CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a7339821f8d0',cH: 'Evn9ep3SRE6MSQYHZSVT80xN_hQiKaJTVYhJGzVX0Xs-1739794005-1.2.1.1-x1pGTpyvamnaDe8.4XmukkRyTgFMzHXZmdCemtsdpxbl4R7sGMS0_JW.mUw9GNCi',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=prefabrication&__cf_chl_tk=aLOXwN_DAjvZVWGpt_BkStTWvtfJsjRTylzuZvwBiDI-1739794005-1.0.1.1-0cQLidIvwh98wXeMKb.47WF_A2hXpseRURmhy9TOg94",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794005',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=prefabrication&__cf_chl_f_tk=aLOXwN_DAjvZVWGpt_BkStTWvtfJsjRTylzuZvwBiDI-1739794005-1.0.1.1-0cQLidIvwh98wXeMKb.47WF_A2hXpseRURmhy9TOg94",md: "V1d6TAVreCnKk_Bc9LhRgfqosX31LRrWj.Vhq0I5HBE-1739794005-1.2.1.1-879UVTfTIF_SfOkFMT8pCCm7BLHX2BauXVrammk6Gh5_Mgdz76uTlknOIm1lN3Ge01sekwWvGuaThg7w38GlffdYuQWjObOTYotoH6zbTU06LpEOsTzEcGhav6u2QlhOahNyyYUJHZTKGW1e6otEjhO3.OQXmbvQwIJjPqAepfPA7fJ92m08.Ldaiy1D49_gEJ0bpM2ja6JZgWiFCTOvCvTdXJrn1rbizEuVNd8Jv_Cc5I4lsPcPO9dxLpQkqgufOVYzGoM2pojmvX6d0wkv7V6gITNoAI7Nfww5oTvaVaXSrq6lfuq8j7pkS5LMHyH36alFpPIhq6kFHAvdA8zWQ2sZYWlOqC71k0vbbvMzXyzGMOQ6.Q84u2OgeHzFjbdbrG8SukNxGO03cUjWsXTXIlXqKdICn8lCksxD7sk3Q7on_GzWJ840uLTfMOT4OOuswKMKecI.gV_98yQvJWwQ3P0oG6xymXkfnw_aqXgLNyzIO1wLid7nPN_XMdNA0_PO7yOKog6ZDWKMD4YEMp.JLyVYi3ofNqEjtw06FX1pXGczreL.vZVmdbTdiziZWdbSFfoXyswl7uvsPwqp8cUQLECc1PE9dIzwK.MKlEJIpeC.RGKg022j8IJZOA.YExjzGzkuQ7E860wqQ_oEBaPBJVjG3W2VSdkarw3sW25g_f5g9jXwTRRQx6EradR36485M2CBU1nL1RjB3jHp4PygXCGod1EkpO_jw23EPlQMquFxb2kKSHoYI.pwhmuXo5VuAQSV83EqUx8C7GqK9B2BkvIJjLHTwGwTX4h1EI0qNUERmONcBjsUOwkYASj1lJ8zirTYz6qabcdBtI2VhQPyk5IrRyg6QNDaUEUz5e6KgKMq1L3ddqfOkKbcj6ukQxKOUThPHp7FL4EOXynSEwjcQ36mRsMpZPNBStzQ5OI5AbElKlrA2x6k21slKvkHowS5dZA4c8iZBOUWyQJS_3zAtHz2QekJxj7x6Ng4DUrbWM1ugD7oy.iGTIjxrWiXivfa87PJDcKBc4nsWzeVGYOOVWNZCeJIEcmf_H3UxdfEyfwkExr6xBmw6ejHzb1Q8wCAU70Q0y9pTa9fjatD58IgB_5lsFrPDxZOfEryxjiQm7I5bbjehEMTpY16zYZ7bG_NolgJqKHr6KMRek6s.ctbibYHhO3c3_9SBtTZD6ttZDK1gRuheKmMRqx5F2Xc.Elqwn7cj7T5r_mo00kDatsgfhfU045BGKMw_ZAq.7EhG_Sd.OWGUGQKwbpxtYe5iEfYPyk2TkKZf0bZqjZWVTX.i6soR8cSeM2Tl3ND8tH.7bOAXLYyT5WqlJDnFtMG.YOQfJO5SLsLmz6kp7XihNCC1PgHvOI6rHh6j4t_qTov1Puhoo.ga2PvH3gnfjUKH6geArcb1ujFbuKSIQ4IZaBcVDJnZNVwbvAuD.lyi54WYmV_1CNuL6IAR0W0NyqKiYlNAhFvuVW8X_6GaiRDCWK5hQEMG_7w8S_.Lt9t7HjXd57Mg.7unZ.2AE3iqhepqDAudWAgBIy_PbWm1D4__.xF4wzfFbelPmnfO1rDQw1utnR0uhGyCtEuEuMfnnWvq3UWTKkbek4QDkNWKDKyMsoS_5uA9ngDsovFyQ6Gn2i17T2lTS53hejr3gX1U6wkSabv0u.rgPmwz.xVwMjS_WIad_Y1830oAdjRlkI2IsSx0tIke6y60FZm0d.vTkonEj9ykzMz6vvUiMlMr6LhUXWySEUL50CPb1gpvxU5fdriE6oW1pDJynTlBQVSB0Zz8DIywFn62zViG4xsgR6CaTXPAvYKXfUQNLUCrlT6HcxQ9sKcOHlIBe9yGDaqMwac3vbx6D53yvh_GeP1gcDVQ89HqsEJIf3jhJY0AB00CRLlwOrZFfm2IAxc1ZEUdRB0Uvsm9yaFqZSC3wN60_9lmLJvJujKp3_Gr46CsUr5TwH1D7g",mdrd: "adwF1HngWiFd5dKr3qTqOfBx.sZ_uycjUH4gQUk4DnE-1739794005-1.2.1.1-WTMVildaz4JbnSKyCkmpouSXrFAnPhKAUE28mImUjLeNmu1gXadLmvDtm.cyGOjK16zwpmkSUaDYOWEiM3dCAVXdmlOG3R8Fxp5Sx_E6W.zJqs.u4xyRFjwff5DWPlJ1JmO.1coKtKdij1PFZebrhRblkJYDh6ZqCuL3u5W3bEdfrOQkRiVfMhMCfip3Fd1u7HYXoeYplM7Y.La9IhXj50OZopxZFpzyc5BAe2_d6LWwLKT.bDSC1rD1wODJhmGMZT_Fi0ANk6kSPiCS2gd9D2jEq74Coto_g516vKqIOwyIVudxrvG7RG3R5ok9sm78BaxdPDpRVGDKItXEkxTQ.9dY58gCYxcoiARS6JAJtlZLQibhlseOzVBdxGMb8eOANmkRfThV2l0nLJTDnovHS4tj7vRPV9j71LMbfge2Hb.iVHSg63qgYidNkrD79iW.lgZsCE0XmphrHMWLJ03GAa2neKsNmsRl8ZAS1bxOIGQ0Il5s5g0brJXAzK62kiSau1pHiXqT9tamgCh40RU9gn6t2hChlr.GG4tbiPnXTJclBX6LOBCPRfHtBYyayJhiE45e97RT_73XNTdDIbt51HyR.udkl.KHBdNrrg6BFB6_rB4kzRj9lvfJXgzqLNIcPj0C.jNGeAsOZ_ErLdPNaYMHCKwL4biTA0mmL4F0uzdlW_0PGv4tmXvTXZuDHaRVIaphrsyxfHwtRKbCGyoY2dWRSavpMz_Ec3TOMqX13UHgiPNZ3bpyzkXRDG25Gd8yIP_MKlS19j7EtQ2AvqJao1S4fFZvczLLj1F0VPM87cn_cB50lziqgS_57GToUQ3ht6EZqA66p1p2flfnDmaRclBGWqbo74mhZ4joJS.gJ.aTPcLzU6wNerDYnIaMUACLA_LZLLNtQ8hqCuIg45jgIAyhhyyeMOZEHwSGNy9ZzPLmIN00_yae06uZXvCJwrZv8igMChtdxhOWxoBULkxZHe_8EEVpXg5mBTouhjre5UAVLBvVk7yGnuhiP4D7M6fAZ2BQvsFYbuQL_ez5Mij6jy59j96Z47h9eY02nrwl5T6GW28HXYcDp7wantGiezyRL5EPlG8DTTnfbLlDK.Y2LLiwENIpm71axO9RtqXmdsj2jaNT2_wgu8Ydw4eUhEveX85G26JE.qF3URPnYJikxJVKL1pVkndkUvVXkPh9fdVwq12tQdpwdvQ5iVQNmJ9UdY3Fp_6sDD_nBCyiYTktIaICOWNSOJOBDWZy_kFfe3ZIYhVAYs2kr3afkMvnlWtGYPbSWBQoRZzu9tYBkQP.ZYojP2dikzbY2abBPOXixDl1jpEJ898uhy.0CY5bNc5Fvc9NCzkq37CkFeUCiMWSbEq5Aj0UqBVNaoFJDuXpaVuV3vtQphiffGidkDiiUX2HqX5G.vZasGIXV29KzbMH3Hr.cyivvtpL_6FucryUUGV0txPbRUfNp4GzPqv8FZZwGAZ.dl_xR4.B_XdinNLJTLpBh7nXXGY7SM2I9G_IYDpmU3H7iWvgzrMAm.k4IQTRK3vr2sYJ3pv2xIa_bbusvws6XyXSEnACYBV9SbhVTcbDwa5fCWVjqMEAc1Ifmfx6BuxEDX78bt9Ciz2TYxRUGv60aUVz1rFENSzPRblXbmKnXiAQrqOJY9jVWRv5q50kGtEMywF45IHQ7O_HKLUToxEr2tdkdZGKJP8m2WT73ntS7ZhP._D.BAJshpTJkYXfPQK.If1YAN350BiWThf9x45UnFgM2T8sQYM0sPKXpXtHyQNulEISsgWEkudqB46Wa6URm_gVicEkL_n.k7Bjd86pJ_fU0Ug1tQepfW6oODpABLEgagXDad303agjo39FPHG_ZKIxRbHmLutcVnuvacImJmUeOUgTZhmK7siDusbtMm5Le8D9U4nlV7hJy7aNwbkBPYvtXFVtsFVOqW8cX4wGLMWcrwlkVwuEUdIT8FbRG0DGscfy8YRKwT8ei.zO"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a7339821f8d0';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=prefabrication&__cf_chl_rt_tk=aLOXwN_DAjvZVWGpt_BkStTWvtfJsjRTylzuZvwBiDI-1739794005-1.0.1.1-0cQLidIvwh98wXeMKb.47WF_A2hXpseRURmhy9TOg94" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>