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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad II of Khwarazm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="محمد خوارزم شاه الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد خوارزم شاه الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_(Xar%C9%99zm_h%C3%B6kmdar%C4%B1)" title="II Məhəmməd (Xarəzm hökmdarı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Məhəmməd (Xarəzm hökmdarı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="আলাউদ্দিন মুহাম্মদ খোয়ারিজমশাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলাউদ্দিন মুহাম্মদ খোয়ারিজমশাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Ала ад-Дзін Мухамед II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ала ад-Дзін Мухамед II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A0-ad-Din_Muh%C3%A0mmad" title="Alà-ad-Din Muhàmmad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alà-ad-Din Muhàmmad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1udd%C3%ADn_Muhammad" title="Aláuddín Muhammad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aláuddín Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II._(Choresmien)" title="Muhammad II. (Choresmien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad II. (Choresmien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_II_de_Corasmia" title="Mohamed II de Corasmia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mohamed II de Corasmia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Muhammad" title="Ala ad-Din Muhammad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ala ad-Din Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%9D%BC_%EC%9B%83%EB%94%98_%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C" title="알라 웃딘 무함마드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알라 웃딘 무함마드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaudin_Muhamad" title="Alaudin Muhamad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alaudin Muhamad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Muhammad_II" title="Alauddin Muhammad II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alauddin Muhammad II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_di_Corasmia" title="Muhammad II di Corasmia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad II di Corasmia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_II" title="ალაადინ მუჰამად II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალაადინ მუჰამად II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мұхаммед Хорезмшах – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхаммед Хорезмшах" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mohammed_hv%C3%A1rezmi_sah" title="II. Mohammed hvárezmi sah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Mohammed hvárezmi sah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="मुहम्मद दुसरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुहम्मद दुसरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="محمد خوارزم شاه التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد خوارزم شاه التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Muhammad" title="Alauddin Muhammad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alauddin Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="II Мухаммед (Хорезм) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Мухаммед (Хорезм)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_van_Chorasmi%C3%AB" title="Muhammad II van Chorasmië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muhammad II van Chorasmië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%83%83%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89" title="アラーウッディーン・ムハンマド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラーウッディーン・ムハンマド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Xorazmshoh" title="Muhammad Xorazmshoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Xorazmshoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ala_ad-Din_Muhammad_II" title="’Ala ad-Din Muhammad II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="’Ala ad-Din Muhammad II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Ала ад-Дин Мухаммед II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ала ад-Дин Мухаммед II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Muhammed_II" title="Ala ad-Din Muhammed II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ala ad-Din Muhammed II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இரண்டாம் அலாவுதீன் முகம்மது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் அலாவுதீன் முகம்மது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Алоуддин Муҳаммади Хоразмшоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алоуддин Муҳаммади Хоразмшоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A2eddin_Muhammed" title="Alâeddin Muhammed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alâeddin Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Мухаммед II Ала ад-Дін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммед II Ала ад-Дін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%87%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF" title="ئالائەددىن مۇھەممەد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالائەددىن مۇھەممەد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II của Khwarazm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muhammad II của Khwarazm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%8C%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E6%9C%AB" 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Muhammad II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>The Second Alexander<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II,_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II%2C_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg/220px-Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II%2C_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II%2C_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg/330px-Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II%2C_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II%2C_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg/440px-Dinar_of_%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II%2C_struck_at_the_Bukhara_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Gold <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">dinar</a></i> of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, struck at the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> mint</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1200–1220</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Tekish">Tekish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni" title="Jalal al-Din Mangburni">Jalal al-Din Mangburni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-reignt</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1169</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1220 (aged 50–51)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abaskun" title="Abaskun">Abaskun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a> Region, near <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ay_Chichek_Khatun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ay Chichek Khatun (page does not exist)">Ay Chichek Khatun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu">Jalal ad-Din Manguberdi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">Laqab</a></b>: Ala ad-Din (shortly), Iskandar-i Sani<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Kunya</a></b>: Abul-Fath<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></b>: Muhammad<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Turkic nickname</a></b>: Sanjar<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name#Nasab_نسب" title="Arabic name">Nasab</a></b>: Muhammad <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibn" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ibn">ibn</a> Tekish ibn <a href="/wiki/Il-Arslan" title="Il-Arslan">Il-Arslan</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsiz</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad I of Khwarazm">Muhammad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Anushtegin</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Anushtegin" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Anushtegin">House of Anushtegin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Tekish">Tekish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ala ad-Din Muhammad II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; <a href="/wiki/Full_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Full name">full name</a>: <i>Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Anushtegin Gharchai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghulam</a> who eventually became a viceroy of a small province named <a href="/wiki/Khwarizm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarizm">Khwarizm</a>. He is perhaps best known for inciting the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire</a>, which resulted in the utter destruction of his empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <p>After his father <a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Tekish">Tekish</a> died, Muhammad succeeded him. Right after his accession, however, his domains were invaded by the two <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> brothers <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Ghori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'izz al-Din">Mu'izz al-Din</a>. Within weeks, the two brothers had moved their armies westwards into <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. Once they had captured <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, Mu'izz al-Din was sent on an expedition towards <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, but he let his troops get out of control and got little further than <a href="/wiki/Gurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurgan">Gurgan</a>, earning criticism from Ghiyath which led to the only reported quarrel between the brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghiyath died at <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in 1203 after months of illness. Muhammad II used this opportunity to invade the domains of the Ghurid Empire, and besieged <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. Mu'izz, however, managed to repel him from Herat and then pursued him to <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>, besieging <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a>, his capital. Muhammad desperately requested aid from the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara-Khitan Khanate</a>, who sent an army to aid Muhammad. Mu'izz, because of the pressure from the Kara-Khitans, was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, on his way to his domains in <a href="/wiki/Ghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghur">Ghur</a>, he was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andkhud" title="Battle of Andkhud">Battle of Andkhud</a> in 1204.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'izz al-Din was later assassinated in 1206, throwing the Ghurid Empire into a civil war. During the civil war, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud" title="Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud">Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud</a> managed to emerge victorious. </p><p>However, Ghiyath's Turkic general <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_Yildiz" title="Taj al-Din Yildiz">Taj al-Din Yildiz</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> from the Ghurid rulers of Bamiyan, but shortly recognized the authority of Ghiyath. Ghiyath, not glad about Tajuddin controlling Ghazni, and not daring to leave Ghur unprotected, requested help from the Muhammad II. Muhammad, however, instead invaded the domains of Ghiyath, capturing <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirmidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirmidh">Tirmidh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biran_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biran-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during his invasion he was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara-Khitan Khanate</a>. Thirteen months later, Muhammad was freed from captivity, and once again invaded the domains of Ghiyath, and captured <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. Muhammad then invaded the Ghurid heartland of <a href="/wiki/Ghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghur">Ghur</a>, and captured Ghiyath. Ghiyath then agreed to recognize Muhammad's authority. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_(Ghazni)_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_%28Ghazni%29_mint.jpg/220px-Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_%28Ghazni%29_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_%28Ghazni%29_mint.jpg/330px-Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_%28Ghazni%29_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_%28Ghazni%29_mint.jpg/440px-Khwarizm_Shahs._%27Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_II._AH_596-617_AD_1200-1220_Citing_Abbasid_caliph_a1-Nasir._Ghazna_%28Ghazni%29_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A coin of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad II citing Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a> and minted in the newly conquered <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Muhammad II then captured <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in 1207 from the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Khitay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Khitay">Kara Khitay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> in 1210 from <a href="/wiki/Bavandids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavandids">Bavandids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> from Western Karakhanids. He pursued expansionist policy and conquered <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> from Western Karakhanids and regions of <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> from Ghurids and <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Atabegs of Azerbaijan">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a> become his vassals in 1211. He finally destroyed Western Karakhanids in 1212 and Ghurids in 1215 annexing with their remainder territories. During 1212 the city of Samarkand revolted killing 8,000–10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens of Samarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafis_Abazov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafis_Abazov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1217, he had conquered all the lands from the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">river Jaxartes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. He declared himself <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> and demanded formal recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. When the caliph <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir">an-Nasir</a> rejected his claim, Ala ad-Din Muhammad gathered an army and marched towards <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to depose an-Nasir. However, when crossing the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, the shah's army was caught in a blizzard.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafis_Abazov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafis_Abazov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of warriors died. With the army decimated, the generals had no choice but to return home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall">Fall</h2></div> <p>In 1218, a small contingent of Mongols crossed borders in pursuit of an escaped enemy general. Upon successfully retrieving him, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> made contact with the Shah. Having only recently conquered two-thirds of what would one day be China, Genghis was looking to open trade relations, but having heard exaggerated reports of the Mongols, the Shah believed this gesture was only a ploy to invade <i>his</i> land. Genghis sent emissaries to Khwarezm (reports vary – one stating a group of 100 Muslim merchants with a single Mongol leading them, others state 450) to emphasize his hope for a trade road. The Shah, in turn, had one of his governors (<a href="/wiki/Inalchuq" title="Inalchuq">Inalchuq</a>, his uncle) openly accuse the party of spying, their rich goods were seized and the party was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Soucek_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soucek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg/220px-Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg/330px-Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg/440px-Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Death of Muhammad II of Khwarezm. From <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Trying to maintain diplomacy, Genghis sent an envoy of three men to the Shah, to give him a chance to disclaim all knowledge of the governor's actions and hand him over to the Mongols for punishment. The shah executed the envoy (again, some sources claim one man was executed, some claim all three were), and then immediately had the Mongol merchant party (Muslim and Mongol alike) put to death and their goods seized.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events led Genghis to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">retaliate with a force of 100,000 to 150,000 men</a> that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a> in 1219 and sacked the cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a> and others. Muhammad's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Kunya_Urgench" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunya Urgench">Urgench</a>, followed soon after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <p>Ala ad-Din Muhammad fled and sought refuge throughout <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and later died of <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> near the port of <a href="/wiki/Abaskun" title="Abaskun">Abaskun</a> some weeks later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Habib1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> (1992). "THE KHWARAZMIAN EMPIRE". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)</i></a>. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180">31870180</a>. <q>Taksh's sucçessor, Alauddin Muhammnad Khwarazm Shah, styled "the Second Alexander (1200-20), was the Jast of the old type of Emperor-Sultans, for Timur does not belong to this category</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=THE+KHWARAZMIAN+EMPIRE&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanat+%28A.D.+1206-1526%29&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31870180&rft.au=Mohammad+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+II+of+Khwarazm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad Hasan Dani et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA182">History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV</a>, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub. (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1409-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1409-6">81-208-1409-6</a>, p182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9JQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA662">Enc. Islam, article: Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle</i>, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farooqui Salma Ahmed, <i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i>, (Dorling Kindersley Pvt., 2011), 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biran-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biran_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Biran, <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History</i>, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafis_Abazov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafis_Abazov_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafis_Abazov_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafis Abazov, <i>Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soucek_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvat_Soucek2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svat_Soucek" title="Svat Soucek">Svat Soucek</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc/page/106"><i>A History of Inner Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0"><bdi>0-521-65704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-65704-0&rft.au=Svat+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofinneras00souc%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+II+of+Khwarazm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2005" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reak1EUA57sC"><i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i></a>. Bantam. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9"><bdi>978-0-553-81498-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+Life%2C+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-553-81498-9&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dreak1EUA57sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+II+of+Khwarazm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1">"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)"</a>. In Frye, R. N. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X"><bdi>0-521-06936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931217%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06936-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+II+of+Khwarazm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Muhammad II of Khwarazm </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Anushtegin" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Anushtegin">House of Anushtegin</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1169</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1220</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Tekish">Tekish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmian Empire">Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire</a> </b><br />1200–1220 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu">Manguberdi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Khwarazmshahs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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