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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Population genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iron Age Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era_and_Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era_and_Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roman era and Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era_and_Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Speakers of the Insular Celtic languages in the British Isles and Brittany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html 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.ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Insular_Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Insular Celts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Insular+Celts%22">"Insular Celts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Insular+Celts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Insular+Celts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Insular+Celts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Insular+Celts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Insular+Celts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/220px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/330px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/440px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Britain & Ireland in the early–mid 1st millennium, before the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #676767;background-color:#c14135; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #676767;background-color:#4970c0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #676767;background-color:#64855a; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_dagger,_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Celtic_dagger%2C_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG/220px-Celtic_dagger%2C_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Celtic_dagger%2C_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG/330px-Celtic_dagger%2C_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Celtic_dagger%2C_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG/440px-Celtic_dagger%2C_scabbard_and_buckle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Celtic dagger found in Britain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Insular Celts</b> were speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. The term is mostly used for the Celtic peoples of the isles up until the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>, covering the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a>–<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Ireland">Irish Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a>. They included the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>. </p><p>The Insular Celtic languages spread throughout the islands during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a> or early Iron Age. They are made up of two major groups: <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> in the west. While there are records of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a> from the sixth century BC, allowing a confident reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a>, Insular Celtic languages became attested only during the early first millennium AD. The Insular Celts followed an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a> overseen by <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>. Some of the southern British tribes had strong links with mainland Europe, especially <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_currency_of_Britain" title="Celtic currency of Britain">minted their own coins</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquered most of Britain</a> in the 1st century AD, and a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a> emerged in the southeast. The Britons and Picts in the north, and the Gaels of Ireland, remained outside the empire. During the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> in the 400s, there was significant <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement</a> of eastern and southern Britain, and some Gaelic settlement of its western coast. During this time, some Britons migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorican</a> peninsula, where their culture became dominant. Meanwhile, much of northern Britain (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Scotland</a>) became Gaelic. </p><p>By the 10th century, the Insular Celts had diversified into the Brittonic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a> (in Brittany) and Cumbrians (in the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Old North</a>); and the Goidelic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> (in Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> (in Scotland) and <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>). in southern Scotland and northern England, and the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish people</a> in northern Scotland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_settlement_of_Britain_and_Ireland">Celtic settlement of Britain and Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Celtic settlement of Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></div> <p>In older theories, the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, defined as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, which derive from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a>, roughly coincided with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/European_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Iron Age">European Iron Age</a>. In 1946, the Celtic scholar <a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">T. F. O'Rahilly</a> published his influential model of the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Ireland">early history of Ireland</a>, which postulated four separate waves of Celtic invaders, spanning most of the Iron Age (700 to 100 BCE). However, the archaeological evidence for these waves of invaders proved elusive. Later research indicated that the culture may have developed gradually and continuously between the Celts and the indigenous populations. Similarly in Ireland, little archaeological evidence was found for large intrusive groups of Celtic immigrants, suggesting to archaeologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew,_Baron_Renfrew_of_Kaimsthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn">Colin Renfrew</a>, that the native late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed European Celtic influences and language. </p><p>In the 1970s, a "continuity model" was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(archaeologist)" title="Colin Burgess (archaeologist)">Colin Burgess</a> in his book <i>The Age of <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>,</i> which theorised that Celtic culture in Great Britain "emerged" rather than resulted from invasion, and that the Celts were not invading aliens, but the descendants of, or culturally influenced by, figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Amesbury_Archer" title="Amesbury Archer">Amesbury Archer</a>, whose burial included clear continental connections. </p><p>The archaeological evidence is of substantial cultural continuity through the 1st millennium BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although with a significant overlay of selectively adopted elements of the "Celtic" <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> from the 4th century BCE onwards. There are claims of continental-style states appearing in <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">southern England</a> close to the end of the period, possibly reflecting in part immigration by élites from various Gallic states, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burials</a> in England begins about 300 BC and is mostly confined to the <a href="/wiki/Arras_culture" title="Arras culture">Arras culture</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Parisi_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisi (Yorkshire)">Parisii</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Goidelic substrate hypothesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></div> <p>Remnants of pre-Celtic languages may remain in the names of some geographical features, such as the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>, whose etymology is unclear but possibly derive from a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">pre-Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substrate</a> (Gelling<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </p><p>It is thought that by about the 6th century BCE most of the inhabitants of the isles of Ireland and Britain were speaking Celtic languages. A controversial <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> linguistic analysis of 2003 puts the age of Insular Celtic a few centuries earlier, at 2,900 years before present, or slightly earlier than the European Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not entirely clear if there was ever a "Common Insular Celtic" language, the alternative being that the Celtic settlement of Ireland and Great Britain was undertaken by separate populations speaking separate Celtic dialects from the beginning. However, the "Insular Celtic hypothesis" has been favoured as the most probable scenario in Celtic historical linguistics since the later 20th century (supported by e.g. Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995). This would point to a single wave of immigration of early Celts (<a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt D</a>) to both Great Britain and Ireland, which however divided into two isolated groups (one in Ireland and one in Great Britain) soon after their arrival, placing the split of Insular Celtic into Goidelic and Brythonic close to 500 BCE. However, this is not the only possible interpretation. In an alternative scenario, the migration could have brought early Celts first to Britain (where a largely undifferentiated Insular Celtic was spoken initially), from whence Ireland was colonised only later. Schrijver has pointed out that according to the absolute chronology of sound changes found in Kenneth Jackson's "Language and History in Early Britain", British and Goidelic were still essentially identical as late as the mid-1st century CE apart from the P/Q isogloss, and that there is no archaeological evidence pointing to Celtic presence in Ireland prior to about 100 BCE. </p><p>The Goidelic branch would develop into <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>, and only with the historical (medieval) expansion of the Gaels would it split into the modern Gaelic languages (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Irish">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>). Common Brythonic, on the other hand, split into two branches, <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pritenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritenic">Pritenic</a> as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Britain">Roman invasion of Britain</a> in the 1st century. By the 8th century, Pritenic had developed into <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> (which would be extinct during the 9th century or so), and British had split into <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Cornish">Old Cornish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_genetics">Population genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Migration has been shown to play a key role in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> to the British Isles around 2500 BC. Genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans (including >150 ancient British genomes) have been analysed. The introduction to the British Isles of Bell Beaker culture came with incoming high levels of <a href="/wiki/Steppe-related_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe-related ancestry">steppe-related ancestry</a>, about 90% of the gene pool being replaced within a few hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The scope near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. How does this relate to the Celts? (January 2022)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A 2003 study showed that <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic markers</a> associated with Gaelic names in Ireland and Scotland are also common in parts of west Wales and England, and are similar to the genetic markers of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque people</a> and most different from north Germanic people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This similarity supported earlier findings in suggesting a large pre-Celtic genetic ancestry, likely going back to the original settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> (later debunked).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The authors suggest, therefore, that Celtic culture and language may have been imported to Britain at the beginning of the Iron Age by <a href="/wiki/Diffusionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusionism">cultural contact</a>, not "mass invasions".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2006, two popular books, <i>The Blood of the Isles</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Sykes" title="Bryan Sykes">Bryan Sykes</a> and <i>The Origins of the British: a Genetic Detective Story</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Stephen Oppenheimer</a>, discuss genetic evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_settlement_of_the_British_Isles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric settlement of the British Isles (disambiguation)">prehistoric settlement of the British Isles</a>, concluding that while there is evidence for a series of migrations from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> eras,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> there is comparatively little trace of any Iron Age migration. Later genetic studies found evidence for some Late Iron Age migration of Celtic (<a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a>) people to Britain and on to north-east Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, a major <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> study uncovered a migration into southern Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a>, during the 500-year period 1300–800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1000–875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-YorkUni_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YorkUni-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not northern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was much less inward migration during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> suggests that a branch of Celtic was already being spoken in Britain, and that the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age_Britain">Iron Age Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Britain">Iron Age Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">Iron Age tribes in Britain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Brittonic">Gallo-Brittonic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg/220px-South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg/330px-South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg/440px-South.Britain.Late.Iron.Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption>Map of southern Britain in the 1st century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>British Iron Age</i> is a conventional name in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Great Britain">archaeology of Great Britain</a>, typically excluding <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">prehistoric Ireland</a>, which had an independent Iron Age culture of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parallel phase of Irish archaeology is termed the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Ireland">Irish Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Iron Age lasted in theory from the first significant use of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> for tools and weapons in Britain to the Romanisation of the southern half of the island. The Romanised culture is termed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and is considered to supplant the British Iron Age. </p><p>The only surviving description of the Iron Age populations of the British Isles is that of <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, who travelled to the region in about 325 BCE. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">tribal names</a> on record date to the 1st century CE (<a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>; to some extent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">coinage</a>), representing the situation at the moment of Roman conquest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_era_and_Early_Middle_Ages">Roman era and Early Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman era and Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Wales in the Early Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">History of Ireland (400–800)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons (historical)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_%282%29.jpg/220px-All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_%282%29.jpg/330px-All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_%282%29.jpg/440px-All_Roman_coins_1997_-_2010_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>A plot of all locations of <a href="/wiki/Roman_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman coins">Roman coins</a> in Britain found between 1997 and 2010, intended as an illustration of the measure of "Romanization" (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities Scheme</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> existed for about four centuries, from the mid 1st to the mid 5th century. This led to the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a> in the southern part of Great Britain, comparable in some aspects to <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> on the continent. However, while in Gaul, Roman influence was sufficient to almost wholly replace the Gaulish language with <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, this was nowhere near the case in Roman Britain. Although a <a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a> dialect was presumably spoken in the population centres of Roman Britain, it did not become influential enough to displace British dialects spoken throughout the country. There did presumably remain pockets of Romance-speaking populations in Britain as late as the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern Britain (north of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>) and Ireland would essentially remain in the prehistoric period until after the end of the Roman period. The "protohistoric" period of Ireland can be argued to begin around 400 CE, due to cultural diffusion from Roman Britain, importing writing (<a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a>, reflecting the earliest records of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ireland#Early_Christian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Ireland">Christianity</a>. The populations north of Roman Britain are summarized under the term <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> (the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> of later centuries). Very little is known about them other than they posed a constant military threat to the Roman border. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_invasion_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon invasion of Great Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion and settlement of Great Britain</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries, the British languages were gradually marginalised to the western parts of the island, to what is now <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. The transition may not necessarily present itself as a mass immigration with a substantial replacement of population, but rather could involve the arrival of a new elite installing their culture and language as a <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar process happened as the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> installed themselves over the formerly Pictish-speaking populations in Northern Britain. There seems to have been a period of British-Saxon syncretism during the 6th century, with British rulers bearing Saxon names (as in <a href="/wiki/Tewdrig" title="Tewdrig">Tewdrig</a>) and Saxon rulers bearing British names (as in <a href="/wiki/Cerdic_of_Wessex" title="Cerdic of Wessex">Cerdic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Dark Ages, around the 8th century, the Insular Celtic peoples had become the bearers of the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> cultures of the historical <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a> - embracing much <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> in the post-Roman British Isles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_toponymy#Insular_Celtic" title="Celtic toponymy">Celtic toponymy: Insular Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_toponymy#Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="British toponymy">British toponymy: Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Goidelic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Britain">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2008" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (2008). <i>A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64</i>. The Prehistoric Society. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Race+Apart%3A+Insularity+and+Connectivity+in+Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society+75%2C+2009%2C+pp.+55%E2%80%9364&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=The+Prehistoric+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2005" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=koch+encyclopedia+belgae+to+britain&pg=PA197"><i>Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABL-CIO. pp. 197–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture+%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=ABL-CIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Dkoch%2Bencyclopedia%2Bbelgae%2Bto%2Bbritain%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell D. Gray & Quentin D. Atkinson, "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin", Nature, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2018" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, David (21 Feb 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973796">"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>555</b> (7695): 190–196. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..190O">2018Natur.555..190O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature25738">10.1038/nature25738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973796">5973796</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29466337">29466337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Beaker+phenomenon+and+the+genomic+transformation+of+northwest+Europe&rft.volume=555&rft.issue=7695&rft.pages=190-196&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5973796%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29466337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature25738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.555..190O&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5973796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelli2003" class="citation journal cs1">Capelli, Cristian; et al. (May 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf">"A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>13</b> (11): 979–984. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900373-7">10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12781138">12781138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:526263">526263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Y+Chromosome+Census+of+the+British+Isles&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=979-984&rft.date=2003-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A526263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12781138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900373-7&rft.aulast=Capelli&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ftcga%2Ftcgapdf%2Fcapelli-CB-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy_and_Bradley2010" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy and Bradley, Brian P and Daniel G (2010). <i>Celtic from the West Chapter 5: Irish Genetics and Celts</i>. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4"><bdi>978-1-84217-410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+Chapter+5%3A+Irish+Genetics+and+Celts&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-410-4&rft.aulast=McEvoy+and+Bradley&rft.aufirst=Brian+P+and+Daniel+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonIsakovBooth2021" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8889665">"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>601</b> (7894): 588–594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04287-4">10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8889665">8889665</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937049">34937049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Large-scale+migration+into+Britain+during+the+Middle+to+Late+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7894&rft.pages=588-594&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8889665%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34937049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04287-4&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Isakov%2C+M.&rft.au=Booth%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8889665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YorkUni-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YorkUni_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/research/ancient-dna-study-migration-bronze-age/">"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>. 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+study+reveals+large+scale+migrations+into+Bronze+Age+Britain&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fresearch%2Fancient-dna-study-migration-bronze-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59741723">"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+mass+migration+transformed+Britons%27+DNA&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-59741723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunliffe (2005) p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaftery2005" class="citation book cs1">Raftery, Barry (2005). "Iron-age Ireland". In O Croinin, Daibhi (ed.). <i>Prehistoric and Early Ireland: Volume I</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821737-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821737-4"><bdi>0-19-821737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iron-age+Ireland&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+and+Early+Ireland%3A+Volume+I&rft.pages=134-181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-821737-4&rft.aulast=Raftery&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsular+Celts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyn, <i>Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest</i>, 2nd ed. 1991 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pattison, John E. (2008), "Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?", <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> <b>275</b> (1650) 2423–2429; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0352">10.1098/rspb.2008.0352</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Records of the West Saxon dynasties survive in versions which have been subject to later manipulation, which may make it all the more significant that some of the founding 'Saxon' fathers have British names: Cerdic, Ceawlin, Cenwalh." in: Hills, C., <i>Origins of the English,</i> Duckworth (2003), p. 105. Also "The names Cerdic, Ceawlin and Caedwalla, all in the genealogy of the West <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Saxon kings</a>, are apparently British." in: Ward-Perkins, B., <i>Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?</i> The English Historical Review 115.462 (June 2000) p. 513. P. Sims-Williams, <i>Religion and Literature [in Western England, 600–800],</i> Cambridge 1990, p. 26.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&oldid=1172942090">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insular_Celts&oldid=1172942090</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_ethnolinguistic_groups" title="Category:Celtic ethnolinguistic groups">Celtic ethnolinguistic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Genetics in the United Kingdom">Genetics in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_Britain" title="Category:Iron Age Britain">Iron Age Britain</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2021">Articles needing additional references from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections" title="Category:All articles that may have off-topic sections">All articles that may have off-topic sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from January 2022">Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 August 2023, at 08:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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