CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John C. Calhoun - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2e9c3f50-d1b3-4690-b219-3b0ba1200238","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_C._Calhoun","wgTitle":"John C. Calhoun","wgCurRevisionId":1276338665,"wgRevisionId":1276338665,"wgArticleId":52110,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Featured articles","Use American English from June 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from December 2024","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Articles with LibriVox links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Webarchive template wayback links" ,"Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","John C. Calhoun","1782 births","1824 United States vice-presidential candidates","1828 United States vice-presidential candidates","1850 deaths","19th-century American far-right politicians","19th-century American planters","19th-century deaths from tuberculosis","19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives","19th-century South Carolina politicians","19th-century United States senators","19th-century vice presidents of the United States","American people of Scotch-Irish descent","American people of the Seminole Wars","American people of the War of 1812","American political philosophers","American proslavery activists","American Unitarians","Calhoun family","Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees","Democratic Party United States senators from South Carolina","Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States", "Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina","Democratic-Republican Party vice presidents of the United States","Great Triumvirate","Jackson administration cabinet members","John Quincy Adams administration cabinet members","Litchfield Law School alumni","Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves","Monroe administration cabinet members","National Register of Historic Places in Litchfield County, Connecticut","Nullification crisis","Nullifier Party politicians","Nullifier Party United States senators","Origins of the American Civil War","People from Abbeville, South Carolina","South Carolina Democrats","South Carolina lawyers","Tuberculosis deaths in Washington, D.C.","Tyler administration cabinet members","U.S. Congressional gag rules and their sponsors","United States secretaries of state","United States secretaries of war","United States senators who owned slaves", "Vice presidents of the United States","Yale College alumni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_C._Calhoun","wgRelevantArticleId":52110,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q207191","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/1200px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1595"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/800px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1063"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/640px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="851"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John C. Calhoun - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_C_Calhoun rootpage-John_C_Calhoun skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+C.+Calhoun" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+C.+Calhoun" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+C.+Calhoun" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+C.+Calhoun" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle House of Representatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Postwar planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhetorical_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetorical_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rhetorical style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetorical_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_War_and_postwar_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_War_and_postwar_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of War and postwar nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_War_and_postwar_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1825–1832)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1825–1832)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice presidency (1825–1832)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency_(1825–1832)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency (1825–1832) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1825–1832)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1824_and_1828_elections_and_Adams_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1824_and_1828_elections_and_Adams_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1824 and 1828 elections and Adams presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1824_and_1828_elections_and_Adams_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petticoat_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petticoat_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Petticoat affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petticoat_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nullification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nullification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nullification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nullification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term_in_the_U.S._Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_in_the_U.S._Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>First term in the U.S. Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_in_the_U.S._Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of State subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_and_the_Annexation_of_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_and_the_Annexation_of_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Appointment and the Annexation of Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_and_the_Annexation_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Election of 1844</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_in_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_in_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Second term in the Senate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_term_in_the_Senate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second term in the Senate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_term_in_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War_and_Wilmot_Proviso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War_and_Wilmot_Proviso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mexican–American War and Wilmot Proviso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War_and_Wilmot_Proviso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oregon_boundary_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oregon_boundary_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Oregon boundary dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oregon_boundary_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_the_Compromise_of_1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_the_Compromise_of_1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Rejection of the Compromise of 1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_the_Compromise_of_1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agrarian_republicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrarian_republicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Agrarian republicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrarian_republicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_with_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_War_with_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Opposition to the War with Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_with_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concurrent_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concurrent_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Concurrent majority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concurrent_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_sovereignty_and_the_"Calhoun_Doctrine"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_sovereignty_and_the_"Calhoun_Doctrine""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>State sovereignty and the "Calhoun Doctrine"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_sovereignty_and_the_"Calhoun_Doctrine"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Monuments and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Specialized studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John C. Calhoun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون كالهون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كالهون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kalhaun" title="Con Kalhaun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Kalhaun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان سی. کلهون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان سی. کلهون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Джон Колдвел Кэлхун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Колдвел Кэлхун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caldwell_Calhoun" title="John Caldwell Calhoun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Caldwell Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%90%DE%A9_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޖޯން ސީ ކެލްހޯން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯން ސީ ކެލްހޯން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caldwell_Calhoun" title="John Caldwell Calhoun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Caldwell Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان سی. کلهون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان سی. کلهون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caldwell_Calhoun" title="John Caldwell Calhoun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Caldwell Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%BA%98%ED%9B%88" title="존 캘훈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 캘훈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Քելհուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Քելհուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calhoun" title="John Calhoun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ון קלהון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון קלהון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ კელჰუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ კელჰუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Caldwell_Calhoun" title="Ioannes Caldwell Calhoun – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Caldwell Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Kelh%C5%ABns" title="Džons Kelhūns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Kelhūns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോൺ സി. കൽഹൗൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ സി. കൽഹൗൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन सी. कॅल्हून – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन सी. कॅल्हून" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ კელჰუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ კელჰუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون كالهون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كالهون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calhoun" title="John Calhoun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・カルフーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・カルフーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кэлхун, Джон Колдвелл – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кэлхун, Джон Колдвелл" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A._%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان سي. کالهون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان سي. کالهون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кэлхун, Джон Колдвелл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кэлхун, Джон Колдвелл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Џон К. Калхун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон К. Калхун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Җон Кәлһун – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җон Кәлһун" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Джон Колдвелл Келхун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Колдвелл Келхун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان سی کالہون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان سی کالہون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9" title="約翰·卡爾霍恩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="約翰·卡爾霍恩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John C. Calhoun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%B4%AA" title="莊·卡爾洪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莊·卡爾洪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9" title="约翰·卡德威尔·卡尔霍恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·卡德威尔·卡尔霍恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207191#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_C._Calhoun" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_C._Calhoun" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_C._Calhoun" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&oldid=1276338665" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_C._Calhoun&id=1276338665&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_C._Calhoun"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_C._Calhoun"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_C._Calhoun&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Calhoun" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Caldwell_Calhoun" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207191" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En-John_Calhoun-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"John Calhoun" and "Senator Calhoun" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Calhoun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Calhoun (disambiguation)">John Calhoun (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senator_Calhoun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Calhoun (disambiguation)">Senator Calhoun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John C. Calhoun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_1849_(cropped)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daguerrotype of Calhoun when he was a US Senator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">1849 portrait taken by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a><br />(1825–1829)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a><br />(1829–1832)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 26, 1845 – March 31, 1850</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliott_Huger" title="Daniel Elliott Huger">Daniel Elliott Huger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_H._Elmore" title="Franklin H. Elmore">Franklin H. Elmore</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 29, 1832 – March 3, 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Robert Y. Hayne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Daniel Elliott Huger</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 1, 1844 – March 10, 1845</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 8, 1817 – March 4, 1825</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from South Carolina's <span data-sort-value="South Carolina06 !"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 6th congressional district">6th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1811 – November 3, 1817</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Calhoun" title="Joseph Calhoun">Joseph Calhoun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eldred_Simkins" title="Eldred Simkins">Eldred Simkins</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Caldwell Calhoun</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1782-03-18</span>)</span>March 18, 1782<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="Abbeville, South Carolina">Abbeville, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 1850<span style="display:none">(1850-03-31)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Philip's Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (before 1828)<br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1828, 1839–1850)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a> (1828–1839)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Floride_Calhoun" title="Floride Calhoun">Floride Bonneau Calhoun</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 1811">1811</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10, including <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Calhoun_Clemson" title="Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson">Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Calhoun_(immigrant)" title="Patrick Calhoun (immigrant)">Patrick Calhoun</a><br />Martha Caldwell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School" title="Litchfield Law School">Litchfield Law School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John C. Calhoun's signature"><img alt="Appletons' Calhoun John Caldwell signature.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg/128px-John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg/192px-John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg/256px-John_C_Calhoun_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Caldwell Calhoun</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was an American statesman and political theorist who served as the seventh <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a> from 1825 to 1832. Born in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, he adamantly defended <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slavery</a> and sought to protect the interests of <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerners</a>. Calhoun began his political career as a <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernizer</a> and proponent of a strong <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protective tariffs</a>. In the late 1820s, his views changed radically, and he became a leading proponent of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">opposition to high tariffs</a>. Calhoun saw <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a> acceptance of those policies as a condition of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>'s remaining in the Union. His beliefs heavily influenced the South's <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States#Confederate_States_of_America" title="Secession in the United States">secession from the Union</a> in 1860 and 1861. Calhoun was the first of two vice presidents to resign from the position, the second being <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>, who resigned in 1973. </p><p>Calhoun began his political career with election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in 1810. As a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawk</a> faction, he strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Calhoun served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> under President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> and, in that position, reorganized and modernized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>. He was a candidate for the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a>. After failing to gain support, Calhoun agreed to be a candidate for vice president. The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> elected him vice president by an overwhelming majority. He served under <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and continued under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, who defeated Adams in the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">election of 1828</a>, making Calhoun the most recent U.S. vice president to serve under two different presidents. </p><p>Calhoun had a difficult relationship with Jackson, primarily because of the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a>. In contrast with his previous nationalist sentiments, Calhoun vigorously supported South Carolina's right to nullify federal tariff legislation that he believed unfairly favored the North, which put him into conflict with Unionists such as Jackson. In 1832, with only a few months remaining in his second term, Calhoun resigned as vice president and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. He sought the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> nomination for the presidency in <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a> but lost to surprise nominee <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, who won the general election. Calhoun served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> under President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> from 1844 to 1845, and in that role supported the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Texas">annexation of Texas</a> as a means to extend the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a> and helped to settle the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a> with Britain. Calhoun returned to the Senate, where he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> before he died of tuberculosis in 1850. He often served as a virtual independent who variously aligned as needed, with Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>. </p><p>Later in life, Calhoun became known as the "cast-iron man" for his rigid defense of white Southern beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit195070–71_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit195070–71-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1996115–116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1996115–116-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His concept of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> emphasized <a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">proslavery thought</a> and minority states' rights as embodied by the South. He owned dozens of slaves in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_(Clemson,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hill (Clemson, South Carolina)">Fort Hill, South Carolina</a>, and asserted that slavery, rather than being a "<a href="/wiki/Necessary_evil" title="Necessary evil">necessary evil</a>", was a "<a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">positive good</a>" that benefited both slaves and enslavers.<sup id="cite_ref-what_he_said_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_he_said-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_majority" title="Concurrent majority">concurrent majority</a> by which the minority could block some proposals that it felt infringed on their liberties. To that end, Calhoun supported states' rights, and nullification, through which states could declare null and void federal laws that they viewed as unconstitutional. He was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Triumvirate" title="Great Triumvirate">Great Triumvirate</a>" or the "Immortal Trio" of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">congressional</a> leaders, along with his colleagues <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Caldwell Calhoun was born in <a href="/wiki/Abbeville_County,_South_Carolina" title="Abbeville County, South Carolina">Abbeville District, South Carolina</a> on March 18, 1782. He was the fourth child of Irish-born <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Calhoun_(immigrant)" title="Patrick Calhoun (immigrant)">Patrick Calhoun</a> and his wife Martha Caldwell. Patrick's father, also named Patrick, joined the waves of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scotch-Irish</a> emigration from <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> to southwestern <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. After the death of the elder Patrick in 1741, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>. Following the British defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a> in 1755, the family, fearing <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a> attacks, moved to <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Canes" title="The Long Canes">the Long Canes</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit19503_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit19503-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19886–8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19886–8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrick, a prominent member of the tight-knit <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish community</a> on the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a> who worked as surveyor and farmer, was elected to the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">South Carolina Legislature</a> in 1763 and acquired ownership over <a href="/wiki/Slave_plantation" title="Slave plantation">slave plantations</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, he stood opposed to the established <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>. Patrick remained neutral in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Ratification_of_the_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">ratification of the U.S. Constitution</a> on grounds of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and personal liberties. Calhoun would eventually adopt his father's beliefs on states' rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse194415–24_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse194415–24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198810_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198810-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young Calhoun showed scholastic talent, and although schools were scarce on the Carolina frontier, he was enrolled briefly in an academy taught by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Moses_Waddel" title="Moses Waddel">Moses Waddel</a>. It stressed the Latin and Greek classics. He continued his studies privately. When his father died, his brothers were away starting business careers, and so the 14-year-old Calhoun took over management of the family plantation and five others. For four years he simultaneously kept up his reading and his hunting and fishing. The family decided he should continue his education, and so he resumed studies at Waddel's academy after it reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With financing from his brothers, he went to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale College</a> in Connecticut in 1802. For the first time in his life, Calhoun encountered serious, advanced, and well-organized intellectual dialogue that could shape his mind. Yale was dominated by President <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV" title="Timothy Dwight IV">Timothy Dwight</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> who became his mentor. Dwight's brilliance entranced (and sometimes repelled) Calhoun. </p><p>Biographer John Niven says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Calhoun admired Dwight's extemporaneous sermons, his seemingly encyclopedic knowledge, and his awesome mastery of the classics, of the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. No one, he thought, could explicate the language of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> with such clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198818_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198818-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dwight repeatedly denounced <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a>, and Calhoun challenged him in class. Dwight could not shake Calhoun's commitment to republicanism. "Young man," retorted Dwight, "your talents are of a high order and might justify you for any station, but I deeply regret that you do not love sound principles better than <a href="/wiki/Sophist#Modern_usage" title="Sophist">sophistry</a>—you seem to possess a most unfortunate bias for error."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapers19601–2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapers19601–2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dwight also expounded on the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the Union as a legitimate solution for <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>'s disagreements with the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhounPost1995xii_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhounPost1995xii-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas2009368_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas2009368-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun made friends easily, read widely, and was a noted member of the debating society of <a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Unity" title="Brothers in Unity">Brothers in Unity</a>. He graduated as valedictorian in 1804. He studied law at the nation's first independent law school, <a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School" title="Litchfield Law School">Tapping Reeve Law School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Litchfield,_Connecticut" title="Litchfield, Connecticut">Litchfield, Connecticut</a>, where he worked with <a href="/wiki/Tapping_Reeve" title="Tapping Reeve">Tapping Reeve</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_(jurist)" title="James Gould (jurist)">James Gould</a>. He was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse194425–39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse194425–39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Coit" title="Margaret Coit">Margaret Coit</a> argues that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>every principle of secession or states' rights which Calhoun ever voiced can be traced right back to the thinking of intellectual New England ... Not the South, not slavery, but Yale College and Litchfield Law School made Calhoun a nullifier ... Dwight, Reeve, and Gould could not convince the young patriot from South Carolina as to the desirability of secession, but they left no doubts in his mind as to its legality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit195042_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit195042-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oval of young woman seated, with pinkish white frilled head bonnet and dress top, black narrow waist dress, straight dark hair parted in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg/170px-Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Calhoun's wife, Floride Calhoun</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1811, Calhoun married <a href="/wiki/Floride_Calhoun" title="Floride Calhoun">Floride Bonneau Colhoun</a>, a <a href="/wiki/First_cousin_once_removed" class="mw-redirect" title="First cousin once removed">first cousin once removed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of wealthy United States Senator and lawyer <a href="/wiki/John_E._Colhoun" title="John E. Colhoun">John E. Colhoun</a>, a leader of Charleston high society. </p><p>The couple had ten children: </p> <ul><li>Andrew Pickens (1811–1865)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Floride Pure (1814–1815)<sup id="cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jane (1816–1816)<sup id="cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Calhoun_Clemson" title="Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson">Anna Maria</a> (1817–1875), who married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Green_Clemson" title="Thomas Green Clemson">Thomas Green Clemson</a> who later founded <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a> in South Carolina<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elizabeth (1819–1820)<sup id="cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Patrick (1821–1858)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John Caldwell Jr. (1823–1850)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Martha Cornelia (1824–1857)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>James Edward (1826–1861)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>William Lowndes (1829–1858)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Calhoun was not openly religious and was generally not outspoken about his religious beliefs. He was raised as an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Presbyterian">orthodox Presbyterian</a>, but was attracted to Southern varieties of <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> like those that attracted Jefferson. Southern Unitarianism was generally less organized than the variety popular in New England. After his marriage, Calhoun and his wife attended the Episcopal Church, of which she was a member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit195027–28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit195027–28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2003254_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2003254-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198826_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198826-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, he became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_Church,_Unitarian_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="All Souls Church, Unitarian (Washington, D.C.)">All Souls Unitarian Church</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Merrill_D._Peterson" title="Merrill D. Peterson">Merrill D. Peterson</a> describes Calhoun: "Intensely serious and severe, he could never write a love poem, though he often tried, because every line began with 'whereas' ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson198827_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson198827-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a base among the Irish and Scotch Irish, Calhoun won election to <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 6th congressional district">South Carolina's 6th congressional district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in <a href="/wiki/1810_and_1811_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections">1810</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/John_Archer_Elmore" title="John Archer Elmore">John Archer Elmore</a>. He immediately became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/War_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="War Hawk">War Hawks</a>, along with Speaker <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> of Kentucky and South Carolina congressmen <a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_(congressman)" title="William Lowndes (congressman)">William Lowndes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a>. Brushing aside the vehement objections of both anti-war New Englanders and ardent <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Jeffersonians</a> led by <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph of Roanoke</a>, they demanded war against Britain, claiming that American honor and republican values had been violated by the British refusal to recognize American shipping rights.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1961359_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1961359-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member, and later acting chairman, of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Committee on Foreign Affairs</a>, Calhoun played a major role in drafting two key documents in the push for war, the Report on Foreign Relations and the War Report of 1812. Drawing on the linguistic tradition of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, Calhoun's committee called for a declaration of war in ringing phrases, denouncing Britain's "lust for power", "unbounded tyranny", and "mad ambition".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom">declared war on Britain</a> on June 18, inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. The opening phase involved multiple disasters for American arms, as well as a financial crisis when the Treasury could barely pay the bills. The conflict caused economic hardship for Americans, as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> blockaded the ports and cut off imports, exports, and the coastal trade. Several attempted invasions of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> were fiascos, but the U.S. in 1813 seized control of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">Lake Erie</a> and broke the power of hostile Indians in battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in Canada in 1813 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a> in Alabama in 1814. These Indians had, in many cases, cooperated with the British or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> in opposing American interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStagg2012117,_161_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg2012117,_161-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun labored to raise troops, provide funds, speed logistics, rescue the currency, and regulate commerce to aid the war effort. One colleague hailed him as "the young Hercules who carried the war on his shoulders".<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disasters on the battlefield made him double his legislative efforts to overcome the obstructionism of John Randolph, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, and other opponents of the war. By 1814 the British were thwarted at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">invasions of New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> capitulated, meaning America would now face Britain's formidable reinforcement with units previously committed to Europe if the war were to continue. British and American diplomats signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> undertaking a return to the borders of 1812 with no gains or losses. Before the treaty reached the Senate for ratification, and even before news of its signing reached New Orleans, a British invasion force was decisively defeated in January 1815 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>, making a national hero of General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. Americans celebrated what they called a "second war of independence" against Britain. This led to the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>", an era marked by the formal demise of the Federalist Party and increased nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2006375,_387_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2006375,_387-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_planning">Postwar planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite American successes, the mismanagement of the Army during the war very much distressed Calhoun, and he resolved to strengthen and centralize the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944103–105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944103–105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia had proven itself quite unreliable during the war and Calhoun saw the need for a permanent and professional military force. In 1816 he called for building an effective navy, including steam frigates, as well as a standing army of adequate size. The British blockade of the coast had underscored the necessity of rapid means of internal transportation; Calhoun proposed a system of "great permanent roads". The blockade had cut off the import of manufactured items, so he emphasized the need to encourage more domestic manufacture, fully realizing that industry was based in the Northeast. The dependence of the old financial system on import duties was devastated when the blockade cut off imports. Calhoun called for a system of internal taxation that would not collapse from a war-time shrinkage of maritime trade, as the tariffs had done. The expiration of the charter of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> had also distressed the Treasury, so to reinvigorate and modernize the economy Calhoun called for a new national bank. A new bank was chartered as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> by Congress and approved by President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> in 1816. Through his proposals, Calhoun emphasized a national footing and downplayed sectionalism and states rights. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips">Ulrich B. Phillips</a> says that at this stage of Calhoun's career, "The word <i>nation</i> was often on his lips, and his conviction was to enhance national unity which he identified with national power"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips19293:412–414_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips19293:412–414-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetorical_style">Rhetorical style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rhetorical style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding his career in the House of Representatives, an observer commented that Calhoun was "the most elegant speaker that sits in the House ... His gestures are easy and graceful, his manner forcible, and language elegant; but above all, he confines himself closely to the subject, which he always understands, and enlightens everyone within hearing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewett1908143_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewett1908143-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His talent for public speaking required systematic self-discipline and practice. A later critic noted the sharp contrast between his hesitant conversations and his fluent speaking styles, adding that Calhoun "had so carefully cultivated his naturally poor voice as to make his utterance clear, full, and distinct in speaking and while not at all musical it yet fell pleasantly on the ear".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._1,_p._221_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._1,_p._221-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun was "a high-strung man of ultra intellectual cast".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._2,_p._8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._2,_p._8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Calhoun was not known for charisma. He was often seen as harsh and aggressive with other representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson1988280,_408_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1988280,_408-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201196_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201196-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he was a brilliant intellectual orator and strong organizer. Historian <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> says, "That zeal which flared like Greek fire in Randolph burned in Calhoun, too; but it was contained in the Cast-iron Man as in a furnace, and Calhoun's passion glowed out only through his eyes. No man was more stately, more reserved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk2001168_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk2001168-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Quincy Adams concluded in 1821 that "Calhoun is a man of fair and candid mind, of honorable principles, of clear and quick understanding, of cool self-possession, of enlarged philosophical views, and ardent patriotism. He is above all sectional and factious prejudices more than any other statesman of this Union with whom I have ever acted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst188354_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst188354-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Charles Wiltse noted Calhoun's evolution, "Though he is known today primarily for his sectionalism, Calhoun was the last of the great political leaders of his time to take a sectional position—later than Daniel Webster, later than Henry Clay, later than Adams himself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944234_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_War_and_postwar_nationalism">Secretary of War and postwar nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of War and postwar nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JCCalhoun-1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="oil painting, 3/4 left side profile, with tied white bow tie scarf and dark blazer with gold buttons. Clean shaven, brown hair, long sideburns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JCCalhoun-1822.jpg/170px-JCCalhoun-1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JCCalhoun-1822.jpg/255px-JCCalhoun-1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JCCalhoun-1822.jpg/340px-JCCalhoun-1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bird_King" title="Charles Bird King">Charles Bird King</a>'s 1822 portrait of Calhoun at the age of 40</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1817, the deplorable state of the War Department led four men to decline offers from President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> to accept the office of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> before Calhoun finally assumed the role. Calhoun took office on December 8 and served until 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued his role as a leading nationalist during the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>. He proposed an elaborate program of national reforms to the infrastructure that he believed would speed up economic modernization. His priority was an effective navy, including steam frigates, and in the second place a standing army of adequate size—and as further preparation for an emergency, "great permanent roads", "a certain encouragement" to manufacturers, and a system of internal taxation that would not collapse from a war-time shrinkage of maritime trade, like customs duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198854_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198854-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reform-minded modernizer, Calhoun attempted to institute centralization and efficiency in the Indian Department and in the Army by establishing new coastal and frontier fortifications and building military roads, but Congress either failed to respond to his reforms or responded with hostility. Calhoun's frustration with congressional inaction, political rivalries, and ideological differences spurred him to create the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelko2004170–197_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelko2004170–197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKenney" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas McKenney">Thomas McKenney</a> was appointed as its first head. </p><p>As secretary, Calhoun had responsibility for the management of Indian affairs. He promoted a plan, adopted by Monroe in 1825, to preserve the sovereignty of eastern Indians by <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">relocating</a> them to western reservations they could control without interference from state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatz19742–7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19742–7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In over seven years Calhoun supervised the negotiation and ratification of 40 treaties with Indian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrucha1997155_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrucha1997155-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun opposed the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> launched in 1818 by General Jackson during the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>, which was done without direct authorization from Calhoun or President Monroe, and in private with other cabinet members, advocated censuring of Jackson as punishment. Calhoun claimed that Jackson had begun a war against Spain in violation of the Constitution and, that he had contradicted Calhoun's explicit orders in doing so. Specific official instructions not to invade Florida or attack the Spanish were not issued by the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977366_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977366-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Calhoun supported the <a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident" title="Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident">execution of Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister</a>, two British soldiers living in Florida who were accused of inciting the Seminole to make war against the United States. Calhoun accused the British of being involved in "wickedness, corruption, and barbarity at which the heart sickens and which in this enlightened age it ought not scarcely to be believed that a Christian nation would have participated". He added that he hoped the executions of Arbuthnot and Ambrister would deter the British and any other nations "who by false promises delude and excite an Indian tribe to all the deeds of savage war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977358–359_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977358–359-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States annexed Florida from Spain in 1819 through the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun's tenure as Secretary of War witnessed the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri crisis</a> in December 1818, when a petition arrived from Missouri settlers seeking admission into the Union as a slave state. In response, Representative <a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">James Tallmadge Jr.</a> of New York proposed two amendments to the bill designed to restrict the spread of slavery into what would become the new state. These amendments touched off an intense debate between North and South that had some talking openly of disunion. In February 1820, Calhoun predicted to Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, a New Englander, that the Missouri issue "would not produce a dissolution" of the Union. "But if it should," Calhoun went on, "the South would of necessity be compelled to form an alliance with...Great Britain." "I said that would be returning to the colonial state," Adams recalled saying afterward. According to Adams, "He said, yes, pretty much, but it would be forced upon them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014154–156_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014154–156-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war ended in 1815 the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Republicans">Old Republicans</a>" in Congress, with their Jeffersonian ideology for an economy in the federal government, sought to reduce the operations and finances of the War Department. Calhoun's political rivalry with <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>, the Secretary of the Treasury, over the pursuit of the presidency in the 1824 election, complicated Calhoun's tenure as War Secretary. The general lack of military action following the war meant that a large army, such as that preferred by Calhoun, was no longer considered necessary. The "Radicals", a group of strong states' rights supporters who mostly favored Crawford for president in the coming election, were inherently suspicious of large armies. Some allegedly also wanted to hinder Calhoun's presidential aspirations for that election.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, on March 2, 1821, Congress passed the Reduction Act, which reduced the number of enlisted men of the army by half, from 11,709 to 5,586, and the number of the officer corps by a fifth, from 680 to 540. Calhoun, though concerned, offered little protest. Later, to provide the army with a more organized command structure, which had been severely lacking during the War of 1812, he appointed Major General <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">Jacob Brown</a> to a position that would later become known as "<a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1825–1832)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281825.E2.80.931832.29"></span>Vice presidency (1825–1832)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vice presidency (1825–1832)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1824_and_1828_elections_and_Adams_presidency">1824 and 1828 elections and Adams presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1824 and 1828 elections and Adams presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Hill_(Clemson,_SC)_Historic_Marker.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large cast embossed concrete or metal panel atop a metal post. Embossing gives dates of other senators and politicians as well as Calhoun's son-in-law." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fort_Hill_%28Clemson%2C_SC%29_Historic_Marker.JPG/170px-Fort_Hill_%28Clemson%2C_SC%29_Historic_Marker.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fort_Hill_%28Clemson%2C_SC%29_Historic_Marker.JPG/255px-Fort_Hill_%28Clemson%2C_SC%29_Historic_Marker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fort_Hill_%28Clemson%2C_SC%29_Historic_Marker.JPG/340px-Fort_Hill_%28Clemson%2C_SC%29_Historic_Marker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>State historic marker at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_(Clemson,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hill (Clemson, South Carolina)">Fort Hill</a>, Calhoun's home from 1825 until his death in 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>Calhoun was initially a candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">election of 1824</a>. Four other men also sought the presidency: Andrew Jackson, Adams, Crawford, and Henry Clay. Calhoun failed to win the endorsement of the South Carolina legislature, and his supporters in Pennsylvania decided to abandon his candidacy in favor of Jackson's, and instead supported him for vice president. Other states soon followed, and Calhoun therefore allowed himself to become a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> rather than president.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Electoral_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Electoral College">Electoral College</a> elected Calhoun vice president by a landslide on December 1, 1824. He won 182 of 261 electoral votes, while five other men received the remaining votes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No presidential candidate received a majority in the Electoral College, and the election was ultimately resolved by the House of Representatives, where Adams was declared the winner over Crawford and Jackson, who in the election had led Adams in both popular vote and electoral vote. After Clay, the Speaker of the House, was appointed Secretary of State by Adams, Jackson's supporters denounced what they considered a "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay to give Adams the presidency in exchange for Clay receiving the office of Secretary of State, the holder of which had traditionally become the next president. Calhoun also expressed some concerns, which caused friction between him and Adams.<sup id="cite_ref-Roesch,_James_Rutledge_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roesch,_James_Rutledge-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun also opposed President Adams' plan to send a delegation to observe a meeting of South and Central American leaders in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, believing that the United States should stay out of foreign affairs. Calhoun became disillusioned with Adams' high tariff policies and increased centralization of government through a network of "internal improvements", which he now saw as a threat to the rights of the states. Calhoun wrote to Jackson on June 4, 1826, informing him that he would support Jackson's second campaign for the presidency in <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>. The two were never particularly close friends. Calhoun never fully trusted Jackson, a frontiersman and popular war hero, but hoped that his election would bring some reprieve from Adams's anti-states' rights policies.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson selected Calhoun as his running mate, and together they defeated Adams and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun thus became the second of two vice presidents to serve under two different presidents. The only other man who accomplished this feat was <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>, who served as vice president from 1805 to 1812 under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the election, Jackson's aide <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Hamilton" title="James Alexander Hamilton">James Alexander Hamilton</a> attempted a rapprochement between Jackson and Crawford, whom Jackson resented owing partially to the belief that it was he, not Calhoun, who had opposed the invasion of Florida. Hamilton spoke about this prospect with Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forsyth (Georgia)">John Forsyth</a> of Georgia, who acted as a mediator between the Jackson campaign and Crawford. Forsyth wrote a letter back to Hamilton in which he claimed that Crawford had stated to him that it was Calhoun, not Crawford, who had supported censuring Jackson for his invasion of Florida. Knowing that the letter could destroy the partnership between Jackson and Calhoun, Hamilton and fellow Jackson aide <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_Lewis" title="William Berkeley Lewis">William B. Lewis</a> allowed it to remain in Hamilton's possession without informing Jackson or the public of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981241_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981241-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petticoat_affair">Petticoat affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Petticoat affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></div> <p>Early in Jackson's administration, Calhoun's wife Floride Bonneau Calhoun organized Cabinet wives (hence the term "petticoats") against <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy Eaton</a>, wife of Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a>, and refused to associate with her. They alleged that John and Peggy Eaton had engaged in an adulterous affair while she was still legally married to her first husband, and that her recent behavior was unladylike. The allegations of scandal created an intolerable situation for Jackson. The Petticoat affair ended friendly relations between Calhoun and Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson sided with the Eatons. He and his late wife <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Donelson</a> had undergone similar political attacks stemming from their marriage in 1791. The two had married in 1791 not knowing that Rachel's first husband, Lewis Robards, had failed to finalize the expected divorce. Once the divorce was finalized, they married legally in 1794, but the episode caused a major controversy, and was used against him in the 1828 campaign. Jackson saw attacks on Eaton stemming ultimately from the political opposition of Calhoun, who had failed to silence his wife's criticisms. The Calhouns were widely regarded as the chief instigators.<sup id="cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson, who loved to personalize disputes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198114–15_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198114–15-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also saw the Petticoat affair as a direct challenge to his authority, because it involved lower-ranking executive officials and their wives seeming to contest his ability to choose whomever he wanted for his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates2015315_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates2015315-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, a widower, took Jackson's side and defended the Eatons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was a northerner and a supporter of the 1828 tariff (which Calhoun bitterly opposed). Calhoun and Van Buren were the main contenders for the vice-presidential nomination in the ensuing election, and the nominee would then presumably be the party's choice to succeed Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981243_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981243-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That Van Buren sided with the Eatons, in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on other issues, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>, marked him as Calhoun's likely vice presidential successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007337–339_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007337–339-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians, including Jackson biographers Richard B. Latner and <a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Robert V. Remini</a>, believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of proper behavior than in politics. Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations. He was also politically close to Van Buren. Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party. Many cabinet members were Southern and could be expected to sympathize with such concerns, especially Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a>, who was allied with Calhoun and believed that he, not Van Buren, should succeed Jackson as president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981243_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981243-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1830, reports had emerged accurately stating that Calhoun, as Secretary of War, had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These infuriated Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheathem200829_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200829-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Lewis decided to reveal the existence of Forsyth's letter, and on April 30, Crawford wrote a second letter, this time to Forsyth, repeating the charge Forsyth represented him as having previously made. Jackson received the letter on May 12, which confirmed his suspicions. He claimed that Calhoun had "betrayed" him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981242–243_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981242–243-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. For reasons unclear, Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing, leading Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun published them in the <i>United States Telegraph,</i> a newspaper edited by a Calhoun protégé, <a href="/wiki/Duff_Green" title="Duff Green">Duff Green</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him and further enraged the President.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally in the spring of 1831, at the suggestion of Van Buren, who, like Jackson, supported the Eatons, Jackson replaced all but one of his Cabinet members, thereby limiting Calhoun's influence. Van Buren began the process by resigning as Secretary of State, facilitating Jackson's removal of others. Van Buren thereby grew in favor with Jackson, while the rift between the President and Calhoun was widened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000121_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000121-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1832, Calhoun, as vice president, cast a tie-breaking vote against Jackson's nomination of Van Buren as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">Minister to Great Britain</a> in a failed attempt to end Van Buren's political career. Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, a staunch supporter of Jackson, then stated that Calhoun had "elected a Vice President", as Van Buren was able to move past his failed nomination as Minister to Great Britain and instead gain the Democratic Party's vice-presidential nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 election</a>, in which he and Jackson were victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nullification">Nullification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nullification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">Nullification (U.S. Constitution)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a></div> <p>Calhoun had begun to oppose increases in protective tariffs, as they generally benefited Northerners more than Southerners. While he was vice president in the Adams administration, Jackson's supporters devised a high tariff legislation that placed duties on imports that were also made in New England. Calhoun had been assured that the northeastern interests would reject the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a>, exposing pro-Adams New England congressmen to charges that they selfishly opposed legislation popular among <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a> in the west and mid-Atlantic States. The Southern legislators miscalculated and the so-called "Tariff of Abominations" passed and was signed into law by President Adams. Frustrated, Calhoun returned to his South Carolina plantation, where he anonymously composed <i><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Exposition_and_Protest" title="South Carolina Exposition and Protest">South Carolina Exposition and Protest</a></i>, an essay rejecting the centralization philosophy and supporting the principle of nullification as a means to prevent a tyranny of a central government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988158–161_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988158–161-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun supported the idea of nullification through a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_majority" title="Concurrent majority">concurrent majority</a>. Nullification is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law it deems unconstitutional. In Calhoun's words, it is "the right of a State to interpose, in the last resort, in order to arrest an unconstitutional act of the General Government, within its limits".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrallé188896_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrallé188896-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nullification can be traced back to arguments by Jefferson and Madison in writing the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a> of 1798 against the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>. Madison expressed the hope that the states would declare the acts unconstitutional, while Jefferson explicitly endorsed nullification.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun openly argued for a state's right to secede from the Union, as a last resort to protect its liberty and sovereignty. In his later years, Madison rebuked supporters of nullification, stating that no state had the right to nullify federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland1997248–249_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1997248–249-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "South Carolina Exposition and Protest", Calhoun argued that a state could veto any federal law that went beyond the enumerated powers and encroached upon the residual powers of the State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun1992348–349_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun1992348–349-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Jackson, meanwhile, generally supported states' rights, but opposed nullification and secession. At the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson Day</a> dinner at Jesse Brown's Indian Queen Hotel, Jackson proposed a toast and proclaimed, "Our federal Union, it must be preserved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988173_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988173-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun replied, "The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear. May we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the states, and distributing equally the benefit and burden of the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005446_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005446-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun's publication of letters from the Seminole War in the <i>Telegraph</i> caused his relationship with Jackson to deteriorate further, thus contributing to the nullification crisis. Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence that lasted until Jackson stopped it in July.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson supported a revision to tariff rates known as the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a>. It was designed to placate the nullifiers by lowering tariff rates. Written by Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a>, the bill lowered duties from 45% to 27%. In May, Representative John Quincy Adams introduced a slightly revised version of the bill, which Jackson accepted. It passed Congress on July 9 and was signed by the president on July 14. The bill failed to satisfy extremists on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981358–360_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981358–360-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the South Carolina legislature voted to call a convention to nullify the tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007402_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007402-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 24, the South Carolina Nullification Convention passed an ordinance nullifying both the Tariff of 1832 and the Tariff of 1828 and threatening to secede if the federal government attempted to enforce the tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007405_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007405-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Jackson sent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> warships to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> harbor, and threatened to hang Calhoun or any man who worked to support nullification or secession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007404–406_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007404–406-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After joining the Senate, Calhoun began to work with Clay on a new <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">compromise tariff</a>. A bill sponsored by the administration had been introduced by Representative <a href="/wiki/Gulian_C._Verplanck" title="Gulian C. Verplanck">Gulian C. Verplanck</a> of New York, but it lowered rates more sharply than Clay and other protectionists desired. Clay managed to get Calhoun to agree to a bill with higher rates in exchange for Clay's opposition to Jackson's military threats and, perhaps, with the hope that he could win some Southern votes in his next bid for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198138_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198138-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a>, which empowered the President of the United States to use military force to ensure state compliance with federal law. South Carolina accepted the tariff, but in a final show of defiance, nullified the Force Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007406–410_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007406–410-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Calhoun's speech against the Force Bill, delivered on February 5, 1833, no longer as vice president, he strongly endorsed nullification, at one point saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why, then, confer on the President the extensive and unlimited powers provided in this bill? Why authorize him to use military force to arrest the civil process of the State? But one answer can be given: That, in a contest between the State and the General Government, if the resistance be limited on both sides to the civil process, the State, by its inherent sovereignty, standing upon its reserved powers, will prove too powerful in such a controversy, and must triumph over the Federal Government, sustained by its delegated and limited authority; and in this answer we have an acknowledgment of the truth of those great principles for which the State has so firmly and nobly contended.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his three-volume biography of Jackson, <a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">James Parton</a> summed up Calhoun's role in the Nullification crisis: "Calhoun began it. Calhoun continued it. Calhoun stopped it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860447_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860447-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As tensions over nullification escalated, South Carolina Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Robert Y. Hayne</a> was considered less capable than Calhoun to represent South Carolina in the Senate debates, so in late 1832 Hayne resigned to become governor; Calhoun resigned as vice president, and the South Carolina legislature elected Calhoun to fill Hayne's Senate seat. Van Buren had already been elected as Jackson's new vice president, meaning that Calhoun had less than three months left on his term anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929411–419_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929411–419-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Carolina newspaper <i>City Gazette</i> commented on the change: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is admitted that the former gentleman [Hayne] is injudiciously pitted against Clay and Webster and, nullification out of the question, Mr. Calhoun's place should be in front with these formidable politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJervey1909315_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJervey1909315-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Biographer John Niven argues "that these moves were part of a well-thought-out plan whereby Hayne would restrain the hotheads in the state legislature and Calhoun would defend his brainchild, nullification, in Washington against administration stalwarts and the likes of Daniel Webster, the new apostle of northern nationalism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988192_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988192-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As vice president, Calhoun cast a then-record 31 <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking votes in the Senate</a>, the most of any vice president in their capacity as Senate president until vice president <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> surpassed it in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_term_in_the_U.S._Senate">First term in the U.S. Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First term in the U.S. Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Calhoun.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil painting at aged 52, slightly heavier than earlier images, hair slightly gray, white scarf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_C._Calhoun.jpeg/170px-John_C._Calhoun.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_C._Calhoun.jpeg/255px-John_C._Calhoun.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_C._Calhoun.jpeg/340px-John_C._Calhoun.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Calhoun from 1834 by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale" title="Rembrandt Peale">Rembrandt Peale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Calhoun took his seat in the Senate on December 29, 1832, his chances of becoming president were considered poor due to his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>, which left him without connections to a major national party.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_Tariff_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Compromise Tariff of 1833">Compromise Tariff of 1833</a>, which helped solve the Nullification Crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a>, along with other anti-Jackson politicians, formed a coalition known as the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>. Calhoun sometimes affiliated with the Whigs, but chose to remain a virtual independent due to the Whig promotion of federally subsidized "internal improvements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1833 to 1834, Jackson was engaged in removing federal funds from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>. Calhoun opposed this action, considering it a dangerous expansion of executive power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2006397_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2006397-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called the men of the Jackson administration "artful, cunning, and corrupt politicians, and not fearless warriors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198842_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198842-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accused Jackson of being ignorant about financial matters. As evidence, he cited the economic panic caused by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a> as a means to stop Jackson from destroying the Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198842_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198842-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 28, 1834, Calhoun voted with the Whig senators on a successful motion to <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> Jackson for his removal of the funds.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, he refused to attend the inauguration of Jackson's chosen successor, Van Buren, even as other powerful senators who opposed the administration, such as Webster and Clay, did witness the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984422_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984422-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1837, Calhoun generally had realigned himself with most of the Democrats' policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To restore his national stature, Calhoun cooperated with Van Buren. Democrats were hostile to national banks, and the country's bankers had joined the Whig Party. The Democratic replacement, meant to help combat the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> system, which Calhoun supported and which went into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198862–63_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198862–63-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun, like Jackson and Van Buren, attacked finance capitalism and opposed what he saw as encroachment by government and big business. For this reason, he opposed the candidacy of Whig <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a>, believing that Harrison would institute high tariffs and therefore place an undue burden on the Southern economy.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun resigned from the Senate on March 3, 1843, four years before the expiration of his term, and returned to Fort Hill to prepare an attempt to win the Democratic nomination for the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained little support, even from the South, and quit.<sup id="cite_ref-James_K._Polk:_The_Campaign_and_Election_of_1844_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_K._Polk:_The_Campaign_and_Election_of_1844-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_and_the_Annexation_of_Texas">Appointment and the Annexation of Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appointment and the Annexation of Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></div> <p>When Harrison died in 1841 after a month in office, Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> succeeded him. Tyler, a former Democrat, was expelled from the Whig Party after vetoing bills passed by the Whig congressional majority to reestablish a national bank and raise tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named Calhoun <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> on April 10, 1844, following the death of <a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a>, one of six people killed when a cannon exploded during a public demonstration in the <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_disaster_of_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Princeton disaster of 1844">USS <i>Princeton</i> disaster</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Calhoun,_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_C._Calhoun%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/170px-John_C._Calhoun%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_C._Calhoun%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/255px-John_C._Calhoun%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_C._Calhoun%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/340px-John_C._Calhoun%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Calhoun, during his tenure as Secretary of State (April 1844 – March 1845)</figcaption></figure> <p>Upshur's loss was a severe blow to the Tyler administration. When Calhoun was nominated as Upshur's replacement, the White House was well-advanced towards securing a treaty of annexation with Texas. The State Department's secret negotiations with the Texas republic had proceeded despite explicit threats from a suspicious Mexican government that an unauthorized seizure of its northern district of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a> would be equivalent to an act of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008105_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008105-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the negotiations with Texas envoys and the garnering of support from the U.S. Senate had been spearheaded aggressively by Secretary Upshur, a strong pro-slavery partisan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler looked to its ratification by the Senate as the <i>sine qua non</i> to his ambition for another term in office. Tyler planned to outflank the Whigs by gaining support from the Democratic Party or possibly creating a new party of discontented Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008100_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008100-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun, though as avid a proponent for Texas acquisition as Upshur, posed a political liability to Tyler's aims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt200435_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200435-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As secretary of state, Calhoun's political objective was to see that the presidency was placed in the hands of a southern <a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">extremist</a>, who would put the expansion of slavery at the center of national policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680–681_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680–681-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler and his allies had, since 1843, devised and encouraged national propaganda promoting Texas annexation, which understated Southern slaveholders' aspirations regarding the future of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Tyler chose to portray the annexation of Texas as something that would prove economically beneficial to the nation as a whole. The further introduction of slavery into the vast expanses of Texas and beyond, they argued, would "diffuse" rather than concentrate slavery regionally, ultimately weakening white attachment and dependence on slave labor. This theory was yoked to the growing enthusiasm among Americans for <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>, a desire to see the social, economic and moral precepts of republicanism spread across the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200899–101_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200899–101-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2008184_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2008184-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Tyler declared that national security was at stake: If foreign powers—Great Britain in particular—were to gain influence in Texas, it would be reduced to a British cotton-producing reserve and a base to exert geostrategic influence over North America. Texas might be coerced into relinquishing slavery, inducing slave uprisings in adjoining slave states and deepening sectional conflicts between American free-soil and slave-soil interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200897–98_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200897–98-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment of Calhoun, with his southern states' rights reputation—which some believed was "synonymous with slavery"—threatened to cast doubt on Tyler's carefully crafted reputation as a nationalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008110_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008110-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler, though ambivalent, felt obliged to enlist Calhoun as Secretary of State, because Tyler's closest confidantes had, in haste, offered the position to the South Carolinian statesman in the immediate aftermath of the <i>Princeton</i> disaster. Calhoun would be confirmed by Congress by unanimous vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008109_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008109-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In advance of Calhoun's arrival in Washington, D.C., Tyler attempted to quickly finalize the treaty negotiations. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, President of the Texas Republic, fearing Mexican retaliation, insisted on a tangible demonstration of U.S. commitments to the security of Texas. When key Texas diplomats failed to appear on schedule, the delay compelled Tyler to bring his new Secretary of State directly into negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008110_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008110-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary Calhoun was directed to honor former Secretary Upshur's verbal assurances of protection<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now offered by Calhoun in writing, to provide for U.S. military intervention in the event that Mexico used force to hold Texas. Tyler deployed U.S. Navy vessels to the Gulf of Mexico and ordered army units mobilized, entirely paid for with $100,000 of executive branch contingency funds. The move side-stepped constitutional requirements that Congress authorize appropriations for war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008110_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008110-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 22, 1844, Secretary Calhoun signed the treaty of annexation and ten days later delivered it to the Senate for consideration in secret session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679–680_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679–680-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of the treaty negotiations and supporting documents were leaked to the press by Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tappan" title="Benjamin Tappan">Benjamin Tappan</a> of Ohio. Tappan, a Democrat, was an opponent of annexation and of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms of the Tyler–Texas treaty and the release of Calhoun's letter to British ambassador <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pakenham" title="Richard Pakenham">Richard Pakenham</a> exposed the annexation campaign as a program to expand and preserve slavery. In the Pakenham letter, Calhoun alleged that the institution of slavery contributed to the physical and mental well-being of Southern slaves. The U.S. Senate was compelled to open its debates on ratification to public scrutiny, and hopes for its passage by the two-thirds majority required by the Constitution were abandoned by administration supporters. In linking Texas annexation to the expansion of slavery, Calhoun had alienated many who might previously have supported the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008113_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008113-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 8, 1844, after fierce partisan struggles, the Senate rejected the Tyler–Texas treaty by a vote of 16–35, a margin of more than two-to-one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote went largely along party lines: Whigs had opposed it almost unanimously (1–27), while Democrats split, but voted largely in favor (15–8).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008114–115_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008114–115-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the disclosure of the treaty placed the issue of Texas annexation at the center of the 1844 general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008115_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008115-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2008167_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2008167-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1844">Election of 1844</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Election of 1844"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg/170px-John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg/255px-John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg/340px-John_Caldwell_Calhoun_ca._1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Daguerreotype of Calhoun, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1843</span></figcaption></figure> <p>At the Democratic Convention in Baltimore, Maryland in May 1844, Calhoun's supporters, with Calhoun in attendance, threatened to bolt the proceedings and shift support to Tyler's third party ticket if the delegates failed to produce a pro-Texas nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007683_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007683-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun's Pakenham letter, and its identification with proslavery extremism, moved the presumptive Democratic Party nominee, the northerner Martin Van Buren, into denouncing annexation. Therefore, Van Buren, already not widely popular in the South, saw his support from that region crippled. As a result, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, a pro-Texas Jacksonian and Tennessee politician, won the nomination. Historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a> says that Calhoun's Pakenham letter was a deliberate attempt to influence the outcome of the 1844 election, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By identifying Texas with slavery, Calhoun made sure that Van Buren, being a northerner, would have to oppose Texas. This, Calhoun correctly foresaw, would hurt the New Yorker's chances for the Democratic nomination. Nor did the Carolinian's ingenious strategy ultimately wreck the cause for Texas annexation. Indeed, in that respect it would turn out a brilliant success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007681–682_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007681–682-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the general election, Calhoun offered his endorsement to Polk on condition that he support the annexation of Texas, oppose the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">Tariff of 1842</a>, and dissolve the <i>Washington Globe,</i> the semi-official propaganda organ of the Democratic Party headed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a>. He received these assurances and enthusiastically supported Polk's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009104–107_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009104–107-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk narrowly defeated Henry Clay, who opposed annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984497,_507_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984497,_507-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lame-duck President Tyler organized a joint House–Senate vote on the Texas treaty which passed, requiring only a simple majority. He signed a bill of annexation on March 1, With President Polk's support, the Texas annexation treaty was approved by the Texas Republic in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman200979–84_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman200979–84-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bill to admit Texas as the 28th state of the Union was signed by Polk on December 29, 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerk1978308_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerk1978308-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_term_in_the_Senate">Second term in the Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Second term in the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War_and_Wilmot_Proviso"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War_and_Wilmot_Proviso"></span>Mexican–American War and Wilmot Proviso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War and Wilmot Proviso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Age 67, long gray hair, austere look, dying, holding black cloak closed with both hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849.jpg/170px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849.jpg/255px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849.jpg/340px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Calhoun photographed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> in 1849, shortly before his death</figcaption></figure> <p>Calhoun was re-elected to the Senate in 1845 following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliott_Huger" title="Daniel Elliott Huger">Daniel Elliott Huger</a>. He soon became vocally opposed to the Mexican–American War. He believed that it would distort the national character by undermining republicanism in favor of empire and by bringing non-white persons into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Congress declared war against Mexico on May 13, he abstained from voting on the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrnes200129_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnes200129-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Carolina, Calhoun received some praise for his principled position, but support for the war was high in spite of his opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit1950442–443_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit1950442–443-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun also vigorously opposed the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, an 1846 proposal by Pennsylvania Representative <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot_(politician)" title="David Wilmot (politician)">David Wilmot</a> to ban slavery in all newly acquired territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Representatives, through its Northern majority, passed the provision. However, the Senate never approved the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007767_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007767-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oregon_boundary_dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Oregon boundary dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major crisis emerged from the persistent <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a> between Great Britain and the United States, due to an increasing number of American migrants. The territory included most of present-day <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>. American expansionists used the slogan "54–40 or fight" in reference to the Northern boundary coordinates of the Oregon territory. The parties compromised, ending the war threat, by splitting the area down the middle at the 49th parallel, with the British acquiring British Columbia and the Americans accepting Washington and Oregon. Calhoun, along with President Polk and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, continued work on the treaty while he was a senator, and it was ratified by a vote of 41–14 on June 18, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection_of_the_Compromise_of_1850">Rejection of the Compromise of 1850</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rejection of the Compromise of 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, devised by Clay and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, a first-term Democratic senator from Illinois, was designed to solve the controversy over the status of slavery in the vast new territories acquired from Mexico. Many pro-slavery Southerners opposed it as inadequate protection for slavery, and Calhoun helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a>, which would meet in June to discuss possible <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States#South_Carolina" title="Secession in the United States">Southern secession</a>. The 67-year-old Calhoun had suffered periodic bouts of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> throughout his life. In March 1850, the disease reached a critical stage. Weeks from death and too feeble to speak, Calhoun wrote a blistering attack on the Compromise that would become his most famous speech. On March 4 a friend and disciple, Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">James Mason</a> of Virginia, read his remarks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19882–3_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19882–3-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun affirmed the right of the South to leave the Union in response to what he called Northern subjugation, specifically <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">the North's growing opposition</a> to the South's "<a href="/wiki/Peculiar_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar institution">peculiar institution</a>" of slavery. He warned that the day "the balance between the two sections" was destroyed would be a day not far removed from disunion, anarchy, and civil war. Calhoun queried how the Union might be preserved in light of subjugation of the "weaker" party—the pro-slavery South—by the "stronger" party, the anti-slavery North. He maintained that the responsibility of solving the question lay entirely on the North—as the stronger section, to allow the Southern minority an equal share in governance and to cease its anti-slavery agitation. He added: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If you who represent the stronger portion, cannot agree to settle them on the broad principle of justice and duty, say so; and let the States we both represent agree to separate and part in peace. If you are unwilling we should part in peace, tell us so; and we shall know what to do, when you reduce the question to submission or resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Calhoun died soon afterward, and although the Compromise measures did eventually pass, Calhoun's ideas about states' rights attracted increasing attention across the South. Historian William Barney argues that Calhoun's ideas proved "appealing to Southerners concerned with preserving slavery. ...Southern radicals known as '<a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a>' pushed the doctrine of states' rights to its logical extreme by upholding the constitutional right of the state to secede".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney2011304_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney2011304-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Very large, imposing grave stone, perhaps 15 feet (4.6 m) high, with simply Calhoun's birth and death dates engraved." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG/220px-Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG/330px-Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG/440px-Closeup_of_John_C._Calhoun_grave_IMG_4649.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Calhoun's grave at <a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Philip's Church</a> yard in Charleston</figcaption></figure> <p>Calhoun died at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Capitol_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Capitol Prison">Old Brick Capitol</a> boarding house in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on March 31, 1850, of tuberculosis, at the age of 68. The <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a> attributed to him were "The South, the poor South!"<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was interred at <a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Philip's Churchyard</a> in Charleston, South Carolina. During the Civil War, a group of Calhoun's friends were concerned about the possible desecration of his grave by Federal troops and, during the night, removed his coffin to a hiding place under the stairs of the church. The next night, his coffin was buried in an unmarked grave near the church, where it remained until 1871 when it was again exhumed and returned to its original place.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Calhoun had died, an associate suggested that Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> give a eulogy in honor of Calhoun on the floor of the Senate. Benton, a devoted Unionist, declined, saying: "He is not dead, sir—he is not dead. There may be no vitality in his body, but there is in his doctrines."<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a> campus in South Carolina occupies the site of Calhoun's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_(Clemson,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hill (Clemson, South Carolina)">Fort Hill plantation</a>, which he bequeathed to his wife and daughter. They sold it and its 50 slaves to a relative. When that owner died, Thomas Green Clemson foreclosed the mortgage. He later bequeathed the property to the state for use as an agricultural college to be named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun's widow, Floride, died on July 25, 1866, and was buried in St. Paul's Episcopal Church Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Pendleton,_South_Carolina" title="Pendleton, South Carolina">Pendleton, South Carolina</a>, near their children, but apart from her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">W. Bush presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Congressional caucuses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Social media</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrarian_republicanism">Agrarian republicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agrarian republicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></div> <p>Historian Lee<span class="nowrap"> </span>H. Cheek Jr. characterizes Calhoun's American <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> as within the South Atlantic tradition, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> tradition. While the New England–based puritan tradition stressed a politically centralized enforcement of moral and religious norms to secure <a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">civic virtue</a>, the South Atlantic tradition relied on a decentralized moral and religious order based on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a> (or localism). Cheek considers the 1798 <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a>, written by Jefferson and Madison, the cornerstone of Calhoun's republicanism. Calhoun believed that popular rule is best expressed in local communities that are nearly autonomous while serving as units of a larger society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheek20048_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheek20048-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun,_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full profile, black suit with white ruffled shirt. Hand on chest with fingers spread out, soft look." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun%2C_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG/220px-G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun%2C_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun%2C_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG/330px-G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun%2C_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun%2C_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG/440px-G.P.A._Healy%27s_portrait_of_John_C._Calhoun%2C_Charleston_City_Hall_IMG_4589.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy's</a> 1851 painting of Calhoun at City Hall in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></figcaption></figure><p>Calhoun led the <a href="/wiki/Pro-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-slavery">pro-slavery</a> faction in the Senate, opposing both total <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a> and attempts such as the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> to limit the expansion of slavery into the western territories.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun's father, Patrick Calhoun, was a staunch supporter of slavery who taught his son that social standing depended not merely on a commitment to the ideal of popular self-government, but also on the ownership of a substantial number of slaves. Flourishing in a world in which slaveholding was a hallmark of civilization, Calhoun saw little reason to question its morality as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994218_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994218-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that slavery instilled in white people a code of honor that fostered civic-mindedness. From Calhoun's standpoint, the expansion of slavery decreased the likelihood for social conflict and postponed the decay of when money would become the only measure of self-worth, as he believed had happened in New England. Calhoun was firmly convinced that slavery was the key to the success of the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American dream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994228_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994228-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas other Southern politicians had excused slavery as a "necessary evil", in a famous <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slavery_a_Positive_Good" class="extiw" title="s:Slavery a Positive Good">speech on the Senate floor</a> on February 6, 1837, Calhoun asserted that slavery was a "positive good".<sup id="cite_ref-what_he_said_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_he_said-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rooted this claim on three grounds: <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. All societies, Calhoun claimed, are ruled by an elite group that enjoys the fruits of the labor of a less-exceptional group. Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> of Virginia had earlier referred to slavery as an evil that might become a "lesser evil" in some circumstances. Calhoun believed that conceded too much to the abolitionists:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994227_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994227-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I take higher ground. I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good—a positive good ... I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe—look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse ... I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun183734_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun183734-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Calhoun's treatment of his own slaves includes an incident in 1831, when his slave Alick ran away when threatened with a severe whipping. Calhoun wrote to his second cousin and brother-in-law, asking him to keep a lookout for Alick, and if he was taken, to have him "severely whipped" and sent back.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Alick's captor, Calhoun wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am glad to hear that Alick has been apprehended and am much obliged to you for paying the expense of apprehending him . . . . He ran away for no other cause, but to avoid a correction for some misconduct, and as I am desirous to prevent a repetition, I wish you to have him lodged in Jail for one week, to be fed on bread and water and to employ some one for me to give him 30 lashes well laid on, at the end of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Calhoun rejected the belief of Southern leaders, such as Henry Clay, that all Americans could agree on the "opinion and feeling" that slavery was wrong, although they might disagree on the most practicable way to respond to that great wrong. Calhoun's constitutional ideas acted as a viable conservative alternative to Northern appeals to democracy, majority rule, and natural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1988405–424_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1988405–424-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As well as providing an intellectual justification of slavery, Calhoun played a central role in devising the South's overall political strategy. According to historian Ulrich B. Phillips, </p><blockquote><p>[Calhoun's] devices were manifold: to suppress agitation, to praise the slaveholding system; to promote white Southern prosperity and expansion; to procure a Western alliance; to frame a fresh plan of government by concurrent majorities; to form a Southern bloc; to warn the North of the dangers of Southern desperation; to appeal for Northern magnanimity as indispensable for the saving of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929416_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929416-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Shortly after delivering his speech against the Compromise of 1850, Calhoun predicted the destruction of the Union over the slavery issue. Speaking to Senator Mason, he said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I fix its probable occurrence within twelve years or three presidential terms. You and others of your age will probably live to see it; I shall not. The mode by which it will be done is not so clear; it may be brought about in a manner that no one now foresees. But the probability is, it will explode in a presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19881_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19881-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_War_with_Mexico">Opposition to the War with Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Opposition to the War with Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large, classic style white house surrounded by lots of greenery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fort_Hill.jpg/220px-Fort_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fort_Hill.jpg/330px-Fort_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fort_Hill.jpg/440px-Fort_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Calhoun's home, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_(Clemson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hill (Clemson)">Fort Hill</a>, on the grounds that became part of <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Clemson,_South_Carolina" title="Clemson, South Carolina">Clemson, South Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Calhoun was consistently opposed to the War with Mexico, arguing that an enlarged military effort would only feed the alarming and growing lust of the public for empire regardless of its constitutional dangers, bloat executive powers and patronage, and saddle the republic with a soaring debt that would disrupt finances and encourage speculation. Calhoun feared, moreover, that Southern slave owners would be shut out of any conquered Mexican territories, as nearly happened with the Wilmot Proviso. He argued that the war would detrimentally lead to the annexation of all of Mexico, which would bring Mexicans into the country, whom he considered deficient in moral and intellectual terms. He said, in a speech on January 4, 1848: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow:inherit;="><p>We make a great mistake, sir, when we suppose that all people are capable of self-government. We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged in a very respectable quarter, that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake. None but people advanced to a very high state of moral and intellectual improvement are capable, in a civilized state, of maintaining free government; and amongst those who are so purified, very few, indeed, have had the good fortune of forming a constitution capable of endurance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun199968_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun199968-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Calhoun argued that a war for territory was morally wrong and felt that the Polk administration had been too aggressive in trying to force a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit1950339–441_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit1950339–441-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-slavery Northerners denounced the war as a Southern conspiracy to expand slavery; Calhoun in turn perceived a connivance of Yankees to destroy the South. By 1847 he decided the Union was threatened by a totally corrupt <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">party system</a>. He believed that in their lust for office, patronage and <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils</a>, politicians in the North pandered to the anti-slavery vote, especially during presidential campaigns, and politicians in the slave states sacrificed Southern rights in an effort to placate the Northern wings of their parties. Thus, the essential first step in any successful assertion of Southern rights had to be the jettisoning of all party ties. In 1848–49, Calhoun tried to give substance to his call for Southern unity. He was the driving force behind the drafting and publication of the "Address of the Southern Delegates in Congress, to Their Constituents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham2008104_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham2008104-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It alleged Northern violations of the constitutional rights of the South, then warned Southern voters to expect forced emancipation of slaves in the near future, followed by their complete subjugation by an unholy alliance of unprincipled Northerners and blacks. Whites would flee and the South would "become the permanent abode of disorder, anarchy, poverty, misery, and wretchedness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun1870311_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun1870311-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the immediate and unflinching unity of Southern whites could prevent such a disaster. Such unity would either bring the North to its senses or lay the foundation for an independent South. But the spirit of union was still strong in the region and fewer than 40% of the Southern congressmen signed the address, and only one Whig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Southerners believed his warnings and read every political news story from the North as further evidence of the planned destruction of the white southern way of life. The climax came a decade after Calhoun's death with the election of Republican <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>, which led to the secession of South Carolina, followed by six other Southern states. They formed the new <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>, which, in accordance with Calhoun's theory, did not have any organized political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerman201211_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerman201211-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrent_majority">Concurrent majority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Concurrent majority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnCCalhoun.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full profile in oval frame, black scarf under quilted sweater, right arm draped over chair arm holding rim of hat. Austere look." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JohnCCalhoun.jpeg/170px-JohnCCalhoun.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/JohnCCalhoun.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Undated photograph of Calhoun</figcaption></figure> <p>Calhoun's basic concern for protecting the diversity of minority interests is expressed in his chief contribution to political science—the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_majority" title="Concurrent majority">concurrent majority</a> across different groups as distinguished from a numerical majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord199419–58_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord199419–58-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concurrent majority is a system in which a minority group is permitted to exercise a sort of veto power over actions of a majority that are believed to infringe upon the minority's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheek2004146_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheek2004146-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the principle of a numerical majority, the will of the more numerous citizens should always rule, regardless of the burdens on the minority. Such a principle tends toward a consolidation of power in which the interests of the absolute majority always prevail over those of the minority. Calhoun believed that the great achievement of the American constitution was in checking the tyranny of a numerical majority through institutional procedures that required a concurrent majority, such that each important interest must consent to the actions of government. To secure a concurrent majority, those interests that have a numerical majority must compromise with the interests that are in the minority. A concurrent majority requires a unanimous consent of all the major interests in a community, which is the only sure way of preventing <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>. This idea supported Calhoun's doctrine of interposition or nullification, in which the state governments could refuse to enforce or comply with a policy of the Federal government that threatened the vital interests of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1948) emphasizes that Calhoun's conception of minority was very different from the minorities of a century later: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow:inherit;="><p>Not in the slightest was [Calhoun] concerned with minority rights as they are chiefly of interest to the modern liberal mind—the rights of dissenters to express unorthodox opinions, of the individual conscience against the State, least of all of ethnic minorities. At bottom he was not interested in any minority that was not a propertied minority. The concurrent majority itself was a device without relevance to the protection of dissent, designed to protect a vested interest of considerable power ... it was minority privileges rather than [minority] rights that he really proposed to protect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201190–91_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201190–91-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Unlike Jefferson, Calhoun rejected attempts at economic, social, or political leveling, claiming that true equality could not be achieved if all classes were given equal rights and responsibilities. Rather, to ensure true prosperity, it was necessary for a stronger group to provide protection and care for the weaker one. This meant that the two groups should not be equal before the law. For Calhoun, "protection" (order) was more important than freedom. Individual rights were something to be earned, not something bestowed by nature or God.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun was concerned with protecting the interests of the Southern States (which he identified with the interests of their slaveholding elites) as a distinct and beleaguered minority among the members of the federal Union; his idea of a concurrent majority as a protection for minority rights has gained some acceptance in American political thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskin196949–65_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskin196949–65-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKateb1969583–605_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKateb1969583–605-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist Malcolm Jewell argues, "The decision-making process in this country resembles John Calhoun's 'concurrent majority': A large number of groups both within and outside the government must, in practice, approve any major policy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewell20152_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewell20152-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun's ideas on the concurrent majority are illustrated in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Disquisition_on_Government" title="A Disquisition on Government">A Disquisition on Government</a></i>. The <i>Disquisition</i> is a 100-page essay on Calhoun's definitive and comprehensive ideas on government, which he worked on intermittently for six years until its 1849 completion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994351–355_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994351–355-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It systematically presents his arguments that a numerical majority in any government will typically impose a despotism over a minority unless some way is devised to secure the assent of all classes, sections, and interests and, similarly, that innate human depravity would debase government in a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling196525–42_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling196525–42-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_sovereignty_and_the_"Calhoun_Doctrine""><span id="State_sovereignty_and_the_.22Calhoun_Doctrine.22"></span>State sovereignty and the "Calhoun Doctrine"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: State sovereignty and the "Calhoun Doctrine""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1840s three interpretations of the constitutional powers of Congress to deal with slavery in territories emerged: the "free-soil doctrine," the "<a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> position," and the "Calhoun doctrine". The Free Soilers stated that Congress had the power to outlaw slavery in the territories. The popular sovereignty position argued that the voters living there should decide. The Calhoun doctrine said that neither Congress nor the citizens of the territories could outlaw slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFehrenbacher198164–65_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFehrenbacher198164–65-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what historian Robert R. Russell calls the "Calhoun Doctrine", Calhoun argued that the Federal Government's role in the territories was only that of the trustee or agent of the several sovereign states: it was obliged not to discriminate among the states and hence was incapable of forbidding the bringing into any territory of anything that was legal property in any state. Calhoun argued that citizens from every state had the right to take their property to any territory. Congress and local voters, he asserted, had no authority to place restrictions on slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1966466–486_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1966466–486-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a February 1847 speech before the Senate, Calhoun declared that "the enactment of any law which should directly, or by its effects, deprive the citizens of any of the States of this Union from emigrating, with their property, in to any of the territories of the United States, will make such discrimination and would therefore be a violation of the Constitution". Enslavers therefore had a fundamental right to take their property wherever they wished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014331_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014331-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As constitutional historian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Eduard_von_Holst" title="Hermann Eduard von Holst">Hermann von Holst</a> noted, "Calhoun's doctrine made it a solemn constitutional duty of the United States government and of the American people to act as if the existence or non-existence of slavery in the Territories did not concern them in the least."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst1883312_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst1883312-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Calhoun Doctrine was opposed by the Free Soil forces, which merged into the new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> around 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1995178_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1995178-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> used Calhoun's arguments in his decision in the 1857 Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a>,</i> in which he ruled that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in any of the territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jcctypo01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Faded stamp image of Calhoun, saying 'Confederate states One Cent'." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jcctypo01.jpg/170px-Jcctypo01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Jcctypo01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>John C. Calhoun postage stamp, CSA issue of 1862, unused</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-T1-$1000-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First series $1,000 banknote. Uniface. Inscribed "Twelve months after date"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CSA-T1-%241000-1861.jpg/220px-CSA-T1-%241000-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CSA-T1-%241000-1861.jpg/330px-CSA-T1-%241000-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CSA-T1-%241000-1861.jpg/440px-CSA-T1-%241000-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> First issue banknote depicting both Calhoun and Andrew Jackson (Act of March 9, 1861)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_memorials">Monuments and memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Monuments and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_John_C._Calhoun" title="List of places named for John C. Calhoun">List of places named for John C. Calhoun</a></div> <p>Many different places, streets, and schools were named after Calhoun. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a> (1832)<sup id="cite_ref-Callhoun_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callhoun-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Kansas" title="Jackson County, Kansas">Jackson County, Kansas</a> (1859), were subsequently renamed. The "<a href="/wiki/Great_Triumvirate" title="Great Triumvirate">Immortal Trio</a>" (Calhoun, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>) were memorialized with streets in Uptown <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. </p><p>In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a> removed John C. Calhoun's name from Clemson University Calhoun Honors College, renaming it to Clemson University Honors College. This action was taken in response to a petition which was supported by NFL stars <a href="/wiki/DeAndre_Hopkins" title="DeAndre Hopkins">DeAndre Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deshaun_Watson" title="Deshaun Watson">Deshaun Watson</a> who are Clemson University alumni.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSNews_Brito_20200612_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSNews_Brito_20200612-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University chairman Smyth McKissick said that "we must recognize there are central figures in Clemson's history whose ideals, beliefs and actions do not represent the university's core values of respect and diversity".<sup id="cite_ref-CBSNews_Brito_20200612_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSNews_Brito_20200612-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederate government honored Calhoun on a 1¢ <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">postage stamp</a>, which was printed in 1862 but was never officially released.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, at the height of the Jim Crow era, white segregationists erected a monument to Calhoun in <a href="/wiki/Marion_Square" title="Marion Square">Marion Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>; the base was within easy reach and the local black population defaced it. Finally, it was replaced in 1896 standing atop a column base at a total of 115 feet<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as fenced in to deter attackers. It continued as a target of vandalism regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue has been a topic of debate for a long time. In 2017, Charleston's city council deferred a proposal to put a plaque on the statue that would have stated his <a href="/wiki/White-supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White-supremacist">white-supremacist</a> views.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was No. 5 on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Make_It_Right_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Make It Right Project (page does not exist)">Make It Right Project</a>'s 2018 list of the 10 Confederate monuments it most wanted removed.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Make It Right Project organized a protest at the monument on May 16, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument was removed on June 24, 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following a unanimous vote by the Charleston City Council to relocate the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Hon._John_C._Calhoun_erected_in_Statuary_Hall_of_the_Capitol_at_Washington._Proceedings_in_Statuary_Hall_and_in_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Representatives_on_the_occasion_of_the_unveiling,_(14762688871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Life-sized statue, standing with full cloak to ankles, left hand on hip, right hand on book, serious and distinguished demeanor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Statue_of_Hon._John_C._Calhoun_erected_in_Statuary_Hall_of_the_Capitol_at_Washington._Proceedings_in_Statuary_Hall_and_in_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Representatives_on_the_occasion_of_the_unveiling%2C_%2814762688871%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Statue_of_Hon._John_C._Calhoun_erected_in_Statuary_Hall_of_the_Capitol_at_Washington._Proceedings_in_Statuary_Hall_and_in_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Representatives_on_the_occasion_of_the_unveiling%2C_%2814762688871%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Statue_of_Hon._John_C._Calhoun_erected_in_Statuary_Hall_of_the_Capitol_at_Washington._Proceedings_in_Statuary_Hall_and_in_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Representatives_on_the_occasion_of_the_unveiling%2C_%2814762688871%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun_(Ruckstull)" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Calhoun (Ruckstull)">John C. Calhoun statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a> at the U.S. Capitol</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1910, the state of South Carolina gave a <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun_(Ruckstull)" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Calhoun (Ruckstull)">statue of Calhoun</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AOC_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOC-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the Capitol, there is an 1896 bust of Calhoun in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">U.S. Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection</a>, and he is one of the "Famous Five" former members originally selected by the Senate in 1957 to be honored with a portrait in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Reception_Room" title="United States Senate Reception Room">Senate Reception Room</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1817, surveyors sent by Secretary of War Calhoun to map the area around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> named the largest lake in what became <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>, for him.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two centuries later, the city of Minneapolis <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">renamed</a> the lake with the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota language</a> name <a href="/wiki/Bde_Maka_Ska" title="Bde Maka Ska">Bde Maka Ska</a>, meaning "White Earth Lake" or "White Banks Lake".<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Calhoun-Isles Community Band in the <a href="/wiki/Uptown,_Minneapolis" title="Uptown, Minneapolis">Uptown district</a> of Minneapolis changed its name to City of Lakes Community Band in November 2018, to distance itself from Calhoun's pro-slavery legacy, following the renaming of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-swjournal2018-11-28_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swjournal2018-11-28-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Calhoun Square">Calhoun Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_Beach_Club" title="Calhoun Beach Club">Calhoun Beach Club</a>, both in Minneapolis, announced name changes, and the road around the lake was renamed Bde Maka Ska Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the city councilors of <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, voted unanimously to remove his name from <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calhoun Square (Savannah, Georgia)">Calhoun Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calhoun was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Arliss_Howard" title="Arliss Howard">Arliss Howard</a> in the 1997 film <i><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)">Amistad</a></i>. The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on the <i><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></i> slave ship.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Historical reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calhoun was despised by Jackson and his supporters for his alleged attempts to subvert the unity of the nation for his own political gain. On his deathbed, Jackson regretted that he had not had Calhoun executed for treason. "My country," he declared, "would have sustained me in the act, and his fate would have been a warning to traitors in all time to come."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860447_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860447-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after his death, Calhoun's reputation among Jacksonians remained poor. They disparaged him by portraying him as a man thirsty for power, who when he failed to attain it, sought to tear down his country with him. </p><p>According to Parton, writing in 1860: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The old Jackson men of the inner set still speak of Mr. Calhoun in terms which show that they consider him at once the most wicked and the most despicable of American statesmen. He was a coward, conspirator, hypocrite, traitor, and fool, say they. He strove, schemed, dreamed, lived only for the presidency; and when he despaired of reaching that office through honorable means, he sought to rise upon the ruins of his country-thinking it better to reign in South Carolina than to serve in the United States. General Jackson lived and died in this opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860447_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860447-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Writing more than thirty years after Calhoun's death, <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> portrayed him as a mix of personal integrity and wrongheaded ideology: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Deplorable as was the end to which his teachings led, he could not have acquired the influence he wielded over millions of men unless he had been gifted with acute intellect, distinguished by moral excellence, and inspired by the sincerest belief in the righteousness of his cause. History will adjudge him to have been single-hearted and honest in his political creed. It will equally adjudge him to have been wrong in his theory of the Federal Government, and dead to the awakened sentiment of Christendom in his views concerning the enslavement of man.<sup id="cite_ref-Blaine_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaine-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merriam" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Merriam">Charles E. Merriam</a> said Calhoun should rank as one of America's strongest political theorists of the first half of the 19th century, with reasoning that was keen and strong, but also narrow and cramped.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun is often remembered for his defense of minority rights, in the context of defending white Southern interests from perceived Northern threats, by use of the "concurrent majority". He is also noted and criticized for his strong defense of slavery. These positions played an enormous role in influencing Southern secessionist leaders by strengthening the trend of sectionalism, thus contributing to the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?59608-1/john-c-calhoun-biography"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Irving Bartlett on <i>John C. Calhoun: A Biography</i>, August 16, 1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Irving_Bartlett" class="mw-redirect" title="Irving Bartlett">Irving Bartlett</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Posterity decided against Calhoun's argument for the indefinite protection of slavery more than 130 years ago. What he had to say about the need in popular governments like our own to protect the rights of minorities, about the importance of choosing leaders with character, talent, and the willingness to speak hard truths to the people, and about the enduring need, in a vast and various country like our own, for the people themselves to develop and sustain both the civic culture and the institutional structures which contribute to their lasting interest is as fresh and significant today as it was in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett19947_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett19947-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Calhoun has been held in regard by some <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> historians, who hold a romanticized view of the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum Southern</a> way of life and its cause during the Civil War. Historians such as Charles M. Wiltse and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Coit" title="Margaret Coit">Margaret Coit</a> have, in their writings, portrayed Calhoun as a sympathetic or heroic figure.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_A_Statesman_for_the_21st_Century_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun:_A_Statesman_for_the_21st_Century-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Niven paints a portrait of Calhoun that is both sympathetic and tragic. He says that Calhoun's ambition and personal desires "were often thwarted by lesser men than he". Niven identifies Calhoun as a "driven man and a tragic figure". He argues that Calhoun was motivated by the near-disaster of the War of 1812, of which he was a "thoughtless advocate," to work towards fighting for the freedoms and securities of the white Southern people against any kind of threat. Ultimately, Niven says, he "would overcompensate and in the end would more than any other individual destroy the culture he sought to preserve, perpetuating for several generations the very insecurity that had shaped his public career".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19885–6_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19885–6-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, a five-member "special" committee, led by Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, selected Calhoun as one of the five senators to enter the newly created senatorial pantheon "hall of fame". This "hall of fame" was established to fill five vacant portrait spaces in the Senate Reception Room.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Famous_Five_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Famous_Five-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, Calhoun's reputation has suffered particularly due to his defense of slavery. The racially motivated <a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">Charleston church shooting</a> in South Carolina in June 2015 reinvigorated demands for the removal of monuments dedicated to prominent pro-slavery and Confederate States figures. That month, the monument to Calhoun in Charleston was found vandalized, with spray-painted denunciations of Calhoun as a racist and a defender of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_South_Carolina" title="George Floyd protests in South Carolina">George Floyd protests in South Carolina</a>, the monument was vandalized with signs and spray paint, with calls from the public demanding its removal, causing the city of Charleston to erect a chain-link fence around the statue to prevent the public from accessing it, before announcing on June 23, 2020, that the statue would be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to decades of requests, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> President <a href="/wiki/Peter_Salovey" title="Peter Salovey">Peter Salovey</a> announced in 2017 that the university's <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calhoun College">Calhoun College</a> would be renamed to honor <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a>, a pioneering computer programmer, mathematician and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> rear admiral who graduated from Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun is commemorated elsewhere on the campus, including the exterior of <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Tower" title="Harkness Tower">Harkness Tower</a>, a prominent campus landmark, as one of Yale's "Eight Worthies".<sup id="cite_ref-yam_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yam-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_John_C._Calhoun" title="List of places named for John C. Calhoun">List of places named for John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_C._Calhoun" title="USS John C. Calhoun">USS <i>John C. Calhoun</i> (SSBN-630)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701190636/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/calhoun-john-c.?q=calhoun">"Calhoun, John C."</a> Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/calhoun-john-c.?q=calhoun">the original</a> on July 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calhoun%2C+John+C.&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcalhoun-john-c.%3Fq%3Dcalhoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit195070–71-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit195070–71_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoit1950">Coit 1950</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1996115–116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1996115–116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1996">Miller 1996</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-what_he_said-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_he_said_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_he_said_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2014" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Clyde N. (June 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/clyde-wilson-library/john-c-calhoun-and-slavery-as-a-positive-good-what-he-said/">"John C. Calhoun and Slavery as a 'Positive Good': What He Said"</a>. The Abbeville Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun+and+Slavery+as+a+%27Positive+Good%27%3A+What+He+Said&rft.pub=The+Abbeville+Institute&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Clyde+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbevilleinstitute.org%2Fclyde-wilson-library%2Fjohn-c-calhoun-and-slavery-as-a-positive-good-what-he-said%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit19503-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit19503_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoit1950">Coit 1950</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19886–8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19886–8_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse194415–24-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse194415–24_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiltse1944">Wiltse 1944</a>, pp. 15–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198810-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198810_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm">"John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832)"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%2C+7th+Vice+President+%281825%E2%80%931832%29&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FVP_John_Calhoun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198818-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198818_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapers19601–2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapers19601–2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapers1960">Capers 1960</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhounPost1995xii-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhounPost1995xii_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhounPost1995">Calhoun & Post 1995</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas2009368-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas2009368_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas2009">Douglas 2009</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse194425–39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse194425–39_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiltse1944">Wiltse 1944</a>, pp. 25–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit195042-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit195042_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoit1950">Coit 1950</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her branch of the family spelled the surname differently from his. See A.<span class="nowrap"> </span>S. Salley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calhounfamilyofs00lcsall"><i>The Calhoun Family of South Carolina</i></a>, Columbia, SC: 1906. p. 19. The name appears in various records as "Colhoon", "Cohoon", "Calhoun", "Cahoun", "Cohoun", "Calhoon", and "Colhoun". <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 1–2, 5–6, 18–19. In Scotland, it is spelled "Colquhoun". Ellen<span class="nowrap"> </span>R. Johnson, <i>Colquhoun/Calhoun and Their Ancestral Homelands</i> (Heritage Books, 1993), <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clemson.edu/about/history/bios/john-c-calhoun.html">"John C. Calhoun"</a>. <i>clemson.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clemson.edu&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbios%2Fjohn-c-calhoun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floride_Bonneau_Colhoun_Calhoun_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308081229/http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/calhoun-clemson/floridebcalhoun.html">"Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun"</a>. Clemson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/calhoun-clemson/floridebcalhoun.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floride+Bonneau+Colhoun+Calhoun&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fcalhoun-clemson%2Ffloridebcalhoun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516100534/http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/calhoun-clemson/annaclemson.html">"Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson"</a>. Clemson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/calhoun-clemson/annaclemson.html">the original</a> on May 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anna+Maria+Calhoun+Clemson&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fcalhoun-clemson%2Fannaclemson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit195027–28-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit195027–28_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoit1950">Coit 1950</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2003254-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2003254_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhoun2003">Calhoun 2003</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198826-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198826_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510052043/http://all-souls.org/archives">"All Souls History and Archives"</a>. All Souls Church Unitarian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-souls.org/archives">the original</a> on May 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Souls+History+and+Archives&rft.pub=All+Souls+Church+Unitarian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-souls.org%2Farchives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson198827-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson198827_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson1988">Peterson 1988</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1961359-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1961359_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins1961">Perkins 1961</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"War Report of 1812," <i>Papers of John C. Calhoun,</i> 1:110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg2012117,_161-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStagg2012117,_161_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStagg2012">Stagg 2012</a>, pp. 117, 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2006375,_387-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2006375,_387_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2006">Langguth 2006</a>, pp. 375, 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944103–105-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944103–105_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiltse1944">Wiltse 1944</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips19293:412–414-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips19293:412–414_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1929">Phillips 1929</a>, 3:412–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewett1908143-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewett1908143_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJewett1908">Jewett 1908</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._1,_p._221-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._1,_p._221_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeigs1917">Meigs 1917</a>, Vol. 1, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._2,_p._8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeigs1917Vol._2,_p._8_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeigs1917">Meigs 1917</a>, Vol. 2, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1988280,_408-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson1988280,_408_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson1988">Peterson 1988</a>, pp. 280, 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201196-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201196_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofstadter2011">Hofstadter 2011</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk2001168-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk2001168_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirk2001">Kirk 2001</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst188354-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst188354_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Holst1883">von Holst 1883</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944234-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiltse1944234_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiltse1944">Wiltse 1944</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198854-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198854_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelko2004170–197-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelko2004170–197_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelko2004">Belko 2004</a>, pp. 170–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19742–7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatz19742–7_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatz1974">Satz 1974</a>, pp. 2–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrucha1997155-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrucha1997155_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrucha1997">Prucha 1997</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977366-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977366_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977358–359-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977358–359_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, pp. 358–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014154–156-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014154–156_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptist2014">Baptist 2014</a>, pp. 154–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727203727/http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh-v1/ch07.htm">"7: Toward a Professional Army"</a>. United States Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh-v1/ch07.htm">the original</a> on July 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7%3A+Toward+a+Professional+Army&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Famh-v1%2Fch07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, Margaret A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/biography/jqadams-campaigns-and-elections">"John Quincy Adams: Campaigns and Elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">University of Virginia Miller Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Quincy+Adams%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Miller+Center&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fbiography%2Fjqadams-campaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html">"U.S. Electoral College: Historical Election Results"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Electoral+College%3A+Historical+Election+Results&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Felectoral-college%2Fscores.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roesch,_James_Rutledge-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roesch,_James_Rutledge_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoesch,_James_Rutledge.2015" class="citation web cs1">Roesch, James Rutledge. (August 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/review/john-c-calhoun-and-states-rights/">"John C. Calhoun and "State's Rights"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The Abbeville Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun+and+%22State%27s+Rights%22&rft.pub=The+Abbeville+Review&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.au=Roesch%2C+James+Rutledge.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbevilleinstitute.org%2Freview%2Fjohn-c-calhoun-and-states-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/biography/jqadams-campaigns-and-elections">"John Quincy Adams: Campaigns and Elections"</a>. University of Virginia Miller Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Quincy+Adams%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Miller+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fbiography%2Fjqadams-campaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Vice_President.htm">"Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate): The Individuals"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vice+President+of+the+United+States+%28President+of+the+Senate%29%3A+The+Individuals&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FVice_President.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981241-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981241_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2000">Marszalek 2000</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817072639/http://thehermitage.com/learn/andrew-jackson/family/rachel/">"Rachel Jackson"</a>. <i>The Hermitage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehermitage.com/learn/andrew-jackson/family/rachel/">the original</a> on August 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hermitage&rft.atitle=Rachel+Jackson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehermitage.com%2Flearn%2Fandrew-jackson%2Ffamily%2Frachel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198114–15-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198114–15_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates2015315-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates2015315_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2015">Bates 2015</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKellar1942">McKellar 1942</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981243-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981243_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981243_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007337–339-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007337–339_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 337–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200829-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheathem200829_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheathem2008">Cheathem 2008</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981242–243-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981242–243_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, pp. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000121-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000121_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2000">Marszalek 2000</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988158–161-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988158–161_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, pp. 158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrallé188896-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrallé188896_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrallé1888">Crallé 1888</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/primary-source-documents/virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions/">"Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)"</a>. Bill of Rights Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+and+Kentucky+Resolutions+%281798%29&rft.pub=Bill+of+Rights+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillofrightsinstitute.org%2Ffounding-documents%2Fprimary-source-documents%2Fvirginia-and-kentucky-resolutions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1997248–249-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland1997248–249_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutland1997">Rutland 1997</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun1992348–349-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun1992348–349_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhoun1992">Calhoun 1992</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988173-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988173_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005446-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005446_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2005">Brands 2005</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981358–360-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981358–360_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, pp. 358–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007402-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007402_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ordnull.asp">"South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832"</a>. The Avalon Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819073235/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ordnull.asp">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Ordinance+of+Nullification%2C+November+24%2C+1832&rft.pub=The+Avalon+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fordnull.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007405-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007405_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007404–406-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007404–406_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 404–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198138-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198138_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007406–410-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007406–410_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 406–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun" class="citation web cs1">Calhoun, John C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624084451/http://www.umsl.edu/virtualstl/phase2/1850/events/perspectives/documents/calhoun01.html">"John C Calhoun: Against the Force Bill"</a>. University of Missouri. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/virtualstl/phase2/1850/events/perspectives/documents/calhoun01.html">the original</a> on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C+Calhoun%3A+Against+the+Force+Bill&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2Fvirtualstl%2Fphase2%2F1850%2Fevents%2Fperspectives%2Fdocuments%2Fcalhoun01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860447-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860447_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860447_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860447_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParton1860">Parton 1860</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929411–419-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929411–419_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1929">Phillips 1929</a>, pp. 411–419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJervey1909315-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJervey1909315_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJervey1909">Jervey 1909</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988192-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988192_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/VPTies.pdf">"Senate.gov: VPTies.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate.gov%3A+VPTies.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FVPTies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999">"Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. December 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Vice+President+Harris+breaks+record+for+casting+the+most+tie-breaking+votes&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fpresident-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth1995203_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth1995">Ashworth 1995</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2006397-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2006397_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2006">Wilentz 2006</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198842-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198842_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198842_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Reverses_A_Presidential_Censure.htm">"Senate Reverses a Presidential Censure"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Reverses+a+Presidential+Censure&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FSenate_Reverses_A_Presidential_Censure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984422-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984422_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1984">Remini 1984</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198862–63-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198862–63_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun_–_Clemson_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215201904/http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/calhoun-clemson/johnccalhoun.html">"John C. Calhoun"</a>. Clemson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/calhoun-clemson/johnccalhoun.html">the original</a> on February 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fcalhoun-clemson%2Fjohnccalhoun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_K._Polk:_The_Campaign_and_Election_of_1844-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_K._Polk:_The_Campaign_and_Election_of_1844_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/polk/campaigns-and-elections">"James K. Polk: Campaigns and Elections: The Campaign and Election of 1844"</a>. University of Virginia Miller Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections%3A+The+Campaign+and+Election+of+1844&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Miller+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fpolk%2Fcampaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/domestic-affairs">"John Tyler: Domestic Affairs"</a>. University of Virginia Miller Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Tyler%3A+Domestic+Affairs&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Miller+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ftyler%2Fdomestic-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008105-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008105_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007677_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 677.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008100-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008100_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200435-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt200435_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt2004">Holt 2004</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680–681-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680–681_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 680–681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200899–101-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200899–101_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2008184-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2008184_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaron2008">Varon 2008</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200897–98-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200897–98_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008110-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008110_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008110_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008110_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008109-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008109_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 679.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679–680-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007679–680_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 679–680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007680_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008113-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008113_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008114–115-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008114–115_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008115-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2008115_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2008">May 2008</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2008167-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2008167_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaron2008">Varon 2008</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007683-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007683_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007681–682-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007681–682_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 681–682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009104–107-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009104–107_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 104–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984497,_507-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984497,_507_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1984">Remini 1984</a>, pp. 497, 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman200979–84-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman200979–84_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorneman2009">Borneman 2009</a>, pp. 79–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerk1978308-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerk1978308_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerk1978">Merk 1978</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnes200129-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrnes200129_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrnes2001">Byrnes 2001</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit1950442–443-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit1950442–443_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoit1950">Coit 1950</a>, pp. 442–443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1988305–310_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, pp. 305–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007767-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007767_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/oregon-territory">"The Oregon Territory, 1846"</a>. United States Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oregon+Territory%2C+1846&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1830-1860%2Foregon-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19882–3-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19882–3_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar18.html">"Today in History: March 18, 1782 (John C. Calhoun)"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+History%3A+March+18%2C+1782+%28John+C.+Calhoun%29&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Ftoday%2Fmar18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney2011304-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney2011304_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney2011">Barney 2011</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress1940" class="citation book cs1">Congress, United States (March 11, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8vg-d-2uPMC&pg=PA1318">"Extension of Remarks of John H. Bankhead, 2nd"</a>. <i>Proceedings and Debates of the 76th Congress, Third Session, V. 46, Part 14, Appendix</i>. Congressional Record. p. 1318<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extension+of+Remarks+of+John+H.+Bankhead%2C+2nd&rft.btitle=Proceedings+and+Debates+of+the+76th+Congress%2C+Third+Session%2C+V.+46%2C+Part+14%2C+Appendix&rft.series=Congressional+Record&rft.pages=1318&rft.date=1940-03-11&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv8vg-d-2uPMC%26pg%3DPA1318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlestonfootprints.com/charleston-blog/calhouns-moving-grave/2014/01/07/">"Calhoun's Moving Grave"</a>. <i>Charleston Footprints</i>. January 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Footprints&rft.atitle=Calhoun%27s+Moving+Grave&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestonfootprints.com%2Fcharleston-blog%2Fcalhouns-moving-grave%2F2014%2F01%2F07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_He_Started_the_Civil_War_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafuse2006" class="citation web cs1">Rafuse, Ethan S. (June 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/john-c-calhoun-he-started-the-civil-war.htm">"John C. Calhoun: He Started the Civil War"</a>. Historynet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+He+Started+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Historynet&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.aulast=Rafuse&rft.aufirst=Ethan+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fjohn-c-calhoun-he-started-the-civil-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clemson.edu/about/history/properties/fort-hill/">"Fort Hill History"</a>. Clemson University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Hill+History&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fproperties%2Ffort-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheek20048-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheek20048_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheek2004">Cheek 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994218-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994218_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1994">Bartlett 1994</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994228-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994228_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1994">Bartlett 1994</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994227-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994227_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1994">Bartlett 1994</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun183734-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun183734_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhoun1837">Calhoun 1837</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to James Edward Calhoun, August 27, 1831, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof00calhrich"><i>Correspondence of John C. Calhoun</i></a>, Historical Manuscripts Commission (1899), p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Armistead Burt of September 1, 1831, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof00calhrich"><i>Correspondence of John C. Calhoun</i></a>, Historical Manuscripts Commission (1899), pp. 301-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1988405–424-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1988405–424_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1988">Ford 1988</a>, pp. 405–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929416-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1929416_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1929">Phillips 1929</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19881-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19881_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun199968-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun199968_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhoun1999">Calhoun 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoit1950339–441-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoit1950339–441_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoit1950">Coit 1950</a>, pp. 339–441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham2008104-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham2008104_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurham2008">Durham 2008</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun1870311-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun1870311_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhoun1870">Calhoun 1870</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1994">Bartlett 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerman201211-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerman201211_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerman2012">Perman 2012</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord199419–58-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord199419–58_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1994">Ford 1994</a>, pp. 19–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheek2004146-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheek2004146_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheek2004">Cheek 2004</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2015" class="citation web cs1">Kirk, Russell (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/review/john-c-calhoun-vindicated">"John C. Calhoun Vindicated"</a>. The Abbeville Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun+Vindicated&rft.pub=The+Abbeville+Institute&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbevilleinstitute.org%2Freview%2Fjohn-c-calhoun-vindicated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201190–91-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter201190–91_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofstadter2011">Hofstadter 2011</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskin196949–65-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskin196949–65_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaskin1969">Baskin 1969</a>, pp. 49–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKateb1969583–605-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKateb1969583–605_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKateb1969">Kateb 1969</a>, pp. 583–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewell20152-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewell20152_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJewell2015">Jewell 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994351–355-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1994351–355_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1994">Bartlett 1994</a>, pp. 351–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling196525–42-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling196525–42_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreehling1965">Freehling 1965</a>, pp. 25–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFehrenbacher198164–65-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFehrenbacher198164–65_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbacher1981">Fehrenbacher 1981</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1966466–486-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1966466–486_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1966">Russell 1966</a>, pp. 466–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014331-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptist2014331_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptist2014">Baptist 2014</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst1883312-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Holst1883312_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Holst1883">von Holst 1883</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1995178-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1995178_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner1995">Foner 1995</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callhoun-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callhoun_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usacitiesonline.com/ilcountyspringfield.htm#history">Springfield history</a> Retrieved on February 21, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBSNews_Brito_20200612-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBSNews_Brito_20200612_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSNews_Brito_20200612_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrito2020" class="citation web cs1">Brito, Christopher (June 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clemson-john-c-calhoun-name-removed-honors-college/">"Clemson removes John C. Calhoun's name from honors college"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Clemson+removes+John+C.+Calhoun%27s+name+from+honors+college&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fclemson-john-c-calhoun-name-removed-honors-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2020" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Matt (June 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestate.com/sports/college/acc/clemson-university/article243484016.html">"Clemson's Calhoun Honors College has a new name after pushback"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_(newspaper)" title="The State (newspaper)">The State</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612184903/https://www.thestate.com/sports/college/acc/clemson-university/article243484016.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+State&rft.atitle=Clemson%27s+Calhoun+Honors+College+has+a+new+name+after+pushback&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestate.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2Facc%2Fclemson-university%2Farticle243484016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann" class="citation web cs1">Kaufmann, Patricia A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanstampdealer.com/SubSubMenu/Calhoun_Legacy.aspx?id=5">"Calhoun Legacy"</a>. <i>American Stamp Dealer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Stamp+Dealer&rft.atitle=Calhoun+Legacy&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanstampdealer.com%2FSubSubMenu%2FCalhoun_Legacy.aspx%3Fid%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlestonmuseum.org/research/collection/calhoun-monument/10512A1E-8D4A-4DEC-9F30-163985710223">"Calhoun Monument"</a>. Charleston Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calhoun+Monument&rft.pub=Charleston+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestonmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection%2Fcalhoun-monument%2F10512A1E-8D4A-4DEC-9F30-163985710223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsKytle2018" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Blain; Kytle, Ethan J. (September 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatitmeanstobeamerican.org/places/the-south-carolina-monument-that-symbolizes-clashing-memories-of-slavery/">"The South Carolina Monument That Symbolizes Clashing Memories of Slavery"</a>. <i>What It Means to Be American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What+It+Means+to+Be+American&rft.atitle=The+South+Carolina+Monument+That+Symbolizes+Clashing+Memories+of+Slavery&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Blain&rft.au=Kytle%2C+Ethan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatitmeanstobeamerican.org%2Fplaces%2Fthe-south-carolina-monument-that-symbolizes-clashing-memories-of-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/places/marion-square.htm">"Marion Square"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marion+Square&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fplaces%2Fmarion-square.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.live5news.com/2019/05/17/activist-group-calls-removal-john-c-calhoun-statue-through-demonstration/">"Activist Group calls for removal of John C. Calhoun Statue through demonstration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WCSC-TV" title="WCSC-TV">WCSC-TV</a> (Live5WCSC)</i>. May 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WCSC-TV+%28Live5WCSC%29&rft.atitle=Activist+Group+calls+for+removal+of+John+C.+Calhoun+Statue+through+demonstration&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.live5news.com%2F2019%2F05%2F17%2Factivist-group-calls-removal-john-c-calhoun-statue-through-demonstration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2018" class="citation web cs1">Holloway, Kali (June 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independentmediainstitute.org/make-it-right-project-announcement/">"Announcing the Launch of the Make It Right Project"</a>. Independent Media Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+the+Launch+of+the+Make+It+Right+Project&rft.pub=Independent+Media+Institute&rft.date=2018-06-03&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findependentmediainstitute.org%2Fmake-it-right-project-announcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosso2019" class="citation news cs1">Mosso, Kate (May 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews4.com/news/local/downtown-charleston-protest-over-statue-of-slave-owner-former-vice-president-gets-heated">"Downtown Charleston protest over statue of slave owner, former Vice President gets heated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WCIV" title="WCIV">WCIV</a> (ABCNews4)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WCIV+%28ABCNews4%29&rft.atitle=Downtown+Charleston+protest+over+statue+of+slave+owner%2C+former+Vice+President+gets+heated&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.aulast=Mosso&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews4.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdowntown-charleston-protest-over-statue-of-slave-owner-former-vice-president-gets-heated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuyen2020" class="citation news cs1">Nuyen, Suzanne (June 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/24/882681085/crews-begin-removal-of-john-c-calhoun-statue-in-south-carolina">"Crews Begin Removal Of John C. Calhoun Statue In South Carolina"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Crews+Begin+Removal+Of+John+C.+Calhoun+Statue+In+South+Carolina&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Nuyen&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Flive-updates-protests-for-racial-justice%2F2020%2F06%2F24%2F882681085%2Fcrews-begin-removal-of-john-c-calhoun-statue-in-south-carolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuyen2020" class="citation news cs1">Nuyen, Suzanne (June 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/24/882681085/crews-begin-removal-of-john-c-calhoun-statue-in-south-carolina">"Crews Begin Removing John C. Calhoun Statue In South Carolina"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Crews+Begin+Removing+John+C.+Calhoun+Statue+In+South+Carolina&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Nuyen&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Flive-updates-protests-for-racial-justice%2F2020%2F06%2F24%2F882681085%2Fcrews-begin-removal-of-john-c-calhoun-statue-in-south-carolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOC-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AOC_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/art/national-statuary-hall-collection/john-caldwell-calhoun">"John Caldwell Calhoun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Caldwell+Calhoun&rft.pub=Architect+of+the+Capitol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoc.gov%2Fart%2Fnational-statuary-hall-collection%2Fjohn-caldwell-calhoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/art-artifacts/fine-art/sculpture/22_00007_000.htm">"John C. Calhoun"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fart-artifacts%2Ffine-art%2Fsculpture%2F22_00007_000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Famous_Five_Seven.htm">"The 'Famous Five'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Famous+Five%27&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FFamous_Five_Seven.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Frederick L. (2009). <i>Richfield: Minnesota's Oldest Suburb</i>. <a href="/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota" title="Richfield, Minnesota">Richfield, Minnesota</a>: Richfield Historical Society Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60585-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60585-636-0"><bdi>978-1-60585-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richfield%3A+Minnesota%27s+Oldest+Suburb&rft.place=Richfield%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Richfield+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60585-636-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/07/15/federal-government-now-recognizes-minneapolis-lake-as-bde-maka-ska">"Federal government now recognizes Minneapolis lake as Bde Maka Ska"</a>. <i>MPR News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. July 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Federal+government+now+recognizes+Minneapolis+lake+as+Bde+Maka+Ska&rft.date=2018-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F07%2F15%2Ffederal-government-now-recognizes-minneapolis-lake-as-bde-maka-ska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swjournal2018-11-28-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swjournal2018-11-28_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Dylan (November 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwestjournal.com/news/neighborhoods/2018/11/community-band-latest-to-drop-calhoun-name/">"Community band latest to drop "Calhoun" name"</a>. <i>Southwest Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Journal&rft.atitle=Community+band+latest+to+drop+%22Calhoun%22+name&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwestjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fneighborhoods%2F2018%2F11%2Fcommunity-band-latest-to-drop-calhoun-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtinen,_Melissa2020" class="citation news cs1">Turtinen, Melissa (June 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/calhoun-beach-club-changing-its-name-to-something-to-be-announced-later">"Calhoun Beach Club changing its name to something to be announced later"</a>. Bring Me The News (Maven).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Calhoun+Beach+Club+changing+its+name+to+something+to+be+announced+later&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.au=Turtinen%2C+Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbringmethenews.com%2Fminnesota-news%2Fcalhoun-beach-club-changing-its-name-to-something-to-be-announced-later&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629221403/https://kstp.com/news/breaking-park-board-votes-to-change-name-of-calhoun-parkway-to-bde-maka-ska-parkway/5465534/">"Park Board votes to change name of Calhoun Parkway to Bde Maka Ska Parkway"</a>. KSTP-TV (Hubbard Broadcasting). August 22, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kstp.com/news/breaking-park-board-votes-to-change-name-of-calhoun-parkway-to-bde-maka-ska-parkway/5465534/">the original</a> on June 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Park+Board+votes+to+change+name+of+Calhoun+Parkway+to+Bde+Maka+Ska+Parkway&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkstp.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-park-board-votes-to-change-name-of-calhoun-parkway-to-bde-maka-ska-parkway%2F5465534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles" class="citation web cs1">Peebles, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/local/2022/11/10/savannah-city-council-votes-unanimously-remove-calhoun-square-name/8322587001/">"Savannah City Council votes unanimously to remove the name of Calhoun Square"</a>. <i>Savannah Morning News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Savannah+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Savannah+City+Council+votes+unanimously+to+remove+the+name+of+Calhoun+Square&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savannahnow.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2022%2F11%2F10%2Fsavannah-city-council-votes-unanimously-remove-calhoun-square-name%2F8322587001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/amistad/AMI_MOVI.HTM">"Stephen Spielberg's "Amistad" (1997)"</a>. University of Missouri-Kansas City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Spielberg%27s+%22Amistad%22+%281997%29&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri-Kansas+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Famistad%2FAMI_MOVI.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaine-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blaine_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21128/pg21128.html">Blaine, James Gillespie, <i>Twenty Years of Congress</i>, Vol. 1, Ch. V.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam1902" class="citation journal cs1">Merriam, Charles (March 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762212">"The Political Theory of Calhoun"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F211084">10.1086/211084</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762212">2762212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Political+Theory+of+Calhoun&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=593&rft.date=1902-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F211084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2762212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Merriam&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2762212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett19947-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett19947_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1994">Bartlett 1994</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingenberg" class="citation web cs1">Klingenberg, Mitchell G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.tcu.edu/swoodworth/Bartlett.htm">"Bartlett"</a>. Texas Christian University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bartlett&rft.pub=Texas+Christian+University&rft.aulast=Klingenberg&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.tcu.edu%2Fswoodworth%2FBartlett.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_C._Calhoun:_A_Statesman_for_the_21st_Century-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun:_A_Statesman_for_the_21st_Century_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2015" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Clyde (March 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/blog/john-c-calhoun-a-statesman-for-the-21st-century/">"John C. Calhoun: A Statesman for the 21st Century"</a>. The Abbeville Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+A+Statesman+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=The+Abbeville+Institute&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbevilleinstitute.org%2Fblog%2Fjohn-c-calhoun-a-statesman-for-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19885–6-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19885–6_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1988">Niven 1988</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/05/01/96953472.html?pageNumber=1">"Five 'Outstanding Senators from the Past' Named - Panel picks Calhoun, Taft, Webster, Clay, and La Follette"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 1, 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Five+%27Outstanding+Senators+from+the+Past%27+Named+-+Panel+picks+Calhoun%2C+Taft%2C+Webster%2C+Clay%2C+and+La+Follette&rft.date=1957-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1957%2F05%2F01%2F96953472.html%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Famous_Five-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Famous_Five_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Famous_Five.htm">"The 'Famous Five'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. United States Senate. March 12, 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Famous+Five%27&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft.date=1959-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FThe_Famous_Five.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Famous_Five_Seven.htm">"The "Famous Five" Now the "Famous Nine"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Famous+Five%22+Now+the+%22Famous+Nine%22&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FFamous_Five_Seven.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404095452/http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/29386563/john-c-calhoun-statue-vandalized-in-downtown-charleston">"John C. Calhoun statue vandalized in downtown Charleston"</a>. WHNS. June 23, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/29386563/john-c-calhoun-statue-vandalized-in-downtown-charleston">the original</a> on April 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun+statue+vandalized+in+downtown+Charleston&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxcarolina.com%2Fstory%2F29386563%2Fjohn-c-calhoun-statue-vandalized-in-downtown-charleston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaro2020" class="citation web cs1">Aaro, David (June 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/crews-south-carolina-begin-process-to-remove-statue-former-vice-president">"Crews in South Carolina begin process to remove John C. Calhoun statue"</a>. <i>Fox News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Crews+in+South+Carolina+begin+process+to+remove+John+C.+Calhoun+statue&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Aaro&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fcrews-south-carolina-begin-process-to-remove-statue-former-vice-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2017" class="citation news cs1">Remnick, Noah (February 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/11/us/yale-protests-john-calhoun-grace-murray-hopper.html">"Yale Will Drop John Calhoun's Name From Building"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yale+Will+Drop+John+Calhoun%27s+Name+From+Building&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F11%2Fus%2Fyale-protests-john-calhoun-grace-murray-hopper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yam-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yam_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2014" class="citation cs2">Bass, Carole (March 19, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalealumnimagazine.com/blog_posts/1740">"What's in a name? Looking for answers at Calhoun College"</a>, <i>Yale Alumni Magazine</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Looking+for+answers+at+Calhoun+College&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalealumnimagazine.com%2Fblog_posts%2F1740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1994" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Irving (1994). <i>John C. Calhoun: A Biography</i>. New York: W.W. Norton, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33286-5"><bdi>978-0-393-33286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33286-5&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoit1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Coit" title="Margaret Coit">Coit, Margaret L.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myh3AAAAMAAJ"><i>John C. Calhoun: American Portrait</i></a>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87797-185-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87797-185-4"><bdi>0-87797-185-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+American+Portrait&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=0-87797-185-4&rft.aulast=Coit&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmyh3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span>; popular biography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Holst1883" class="citation book cs1">von Holst, Hermann E. (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnccalhoun04holsgoog"><i>John C. Calhoun</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=von+Holst&rft.aufirst=Hermann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnccalhoun04holsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span>; outdated</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeigs1917" class="citation book cs1">Meigs, William Montgomery (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZdTh_GcPEYC"><i>The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Neale Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7950-0918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7950-0918-1"><bdi>978-0-7950-0918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+Caldwell+Calhoun&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-0-7950-0918-1&rft.aulast=Meigs&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZdTh_GcPEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiven1988" class="citation book cs1">Niven, John (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hRYq9ucr_kC&pg=PP10"><i>John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1858-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-1858-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun+and+the+Price+of+Union%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1858-0&rft.aulast=Niven&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hRYq9ucr_kC%26pg%3DPP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltse1944" class="citation book cs1">Wiltse, Charles M. (1944). <i>John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 1782–1828</i>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8462-1041-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8462-1041-X"><bdi>0-8462-1041-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%2C+Nationalist%2C+1782%E2%80%931828&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill+Company&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=0-8462-1041-X&rft.aulast=Wiltse&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310016584/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=e00b631a">"John Caldwell Calhoun"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i> (1936)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Specialized studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworth1995" class="citation book cs1">Ashworth, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0HxE4MBZF8C&pg=PA203"><i>Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic: Volume 1, Commerce and Compromise, 1820–1850</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47487-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47487-0"><bdi>978-0-521-47487-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Capitalism%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Antebellum+Republic%3A+Volume+1%2C+Commerce+and+Compromise%2C+1820%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47487-0&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0HxE4MBZF8C%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptist2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Baptist" title="Edward E. Baptist">Baptist, Edward E.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkktBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Half has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04650-0296-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-04650-0296-2"><bdi>978-04650-0296-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Half+has+Never+Been+Told%3A+Slavery+and+the+Making+of+American+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-04650-0296-2&rft.aulast=Baptist&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkktBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarney2011" class="citation book cs1">Barney, William L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vC5T-O9afXEC&pg=PA304"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford / New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978201-7"><bdi>978-0-19-978201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978201-7&rft.aulast=Barney&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvC5T-O9afXEC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskin1969" class="citation journal cs1">Baskin, Darryl (1969). "The Pluralist Vision of John C. Calhoun". <i>Polity</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3234088">10.2307/3234088</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3234088">3234088</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147534167">147534167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=The+Pluralist+Vision+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147534167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3234088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3234088&rft.aulast=Baskin&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2015" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Christopher G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315"><i>The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45740-4"><bdi>978-1-317-45740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Republic+and+Antebellum+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Political%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45740-4&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWLxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelko2004" class="citation journal cs1">Belko, William S. (2004). "John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: An Essay on Political Rivalry, Ideology, and Policymaking in the Early Republic". <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>. <b>105</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27570693">27570693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun+and+the+Creation+of+the+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs%3A+An+Essay+on+Political+Rivalry%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Policymaking+in+the+Early+Republic&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27570693%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Belko&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2009" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pumXB9TONO4C&pg=PA79"><i>Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-772-3"><bdi>978-1-58836-772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polk%3A+The+Man+Who+Transformed+the+Presidency+and+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-772-3&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpumXB9TONO4C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4a7hMqBKFMC"><i>Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times</i></a>. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-3072-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-3072-2"><bdi>1-4000-3072-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4000-3072-2&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI4a7hMqBKFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Byrnes, Mark E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z73OEAAAQBAJ"><i>James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion</i></a>. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-535-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-535-7&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ73OEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapers1960" class="citation book cs1">Capers, Gerald M. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610133119/http://www.questia.com/read/14322273?title=John%20C.%20Calhoun%2c%20Opportunist%3a%20A%20Reappraisal"><i>John C. Calhoun, Opportunist: A Reappraisal</i></a>. Vol. 14. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/14322273?title=John%20C.%20Calhoun%2c%20Opportunist%3a%20A%20Reappraisal">the original</a> on June 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%2C+Opportunist%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Capers&rft.aufirst=Gerald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F14322273%3Ftitle%3DJohn%2520C.%2520Calhoun%252c%2520Opportunist%253a%2520A%2520Reappraisal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2008" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark Renfred (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA17"><i>Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacksonian+and+Antebellum+Age%3A+People+and+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-017-9&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+Renfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wjCVfr4oxUC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheek2004" class="citation book cs1">Cheek, H. Lee (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZcVN3r9Bz8C"><i>Calhoun and Popular Rule: The Political Theory of the Disquisition and Discourse</i></a>. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1548-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1548-2"><bdi>978-0-8262-1548-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calhoun+and+Popular+Rule%3A+The+Political+Theory+of+the+Disquisition+and+Discourse&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1548-2&rft.aulast=Cheek&rft.aufirst=H.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZcVN3r9Bz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrallé1888" class="citation book cs1">Crallé, R.K., ed. (1888). "Report Prepared for the Committee on Federal Relations of the Legislature of South Carolina, at its Session in November, 1831". <i>The Works of John C. Calhoun</i>. Vol. VI. D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+Prepared+for+the+Committee+on+Federal+Relations+of+the+Legislature+of+South+Carolina%2C+at+its+Session+in+November%2C+1831&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2009" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Bradburn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbqTcM4rrR8C&pg=PA368"><i>The Citizenship Revolution: Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774–1804</i></a>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3031-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3031-2"><bdi>978-0-8139-3031-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizenship+Revolution%3A+Politics+and+the+Creation+of+the+American+Union%2C+1774%E2%80%931804&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-3031-2&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Bradburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbqTcM4rrR8C%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurham2008" class="citation book cs1">Durham, David I. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZBV6gBz9xIC&pg=PA104"><i>A Southern Moderate in Radical Times: Henry Washington Hilliard, 1808–1892</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3422-1"><bdi>978-0-8071-3422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Southern+Moderate+in+Radical+Times%3A+Henry+Washington+Hilliard%2C+1808%E2%80%931892&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3422-1&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZBV6gBz9xIC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2009" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, James H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1rPwtSISAcC&pg=PA75"><i>A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812</i></a>. New York: Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-691-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-691-8"><bdi>978-0-87586-691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Ruinous+and+Unhappy+War%3A+New+England+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-691-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1rPwtSISAcC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbacher1981" class="citation book cs1">Fehrenbacher, Don Edward (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KYFlabs2hQC"><i>Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502883-6"><bdi>978-0-19-502883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Law%2C+and+Politics%3A+The+Dred+Scott+Case+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502883-6&rft.aulast=Fehrenbacher&rft.aufirst=Don+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3KYFlabs2hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1995" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QV58uQAACAAJ"><i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War: With a new Introductory Essay</i></a>. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509497-8"><bdi>978-0-19-509497-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Soil%2C+Free+Labor%2C+Free+Men%3A+The+Ideology+of+the+Republican+Party+before+the+Civil+War%3A+With+a+new+Introductory+Essay&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509497-8&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQV58uQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, Lacy K. Jr (1988). "Republican Ideology in a Slave Society: The Political Economy of John C. Calhoun". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>54</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">405–</span>424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2208996">10.2307/2208996</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2208996">2208996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Republican+Ideology+in+a+Slave+Society%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2208996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2208996%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Lacy+K.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, Lacy K. Jr (1994). "Inventing the Concurrent Majority: Madison, Calhoun, and the Problem of Majoritarianism in American Political Thought". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>60</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2210719">10.2307/2210719</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210719">2210719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+Concurrent+Majority%3A+Madison%2C+Calhoun%2C+and+the+Problem+of+Majoritarianism+in+American+Political+Thought&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2210719&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2210719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Lacy+K.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreehling1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Freehling" title="William W. Freehling">Freehling, William W.</a> (1965). "Spoilsmen and Interests in the Thought and Career of John C. Calhoun". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>52</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1901122">10.2307/1901122</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901122">1901122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Spoilsmen+and+Interests+in+the+Thought+and+Career+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1901122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1901122%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter2011" class="citation book cs1">Hofstadter, Richard (2011). "John C. Calhoun: The Marx of the Master Class". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6k_G670uhZsC"><i>The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it</i></a>. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80966-7"><bdi>978-0-307-80966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+The+Marx+of+the+Master+Class&rft.btitle=The+American+Political+Tradition%3A+And+the+Men+Who+Made+it&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-80966-7&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6k_G670uhZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2004" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fateoftheircount00holt"><i>The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War</i></a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9518-6"><bdi>978-0-8090-9518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Their+Country%3A+Politicians%2C+Slavery+Extension%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-9518-6&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffateoftheircount00holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a></span>. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+the+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJervey1909" class="citation book cs1">Jervey, Theodore Dehon (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iihCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Robert Y. Hayne and His Times</i></a>. New York: The MacMillan Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-4580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-4580-4"><bdi>978-0-7222-4580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Y.+Hayne+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-4580-4&rft.aulast=Jervey&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Dehon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiihCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewell2015" class="citation book cs1">Jewell, Malcolm E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Senatorial Politics and Foreign Policy</i></a>. Lexington: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6340-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-6340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senatorial+Politics+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-6340-6&rft.aulast=Jewell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOAeBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewett1908" class="citation journal cs1">Jewett, James C. (1908). "The United States Congress of 1817 and Some of its Celebrities". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1916057">10.2307/1916057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1916057">1916057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Congress+of+1817+and+Some+of+its+Celebrities&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1908&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1916057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1916057&rft.aulast=Jewett&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKateb1969" class="citation journal cs1">Kateb, George (1969). "The Majority Principle: Calhoun and His Antecedents". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>84</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">583–</span>605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2147126">10.2307/2147126</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147126">2147126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Majority+Principle%3A+Calhoun+and+His+Antecedents&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E605&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2147126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2147126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kateb&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2001" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Russell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGBn2fOdp7gC"><i>The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-171-7"><bdi>978-0-89526-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Mind%3A+From+Burke+to+Eliot&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-171-7&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGBn2fOdp7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2006" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A.J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rnJfUZj_UwIC&pg=PA387"><i>Union 1812: The Americans who Fought the Second War of Independence</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2618-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-2618-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+1812%3A+The+Americans+who+Fought+the+Second+War+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2618-9&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrnJfUZj_UwIC%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2008" class="citation book cs1">May, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lwpOwAACAAJ"><i>John Tyler</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8238-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-8238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8238-8&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lwpOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">Marszalek, John F.</a> (2000) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euL5ZJPW-4kC"><i>The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5578-3"><bdi>978-0-8071-5578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petticoat+Affair%3A+Manners%2C+Mutiny%2C+and+Sex+in+Andrew+Jackson%27s+White+House&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5578-3&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuL5ZJPW-4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKellar1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar, Kenneth</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070205680;view=1up;seq=9;size=125"><i>Tennessee Senators as Seen by One of their Successors</i></a>. Kingsport, TN: Southern Publishers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Senators+as+Seen+by+One+of+their+Successors&rft.place=Kingsport%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=McKellar&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015070205680%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D9%3Bsize%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerk1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Merk" title="Frederick Merk">Merk, Frederick</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestwar00merk"><i>History of the Westward Movement</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Westward+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9743-1&rft.aulast=Merk&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwestwar00merk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerry2009" class="citation book cs1">Merry, Robert W. (2009). <a href="/wiki/A_Country_of_Vast_Designs" title="A Country of Vast Designs"><i>A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+of+Vast+Designs%3A+James+K.+Polk%2C+the+Mexican+War%2C+and+the+Conquest+of+the+American+Continent&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9743-1&rft.aulast=Merry&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William Lee (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arguingaboutslav00mill"><i>Arguing About Slavery. John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56922-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-56922-9"><bdi>0-394-56922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+About+Slavery.+John+Quincy+Adams+and+the+Great+Battle+in+the+United+States+Congress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-394-56922-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farguingaboutslav00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParton1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">Parton, James</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9gNJq_KnC8C"><i>Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3</i></a>. New York: Mason Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3897681">3897681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Andrew+Jackson%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mason+Brothers&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3897681&rft.aulast=Parton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9gNJq_KnC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1961" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Bradford (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_h69up0EEMC"><i>Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812</i></a>. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00996-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00996-7"><bdi>978-0-520-00996-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prologue+to+War%3A+England+and+the+United+States%2C+1805%E2%80%931812&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00996-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_h69up0EEMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Perman, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vKdQKDZjjcC&pg=PA11"><i>The Southern Political Tradition</i></a>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4468-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-4468-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Political+Tradition&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-4468-8&rft.aulast=Perman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vKdQKDZjjcC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1988" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Merrill D. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattriumvirate00merr"><i>Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun</i></a></span>. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505686-8"><bdi>0-19-505686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Triumvirate%3A+Webster%2C+Clay%2C+and+Calhoun&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-505686-8&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreattriumvirate00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips">Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell</a> (1929). "Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1782–1850". <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i>. Vol. 3. Scribner. pp. <span class="nowrap">411–</span>419.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calhoun%2C+John+Caldwell%2C+1782%E2%80%931850&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+Bonnell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrucha1997" class="citation book cs1">Prucha, Francis Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH07ZMdSl0kC&pg=PA155"><i>American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly</i></a>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91916-7"><bdi>978-0-520-91916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Treaties%3A+The+History+of+a+Political+Anomaly&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91916-7&rft.aulast=Prucha&rft.aufirst=Francis+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH07ZMdSl0kC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonco00remi"><i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5912-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5912-3"><bdi>0-8018-5912-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Empire%2C+1767%E2%80%931821&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8018-5912-3&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksonco00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1981" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1981). <i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832</i>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Freedom%2C+1822%E2%80%931832&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1984" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1984). <i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845</i>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Democracy%2C+1833%E2%80%931845&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2007" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Jeffrey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZVU9QhJQ9gC&pg=PA78"><i>The Supreme Court: The Personalities and Rivalries That Defined America</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0461-2"><bdi>978-1-4299-0461-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court%3A+The+Personalities+and+Rivalries+That+Defined+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-0461-2&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZVU9QhJQ9gC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1966" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Robert R. (1966). "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">466–</span>486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2204926">10.2307/2204926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2204926">2204926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Doctrines+with+Regard+to+Slavery+in+Territories&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E466-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2204926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2204926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutland1997" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Robert Allen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHpfjCoA1_wC"><i>James Madison: The Founding Father</i></a>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1141-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-1141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+The+Founding+Father&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1141-5&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Robert+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHpfjCoA1_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatz1974" class="citation book cs1">Satz, Ronald N. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x85rIvny-48C&pg=PA6"><i>American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era</i></a>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3432-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-3432-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Policy+in+the+Jacksonian+Era&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3432-1&rft.aulast=Satz&rft.aufirst=Ronald+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx85rIvny-48C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg2012" class="citation book cs1">Stagg, J.C.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHKuBQOpwXkC"><i>The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89820-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%3A+Conflict+for+a+Continent&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89820-1&rft.aulast=Stagg&rft.aufirst=J.C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHKuBQOpwXkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaron2008" class="citation book cs1">Varon, Elizabeth R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vAkYr-IclsC&pg=PP5"><i>Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8718-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-8718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disunion%21%3A+The+Coming+of+the+American+Civil+War%2C+1789%E2%80%931859&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-8718-9&rft.aulast=Varon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vAkYr-IclsC%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kybvdPsBTYC&pg=PA400"><i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05820-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05820-4"><bdi>0-393-05820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Democracy%3A+Jefferson+to+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-393-05820-4&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kybvdPsBTYC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1837" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John Caldwell (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckI2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Speeches of Mr. Calhoun of S. Carolina, on the Bill for the Admission of Michigan: Delivered in the Senate of the United States, January, 1837</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+Mr.+Calhoun+of+S.+Carolina%2C+on+the+Bill+for+the+Admission+of+Michigan%3A+Delivered+in+the+Senate+of+the+United+States%2C+January%2C+1837&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+Caldwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckI2AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1870" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (1870). Crallé, Richard K. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA311"><i>The Works of John C. Calhoun: Reports and public letters</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+C.+Calhoun%3A+Reports+and+public+letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZI0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1992" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (1992). Lence, Ross M. (ed.). <i>Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun</i>. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86597-102-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86597-102-1"><bdi>0-86597-102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+and+Liberty%3A+The+Political+Philosophy+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-86597-102-1&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2017" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (2017). Beck, Juergen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdUzDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Works of John C. Calhoun Volume 1</i></a>. Jazzybee Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-84967-688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-84967-688-9"><bdi>978-3-84967-688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+C.+Calhoun+Volume+1&rft.pub=Jazzybee+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-84967-688-9&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdUzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2017" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (2017). Beck, Juergen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odYzDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Works of John C. Calhoun Volume 2</i></a>. Jazzybee Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-84967-689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-84967-689-6"><bdi>978-3-84967-689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+C.+Calhoun+Volume+2&rft.pub=Jazzybee+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-84967-689-6&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodYzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhounPost1995" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John Caldwell; Post, Charles Gordon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1CyxhR57IkC&pg=PR12"><i>A Disquisition on Government and Selections from the Discourse</i></a>. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-293-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-293-3"><bdi>0-87220-293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Disquisition+on+Government+and+Selections+from+the+Discourse&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87220-293-3&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+Caldwell&rft.au=Post%2C+Charles+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1CyxhR57IkC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1999" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (1999). Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BilSukogRh4C&pg=PA68"><i>The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 25</i></a>. Columbia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-306-3"><bdi>978-1-57003-306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+John+C.+Calhoun%2C+vol.+25&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-306-3&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBilSukogRh4C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2003" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (2003). Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.). <i>The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 27</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+John+C.+Calhoun%2C+vol.+27&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, John C. (2003). Cheek, Lee H. (ed.). <i>John C. Calhoun: Selected Writings and Speeches</i>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-179-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-179-0"><bdi>0-89526-179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+Selected+Writings+and+Speeches&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-89526-179-0&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucherBrooks1931" class="citation journal cs1">Boucher, Chauncey S.; Brooks, Robert P., eds. (1931). "Correspondence Addressed to John C. Calhoun, 1837–1849". <i>Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1929</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report+of+the+American+Historical+Association%2C+1929&rft.atitle=Correspondence+Addressed+to+John+C.+Calhoun%2C+1837%E2%80%931849&rft.date=1931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Guy Story (2000). <i>Calhoun's Philosophy of Politics: A Study of </i>A Disquisition on Government<i><span></span></i>. Mercer, GA: <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calhoun%27s+Philosophy+of+Politics%3A+A+Study+of+A+Disquisition+on+Government&rft.place=Mercer%2C+GA&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Guy+Story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation speech cs1">Calhoun, John C. (February 6, 1837). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Slavery a Positive Good"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slavery_a_Positive_Good"><i>Slavery a Positive Good</i> </a></span> (Speech). United States Senate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+a+Positive+Good&rft.place=United+States+Senate&rft.date=1837-02-06&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapers1948" class="citation journal cs1">Capers, Gerald M. (1948). "A Reconsideration of Calhoun's Transition from Nationalism to Nullification". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2197709">10.2307/2197709</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197709">2197709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Reconsideration+of+Calhoun%27s+Transition+from+Nationalism+to+Nullification&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2197709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2197709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Capers&rft.aufirst=Gerald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoit1970" class="citation book cs1">Coit, Margaret L., ed. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnccalhoun00coit"><i>John C. Calhoun: Great Lives Observed</i></a></span>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-112409-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-112409-7"><bdi>978-0-13-112409-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%3A+Great+Lives+Observed&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-13-112409-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnccalhoun00coit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span> Excerpts from scholars.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrent1966" class="citation book cs1">Current, Richard N. (1966). <i>John C. Calhoun</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Current&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzgerald, Michael S. (1996). "Rejecting Calhoun's Expansible Army Plan: the Army Reduction Act of 1821". <i>War in History</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834459600300202">10.1177/096834459600300202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111159741">111159741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Rejecting+Calhoun%27s+Expansible+Army+Plan%3A+the+Army+Reduction+Act+of+1821&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834459600300202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111159741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ford, Lacy K. (1988). "Recovering the republic: Calhoun, South Carolina, and the concurrent majority". <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>. <b>89</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">146–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27568041">27568041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Recovering+the+republic%3A+Calhoun%2C+South+Carolina%2C+and+the+concurrent+majority&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27568041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Lacy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove2014" class="citation journal cs1">Grove, John G. (2014). "Binding the Republic Together: The Early Political Thought of John C. Calhoun". <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>. <b>115</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">100–</span>121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Binding+the+Republic+Together%3A+The+Early+Political+Thought+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutzman2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gutzman" title="Kevin Gutzman">Gutzman, Kevin</a> (2002). "Paul to Jeremiah: Calhoun's Abandonment of Nationalism". <i>The Journal of Libertarian Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=Paul+to+Jeremiah%3A+Calhoun%27s+Abandonment+of+Nationalism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gutzman&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKytleRoberts2018" class="citation book cs1">Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018). <i>Denmark Vesey's Garden: Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy</i>. New York: The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-365-3"><bdi>978-1-62097-365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark+Vesey%27s+Garden%3A+Slavery+and+Memory+in+the+Cradle+of+the+Confederacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62097-365-3&rft.aulast=Kytle&rft.aufirst=Ethan+J.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Blain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jarvis, Douglas Edward (2013). "The Southern Conservative Thought of John C. Calhoun and the Cultural Foundations of the Canadian Identity". <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02722011.2013.819584">10.1080/02722011.2013.819584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144819256">144819256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Conservative+Thought+of+John+C.+Calhoun+and+the+Cultural+Foundations+of+the+Canadian+Identity&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02722011.2013.819584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144819256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrannawitter2008" class="citation book cs1">Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vindicatinglinco00kran"><i>Vindicating Lincoln: Defending the Politics of Our Greatest President</i></a>. Lanham, MS: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5972-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-5972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vindicating+Lincoln%3A+Defending+the+Politics+of+Our+Greatest+President&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MS&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5972-1&rft.aulast=Krannawitter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvindicatinglinco00kran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuic1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kuic, V (1983). "John C. Calhoun's Theory of the Concurrent Majority". <i>American Bar Association Journal</i>. <b>69</b>: 482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun%27s+Theory+of+the+Concurrent+Majority&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=482&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kuic&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lerner, Ralph. (1963). "Calhoun's New Science of Politics". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>57</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">918–</span>932. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1952609">10.2307/1952609</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952609">1952609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145581750">145581750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Calhoun%27s+New+Science+of+Politics&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E918-%3C%2Fspan%3E932&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145581750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1952609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1952609&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Ralph.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride1997" class="citation journal cs1">McBride, Fred. (1997). "Strange Bedfellows: The Political Thought of John C. Calhoun and Lani Guinier". <i>Journal of Black Political Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Strange+Bedfellows%3A+The+Political+Thought+of+John+C.+Calhoun+and+Lani+Guinier&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Fred.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam1902" class="citation journal cs1">Merriam, Charles E. (1902). "The Political Theory of Calhoun". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>7</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">577–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F211084">10.1086/211084</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762212">2762212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143813301">143813301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Political+Theory+of+Calhoun&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143813301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2762212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F211084&rft.aulast=Merriam&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolinPolin2006" class="citation book cs1">Polin, Constance; Polin, Raymond (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hepOzIQ1AuUC"><i>Foundations of American Political Thought</i></a>. Switzerland: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7929-3"><bdi>978-0-8204-7929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+American+Political+Thought&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7929-3&rft.aulast=Polin&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Polin%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhepOzIQ1AuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreyer1959" class="citation journal cs1">Preyer, Norris W. (1959). "Southern Support of the Tariff of 1816 – a Reappraisal". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2954765">10.2307/2954765</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954765">2954765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Southern+Support+of+the+Tariff+of+1816+%E2%80%93+a+Reappraisal&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2954765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2954765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Preyer&rft.aufirst=Norris+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayback,_Joseph_G.1948" class="citation journal cs1">Rayback, Joseph G. (1948). "The Presidential Ambitions of John C. Calhoun, 1844–1848". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>XIV</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2197879">10.2307/2197879</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197879">2197879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Presidential+Ambitions+of+John+C.+Calhoun%2C+1844%E2%80%931848&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2197879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2197879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rayback%2C+Joseph+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2009" class="citation book cs1">Read, James H. (2009). <i>Majority rule versus consensus: the political thought of John C. Calhoun</i>. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majority+rule+versus+consensus%3A+the+political+thought+of+John+C.+Calhoun&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Henry Augustus Middleton (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calhoun, John Caldwell"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calhoun,_John_Caldwell">"Calhoun, John Caldwell" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calhoun%2C+John+Caldwell&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Henry+Augustus+Middleton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2001" class="citation journal cs1">Vajda, Zoltán (2001). "John C. Calhoun's Republicanism Revisited". <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">433–</span>457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2001.0056">10.1353/rap.2001.0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143563365">143563365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun%27s+Republicanism+Revisited&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2001.0056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143563365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vajda, Zoltán (2013). "Complicated Sympathies: John C. Calhoun's Sentimental Union and the South". <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>. <b>114</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">210–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23645453">23645453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Complicated+Sympathies%3A+John+C.+Calhoun%27s+Sentimental+Union+and+the+South&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23645453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1945" class="citation journal cs1">Walters, Raymond Jr. (1945). "The Origins of the Second Bank of the United States". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F256246">10.1086/256246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1825049">1825049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153635866">153635866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+Bank+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153635866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1825049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F256246&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2008). <i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln</i>. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Democracy%3A+Jefferson+to+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltse1941" class="citation journal cs1">Wiltse, Charles M. (1941). "Calhoun's Democracy". <i>Journal of Politics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">210–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2125432">10.2307/2125432</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2125432">2125432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154416098">154416098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Calhoun%27s+Democracy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154416098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2125432%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2125432&rft.aulast=Wiltse&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltse1948" class="citation book cs1">Wiltse, Charles M. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155768"><i>John C. Calhoun, Nullifier, 1829–1839</i></a>. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%2C+Nullifier%2C+1829%E2%80%931839&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Wiltse&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.155768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltse1951" class="citation book cs1">Wiltse, Charles M. (1951). <i>John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840–1850</i>. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun%2C+Sectionalist%2C+1840%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Wiltse&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_W._Kirk2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, W. Kirk (2009). "History and Recovery of the Past: John C. Calhoun and the Origins of Nullification in South Carolina, 1819–1828". <i>Southern Studies</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">46–</span>68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Studies&rft.atitle=History+and+Recovery+of+the+Past%3A+John+C.+Calhoun+and+the+Origins+of+Nullification+in+South+Carolina%2C+1819%E2%80%931828&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Wood%2C+W.+Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Calhoun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="h">1</span> hour and <span class="min">17</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4615" data-mwtitle="En-John_Calhoun-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/En-John_Calhoun-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/En-John_Calhoun-article.ogg/En-John_Calhoun-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-John_Calhoun-article.ogg" title="File:En-John Calhoun-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 28 February 2019<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2019-02-28</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000044">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11713">Works by John C. Calhoun</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%20Caldwell%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20J%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Caldwell%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Caldwell%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Caldwell%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%20Caldwell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20J%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20J%2E%20Caldwell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Caldwell%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Caldwell%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%20Caldwell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Calhoun%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Calhoun%2C%20John%22%29%20OR%20%28%221782-1850%22%20AND%20Calhoun%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John C. Calhoun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/calhoun/">John C. Calhoun: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991004232645/http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7ECAP/CALHOUN/2Ahed.html">University of Virginia: John C. Calhoun</a> – Timeline, quotes, & contemporaries, via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li> <li>Other images via <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey" title="The College of New Jersey">The College of New Jersey</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206200950/http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000b2.htm">John C. Calhoun</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206225617/http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000b3.htm">Bust of John C. Calhoun</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206225216/http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000b1.htm">John C. Calhoun.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scstatehouse.gov/studentpage/Explore/portraits/senate/JohnCCalhoun.shtml">Image: John C. Calhoun Portrait</a> at the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=10626">Birthplace of Calhoun Historical Marker</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017053034/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=10626">Archived</a> October 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=7352">The Law Offices of John C. Calhoun Monument</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017051902/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=7352">Archived</a> October 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=683">Disquisition on Government and other papers by John Calhoun.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/Mss/Mss0200r.pdf">John C. Calhoun Papers at Clemson University's Special Collections Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://act.colorofchange.org/sign/change-name-calhoun-street-emanuel-nine-way/?source=mailing4516&t=4&akid=4524.2180437.w6iMK1">2015 petition to Charleston City Council to change the name of Calhoun Street</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Calhoun" title="Joseph Calhoun">Joseph Calhoun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 6th congressional district">South Carolina's 6th congressional district</a> </b><br />1811–1817 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eldred_Simkins" title="Eldred Simkins">Eldred Simkins</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> </b><br />1817–1825 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1825–1832 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1844–1845 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> nominee for Vice President of the United States¹ </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (withdrew), <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Robert Y. Hayne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from South Carolina</a> </b><br />1832–1843 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Miller" title="Stephen Decatur Miller">Stephen Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">William C. Preston</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">George McDuffie</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliott_Huger" title="Daniel Elliott Huger">Daniel Elliott Huger</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliott_Huger" title="Daniel Elliott Huger">Daniel Elliott Huger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from South Carolina</a> </b><br />1845–1850 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">George McDuffie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">Andrew Butler</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_H._Elmore" title="Franklin H. Elmore">Franklin H. Elmore</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> </b><br />1845–1846 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Dixon Hall Lewis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> split in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a>, fielding four separate candidates.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_the_Army" title="Template:United States secretaries of the Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_the_Army" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of the Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_the_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of the Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States secretaries of war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department<br />of War</a><br />(1789–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant<br />secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tucker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tucker (politician) (page does not exist)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Doe" title="Joseph Doe">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br />of the Army</a><br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Beal" title="Thaddeus Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_M._Ford" title="Nelson M. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party1299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party1299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Martin" title="Ken Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad_(U.S._Congress)" title="Squad (U.S. Congress)">Squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1820)_1824_United_States_presidential_election_(1828_→)487" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1824 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1824 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1824 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1820)_1824_United_States_presidential_election_(1828_→)487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">← 1820</a>) <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican<br />Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #68C468;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">Adams-Clay faction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></b> <small>(eliminated in contingent election)</small></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #698DC5;"><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian faction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1824 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election#1825_contingent_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_and_1825_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_and_1825_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1824)_1828_United_States_presidential_election_(1832_→)407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1828 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1828 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1828 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1824)_1828_United_States_presidential_election_(1832_→)407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">← 1824</a>) <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDEEFF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFE6B0;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1828 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1828_and_1829_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_and_1829_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic-Republican_Party518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template talk:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic-Republican_Party518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Foreign affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Template:United States senators from South Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Template talk:United States senators from South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">United States senators from South Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">P. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="John Hunter (South Carolina politician)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sumter" title="Thomas Sumter">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(South_Carolina_governor)" title="John Taylor (South Carolina governor)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">R. Hayne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliott_Huger" title="Daniel Elliott Huger">Huger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_H._Elmore" title="Franklin H. Elmore">Elmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell" title="Robert Woodward Barnwell">Barnwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnwell_Rhett" title="Robert Barnwell Rhett">Rhett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._De_Saussure" title="William F. De Saussure">De Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_J._Evans" title="Josiah J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Hayne" title="Arthur P. Hayne">A. Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chesnut_Jr." title="James Chesnut Jr.">Chesnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Robertson" title="Thomas J. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">M. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Benet" title="Christie Benet">Benet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Pollock" title="William P. Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Dial" title="Nathaniel B. Dial">Dial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin" title="Alva M. Lumpkin">Lumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Peace" title="Roger C. Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">Maybank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Daniel" title="Charles E. Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Wofford" title="Thomas A. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Colhoun" title="John E. Colhoun">Colhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">P. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harper_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="William Harper (South Carolina politician)">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Miller" title="Stephen Decatur Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">McDuffie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">A. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hammond" title="James H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Sawyer" title="Frederick A. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Patterson" title="John J. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._M._Irby" title="John L. M. Irby">Irby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Earle" title="Joseph H. Earle">Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._McLaurin" title="John L. McLaurin">McLaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbury_Latimer" title="Asbury Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Gary" title="Frank B. Gary">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_E._Hall" title="Wilton E. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">DeMint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">United States Senate Committee on Finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_Monroe_(1817–1825)406" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monroe_cabinet" title="Template:Monroe cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monroe_cabinet" title="Template talk:Monroe cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monroe_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monroe cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_Monroe_(1817–1825)406" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1817–1825)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg/100px-Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg/150px-Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg/200px-Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="310" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_John_Tyler_(1841–1845)459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tyler_cabinet" title="Template:Tyler cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tyler_cabinet" title="Template talk:Tyler cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tyler_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tyler cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_John_Tyler_(1841–1845)459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841–1845)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/100px-John_Tyler.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/150px-John_Tyler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/200px-John_Tyler.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James Madison Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">William Wilkins</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Hugh S. Legaré</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Charles A. Wickliffe</a> (1841–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George Edmund Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henshaw_(American_politician)" title="David Henshaw (American politician)">David Henshaw</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Thomas Walker Gilmer</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clemson_University184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clemson_University" title="Template:Clemson University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clemson_University" title="Template talk:Clemson University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clemson_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clemson University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clemson_University184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: inherit;">Clemson University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Experimental_Forest" title="Clemson Experimental Forest">Experimental Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University_Graduate_School" title="Clemson University Graduate School">Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University_International_Center_for_Automotive_Research" title="Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research">CU-ICAR</a> (Greenville)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Innovation_Campus" title="Charleston Innovation Campus">Charleston Innovation Campus</a> (North Charleston)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg/180px-Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg/270px-Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg/360px-Tillman_Hall_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers" title="Clemson Tigers">Clemson Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_baseball" title="Clemson Tigers baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_men%27s_basketball" title="Clemson Tigers men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_women%27s_basketball" title="Clemson Tigers women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football" title="Clemson Tigers football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_men%27s_soccer" title="Clemson Tigers men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_women%27s_soccer" title="Clemson Tigers women's soccer">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_softball" title="Clemson Tigers softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_men%27s_tennis" title="Clemson Tigers men's tennis">Men's tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_women%27s_tennis" title="Clemson Tigers women's tennis">Women's tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_track_and_field" title="Clemson Tigers track and field">Track and field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Kingsmore_Stadium" title="Doug Kingsmore Stadium">Doug Kingsmore Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervey_Athletic_Center" title="Jervey Athletic Center">Jervey Athletic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlejohn_Coliseum" title="Littlejohn Coliseum">Littlejohn Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McWhorter_Stadium" title="McWhorter Stadium">McWhorter Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_(Clemson)" title="Memorial Stadium (Clemson)">Memorial Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riggs_Field" title="Riggs Field">Riggs Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger_Rag" title="Tiger Rag">Tiger Rag</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_(mascot)" title="The Tiger (mascot)">The Tiger & The Cub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson%E2%80%93South_Carolina_rivalry" title="Clemson–South Carolina rivalry">Clemson–South Carolina rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson%E2%80%93South_Carolina_football_brawl" title="Clemson–South Carolina football brawl">Football brawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson%E2%80%93Florida_State_football_rivalry" title="Clemson–Florida State football rivalry">Clemson–Florida State football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rourke%E2%80%93McFadden_Trophy" title="O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy">O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Bowl" title="Textile Bowl">Textile Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University_steroid_scandal" title="Clemson University steroid scandal">1985 steroid scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Clemson_University" title="Campus of Clemson University">Campus of Clemson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fike_Recreation_Center" title="Fike Recreation Center">Fike Recreation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstone_Hall" title="Johnstone Hall">Johnstone Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Clemson_University)" title="President's House (Clemson University)">President's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Botanical_Garden" title="South Carolina Botanical Garden">South Carolina Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Golf_Course" title="Walker Golf Course">Walker Golf Course</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Landmarks9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_College_Sheep_Barn" title="Clemson College Sheep Barn">Clemson College Sheep Barn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_(Clemson_University,_South_Carolina)" title="Fort Hill (Clemson University, South Carolina)">Fort Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_House_(Clemson_University)" title="Hanover House (Clemson University)">Hanover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University_Historic_District_I" title="Clemson University Historic District I">Historic District I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University_Historic_District_II" title="Clemson University Historic District II">Historic District II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_and_Lowry_Hall" title="Lee and Lowry Hall">Lee and Lowry Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Church_and_Cemetery" title="Old Stone Church and Cemetery">Old Stone Church and Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Area_Transit" title="Clemson Area Transit">Clemson Area Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_(Amtrak_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemson (Amtrak station)"><i>Crescent</i> Amtrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSO_Club" title="ESSO Club">ESSO Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Clemson University fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hartwell" title="Lake Hartwell">Lake Hartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Rugby" title="Clemson Rugby">Rugby club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spittoono" title="Spittoono">Spittoono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_Sports_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemson Tigers Sports Network">Clemson Tigers Sports Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_(newspaper)" title="The Tiger (newspaper)"><i>The Tiger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSBF-FM" title="WSBF-FM">WSBF-FM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Clemson_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of alumni of Clemson University">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Clemson_University" title="List of presidents of Clemson University">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Green_Clemson" title="Thomas Green Clemson">Thomas Green Clemson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F56600;color:#000;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #522D80, inset -2px -2px 0 #522D80;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clemson,_South_Carolina" title="Clemson, South Carolina">City of Clemson</a> (adjacent to the university)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/21px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/32px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/42px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Connecticut" title="Portal:Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>John C. Calhoun</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Calhoun" class="extiw" title="c:Category:John Calhoun">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" class="extiw" title="q:John C. Calhoun">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Caldwell_Calhoun" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Caldwell Calhoun">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/Friction_Between_States#The_Calhoun_Resolutions" class="extiw" title="b:US History/Friction Between States">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207191" class="extiw" title="d:Q207191">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207191#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108846869">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32010914">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46306/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1518045/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvtc6DmMyV9rtDxKtJhpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11867532X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79137102">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028615g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028615g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435103">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Calhoun, John C. <1782-1850>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV038088">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35024688">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19940000013218&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX902592">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/859698">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07036639X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90120398">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000285948&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000150041">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=244341">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmmfqr14w4hk0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671707205606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546328105606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/193047">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277132605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509790206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14368224">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00588616?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="John C. Calhoun"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0d473df3-7ac4-4752-beff-06876c77e95b">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000044">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/798517">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11867532X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028453999">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581538">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rp3z99">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dj5d2t">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&oldid=1276338665">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&oldid=1276338665</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_C._Calhoun" title="Category:John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1782_births" title="Category:1782 births">1782 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1824_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates" title="Category:1824 United States vice-presidential candidates">1824 United States vice-presidential candidates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1828_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates" title="Category:1828 United States vice-presidential candidates">1828 United States vice-presidential candidates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850_deaths" title="Category:1850 deaths">1850 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_far-right_politicians" title="Category:19th-century American far-right politicians">19th-century American far-right politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_planters" title="Category:19th-century American planters">19th-century American planters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_deaths_from_tuberculosis" title="Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis">19th-century deaths from tuberculosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives">19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_South_Carolina_politicians" title="Category:19th-century South Carolina politicians">19th-century South Carolina politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_United_States_senators" title="Category:19th-century United States senators">19th-century United States senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:19th-century vice presidents of the United States">19th-century vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent">American people of Scotch-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_the_Seminole_Wars" title="Category:American people of the Seminole Wars">American people of the Seminole Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Category:American people of the War of 1812">American people of the War of 1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_philosophers" title="Category:American political philosophers">American political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_proslavery_activists" title="Category:American proslavery activists">American proslavery activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Unitarians" title="Category:American Unitarians">American Unitarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calhoun_family" title="Category:Calhoun family">Calhoun family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_(United_States)_vice_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees">Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Category:Democratic Party United States senators from South Carolina">Democratic Party United States senators from South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States">Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic-Republican_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="Category:Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina">Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic-Republican_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Democratic-Republican Party vice presidents of the United States">Democratic-Republican Party vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Triumvirate" title="Category:Great Triumvirate">Great Triumvirate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Jackson administration cabinet members">Jackson administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Quincy_Adams_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:John Quincy Adams administration cabinet members">John Quincy Adams administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Litchfield_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Litchfield Law School alumni">Litchfield Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_owned_slaves" title="Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves">Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monroe_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Monroe administration cabinet members">Monroe administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Litchfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places in Litchfield County, Connecticut">National Register of Historic Places in Litchfield County, Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nullification_crisis" title="Category:Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nullifier_Party_politicians" title="Category:Nullifier Party politicians">Nullifier Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nullifier_Party_United_States_senators" title="Category:Nullifier Party United States senators">Nullifier Party United States senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="Category:People from Abbeville, South Carolina">People from Abbeville, South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Carolina_Democrats" title="Category:South Carolina Democrats">South Carolina Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Carolina_lawyers" title="Category:South Carolina lawyers">South Carolina lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuberculosis_deaths_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Washington, D.C.">Tuberculosis deaths in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tyler_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Tyler administration cabinet members">Tyler administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:U.S._Congressional_gag_rules_and_their_sponsors" title="Category:U.S. Congressional gag rules and their sponsors">U.S. Congressional gag rules and their sponsors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Category:United States secretaries of state">United States secretaries of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_war" title="Category:United States secretaries of war">United States secretaries of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_senators_who_owned_slaves" title="Category:United States senators who owned slaves">United States senators who owned slaves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_College_alumni" title="Category:Yale College alumni">Yale College alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_June_2016" title="Category:Use American English from June 2016">Use American English from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2024">Use mdy dates from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 February 2025, at 07:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Calhoun&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">John C. Calhoun</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>63 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d859b9dc9-h9dwd","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.074","walltime":"3.528","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35674,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":699266,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43989,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":640808,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2898.787 1 -total"," 15.58% 451.527 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.93% 432.742 137 Template:Sfn"," 13.53% 392.298 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 12.00% 347.785 71 Template:Cite_book"," 9.66% 280.151 44 Template:Cite_web"," 6.68% 193.521 21 Template:Navbox"," 5.53% 160.295 190 Template:Main_other"," 5.44% 157.568 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.97% 144.176 27 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.807","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18446313,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshworth1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaptist2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaskin1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBass2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelko2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorneman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoucherBrooks1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrito2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrnes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCalhounPost1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapers1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapers1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheathem2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoit1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoit1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongress1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrallé1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrent1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehrenbacher1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreehling1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrove2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutzman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstadter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJervey1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewett1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKateb1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlingenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrannawitter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuic1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKytleRoberts2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangguth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarszalek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBride1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKellar1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeigs1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerk1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam1902\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMerry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosso2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiven1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuyen2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParton1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolinPolin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreyer1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrucha1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafuse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayback,_Joseph_G.1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemini1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemini1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemini1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemnick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsKytle2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoesch,_James_Rutledge.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutland1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatz1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStagg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurtinen,_Melissa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajda2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajda2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaron2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltse1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltse1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltse1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltse1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_W._Kirk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Holst1883\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1824 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1828 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 14,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Clemson University\"] = 1,\n [\"CongLinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Calhoun, John C\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Democratic-Republican Party\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Monroe cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 3,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 8,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ref\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 9,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"SenFinanceCommitteeChairs\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 137,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snds\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tyler cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"USDemVicePresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecState\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecWar\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenSC\"] = 1,\n [\"USVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","25.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","17.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.0"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","2.0"],["[others]","540","27.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5dcc66d8fd-vdttx","timestamp":"20250218074643","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_C._Calhoun","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207191","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207191","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-15T20:27:40Z","dateModified":"2025-02-18T07:46:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fb\/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady%2C_1849_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg","headline":"vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832"}</script> </body> </html>