CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "scholars.cityu.edu.hk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9134deae3a1649cc',cH: 'I8Ba137j_wsSoeCgWf.1ISRHmsY8s6RnBYELh6Lm8pc-1739785791-1.2.1.1-xeNlrG1WXywWb8FBvmTSqxNuiEDltt5kSzqw4er5HjGBn2shKB8wRINIHzKw.dKM',cUPMDTk: "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195870329&__cf_chl_tk=jfl20E5dXZNvwX7VgP0F3Kvsc3A8HvjS_rhlDimqIxg-1739785791-1.0.1.1-F1peIr8LZxgyMHp.hiQLHpJC6vGhBoHs1L5F4FU3gLA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739785791',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195870329&__cf_chl_f_tk=jfl20E5dXZNvwX7VgP0F3Kvsc3A8HvjS_rhlDimqIxg-1739785791-1.0.1.1-F1peIr8LZxgyMHp.hiQLHpJC6vGhBoHs1L5F4FU3gLA",md: "RM2u71DVzIVKm32K8K5QO2ajfWV3Xe9WBXZG9yqA2D0-1739785791-1.2.1.1-TAjzgPd6dq0BS3CLNS6LI6jpbb3jSWQtfKA6d0ik_w1.jmOm.urqzn7yhZZdTA0HhZqpmJjyvkyEs7jXHC1VdAkpRJptfPSeOLfDPf95U07UjdcBR6jDLJsc5eVYJaurso.m1WGTj5gnElTZ5hctcuZwpp4jPtsXX5.v51cLELgJpGs7t1f2YPIydSNEfR4xKq9FjwLlzZUBSUdz91Eaeu3S4PD5FP8GRkaq3nuOJPZc0MqI4WPTfYQTF8uVOdQzBVTQHaVqGXu5OMF0CWfMJ0KFo2Fktp5wykaTDM9aHNMfpZydrwiKetbwDzAfT5.HmpJx2WH.pOc72OUdnGw14CMpm7ZKkXblNvVnmlH074gu.l6eJ6Al.AXhN.ROCtbvQbXKK0odZlXSYEBtvNrJLqwFw2kI6agQuZcd3wi_dgswMTw8YnMLyJRccH2keiQ8UZtyA_rbhoyh30MMbOAhVKROM2C_qGi6hwAsaPgfYuEUTQKqIm.4wJHCAgzLynMs05HRPymgpq3miwMA8hPA.ecHyWnM.xnZVqYom4fGVb3YBHU5ztMVw3vM7qXicyaPJoUVCz_4uUn3DYENpTfPVWazRX9dbj.vbfXSr_F_EB4vE6RneavpI4CSchC8VQenom47JTeBX4wWBTzCeuPvB4mqXDqqvqlYWAaBXLB8innQMIV_sanvaY.Bovkkmfz8_eTLQPCugIaS3eWBiZB74lBcFMP7xZGYsNmGEY5iFy8symQpg2XvJFhhw5XHhyPq6oUp3oKT26bpAOF9m6CLtpx9yFzfcT1.EomhQuBqHRMHQbpKgXmh6WQ_6L_dvk8mfLK_1WYs5r6loUgcBeEx3gb8NcS7mpoyrlY8gYVcLiDLrFV9qHRb3QNEdQxkoE.Ef3W2OgL0YJrCs2fW8AkKes2akz5fM8HgE9giJfMx4Gjiw4matX.WPk0KoKlhyJQMnB3d2Wuzy_R18e42R6zIaYci2t13DE.deOEdPyg5BWPp1MHlZXcan._IXUm.1eHPhVAyR9JpoIwuacQhhpU6qmJOaNRiKzVxy6EyjS5ei8F5Cebb8YzUYuXIRkneqBrWmvt3tp7Jiej6OvdbJuKRBmGV3F0gL97.eCBkp6XIPDZx38_YP_6WqFVGT1dV0Gg2QwNk2A9AbRUiipeeg7ygbP2tIYpRXkYtcnxCYP_CnCmeXo1YbfjgThgn0tJVFbDgF1EU1Q_He32sYRbVKhoLlkLYxQVtK10QmvTgETAkUk9JuXkCV4c4n0Pkj1VWxQ90LNyEyHItdN67YBV0NO6leIBABwM_TN3cswdSlR5N1amXVMam5HPjtS6ZhiHubp6OfsA_8Tvc7tql4qJJfiH2GJj0Wh07dy9G.PPVR7rr9e9mLwuUVvSmyhscrmQEw8MGHT_uRx__nEBWF9MDprfuTo9dadR1Bob7C_T05zJTclqGYTQfGvfFV8_N.hF.ibsYkwC9cRsdhH.JwS5l_iYg53FIv1L.feMuK_kJTExtCZs66uurIFem9dHiI8bouJgTnDY0Ff8WWSrHVKy0ieF.t9PrXliCC1YpxyQeqB.Nr_zLI2zbvcdxXAOoIpsPd7lPfhGgSZvGKbv9R.Bm7iZ_Zsl980ovSBr6fEKcUG41rZAE693kWLyLVx5fP2jNF31DefCdLTfN0Js5fZL4pIzQ6N43lgEV1hdH3Wa5VHgEKZKEBvO4OlSakJEBHafO.l_h_SgXbuj6JzmYQ.UeutE7hdXeWpb3fmFFpMBE8DrJbOZpH88FdGPAHhgv6AZjRjc1FZA9FAlZGxIeGNErL8k97dRcha5fsHS2AHo1K62WxLVb6QHL2YBaMDxF006ButNv7pm2v00B2lH2ciDiYpJzje13UolKpLYrIWc.F5g53RuOEAek8wQxz2jFLTeRnVOm_2cEh5xaUpVp_uxGpFqko395L7PUWIGq5UykfmDMNII_zEetK8TnKeDYBqu9IsudCBfzLGXBhvBKlUx_jQqN0tQ_CbNPcwtNOAuG2JBcNt8Lusi5NNcbZg4zdsQ5rg8sP4m_YbZSeNGK7.ogSyls3CzOtWEhUz1HQ1p6QWTxpmuk.fI9lB32umrvUUUVMLviRY4DwC.VCwPNaBQK0Z1dUJHo_SWO.gyWk4AAHndFn.q2UBMdfdBMDgSe58OcfMuH_QUADFv5HK2PlY4lpJm2q6b0pqQoQEuJLvRqKdioZrsv62aeyjnlEZParOGXSQ2rQ0vAhXTU85dHUbxCaojm3fyK4RvDK3o3Mdf2sVVe7pnepmnU8GXBAuFyM1Ns5x3nGnJJP_N89EltLcTQSwkL2YVfvVtsvB2fH0NjsYus._Oq8n_IUUUzNOxVHqgm0iyXj0ckzbgrl_O8RzpxmohRZK9YYDuFlwmTI6fIvlcisqH0b6fMfqsunb1noRPoZjoWujX7j7yCtQ4WlKozQpJIViYykOaLiYqhXm1KXtgV1QnfIyd0hvl5Ed2kaX5INJIdC1fYhbGcdctBKxal7r3fh3YI9saVMZJwRiVYWxZFlvVSgfqyyjnXxvHTZBvrpQq1n_nwn25fvl.z2NB7goFZYpsjvcN0HTdN08Oui9cSIruU8OcLbKe414uiVRvSpALIG7GzWGCBrW5MK4fhKaKW7w",mdrd: "hYNg.peXrkrfLcrkjjhk4jDi.Thp9.ltMzE8sOITkOI-1739785791-1.2.1.1-CzE663HyzbmGLkqGlbhFM35QBQbyKK9A0Ifvz68T7ALwww2kmkSU96quGaMFJWVuIjMzlIwcno7DmlhSOvRru2sUCo_yXgBCDStCAb.Jsfc77BPhKVXhvcVHVq8mRZIxHXrG7ptp.AhZzxNJYkHW5SxLjV7zoHbLIGeMRgTAWk4cCAYe3CX8HwYd4MzDfwIN2776OD6j_ha1ZTBLoXOs4vLS5eJ3bmwle.wENrgbGcwrpppGuagDvuynlKmU.5dC6ZMYVo7CFHQPUWdPI6BTEe5viRH6MhijvnfWmbA4F6ViUXOUlUtKxkVzNaN7MId5djG44jPt6aEqg4Nb6u8DsMZER1mpao.XTg9uJoyrBsBRY28kT6Vq2G8afj7VCS30XMEqNM1bySH2_Lw20H7fgluYXf8ykOJRmJpFTrKTYyDWUlVw4CeHucQOTSnwzPWYklV4wCsIXxxL1bF6pkmfDu.G4CHH0g51scaUnwHMbAxDx0kUz7OjfHPHrDXTOzQPlyGgzY0tX2pB0YdDalOx6Fzo21A1R02txhDGcGTAyQ2cZWMIZAGwgwIGbxYYfJkH.I6Ah3sDbYwejlb6ghx.F1BaneJ5e2yeE990Kk9GjPNDBrlGbLOpP1KIViwRn4hfWfxHLBAVpWWu1eSA41uHMAnP.PQCFuVIMN8X6p3Z3cyVIiMc2BmKHLeTphn3KxIDj7yzulqhbssW5UV._GKXcHqGjzBT8J_HPUhDjyGydV9MJQWrzM15LuzOnOiyI8can5Mkrvce9JpzUCv2eADghoJJEpkpnVxb4mFfkuClkGQtd1okj5BgdY2oUnq.17y739ZeOhDvyGRUYyZYkOVw5sDcDk9.s_dP5ERZxPH2s29PWux3YAJ2Id0zj.ReKyDXaBTdh4o9t59QvmmMdyabxdzrqfDiOIDpTd92Kycs7oapf2H1sqvSGq6S2C1fxC.huT4s7OBbgTnw0wVAmOThFraHZfM2qAZSQf.nkLBjdTsAEfwKmAVoEGPQ1F0bFOQMxez2Z8o9cN1Nv8g.E.hZnGqTcqQHVJulgGryWFCH0J8P1GZlOVW5AKOq3f9rO6Pc.nAK7vGTju8veje6CXEsj7Q.5Fz.FuFhmhlBW8n1PuHoe8pSX28vaitQut9qAPhWym3UBYFIQQBqC7RhbLGk6A.znQBiA8ooRwq2Hjo48QKK.6F_TFsob1hzoVfx2i_OU5j2tE0BjFBurtBxodmk1luQrsEd7HIxD3iHaSsvp4UdwBokeWENl6eEvzIeHJeziu8kfJ1_4XX1L.YsHlwP12axJ2L3LtmN7uCRJ8tQiFcIKmHdX3j20BheP0pAMHnmm3hf3GLeglbXvQ44NKHXJlBDQ3FluRlGOVRInRl7OWTkg4OfJw5vyp1JjD500Ssrj1hTzTapHreVDi5GIeye4aXsfdlWIhHtckonziLTD9JlEc0phd7di6gT9BGDCjJKJMgkGvwjRAxOoyAaxRZRtEGEknMWXHsfTPgqUDBbdDn0n_qzxGUZleHoFTbCPA3h4ypXmiP8BuWWZBE.JDmB.MKGVVvG_S3KBHJNsPRVIF11BAtLYyC5bGFg.AQQ44FKz_kzNj6LWHBfzyMVTCU2JoWtMJ9mSbgwwDBr1Lrz7IiOJF84Vl1KOma2N7ykxl42Fp_rW51BBJzQckOIs5V0k0HPAXtO0hFInEsp98eE3VqbZVbR.eamnwbW.WT2PSv_V80OnrZwgfQXmUefbOo7ogVInSYe0smC5N7XWWZ4def.2aAyzIBJqJ0MZgdwZmsBor9SPeKowLe0W06H5xz.qxi7ueV89kLta5SUZtY0aSM0gBCv20ugbboZfLHZZLcz5rniBT0zAyFF7uvBcUoyw0KStqlt8wzNt9O1kozGyufs2q4Tfn0hPViA_MxHZDp3BsOwQmTVm01_94zLrQ35UBLjM3flMX9PFTwo7x4.fyEyzrfXaR6aDWZkVx6zHW4He9c10l.CYgIPfSewZz0AkA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134deae3a1649cc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195870329&__cf_chl_rt_tk=jfl20E5dXZNvwX7VgP0F3Kvsc3A8HvjS_rhlDimqIxg-1739785791-1.0.1.1-F1peIr8LZxgyMHp.hiQLHpJC6vGhBoHs1L5F4FU3gLA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>