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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="قاعدة (جيولوجيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاعدة (جيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2col_(geologia)" title="Sòcol (geologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòcol (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalinikum" title="Krystalinikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krystalinikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundfjeld" title="Grundfjeld – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grundfjeld" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundgebirge" title="Grundgebirge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grundgebirge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluskord" title="Aluskord – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aluskord" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo_(geolog%C3%ADa)" title="Zócalo (geología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zócalo (geología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamento_(geologio)" title="Fundamento (geologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fundamento (geologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پی‌سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پی‌سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socle_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Socle (géologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Socle (géologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubanah_(geologi)" title="Rubanah (geologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rubanah (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basamento_cristallino" title="Basamento cristallino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basamento cristallino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="תשתית (גאולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשתית (גאולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%81liskais_pamatklint%C4%81js" title="Kristāliskais pamatklintājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristāliskais pamatklintājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Базис (геологи) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Базис (геологи)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokkel_(geologie)" title="Sokkel (geologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sokkel (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9B%A4%E5%B2%A9" title="基盤岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="基盤岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnfjell" title="Grunnfjell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grunnfjell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnfjell" title="Grunnfjell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnfjell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embasamento_(geologia)" title="Embasamento (geologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Embasamento (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basement (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kry%C5%A1talinikum" title="Kryštalinikum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kryštalinikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruskallio" title="Peruskallio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peruskallio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urberg" title="Urberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temel_kaya%C3%A7lar" title="Temel kayaçlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Temel kayaçlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Фундамент (геологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фундамент (геологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ng_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)" title="Móng (địa chất) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Móng (địa chất)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8)" title="基底 (地质) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基底 (地质)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2143968#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metamorphic or igneous rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gneissoutcroprona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gneissoutcroprona.jpg/280px-Gneissoutcroprona.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gneissoutcroprona.jpg/420px-Gneissoutcroprona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gneissoutcroprona.jpg/560px-Gneissoutcroprona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrop</a>, basement rock, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <b>basement</b> and <b>crystalline basement</b> are crystalline rocks lying above the mantle and beneath all other rocks and sediments. They are sometimes exposed at the surface, but often they are buried under miles of rock and sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basement rocks lie below a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Platform_(geology)" title="Platform (geology)">platform</a> or cover, or more generally any rock below <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basins</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> in origin. In the same way, the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover". </p><p>Basement rock consists of continental crustal rock which has been modified several times through tectonic events including deformation, metamorphism, deposition, partial melting and magmatism.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continental_crust">Continental crust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Continental crust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and oldest, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> that forms the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> of <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basement rock is contrasted to overlying <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> which are laid down on top of the basement rocks after the continent was formed, such as <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. The sedimentary rocks which may be deposited on top of the basement usually form a relatively thin veneer, but can be more than 5 kilometres (3 mi) thick. The basement rock of the crust can be 32–48 kilometres (20–30 mi) thick or more. The basement rock can be located under layers of sedimentary rock, or be visible at the surface. </p><p>Basement rock is visible, for example, at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, consisting of 1.7- to 2-billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroaster_Granite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoroaster Granite (page does not exist)">Zoroaster Granite</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Schist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Schist">Vishnu Schist</a>). The Vishnu Schist is believed to be highly metamorphosed igneous rocks and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> laid from volcanic eruptions, and the granite is the result of magma intrusions into the Vishnu Schist. An extensive cross section of sedimentary rocks laid down on top of it through the ages is visible as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age">Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basement rocks of the continental crust tend to be much older than the oceanic crust.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oceanic crust can be from 0–340 million years in age, with an average age of 64 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continental crust is older because continental crust is light and thick enough so it is not subducted, while oceanic crust is periodically subducted and replaced at <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">oceanic rifting</a> areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complexity">Complexity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Basement_(geology)" title="Special:EditPage/Basement (geology)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The basement rocks are often highly metamorphosed and complex, and are usually <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline rock">crystalline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may consist of many different types of rock – volcanic, intrusive igneous and metamorphic. They may also contain <a href="/wiki/Ophiolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiolites">ophiolites</a>, which are fragments of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> that became wedged between plates when a <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terrane</a> was accreted to the edge of the continent. Any of this material may be folded, refolded and metamorphosed. New igneous rock may freshly intrude into the crust from underneath, or may form <a href="/wiki/Magmatic_underplating" title="Magmatic underplating">underplating</a>, where the new igneous rock forms a layer on the underside of the crust. The majority of continental crust on the planet is around 1 to 3 billion years old, and it is theorised that there was at least one period of rapid expansion and accretion to the continents during the Precambrian. </p><p>Much of the basement rock may have originally been oceanic crust, but it was highly metamorphosed and converted into <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>. It is possible for oceanic crust to be subducted down into the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a>, at subduction fronts, where oceanic crust is being pushed down into the mantle by an overriding plate of oceanic or continental crust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a plate of oceanic crust is subducted beneath an overriding plate of oceanic crust, as the underthrusting crust melts, it causes an upwelling of magma that can cause <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> along the subduction front on the overriding plate. This produces an oceanic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. This volcanism causes <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>, introduces <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">igneous intrusions</a>, and thickens the crust by depositing additional layers of <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extrusive igneous rock</a> from volcanoes. This tends to make the crust thicker and less dense, making it immune to subduction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oceanic crust can be subducted, while continental crust cannot. Eventually, the subduction of the underthrusting oceanic crust can bring the volcanic arc close to a continent, with which it may collide. When this happens, instead of being subducted, it is <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accreted</a> to the edge of the continent and becomes part of it. Thin strips or fragments of the underthrusting oceanic plate may also remain attached to the edge of the continent so that they are wedged and tilted between the converging plates, creating <a href="/wiki/Ophiolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiolites">ophiolites</a>. In this manner, continents can grow over time as new <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> are accreted to their edges, and so continents can be composed of a complex quilt of terranes of varying ages. </p><p>As such, the basement rock can become younger going closer to the edge of the continent. There are exceptions, however, such as <a href="/wiki/Exotic_terrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic terrane">exotic terranes</a>. Exotic terranes are pieces of other continents that have broken off from their original parent continent and have become accreted to a different continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cratons">Cratons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cratons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continents can consist of several continental <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a> – blocks of crust built around an initial original core of continents – that gradually grew and expanded as additional newly created terranes were added to their edges. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> consisted of most of the Earth's continents being accreted into one giant <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a>. Most continents, such as Asia, Africa and Europe, include several continental cratons, as they were formed by the accretion of many smaller continents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">European geology</a>, the basement generally refers to rocks older than the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan orogeny</a>. On top of this older basement <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> were deposited. The evaporites formed a <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">weak</a> zone on which the harder (stronger) limestone <i>cover</i> was able to move over the hard basement, making the distinction between basement and cover even more pronounced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> geology the basement refers to the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> Andean sequences developed following the onset of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> along the western margin of the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When discussing the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> the <i>basement</i> include Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic age rocks for the Oaxaquia, the Mixteco and the Guerrero <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term basement is used mostly in disciplines of geology like <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">basin geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">sedimentology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">petroleum geology</a> in which the (typically <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>) crystalline basement is not of interest as it rarely contains <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>economic basement</i> is also used to describe the deeper parts of a cover sequence that are of no economic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulhadiano_1984_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulhadiano_1984-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">Shield</a> – Large stable area of exposed Precambrian crystalline rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a> – Solid rock under loose surface material</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits">public domain material</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/news/technical-announcement/map-shows-content-and-origins-nations-geologic-basement"><i>Map Shows Content and Origins of the Nation’s Geologic Basement</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. April 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+Shows+Content+and+Origins+of+the+Nation%E2%80%99s+Geologic+Basement&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fnews%2Ftechnical-announcement%2Fmap-shows-content-and-origins-nations-geologic-basement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/minerals-mining-and-metallurgy/metallurgy-and-mining-terms-and-concepts/bedrock">"Bedrock | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Bedrock+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fearth-and-environment%2Fminerals-mining-and-metallurgy%2Fmetallurgy-and-mining-terms-and-concepts%2Fbedrock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mrdata.usgs.gov/ds-898/domain-list.php">"Basement domain list by region"</a>. USGS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basement+domain+list+by+region&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmrdata.usgs.gov%2Fds-898%2Fdomain-list.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetonMüllerZahirovicWilliams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Seton, M; Müller, RD; Zahirovic, S; Williams, S; Wright, NM; Cannon, J; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020GC009214">"A global data set of present-day oceanic crustal age and seafloor spreading parameters"</a>. <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i>. <b>21</b> (10): e2020GC009214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GGG....2109214S">2020GGG....2109214S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020GC009214">10.1029/2020GC009214</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F289849">1885/289849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224967179">224967179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=A+global+data+set+of+present-day+oceanic+crustal+age+and+seafloor+spreading+parameters&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e2020GC009214&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F289849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224967179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2020GC009214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020GGG....2109214S&rft.aulast=Seton&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+RD&rft.au=Zahirovic%2C+S&rft.au=Williams%2C+S&rft.au=Wright%2C+NM&rft.au=Cannon%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1029%2F2020GC009214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurwash1987" class="citation book cs1">Burwash, RA (1987). "Basement". <i>Structural Geology and Tectonics. Encyclopedia of Earth Science</i>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-31080-0_6">10.1007/3-540-31080-0_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-28125-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-28125-0"><bdi>0-442-28125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basement&rft.btitle=Structural+Geology+and+Tectonics.+Encyclopedia+of+Earth+Science&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-31080-0_6&rft.isbn=0-442-28125-0&rft.aulast=Burwash&rft.aufirst=RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/volcanism">"Volcanism | geology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Volcanism+%7C+geology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fvolcanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teresa Moreno, et al., <i>The geology of Chile,</i> Geological Society of London, 2007, Ch. 2 Metamorphic and Igneous Basement Complexes, p. 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-220-5">978-1-86239-220-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gómez-Tuena, Ma.T. Orozco-Esquivel, and L. Ferrari <i>Igneous petrogenesis of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</i>, Ch 5, in Susana A. Alaniz-Álvarez and Angel F. Nieto-Samaniego, eds., <i>Geology of México,</i> Geological Society of America Special Paper 422, 2007, pp. 142–145 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2422-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2422-5">978-0-8137-2422-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/geophysical/gay/images/gay.pdf">Gay, Parker (2002) <i>Mapping Geologic Structure of Basement and Role of Basement in Hydrocarbon Entrapment,</i> Search and Discovery Article #40052 (adapted from: AAPG Explorer (November and December, 1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulhadiano_1984-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mulhadiano_1984_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhadiano_J.A.S.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mulhadiano J.A.S. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/ipa/data/013/013001/75_ipa013a0075.htm">"The Determination of Economic Basement of Rock Formation in Exploring the Langkat–Medan Area, North Sumatra Basin"</a>. AAPG: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>107<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Determination+of+Economic+Basement+of+Rock+Formation+in+Exploring+the+Langkat%E2%80%93Medan+Area%2C+North+Sumatra+Basin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Mulhadiano+J.A.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.datapages.com%2Fdata%2Fipa%2Fdata%2F013%2F013001%2F75_ipa013a0075.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_(geology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2003" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Sybil P., ed. (2003). <i>McGraw-Hill dictionary of geology and mineralogy</i> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-141044-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-141044-9"><bdi>0-07-141044-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50731349">50731349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+dictionary+of+geology+and+mineralogy.&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50731349&rft.isbn=0-07-141044-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesJackson1984" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Robert L.; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (1984). <i>Dictionary of geological terms</i>. Bates, Robert Latimer, 1912-, Jackson, Julia A., 1939-, American Geological Institute. (3rd ed., Anchor books ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-18100-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-18100-0"><bdi>0-385-18100-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9412868">9412868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+geological+terms&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=3rd+ed.%2C+Anchor+books&rft.pub=Anchor+Press%2FDoubleday&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9412868&rft.isbn=0-385-18100-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Basement and basins of eastern North America</i>. Van der Pluijm, Ben A., 1955-, Catacosinos, Paul A., 1933-. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8137-2308-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8137-2308-6"><bdi>0-8137-2308-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35068112">35068112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basement+and+basins+of+eastern+North+America&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35068112&rft.isbn=0-8137-2308-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/NZ-Geology/New-Zealand-s-Rocks/Western-metamorphic-and-sedimentary-basement">"Western metamorphic and sedimentary basement / New Zealand's Rocks / NZ Geology / Science Topics / Learning / Home - GNS Science"</a>. <i>www.gns.cri.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gns.cri.nz&rft.atitle=Western+metamorphic+and+sedimentary+basement+%2F+New+Zealand%27s+Rocks+%2F+NZ+Geology+%2F+Science+Topics+%2F+Learning+%2F+Home+-+GNS+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gns.cri.nz%2FHome%2FLearning%2FScience-Topics%2FNZ-Geology%2FNew-Zealand-s-Rocks%2FWestern-metamorphic-and-sedimentary-basement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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