C+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstnina.ca%2Fstnina_life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, p. 65 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1">978-0-230-62125-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roux-216-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roux-216_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roux-216_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roux-216_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roux-216_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, <i>L'Asie Centrale</i>, p.216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> A. E. Medlycott, <i>India and The Apostle Thomas</i>, pp. 18–71; M. R. James, <i>Apocryphal New Testament</i>, pp. 364–436; A. E. Medlycott, <i>India and The Apostle Thomas</i>, pp. 1–17, 213–97; Eusebius, <i>History</i>, chapter 4:30; <a href="/wiki/J._N._Farquhar" title="J. N. Farquhar">J. N. Farquhar</a>, <i>The Apostle Thomas in North India</i>, chapter 4:30; V. A. Smith, <i>Early History of India</i>, p. 235; L. W. Brown, <i>The Indian Christians of St. Thomas</i>, p. 49-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/">"Thomas the Apostole"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stthoma.com/">the original</a> on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+the+Apostole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stthoma.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, M. R. (1966) "The Acts of Thomas" in <i>The Apocryphal New Testament</i>, pp. 365–77; 434–8. Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Breviary of the Mar Thoma Church in Malabar</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-brief-history-of-christianity-in-sri-lanka/">"A Brief History Of Christianity In Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>Colombo Telegraph</i>. 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colombo+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+Of+Christianity+In+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombotelegraph.com%2Findex.php%2Fa-brief-history-of-christianity-in-sri-lanka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/04/22/fea32.asp">"Features | Online edition of Daily News – Lakehouse Newspapers"</a>. <i>archives.dailynews.lk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.dailynews.lk&rft.atitle=Features+%7C+Online+edition+of+Daily+News+%E2%80%93+Lakehouse+Newspapers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dailynews.lk%2F2011%2F04%2F22%2Ffea32.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226144609/http://news.assyrianchurch.org/2013/08/06/mar-aprem-metropolitan-visits-ancient-anuradhapura-cross-in-official-trip-to-sri-lanka/4480">"Mar Aprem Metropolitan Visits Ancient Anuradhapura Cross in Official Trip to Sri Lanka | Assyrian Church News"</a>. 26 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.assyrianchurch.org/2013/08/06/mar-aprem-metropolitan-visits-ancient-anuradhapura-cross-in-official-trip-to-sri-lanka/4480">the original</a> on 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mar+Aprem+Metropolitan+Visits+Ancient+Anuradhapura+Cross+in+Official+Trip+to+Sri+Lanka+%7C+Assyrian+Church+News&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.assyrianchurch.org%2F2013%2F08%2F06%2Fmar-aprem-metropolitan-visits-ancient-anuradhapura-cross-in-official-trip-to-sri-lanka%2F4480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, <i>L'Asie Centrale</i>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, <i>L'Asie Centrale</i>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, <i>L'Asie Centrale</i>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uhalley, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Silk Road</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wood" title="Frances Wood">Frances Wood</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, <i>Empire</i>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les Croisades, origines et conséquences</i>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman-246-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman-246_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman-246_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sorghaqtani, a Kerait by birth and, like all her race, a devout Nestorian Christian", Runciman, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahé, p. 71-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luisetto, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, <i>Empire</i>, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uhalley-14-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uhalley-14_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uhalley-14_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uhalley-14_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uhalley, pp. 14–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Heuken. <i>Ensiklopedi Gereja</i> (2005). See Also Adolf Heuken, "Chapter One: Christianity in Pre-Colonial Indonesia", in <i>A History of Christianity in Indonesia</i>, eds. Jan Aritonang and Karel Steenbrink, pgs. 3–7, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17026-1">978-90-04-17026-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Christianity in Indonesia, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement</i> (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992), pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. <i>IJRR</i>. <b>11</b>: 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJRR&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philippine_Statistics_Authority-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philippine_Statistics_Authority_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">"Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a>. <i>psa.gov.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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4% — 5,900,000 people identifying as Christians without belonging to any church; 1.5% — 2,100,000 people believing in Orthodox Christianity without belonging to any Orthodox church or belonging to non-Russian churches; 0.2% — 400,000 Old Believers 0.2% — 300,000 Protestants; 0.1% — 140,000 members of the Catholic Church</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Плотность_населения-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Плотность_населения_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena">"Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Арена Атлас религий и национальностей России</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0+%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%22+%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%22%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsreda.org%2Farena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Religion-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Religion_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616140325/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/census-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964">"20% of Singapore residents have no religion, an increase from the last population census"</a>. <i>CNA</i>. 16 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/census-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964">the original</a> on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=20%25+of+Singapore+residents+have+no+religion%2C+an+increase+from+the+last+population+census&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fcensus-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PACI-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PACI_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313222900/http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">"PACI Statistics"</a>. <i>Kuwait Public Authority for Civil Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">the original</a> on 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Public+Authority+for+Civil+Information&rft.atitle=PACI+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.paci.gov.kw%2Fenglishreports%2F%23DataTabPlace%3AColumnChartEduAge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rel-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rel_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154256/http://stat.paci.gov.kw/arabicreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">"Nationality By Religion and Nationality"</a> (in Arabic). Government of Kuwait. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.paci.gov.kw/arabicreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">the original</a> on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationality+By+Religion+and+Nationality&rft.pub=Government+of+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.paci.gov.kw%2Farabicreports%2F%23DataTabPlace%3AColumnChartEduAge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew2010-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2010_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2010_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2010_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2010_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2010_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010-Census-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010-Census_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104234/http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">"2010 Census Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2010.gov.bh%2Fresults_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/">"Map of the distribution of religions 2024"</a>. <i>gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id 31 December 2024: Muslim 236.000.000 (83.19), Christian 21.436.506 (7.59), Catholic 8.840.971 (3.13), Irreligion 10.931.988 (3,93%), Hindu 4.692.548 (1.74), Buddhist 1.693.833 (0.77), Confucianism 74.899 (0.03), Others/Traditional faiths 117.412 (0.04), Jewish 20.000 (0,0) Total 282.477.584</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id+31+December+2024%3A+Muslim+236.000.000+%2883.19%29%2C+Christian+21.436.506+%287.59%29%2C+Catholic+8.840.971+%283.13%29%2C+Irreligion+10.931.988+%283%2C93%25%29%2C+Hindu+4.692.548+%281.74%29%2C+Buddhist+1.693.833+%280.77%29%2C+Confucianism+74.899+%280.03%29%2C+Others%2FTraditional+faiths+117.412+%280.04%29%2C+Jewish+20.000+%280%2C0%29+Total+282.477.584.&rft.atitle=Map+of+the+distribution+of+religions+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id%2Fpeta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intelligence-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intelligence_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davesource.com/Fringe/Fringe/Religion/Average-intelligence-predicts-atheism-rates-across-137-nations-Lynn-et-al.pdf">"Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 3 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+intelligence+predicts+atheism+rates+across+137+nations&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavesource.com%2FFringe%2FFringe%2FReligion%2FAverage-intelligence-predicts-atheism-rates-across-137-nations-Lynn-et-al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529">Guide: Christians in the Middle East</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905172804/http://www.24-7prayer.com/ow/country.php?country_id=190&lang=FR">"Operation World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24-7prayer.com/ow/country.php?country_id=190&lang=FR">the original</a> on 5 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24-7prayer.com%2Fow%2Fcountry.php%3Fcountry_id%3D190%26lang%3DFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Christianity-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFANALYSIS2011" class="citation web cs1">ANALYSIS (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061838/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx">"Global Christianity"</a>. Pewforum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=ANALYSIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FGlobal-Christianity-exec.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4469209,00.html">CBS: 161,000 Christians live in Israel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604090557/http://www.aed-france.org/observatoire/pays/bhoutan/">Bhoutan, <i>Aide à l'Église en détresse</i>, "Appartenance religieuse"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state2009-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state2009_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031916/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2021"</a>. USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2021&rft.pub=USSD+Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2009%2F127362.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilfred2014" class="citation book cs1">Wilfred, Felix (2014). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199329069" title="Special:BookSources/9780199329069"><bdi>9780199329069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Christianity+in+Asia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199329069&rft.aulast=Wilfred&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108492.htm">International Religious Freedom Report 2008 – Saudi Arabia</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Denise A. Austin, Jacqueline Grey, and Paul W. Lewis (2019), <i>Asia Pacific Pentecostalism,</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39670-8">978-90-04-39670-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownChambon2022" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Bernardo; Chambon, Michel (4 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/catholicisms-overlooked-importance-in-asia/">"Catholicism's Overlooked Importance in Asia"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Catholicism%27s+Overlooked+Importance+in+Asia&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Bernardo&rft.au=Chambon%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F02%2Fcatholicisms-overlooked-importance-in-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorbon1998" class="citation book cs1">Corbon, Jean (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">"The Churches of the Middle East: Their Origins and Identity, from their Roots in the Past to their Openness to the Present"</a>. <i>Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Churches+of+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Origins+and+Identity%2C+from+their+Roots+in+the+Past+to+their+Openness+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Corbon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDing2006" class="citation book cs1">Ding, Wang (2006). "Remnants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval Ages". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ck0KAQAAMAAJ"><i>Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia</i></a>. Institut Monumenta Serica. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805005340" title="Special:BookSources/9783805005340"><bdi>9783805005340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remnants+of+Christianity+from+Chinese+Central+Asia+in+Medieval+Ages&rft.btitle=Jingjiao%3A+The+Church+of+the+East+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Institut+Monumenta+Serica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783805005340&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dck0KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvers1999" class="citation cs2">Evers, Georg (1999), "Asia", in Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/134"><i>Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>, vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/134">134–140</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2413-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2413-7"><bdi>0-8028-2413-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=134-140&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8028-2413-7&rft.aulast=Evers&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2%2Fpage%2F134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarag2011" class="citation book cs1">Farag, Lois (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfva8m7UOboC&pg=PA233">"The Middle East"</a>. <i>Christianities in Asia</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444392609" title="Special:BookSources/9781444392609"><bdi>9781444392609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Christianities+in+Asia&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444392609&rft.aulast=Farag&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnfva8m7UOboC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a>, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1">978-0-230-62125-1</a></li> <li><i>Histoire des Croisades III, 1188−1291</i>, René Grousset, editions Perrin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-02569-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-02569-X">2-262-02569-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrousset,_René1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a></span>. Translated by Walford, Naomi. New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/90972">90972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F90972&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.au=Grousset%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Erica (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031352/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2403">"The church of the East in central Asia"</a>. <i>The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>78</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.10">10.7227/BJRL.78.3.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161756931">161756931</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2403">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+church+of+the+East+in+central+Asia&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161756931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fuk-ac-man-scw%3A1m2403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jackson, Peter (2005). <i>The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410</i>. Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36896-5">978-0-582-36896-5</a></li> <li>Luisetto, Frédéric, <i>Arméniens et autres Chrétiens d'Orient sous la domination Mongole</i>, Geuthner, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7053-3791-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7053-3791-9">978-2-7053-3791-9</a></li> <li>Mahé, Jean-Pierre, <i>L'Arménie à l'épreuve des siècles</i>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Découvertes Gallimard</a> (n° 464), Paris: Gallimard, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-031409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-031409-6">978-2-07-031409-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410556" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410556"><bdi>9780881410556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410556&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moffett, Samuel Hugh. <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II: 1500-1900</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Christianity-Asia-Vol-1500-1900/dp/1570757011/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1519541778&sr=1-1">excerpt vol 2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeill1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (1966) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ"><i>Colonialism and Christian Missions</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Christian+Missions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgdLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (2004) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC"><i>A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521548854" title="Special:BookSources/9780521548854"><bdi>9780521548854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+The+Beginnings+to+AD+1707&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521548854&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRH4VPgB__GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeill2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (2002) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC"><i>A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521893329" title="Special:BookSources/9780521893329"><bdi>9780521893329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+1707-1858&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521893329&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi-tvrYbYxMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&pg=PA511">"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">511–</span>536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521811132" title="Special:BookSources/9780521811132"><bdi>9780521811132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521811132&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC%26pg%3DPA511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Roux, Jean-Paul</a> (1997), <i>L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization</i>, Librairie Arthème-Fayard, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59894-9">978-2-213-59894-9</a></li> <li>Weatherford, Jack (2004). <i>Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World</i>. Three Rivers Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4">0-609-80964-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ"><i>The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East</i></a>. London: East & West Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907318047" title="Special:BookSources/9781907318047"><bdi>9781907318047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyred+Church%3A+A+History+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=East+%26+West+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907318047&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfxNtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2013" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Dietmar W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463235864-011">"Christianity in the Middle East: Some historical remarks and preliminary demographic figures"</a>. <i>Syriac Christianity in the Middle East and India: Contributions and Challenges</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463235864-011">10.31826/9781463235864-011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463235864" title="Special:BookSources/9781463235864"><bdi>9781463235864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Some+historical+remarks+and+preliminary+demographic+figures&rft.btitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East+and+India%3A+Contributions+and+Challenges&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463235864-011&rft.isbn=9781463235864&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%2F9781463235864-011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUhalley,_StephenWu,_Xiaoxin2001" class="citation book cs1">Uhalley, Stephen; Wu, Xiaoxin (2001). <i>China and Christianity: burdened past, hopeful future</i>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0661-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0661-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-0661-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Christianity%3A+burdened+past%2C+hopeful+future&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0661-7&rft.au=Uhalley%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaoxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Asia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclj.org/pdf/ECLJ_ReportantiChristianpersecution20110120.pdf">European Centre for Law and Justice (2011): The Persecution of Oriental Christians, what answer from Europe?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Asia416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Abkhazia" title="Christianity in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" 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1,\n [\"BGD\"] = 1,\n [\"BHR\"] = 1,\n [\"BRN\"] = 1,\n [\"BTN\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"CYP\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Cnote\"] = 10,\n [\"Cref\"] = 16,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Christianity In Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Essay\"] = 1,\n [\"GEO\"] = 1,\n [\"HKG\"] = 1,\n [\"IDN\"] = 1,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"IRN\"] = 1,\n [\"IRQ\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"ISR\"] = 1,\n [\"JOR\"] = 1,\n [\"JPN\"] = 1,\n [\"KAZ\"] = 1,\n [\"KGZ\"] = 1,\n [\"KHM\"] = 1,\n [\"KOR\"] = 1,\n [\"KWT\"] = 1,\n [\"LAO\"] = 1,\n [\"LBN\"] = 1,\n [\"LKA\"] = 1,\n [\"MAC\"] = 1,\n [\"MDV\"] = 1,\n [\"MMR\"] = 1,\n [\"MNG\"] = 1,\n [\"MYS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NPL\"] = 1,\n [\"OMN\"] = 1,\n [\"PAK\"] = 1,\n [\"PHL\"] = 1,\n [\"PRK\"] = 1,\n [\"PSE\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"QAT\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"SAU\"] = 1,\n [\"SGP\"] = 1,\n [\"SYR\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"THA\"] = 1,\n [\"TJK\"] = 1,\n [\"TKM\"] = 1,\n [\"TLS\"] = 1,\n [\"TUR\"] = 1,\n [\"TWN\"] = 1,\n [\"UAE\"] = 1,\n [\"UZB\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"VNM\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"YEM\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-657b46f875-spxsn","timestamp":"20250308162651","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christianity in Asia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity_in_Asia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3491281","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3491281","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-12-04T21:14:05Z","dateModified":"2025-03-07T04:26:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/Asia-map.png","headline":"religion of an area"}</script> </body> </html>