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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of photographic papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_photographic_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Base_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Base materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black-and-white_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black-and-white_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Black-and-white papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black-and-white_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber-based_papers_(FB)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber-based_papers_(FB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Fiber-based papers (FB)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber-based_papers_(FB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resin-coated_papers_(RC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resin-coated_papers_(RC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Resin-coated papers (RC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resin-coated_papers_(RC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_baryta_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_baryta_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>The baryta layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_baryta_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Colour papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_and_white_emulsion_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_and_white_emulsion_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Black and white emulsion types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Black_and_white_emulsion_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Black and white emulsion types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Black_and_white_emulsion_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chloride_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chloride_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chloride papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chloride_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chlorobromide_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlorobromide_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chlorobromide papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlorobromide_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bromide_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromide_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bromide papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromide_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Contrast control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panchromatic_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panchromatic_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Panchromatic papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panchromatic_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non_Silver_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_Silver_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Non Silver papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_Silver_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Archival stability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archival_stability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archival stability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archival_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black-and-white_prints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black-and-white_prints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Black-and-white prints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black-and-white_prints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_prints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_prints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Colour prints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_prints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Photographic paper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_fotogr%C3%A0fic" title="Paper fotogràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper fotogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografick%C3%BD_pap%C3%ADr" title="Fotografický papír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotografický papír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotopapier" title="Fotopapier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fotopapier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_fotogr%C3%A1fico" title="Papel fotográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel fotográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotopapero" title="Fotopapero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotopapero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0_%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کاغذ عکاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاغذ عکاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_photographique" title="Papier photographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papier photographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografski_papir" title="Fotografski papir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotografski papir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_fotografica" title="Carta fotografica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carta fotografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatasi_ya_picha" title="Karatasi ya picha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karatasi ya picha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotopopierius" title="Fotopopierius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotopopierius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%94%BB%E7%B4%99" title="印画紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="印画紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_fotograficzny" title="Papier fotograficzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papier fotograficzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_fotogr%C3%A1fico" title="Papel fotográfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel fotográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Фотобумага – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотобумага" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA-%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="ඡායාරූප මුද්‍රණය-ඡායාරූප කඩදාසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඡායාරූප මුද්‍රණය-ඡායාරූප කඩදාසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valokuvapaperi" title="Valokuvapaperi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valokuvapaperi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Фотопапір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотопапір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%B8" title="相纸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="相纸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912760#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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photographic prints</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about light-sensitive photographic media. For digital printing media, see <a href="/wiki/Photo_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo printer">Photo printer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet paper</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnscoCyko.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AnscoCyko.png/220px-AnscoCyko.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AnscoCyko.png/330px-AnscoCyko.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AnscoCyko.png/440px-AnscoCyko.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for Ansco Cyko photographic paper, 1922.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Photographic paper</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">paper coated</a> with a light-sensitive chemical, used for making <a href="/wiki/Photographic_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic print">photographic prints</a>. When photographic paper is exposed to light, it captures a <a href="/wiki/Latent_image" title="Latent image">latent image</a> that is then <a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">developed</a> to form a visible image; with most papers the image density from exposure can be sufficient to not require further development, aside from fixing and clearing, though latent exposure is also usually present. The light-sensitive layer of the paper is called the <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a>, and functions similarly to <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>. The most common chemistry used is <a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_print" title="Gelatin silver print">gelatin silver</a>, but other alternatives have also been used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The print image is traditionally produced by interposing a <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">photographic negative</a> between the light source and the paper, either by direct contact with a large negative (forming a <a href="/wiki/Contact_print" title="Contact print">contact print</a>) or by projecting the shadow of the negative onto the paper (producing an enlargement). The initial light exposure is carefully controlled to produce a <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a> image on the paper with appropriate <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gradation_(art)" title="Gradation (art)">gradation</a>. Photographic paper may also be exposed to light using digital printers such as the <a href="/wiki/LightJet" title="LightJet">LightJet</a>, with a camera (to produce a photographic <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">scanning</a> a modulated light source over the paper, or by placing objects upon it (to produce a <a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">photogram</a>). </p><p>Despite the introduction of digital photography, photographic papers are still sold commercially. Photographic papers are manufactured in numerous <a href="/wiki/Standard_photographic_print_sizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard photographic print sizes">standard sizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">paper weights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_finish" title="Surface finish">surface finishes</a>. A range of <a href="#Black_and_White_emulsion_types">emulsions</a> are also available that differ in their light sensitivity, colour response and the warmth of the final image. Color papers are also available for making colour images. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effect of light in darkening a prepared paper was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)" title="Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)">Thomas Wedgwood</a> in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photographic papers have been used since the beginning of all <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative</a>–positive <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic processes</a> as developed and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Talbot">William Fox Talbot</a>'s 1841 <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a>. </p><p>After the early days of photography, papers have been manufactured on a large scale with improved consistency and greater light sensitivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_photographic_papers">Types of photographic papers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of photographic papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png/220px-Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png/330px-Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png/440px-Types_of_Photographic_Papers.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Photographic papers fall into one of three sub-categories: </p> <ul><li>Papers used for <b>negative-positive</b> processes. This includes all current <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> papers and <a href="/wiki/Chromogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromogenic">chromogenic</a> colour papers.</li> <li>Papers used for <b>positive-positive</b> processes in which the "film" is the same as the final image (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> process, <a href="/wiki/Imago_camera" title="Imago camera">Imago</a> direct positive paper).</li> <li>Papers used for <b>positive-positive</b> film-to-paper processes where a positive image on a film slide is enlarged and copied onto a photographic paper, for example the <a href="/wiki/Ilfochrome" title="Ilfochrome">Ilfochrome</a> process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All photographic papers consist of a light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">emulsion</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> salts <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspended</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> material – usually <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>-coated onto a paper, resin coated paper or polyester support. In black-and-white papers, the emulsion is normally sensitised to <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> light, but is insensitive to wavelengths longer than 600 nm in order to facilitate handling under red or orange <a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowerby_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chromogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromogenic">chromogenic</a> colour papers, the emulsion layers are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> light, respectively producing <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dye</a> during processing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_materials">Base materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Base materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black-and-white_papers">Black-and-white papers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Black-and-white papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> papers are coated on a small range of bases; <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryta</a>-coated paper, resin-coated paper or polyester. In the past, linen has been used as a base material.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiber-based_papers_(FB)"><span id="Fiber-based_papers_.28FB.29"></span>Fiber-based papers (FB)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiber-based papers (FB)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fiber-based (FB or Baryta) photographic papers consist of a paper base coated with baryta.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvaggio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvaggio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tints are sometimes added to the baryta to add subtle colour to the final print; however most modern papers use <a href="/wiki/Optical_brightener" title="Optical brightener">optical brighteners</a> to extend the paper's tonal range.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most fiber-based papers include a clear hardened gelatin layer above the emulsion which protects it from physical damage, especially during processing. This is called a supercoating. Papers without a super coating are suitable for use with the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Print_Process#Bromoil_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Print Process">bromoil process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowerby_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiber-based papers are generally chosen as a medium for high-quality prints for exhibition, display and archiving purposes. These papers require careful processing and handling, especially when wet. However, they are easier to <a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand-coloring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-coloring">hand-colour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spotting_(photography)" title="Spotting (photography)">retouch</a> than resin-coated equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resin-coated_papers_(RC)"><span id="Resin-coated_papers_.28RC.29"></span>Resin-coated papers (RC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resin-coated papers (RC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paper base of resin-coated papers is sealed by two <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> layers, making it impenetrable to liquids. Since no chemicals or water are absorbed into the paper base, the time needed for processing, washing and drying durations are significantly reduced in comparison to fiber-based papers. Resin paper prints can be finished and dried within twenty to thirty minutes. Resin-coated papers have improved dimensional stability, and do not curl upon drying.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_baryta_layer">The baryta layer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The baryta layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>baryta</i> derives from the name of a common <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a>-containing mineral, <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>. However, the substance used to coat photographic papers is usually not pure <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a>, but a mixture of barium and <a href="/wiki/Strontium_sulfate" title="Strontium sulfate">strontium</a> sulfates. The ratio of strontium to barium differs among commercial photographic papers, so chemical analysis can be used to identify the maker of the paper used to make a print and sometimes when the paper was made.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baryta layer has two functions 1) to brighten the image and 2) to prevent chemicals adsorbed on the fibers from infiltrating the gelatin layer. The brightening occurs because barium sulfate is in the form of a fine precipitate that scatters light back through the silver image layer. In the early days of photography, before baryta layers were used, impurities from the paper fibers could gradually diffuse into the silver layer and cause an uneven loss of sensitivity (before development) or mottle (unevenly discolour) the silver image (after development).<sup id="cite_ref-Salvaggio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvaggio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colour_papers">Colour papers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colour papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All colour photographic materials available today are coated on either RC (resin coated) paper or on solid polyester. The photographic emulsion used for colour photographic materials consists of three colour emulsion layers (<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>) along with other supporting layers. The colour layers are sensitised to their corresponding colours. Although it is commonly believed that the layers in negative papers are shielded against the intrusion of light of a different wavelength than the actual layer by colour filters which dissolve during processing, this is not so. The colour layers in negative papers are actually produced to have speeds which increase from cyan (red sensitive) to magenta (green sensitive) to yellow (blue sensitive), and thus when filtered during printing, the blue light is "normalized" so that there is no crosstalk. Therefore, the yellow (blue sensitive) layer is nearly ISO 100 while the cyan (red) layer is about ISO 25. After adding enough yellow filtration to make a neutral, the blue sensitivity of the slow cyan layer is "lost". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In negative-positive print systems, the blue sensitive layer is on the bottom, and the cyan layer is on the top. This is the reverse of the usual layer order in colour films.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emulsion layers can include the colour dyes, as in Ilfochrome; or they can include colour couplers, which react with colour developers to produce colour dyes, as in <a href="/wiki/Type_C_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Type C print">type C prints</a> or chromogenic negative–positive prints. Type R prints, which are no longer made, were positive–positive <a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">chromogenic prints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_and_white_emulsion_types">Black and white emulsion types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Black and white emulsion types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emulsion contains light sensitive <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> crystals suspended in gelatin. Black-and-white papers typically use relatively insensitive emulsions composed of agb <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">silver bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> or a combination of both. The silver halide used affects the paper's sensitivity and the image tone of the resulting print.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowerby_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chloride_papers">Chloride papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chloride papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular in the past, chloride papers are nowadays unusual; a single manufacturer produces this material.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodima_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodima-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These insensitive papers are suitable for contact printing, and yield warm toned images by development. Chloride emulsions are also used for printing-out papers, or POP, which require no further development after exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-PrintingOut_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrintingOut-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chlorobromide_papers">Chlorobromide papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chlorobromide papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Containing a blend of silver chloride and silver bromide salts, these emulsions produce papers sensitive enough to be used for <a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarging</a>. They produce warm-black to neutral image tones by development, which can be varied by using different developers.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bromide_papers">Bromide papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bromide papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papers with pure silver bromide emulsions are sensitive and produce neutral black or 'cold' blue-black image tones.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowerby_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrast_control">Contrast control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contrast control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Fixed-grade</i> – or <i>graded</i> – black-and-white papers were historically available in a range of 12 grades, numbered 0 to 5, with 0 being the <i>softest</i>, or least contrasty paper grade and 5 being the <i>hardest</i>, or most contrasty paper grade. Low contrast negatives can be corrected by printing on a contrasty paper; conversely a very contrasty negative can be printed on a low contrast paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowerby_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of decreased demand, most extreme paper grades are now discontinued, and the few graded ranges still available include only middle contrast grades.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Variable-contrast</i> – or "VC" – papers account for the great majority of consumption of these papers in the 21st century. VC papers permit the selection of a wide range of contrast grades, in the case of the brand leader between 00 and 5. These papers are coated with a mixture of two or three emulsions, all of equal contrast and sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> light. However, each emulsion is sensitised in different proportions to <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> light. Upon exposure to blue light, all emulsions act in an additive manner to produce a high contrast image. When exposed to green light alone, the emulsions produce a low contrast image because each is differently sensitised to green. By varying the ratio of blue to green light, the contrast of the print can be approximately continuously varied between these extremes, creating all contrast grades from 00 to 5.<sup id="cite_ref-vcworkings_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vcworkings-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filters in the enlarger's light path are a common method of achieving this control. <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">Magenta</a> filters absorb green and transmit blue and red, while <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> filters absorb blue and transmit green and red.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilford1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilford1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contrast of photographic papers can also be controlled during processing or by the use of bleaches or <a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">toners</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panchromatic_papers">Panchromatic papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Panchromatic papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panchromatic black-and-white photographic printing papers are sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light. They were designed for the printing of full-tone black-and-white images from colour negatives; this is not possible with conventional orthochromatic papers. Panchromatic papers can also be used to produce paper negatives in large-format cameras. These materials must be handled and developed in near-complete darkness. Kodak Panalure Select RC is an example of a panchromatic black-and-white paper; it was discontinued in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_Silver_papers">Non Silver papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non Silver papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_process" title="Alternative process">Alternative process</a></div> <p>Numerous photo sensitive papers that do not use silver chemistry exist. Most are hand made by enthusiasts but <a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">cyanotype</a> prints are made on what was commonly sold as <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a> paper. Certain precious metal including <a href="/wiki/Platinum_print" title="Platinum print">platinum</a> and other chemistries have also been in common use at certain periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archival_stability">Archival stability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archival stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></div> <p>The longevity of any photographic print media will depend upon the processing, display and storage conditions of the print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black-and-white_prints">Black-and-white prints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Black-and-white prints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer"><i>Fixing</i></a> must convert all non-image silver into soluble silver compounds that can be removed by washing with water. <i>Washing</i> must remove these compounds and all residual fixing chemicals from the emulsion and paper base. A hypo-clearing solution, also referred to as hypo clearing agent, HCA, or a washing aid, and which can consist of a 2% solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">sodium sulfite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Darkroom-Cookbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darkroom-Cookbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used to shorten the effective washing time by displacing the thiosulfate fixer, and the byproducts of the process of fixation, that are bound to paper fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning"><i>Toners</i></a> are sometimes used to convert the metallic silver into more stable compounds. Commonly used archival toners are: <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a>. </p><p>Prints on <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fiber-based_papers">fiber-based papers</a> that have been properly fixed and washed should last at least fifty years without fading. Some alternative non-silver processes – such as <a href="/wiki/Platinotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinotype">platinum prints</a> – employ metals that are, if processed correctly, inherently more stable than <a href="/wiki/Gelatin-silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin-silver">gelatin-silver</a> prints.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowerby_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_prints">Colour prints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Colour prints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For colour images, Ilfochrome is often used because of its clarity and the stability of the colour dyes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_AD_size&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard AD size (page does not exist)">Standard AD size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format#Still_photography_film_formats" title="Film format">Film format#Still photography film formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_print_sizes" title="Photo print sizes">Photo print sizes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_paper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSydney_SmithFrancis_Jeffrey_JeffreyMacvey_NapierWilliam_Empson1843" class="citation cs2">Sydney Smith; Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey; Macvey Napier; William Empson; George Cornewall (1843), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-sEAAAAQAAJ&dq=talbot+%22photographic+paper%22&pg=PA335"><i>The Edinburgh Review</i></a>, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans; and Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Review&rft.pub=London%3A+Longman%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans%3B+and+Edinburgh%3A+Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Sydney+Smith&rft.au=Francis+Jeffrey+Jeffrey&rft.au=Macvey+Napier&rft.au=William+Empson&rft.au=George+Cornewall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-sEAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dtalbot%2B%2522photographic%2Bpaper%2522%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sowerby-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sowerby_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowerby_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowerby_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowerby_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowerby_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowerby_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowerby1961" class="citation cs2">Sowerby, A.L.M., ed. (1961), <i>Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers</i> (19th ed.), London: Illife Books Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Photography%3A+A+Reference+Book+for+Amateur+and+Professional+Photographers&rft.place=London&rft.edition=19th&rft.pub=Illife+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langford_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langford_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langford_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langford_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langford_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2000" class="citation cs2">Langford, Michell (2000), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicphotography00lang"><i>Basic Photography</i></a></span> (7th ed.), Oxford, England.: Focal Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51592-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51592-7"><bdi>0-240-51592-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Photography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England.&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-240-51592-7&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicphotography00lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvaggio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salvaggio_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvaggio_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvaggio, <i>Nanette L. Basic Photographic Materials and Processes.</i> Taylor & Francis US, Oct 27, 2008. p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everts, Sarah <i>Saving endangered photographs.</i> Chemical & Engineering News 25 Feb 2013, pp 9-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fujifilmusa.com/shared/bin/AF3-155E_Fujitrans_PIB.pdf">http://www.fujifilmusa.com/shared/bin/AF3-155E_Fujitrans_PIB.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Processing Kodak Ektachrome RC paper, type 1993 in Kodak rapid colour processors</i>. Eastman Kodak Company. 1974. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43350075">43350075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Processing+Kodak+Ektachrome+RC+paper%2C+type+1993+in+Kodak+rapid+colour+processors.&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43350075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodima-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lodima_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamleeSmith2008" class="citation cs2">Chamlee, Paula; Smith, Michael A. 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Eastman Kodak Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodak+Professional+Panalure+Select+RC+Paper&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=2005-06&rft.au=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fglobal%2Fen%2Fprofessional%2Fsupport%2FtechPubs%2Fg27%2Fg27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darkroom-Cookbook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darkroom-Cookbook_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Anchell, Steve (2008). "Formulas". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkroomcookbook00anch"><i>The Darkroom Cookbook</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Focal Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkroomcookbook00anch/page/n344">312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81055-3"><bdi>978-0-240-81055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formulas&rft.btitle=The+Darkroom+Cookbook&rft.pages=312&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81055-3&rft.aulast=Anchell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkroomcookbook00anch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kachel, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidkachel.com/historical/fixnwash.htm">Fixing, Washing & Toning Fine B&W Photographs: Processing Your Materials Correctly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418060405/http://davidkachel.com/historical/fixnwash.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img 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