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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Palestinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Northern Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Peace movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberation theology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevrydingsteologie" title="Bevrydingsteologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bevrydingsteologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="لاهوت التحرير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاهوت التحرير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolox%C3%ADa_de_la_Lliberaci%C3%B3n" title="Teoloxía de la Lliberación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teoloxía de la Lliberación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1u-pa%CC%8Dk_s%C3%AEn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тэалогія вызвалення – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэалогія вызвалення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia_de_l%27alliberament" title="Teologia de l'alliberament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teologia de l'alliberament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologie_osvobozen%C3%AD" title="Teologie osvobození – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teologie osvobození" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwinyddiaeth_rhyddhad" title="Diwinyddiaeth rhyddhad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwinyddiaeth rhyddhad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befrielsesteologi" title="Befrielsesteologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Befrielsesteologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befreiungstheologie" title="Befreiungstheologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Befreiungstheologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Θεολογία της Απελευθέρωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεολογία της Απελευθέρωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolog%C3%ADa_de_la_liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Teología de la liberación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teología de la liberación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologio_de_liberigo" title="Teologio de liberigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teologio de liberigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askapenaren_teologia" title="Askapenaren teologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Askapenaren teologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4" title="الهیات آزادی‌بخش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الهیات آزادی‌بخش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie_de_la_lib%C3%A9ration" title="Théologie de la libération – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théologie de la libération" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadhaireachd_an_t-saoraidh" title="Diadhaireachd an t-saoraidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Diadhaireachd an t-saoraidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolox%C3%ADa_da_liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Teoloxía da liberación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teoloxía da liberación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%A9_%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%99" title="해방 신학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해방 신학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="विमुक्ति धर्ममीमांसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विमुक्ति धर्ममीमांसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija_oslobo%C4%91enja" title="Teologija oslobođenja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teologija oslobođenja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi_pembebasan" title="Teologi pembebasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teologi pembebasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologia_del_liberation" title="Theologia del liberation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Theologia del liberation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia_della_liberazione" title="Teologia della liberazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teologia della liberazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="תאולוגיית שחרור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאולוגיית שחרור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologia_liberationis" title="Theologia liberationis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theologia liberationis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felszabad%C3%ADt%C3%A1si_teol%C3%B3gia" title="Felszabadítási teológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felszabadítási teológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B4l%C3%B4jian%27_ny_fanafahana" title="Teôlôjian' ny fanafahana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Teôlôjian' ny fanafahana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വിമോചനദൈവശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിമോചനദൈവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi_pembebasan" title="Teologi pembebasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teologi pembebasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevrijdingstheologie" title="Bevrijdingstheologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bevrijdingstheologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E3%81%AE%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="解放の神学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="解放の神学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigj%C3%B8ringsteologi" title="Frigjøringsteologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frigjøringsteologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia_wyzwolenia" title="Teologia wyzwolenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teologia wyzwolenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia_da_liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Teologia da libertação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teologia da libertação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qispichiy_yaya_yachay" title="Qispichiy yaya yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qispichiy yaya yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теология освобождения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теология освобождения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liberation theology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teol%C3%B3gia_oslobodenia" title="Teológia oslobodenia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teológia oslobodenia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija_oslobo%C4%91enja" title="Teologija oslobođenja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Teologija oslobođenja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija_oslobo%C4%91enja" title="Teologija oslobođenja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teologija oslobođenja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapautuksen_teologia" title="Vapautuksen teologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapautuksen teologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befrielseteologi" title="Befrielseteologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Befrielseteologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian theological approach emphasizing the liberation of the oppressed</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie"><i>Nouvelle théologie</i> (<i>Ressourcement</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  •  Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_theology" title="Constructive theology">Constructive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Eco-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Conservative Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminist</a> in the broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology"><i>Minjung</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liberation theology</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> approach emphasizing the "liberation of the oppressed". It engages in <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> analyses, with social concern for the poor and "political liberation for oppressed peoples"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and addresses other forms of perceived inequality. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_communism" title="Catholic communism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberation theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East#Palestinian_liberation_theology" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Câmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Johnson" title="Hewlett Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanos_Dimakos" title="Germanos Dimakos">Dimakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotino_Rhodakanaty" title="Plotino Rhodakanaty">Rhodakanaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Arrupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Boer" title="Roland Boer">Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everard_(Digger)" title="William Everard (Digger)">Everard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Wilson_(Irish_Catholic_priest)" title="Des Wilson (Irish Catholic priest)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Maurice" title="F. D. Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Scholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothee_S%C3%B6lle" title="Dorothee Sölle">Sölle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Winstanley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major writings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:24" title="Matthew 6:24">Matthew 6:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man" title="Jesus and the rich young man">Jesus and the rich young man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">Acts 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theology_of_Liberation" title="A Theology of Liberation">A Theology of Liberation</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialist_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Socialist Party (Hungary)">Christian Socialist Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_for_Socialism" title="Christians for Socialism">Christians for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_du_socialisme_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Parti du socialisme chrétien">Parti du socialisme chrétien</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_the_papacy" title="Social teachings of the papacy">Social teachings of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_socialism" title="Catholicism and socialism">Catholicism and socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gospel">Social gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_economics" title="Sabbath economics">Sabbath economics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnia_sunt_communia" title="Omnia sunt communia">Omnia sunt communia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Christian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Liberation theologies were first being discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> context, especially within Catholicism in the 1960s after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. There, it became the political <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> of theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Frei_Betto" title="Frei Betto">Frei Betto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Leonardo Boff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Segundo" title="Juan Luis Segundo">Juan Luis Segundo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Sobrino" title="Jon Sobrino">Jon Sobrino</a>, who popularized the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">preferential option for the poor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The option for the poor is simply the idea that, as reflected in canon law, "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote social justice and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor." It indicates an obligation, on the part of those who would call themselves Christian, first and foremost to care for the poor and vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-Dault_46_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dault_46-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Latin America also produced <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> advocates of liberation theology, such as <a href="/wiki/Rubem_Alves" title="Rubem Alves">Rubem Alves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%ADguez_Bonino" title="José Míguez Bonino">José Míguez Bonino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Ren%C3%A9_Padilla" class="mw-redirect" title="C. René Padilla">C. René Padilla</a>, who in the 1970s called for <a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">integral mission</a>, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">social responsibility</a>. </p><p>Theologies of liberation have also developed in other parts of the world such as <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">black theology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian liberation theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit theology</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung theology</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, as well as liberation theology in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_American">Latin American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Latin American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American liberation theology</a></div> <p>Liberation theology developed within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in the 1960s, as a reaction to the poverty and <a href="/wiki/Social_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social injustice">social injustice</a> in the region, which <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">CEPAL</a> deemed the <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_Latin_America" title="Wealth inequality in Latin America">most unequal in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined in 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian">Peruvian</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a>, who wrote one of the movement's defining books, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Theology_of_Liberation" title="A Theology of Liberation">A Theology of Liberation</a></i>. Other exponents include <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Leonardo Boff</a> of Brazil, and Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Jon_Sobrino" title="Jon Sobrino">Jon Sobrino</a> of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Segundo" title="Juan Luis Segundo">Juan Luis Segundo</a> of Uruguay.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin American liberation theology influenced parts of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">evangelical movement</a> and Catholic bishops in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-chomsky_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chomsky-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its reliance on "<a href="/wiki/Marxism#Concepts" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>" led in the mid-1980s to an admonition by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> (CDF). While stating that "in itself, the expression 'theology of liberation' is a thoroughly valid term",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prefect <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Ratzinger">Cardinal Ratzinger</a> rejected certain forms of Latin American liberation theology for focusing on institutionalized or systemic sin and for identifying Catholic Church hierarchy in South America as members of the same privileged class that had long been oppressing Indigenous populations from the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Pizarro</a> onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Wojda,_Paul_J._1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wojda,_Paul_J._1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black">Black</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Black"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></div> <p>More or less at the same time as the initial publications of Latin American liberation theology are also found voices of <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black liberation theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">feminist liberation theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black theology refers to a theological perspective which originated in some <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black churches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and later in other parts of the world, which contextualizes <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in an attempt to help those of African descent overcome oppression. It especially focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">injustices</a> committed against <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> and black <a href="/wiki/South_African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South African people">South Africans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">American segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid</a>, respectively. </p><p>Black theology seeks to liberate people of colour from multiple forms of political, social, economic, and religious subjugation and views <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> as a theology of liberation—"a rational study of the being of God in the world in light of the existential situation of an oppressed community, relating the forces of liberation to the essence of the Gospel, which is Jesus Christ," writes <a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James Hal Cone</a>, one of the original advocates of the perspective. Black theology mixes Christianity with questions of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, particularly as raised by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalit">Dalit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dalit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit theology</a></div> <p>Dalit theology is a branch of Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> that emerged among the Dalit castes in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the 1980s. It shares a number of themes with <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American liberation theology</a>, which arose two decades earlier, including a self-identity as a people undergoing <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalit theology sees hope in the "Nazareth Manifesto" of Luke 4,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> speaks of preaching "good news to the poor ... freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind" and of releasing "the oppressed".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian">Palestinian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palestinian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East#Palestinian_liberation_theology" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Political theology in the Middle East § Palestinian liberation theology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian">Palestinian</a> liberation theology is an expression of <a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East" title="Political theology in the Middle East">political theology</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">contextual theology</a> that represents an attempt by a number of independently working <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Christian">Palestinian Christian</a> theologians from various denominations—mostly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> mainline churches—to articulate the gospel message in such a way as to make that liberating gospel relevant to the perceived needs of their Indigenous flocks. As a rule, this articulation involves a theological underpinning of Palestinian resistance to Israel as well as Palestinian national aspirations, and an intense valorization of Palestinian ethnic and cultural identity as guarantors of a truer grasp of the gospel by virtue of the fact that they are inhabitants of the land of Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The principal figure in Palestinian liberation theology is the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Naim_Ateek" title="Naim Ateek">Naim Ateek</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sabeel_Ecumenical_Liberation_Theology_Center" title="Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center">Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Irish">Northern Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Northern Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, liberation theology has been associated with the ideas and praxis of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> Roman Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Des_Wilson_(Irish_Catholic_priest)" title="Des Wilson (Irish Catholic priest)">Des Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the onset of the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a>, Wilson defended the right of communities systematically failed by the state, the churches and other institutions to create "alternative education, alternative welfare, alternative theatre, broadcasting, theological and political discussion, public inquiries and much else". More controversially, citing the example of Brazilian archbishop <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Hélder Câmara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he argued that this right extended to "alternative police and alternative armies".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military government">military dictatorship in Brazil</a>, Câmara, who called on clergy to engage in the struggle for justice without fear of identification with the revolutionary left ("When I give food to the poor, they call me a saint. When I ask why they are poor, they call me a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>"), refused to condemn armed resistance. In a famous interview with Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a>, he explained that while it was not his choice ("not my road, not my way to apply the Gospels"), he would never say "to use weapons against an oppressor is immoral or anti-Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson argued that a church, not itself pacifist (as a schoolchild he recalls being taught to revere <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">General Franco</a> as a soldier of Christ), needed to develop a new "theology of pacifism". Acknowledging the predicament of those who had "a duty to protect others--their families their homes", this would need to do more than satisfy the needs of "an oppressive government or of people seeking undemanding respectability".<sup id="cite_ref-:022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_movement">Peace movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peace movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Peace_churches" title="Peace movement">Christian peace movement</a> has been associated with liberation theology in many ways. Participating theologians have been in all continents and countries, including countries with Christian minorities. A central theme has been peace as a way of redemption and liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology_in_Canada" title="Liberation theology in Canada">Liberation theology in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_psychology" title="Liberation psychology">Liberation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Priests_for_the_Third_World" title="Movement of Priests for the Third World">Movement of Priests for the Third World</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pin" title="Émile Pin">Émile Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist anarchism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_capitalism" title="Religious views on capitalism">Religious views on capitalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of Historical Terms</i> (1998), 2nd ed., Chris Cook, ed., p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChaves2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaves, João (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004291027_007">"Latin American Liberation Theology: The Creation, Development, Contemporary Situation of an 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In Hunt, Stephen J. (ed.). <i>Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society</i>. Brill. pp. 113–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26538-7"><bdi>978-90-04-26538-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Liberation+Theology%3A+The+Creation%2C+Development%2C+Contemporary+Situation+of+an+On-Going+Movement&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Global+Contemporary+Christianity%3A+Themes+and+Developments+in+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=113-128&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26538-7&rft.aulast=Chaves&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004291027_007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLøland2021" class="citation journal cs1">Løland, Ole Jakob (July 2021). Usarski, Frank (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41603-021-00137-3.pdf">"The Solved Conflict: Pope Francis and Liberation Theology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Latin American Religions</i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>: 287–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41603-021-00137-3">10.1007/s41603-021-00137-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2509-9965">2509-9965</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2509-9957">2509-9957</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909175058/http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41603-021-00137-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Latin+American+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Solved+Conflict%3A+Pope+Francis+and+Liberation+Theology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-314&rft.date=2021-07&rft.issn=2509-9957&rft.eissn=2509-9965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41603-021-00137-3&rft.aulast=L%C3%B8land&rft.aufirst=Ole+Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2Fs41603-021-00137-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dault_46-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dault_46_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDault2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dault, Kira (January 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710124100/https://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201501/what-preferential-option-poor-29649">"What Is the Preferential Option for the Poor?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Claretians#Publications" title="Claretians">U.S. Catholic</a></i>. <b>80</b>: 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201501/what-preferential-option-poor-29649">the original</a> on July 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Catholic&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Preferential+Option+for+the+Poor%3F&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Dault&rft.aufirst=Kira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscatholic.org%2Farticles%2F201501%2Fwhat-preferential-option-poor-29649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves1988" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Rubem A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVVjngEACAAJ"><i>Towards a Theology of Liberation</i></a>. Princeton Theological Seminary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614165239/https://books.google.com/books?id=jVVjngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Theology+of+Liberation&rft.pub=Princeton+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Rubem+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVVjngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criticaltherapy.org/rubem-alves-liberation-theology-pioneer/">"Rubem Alves – Liberation Theology Pioneer"</a>. <i>Critical Therapy Center</i>. New York, NY. July 21, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113221938/http://criticaltherapy.org/rubem-alves-liberation-theology-pioneer/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Critical+Therapy+Center&rft.atitle=Rubem+Alves+%E2%80%93+Liberation+Theology+Pioneer&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticaltherapy.org%2Frubem-alves-liberation-theology-pioneer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/2593-proteccion-social-inclusiva-america-latina-mirada-integral-un-enfoque-derechos"><i>Protección social inclusiva en América Latina : una mirada integral, un enfoque de derechos</i></a> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2017</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chomsky+on+Religion&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.au=Travis+Kitchens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSNDG7ErY-k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19840806_theology-liberation_en.html">"Instruction on certain aspects of the "Theology of Liberation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Vatican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627230819/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19840806_theology-liberation_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instruction+on+certain+aspects+of+the+%22Theology+of+Liberation%22&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_19840806_theology-liberation_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wojda,_Paul_J._1995-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wojda,_Paul_J._1995_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wojda, Paul J., "Liberation theology," in R.P. McBrien, ed., <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (Harper Collins, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuola2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vuola, Elina (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/liberation_theology.aspx">"Liberation Theology"</a>. <i>New Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909125135/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/liberation_theology.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Liberation+Theology&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Vuola&rft.aufirst=Elina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2Fliberation_theology.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2004" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Anand (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54973643"><i>Soteriologies of India and their role in the perception of disability : a comparative transdisciplinary overview with reference to Hinduism and Christianity in India</i></a>. Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7205-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7205-X"><bdi>3-8258-7205-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54973643">54973643</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614165240/https://www.worldcat.org/title/soteriologies-of-india-and-their-role-in-the-perception-of-disability-a-comparative-transdisciplinary-overview-with-reference-to-hinduism-and-christianity-in-india/oclc/54973643">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soteriologies+of+India+and+their+role+in+the+perception+of+disability+%3A+a+comparative+transdisciplinary+overview+with+reference+to+Hinduism+and+Christianity+in+India&rft.place=Berlin-Hamburg-M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54973643&rft.isbn=3-8258-7205-X&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54973643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%204">Luke 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouten2008" class="citation book cs1">Schouten, Jan Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/302001445"><i>Jesus as guru : the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4356-9523-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4356-9523-8"><bdi>978-1-4356-9523-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/302001445">302001445</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614165242/https://www.worldcat.org/title/jesus-as-guru-the-image-of-christ-among-hindus-and-christians-in-india/oclc/302001445">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+guru+%3A+the+image+of+Christ+among+Hindus+and+Christians+in+India&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F302001445&rft.isbn=978-1-4356-9523-8&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=Jan+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F302001445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAteek1989" class="citation book cs1">Ateek, Naim (1989). Radford Reuther, Rosemary (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QubYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Justice, and Only Justice: A Palestinian Theology of Liberation</i></a> (3 ed.). The University of Michigan: Orbis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883445402" title="Special:BookSources/9780883445402"><bdi>9780883445402</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614165240/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Justice_and_Only_Justice/QubYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+and+Only+Justice%3A+A+Palestinian+Theology+of+Liberation&rft.place=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780883445402&rft.aulast=Ateek&rft.aufirst=Naim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQubYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1986" class="citation journal cs1">Garland, Sidney (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jicsc/03-040.pdf">"Liberation Theology and the Ulster Question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Irish Christian Study Centre</i>. <b>3</b>: (40–54), 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Irish+Christian+Study+Centre&rft.atitle=Liberation+Theology+and+the+Ulster+Question&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%2840-54%29%2C+44&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fjicsc%2F03-040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh2020" class="citation book cs1">McVeigh, Joe (2020). <i>Des Wilson: A Voice for the Poor & Oppressed</i>. Belfast: An Ceathrú Póilí.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+Wilson%3A+A+Voice+for+the+Poor+%26+Oppressed&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=An+Ceathr%C3%BA+P%C3%B3il%C3%AD&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/fr-des-wilson-obituary-priest-who-fought-oppression-and-injustice-in-north-1.4107064">"Fr Des Wilson obituary: Priest who fought oppression and injustice in North"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. December 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Fr+Des+Wilson+obituary%3A+Priest+who+fought+oppression+and+injustice+in+North&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fpeople%2Ffr-des-wilson-obituary-priest-who-fought-oppression-and-injustice-in-north-1.4107064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Des (2005). <i>The Way I see it: an Autobiography by Fr Des Wilson</i>. Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1900960281" title="Special:BookSources/1900960281"><bdi>1900960281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+I+see+it%3A+an+Autobiography+by+Fr+Des+Wilson&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Beyond+the+Pale+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1900960281&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistamorena.com.br/entrevistas-historicas-oriana-fallaci-entrevista-dom-helder-camara/">"Entrevistas históricas: Oriana Fallaci entrevista dom Helder Câmara"</a>. <i>Socialista Morena</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialista+Morena&rft.atitle=Entrevistas+hist%C3%B3ricas%3A+Oriana+Fallaci+entrevista+dom+Helder+C%C3%A2mara&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistamorena.com.br%2Fentrevistas-historicas-oriana-fallaci-entrevista-dom-helder-camara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberation+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson (2005), pp. 133-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehrenberg" title="Hans Ehrenberg">Hans Ehrenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Rosenstock-Huessy" title="Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy">Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy</a> (Sons for Peace), "Ways of Peace, Lights of Peace", Vol 1 & 2, (Rome: Vatican Press, 1910, New York: Bible Society, 1910).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Lernoux, Penny, <i>Cry of the people: United States involvement in the rise of fascism, torture, and murder and the persecution of the Catholic Church in Latin America.</i> Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubem_Alves" title="Rubem Alves">Alves, Rubem</a>, <i>Towards a Theology of Liberation</i> (1968).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">De La Torre, Miguel A.</a>, <i>Handbook on U.S. Theologies of Liberation</i> (Chalice Press, 2004).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal</a>, "Liberation Theology" (preliminary notes to 1984 Instruction)</li> <li>Gutiérrez, Gustavo, <i>A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation</i>, Orbis Books, 1988.</li> <li>Kirylo, James D. <i>Paulo Freire: The Man from Recife</i>. New York: Peter Lang, 2011.</li> <li>Nash, Ronald, ed. <i>Liberation Theology</i>. First ed. Milford, Mich.: Mott Media, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88062-121-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88062-121-4">0-88062-121-4</a></li> <li>Smith, Christian, <i>The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and the Social Movement Theory</i>, University of Chicago Press, 1991.</li> <li><i>Marxism and Missions / Missions et Marxisme</i>, special issue of the journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.unil.ch/lefaitmissionnaire/pages/tables_publi/lfm22_2%20tbl.html">Social Sciences and Missions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517082343/http://www2.unil.ch/lefaitmissionnaire/pages/tables_publi/lfm22_2%20tbl.html">Archived</a> May 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 22/2, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eatwot.net/VOICES/VOICES-2017-2.pdf">Stefan Silber / José María Vigil (eds.): Liberation Theology in Europe / La Teología de la Liberación en Europa. Voices 40 (2017) 2, November–December, 304 pp., ISSN: 2222-0763</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803043750/http://eatwot.net/VOICES/VOICES-2017-2.pdf">Archived</a> August 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_theology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Liberation_theology" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552613">Liberation Theology Video</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010427011718/http://www.theo.kuleuven.ac.be/clt/index.htm">Centre for Liberation Theologies, Faculty of Theology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagunadeapoyo.blogspot.com/2014/08/papal-suspension-against-miguel-descoto.html">Papal suspension against Miguel d'Escoto is lifted</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepeopleofthebook.org/summary-of-the-basic-teachings-of-liberation-theology/">Key Concepts of Revolution Theology</a></li></ul> <p><b>On <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II#Liberation_theology" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II's relationship to Liberation theology</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/liberationtheology.shtml">BBC Religion and Ethics theological obituary of Pope John Paul II: his views on liberation theology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/latin-american-catholics-problem-with-pope-john-paul-ii/">Latin American Catholics' problem with Pope John Paul II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Times">Seattle Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chu" title="Henry Chu">Henry Chu</a> and Chris Kraul.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Liberation theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_theology" title="Template talk:Liberation theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberation_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberation theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextual theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theological_praxis" title="Christian theological praxis">Christian theological praxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">Integral mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures of<br />Latin American<br />liberation theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcella_Althaus-Reid" title="Marcella Althaus-Reid">Marcella Althaus-Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Petrella" title="Ivan Petrella">Ivan Petrella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Severino_Croatto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Severino Croatto (page does not exist)">José Severino Croatto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Severino_Croatto" class="extiw" title="es:José Severino Croatto">es</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Severino_Croatto" class="extiw" title="de:José Severino Croatto">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Evaristo_Arns" title="Paulo Evaristo Arns">Paulo Evaristo Arns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubem_Alves" title="Rubem Alves">Rubem Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Leonardo Boff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Hélder Câmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Casald%C3%A1liga" title="Pedro Casaldáliga">Pedro Casaldáliga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivone_Gebara" title="Ivone Gebara">Ivone Gebara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alo%C3%ADsio_Lorscheider" title="Aloísio Lorscheider">Aloísio Lorscheider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Mo_Sung" title="Jung Mo Sung">Jung Mo Sung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ellacur%C3%ADa" title="Ignacio Ellacuría">Ignacio Ellacuría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADn-Bar%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Martín-Baró">Ignacio Martín-Baró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segundo_Montes" title="Segundo Montes">Segundo Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Sobrino" title="Jon Sobrino">Jon Sobrino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Cardenal" title="Fernando Cardenal">Fernando Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_d%27Escoto_Brockmann" title="Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann">Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> (Haiti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">Miguel A. De La Torre</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Maria_Isasi-Diaz" title="Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz">Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aguilar_(academic)" title="Mario Aguilar (academic)">Mario I. Aguilar</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a> (Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Jean-Juste" title="Gérard Jean-Juste">Gérard Jean-Juste</a> (Haiti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Padilla" title="René Padilla">René Padilla</a> (Ecuador)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ruiz" title="Samuel Ruiz">Samuel Ruiz</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Segundo" title="Juan Luis Segundo">Juan Luis Segundo</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_T%C3%A1mez" title="Elsa Támez">Elsa Támez</a> (Mexico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures of<br />other geographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Boesak" title="Allan Boesak">Allan Boesak</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ela" title="Jean-Marc Ela">Jean-Marc Ela</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Phillip" title="Rubin Phillip">Rubin Phillip</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Byung-Mu" title="Ahn Byung-Mu">Ahn Byung-Mu</a> (Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Ateek" title="Naim Ateek">Naim Ateek</a> (Palestine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Chacour" title="Elias Chacour">Elias Chacour</a> (Palestine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kappen" title="Sebastian Kappen">Sebastian Kappen</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-Bock" title="Kim Yong-Bock">Kim Yong-Bock</a> (Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_Lap-yan" title="Kung Lap-yan">Kung Lap-yan</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_P._Nirmal" title="Arvind P. Nirmal">Arvind P. Nirmal</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Soon-kyung" title="Park Soon-kyung">Park Soon-kyung</a> (Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinay_Samuel" title="Vinay Samuel">Vinay Samuel</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Franzoni" title="Giovanni Franzoni">Giovanni Franzoni</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauthier_(theologian)" title="Paul Gauthier (theologian)">Paul Gauthier</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothee_S%C3%B6lle" title="Dorothee Sölle">Dorothee Sölle</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McAfee_Brown" title="Robert McAfee Brown">Robert McAfee Brown</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James Cone</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Hyun_Kyung" title="Chung Hyun Kyung">Chung Hyun Kyung</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Costas" title="Orlando Costas">Orlando Costas</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Elizondo" title="Virgilio Elizondo">Virgilio Elizondo</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_H._Ellis" title="Marc H. Ellis">Marc H. Ellis</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwok_Pui-lan" title="Kwok Pui-lan">Kwok Pui-lan</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V._Pixley" title="George V. Pixley">George V. Pixley</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tinker" title="George Tinker">George Tinker</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delores_S._Williams" title="Delores S. Williams">Delores S. Williams</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Association_of_Third_World_Theologians" title="Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians">Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Latin_America" title="Episcopal Conference of Latin America">Episcopal Conference of Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Theological_Fellowship" title="Latin American Theological Fellowship">Latin American Theological Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Methodist_Connexion" title="Liberation Methodist Connexion">Liberation Methodist Connexion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_and_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_and_politics" title="Template:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_and_politics" title="Template talk:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Christianity" title="Libertarian Christianity">Libertarian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianism">Christianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Identity Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" 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