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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1941 U.S. Senate election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941_U.S._Senate_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_military_duty_(1941–1942)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_military_duty_(1941–1942)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Active military duty (1941–1942)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_military_duty_(1941–1942)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1949–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(1949–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>U.S. Senate (1949–1961)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Senate_(1949–1961)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. Senate (1949–1961) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1949–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1948_U.S._Senate_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_U.S._Senate_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1948 U.S. Senate election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_U.S._Senate_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshman_senator_to_majority_whip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshman_senator_to_majority_whip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Freshman senator to majority whip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshman_senator_to_majority_whip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_Democratic_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Democratic_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Senate Democratic leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Democratic_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate_Majority_Leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Majority_Leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Senate Majority Leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Majority_Leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_of_1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_of_1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campaigns of 1960</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigns_of_1960-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaigns of 1960 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_of_1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vice_presidential_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidential_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vice presidential nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidential_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election_to_U.S._Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election_to_U.S._Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Re-election to U.S. Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election_to_U.S._Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1961–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1961–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vice presidency (1961–1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1961–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1963–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1963–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidency (1963–1969)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1963–1969)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1963–1969) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1963–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation_and_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_and_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Taxation and budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_and_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Civil Rights Act of 1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Great Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>1964 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_Rights_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_Rights_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Voting Rights Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_Rights_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_Housing_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_Housing_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Fair Housing Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_Housing_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"War_on_Poverty"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"War_on_Poverty""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>"War on Poverty"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"War_on_Poverty"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Healthcare reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_funding_for_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_funding_for_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Federal funding for education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_funding_for_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>Gun control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>Urban riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backlash_against_Johnson_(1966–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backlash_against_Johnson_(1966–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>Backlash against Johnson (1966–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backlash_against_Johnson_(1966–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17</span> <span>Space program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.18</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tet_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tet_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.18.1</span> <span>Tet Offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tet_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.19</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.20</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_of_Martin_Luther_King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_of_Martin_Luther_King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.21</span> <span>Surveillance of Martin Luther King</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_of_Martin_Luther_King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_trips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.22</span> <span>International trips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.23</span> <span>1968 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.24</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1969–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1969–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-presidency (1969–1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1969–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Marriage and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and funeral subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Personality and public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_legislation_signed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_legislation_signed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Major legislation signed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_legislation_signed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_regulatory_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_regulatory_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Significant regulatory changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_regulatory_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyndon B. Johnson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ሊንደን ጆንሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊንደን ጆንሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليندون جونسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليندون جونسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lyndon Baines Johnson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindon_Conson" title="Lindon Conson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lindon Conson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لیندون بی. جانسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیندون بی. جانسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="লিন্ডন বি. জনসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিন্ডন বি. জনসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ліндан Джонсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліндан Джонсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ліндан Бэйнз Джонсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліндан Бэйнз Джонсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Линдън Джонсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линдън Джонсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Джонсон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Линдон Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليندون دجونسون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليندون دجونسون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ލިންޑަން ބެއިންސް ޖޯންސަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލިންޑަން ބެއިންސް ޖޯންސަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Λύντον Τζόνσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λύντον Τζόνσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lyndon Baines Johnson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لیندون بی. جانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیندون بی. جانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%B0%EB%93%A0_B._%EC%A1%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="린든 B. 존슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="린든 B. 존슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B2._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Լինդոն Բ. Ջոնսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինդոն Բ. Ջոնսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लिंडन बेन्स जॉनसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिंडन बेन्स जॉनसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lyndon Baines Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לינדון ג'ונסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינדון ג'ונסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿಂಡನ್ ಬೇನ್ಸ್ ಜಾನ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಂಡನ್ ಬೇನ್ಸ್ ಜಾನ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლინდონ ჯონსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლინდონ ჯონსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Бэйнс Джонсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Линдон Бэйнс Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindons_D%C5%BEonsons" title="Lindons Džonsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lindons Džonsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lyndon Baines Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Џонсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Линдон Џонсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ലിൻഡൻ ബി. ജോൺസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിൻഡൻ ബി. ജോൺസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लिंडन बी. जॉन्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिंडन बी. जॉन्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლინდონ ჯონსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინდონ ჯონსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليندون چونسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليندون چونسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لیندون جانسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیندون جانسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Жонсон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Линдон Жонсон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="လန်ဒန် ဘန်းနက်စ် ဂျွန်ဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်ဒန် ဘန်းနက်စ် ဂျွန်ဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लिन्डन बेन्स जोन्सन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिन्डन बेन्स जोन्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="リンドン・ジョンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンドン・ジョンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲਿੰਡਨ ਬੀ. ਜੌਨਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿੰਡਨ ਬੀ. ਜੌਨਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لنڈن بی جانسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لنڈن بی جانسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%89%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لینډن بینس جانسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لینډن بینس جانسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lyndon Baines Johnson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindon_Conson" title="Lindon Conson – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lindon Conson" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джонсон, Линдон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джонсон, Линдон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lyndon Johnson" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="لیندۆن بی جۆنسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیندۆن بی جۆنسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Џонсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Линдон Џонсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="லின்டன் பி. ஜான்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லின்டன் பி. ஜான்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Җонсон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Линдон Җонсон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ลินดอน บี. จอห์นสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลินดอน บี. จอห์นสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Линдон Ҷонсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Линдон Ҷонсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%87._%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%82" title="ᎵᏂᏓᏂ Ꮗ. ᏣᏂᏌᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎵᏂᏓᏂ Ꮗ. ᏣᏂᏌᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ліндон Джонсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліндон Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لنڈن بی جانسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لنڈن بی جانسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E9%81%9C" title="林登·約翰遜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林登·約翰遜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A" title="林登·约翰逊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="林登·约翰逊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="לינדאן זשאנסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינדאן זשאנסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%99%BB%E8%8E%8A%E8%87%A3" title="林登莊臣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="林登莊臣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lyndon B. 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1963 to 1969</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lyndon Johnson" and "LBJ" redirect here. For the American football player, see <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson_(American_football)" title="Lyndon Johnson (American football)">Lyndon Johnson (American football)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LBJ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="LBJ (disambiguation)">LBJ (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lyndon B. Johnson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/220px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/330px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/440px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1964</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">36th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1963–1965)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">37th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">John F. Kennedy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Nixon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hubert Humphrey</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">W. Lee O'Daniel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">William A. Blakley</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Senate positions </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Whip</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Earle_C._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle C. Clements">Earle C. Clements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William F. Knowland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mike Mansfield</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Minority Leader">Senate Minority Leader</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Whip</th><td class="infobox-data">Earle C. Clements</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Styles Bridges</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William F. Knowland</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Senate_Democratic_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">Ernest McFarland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mike Mansfield</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Whip">Senate Majority Whip</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Ernest McFarland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Francis J. Myers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from Texas's <span data-sort-value="Texas10 !"><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">10th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 10, 1937 – January 3, 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Buchanan" title="James P. Buchanan">James P. Buchanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homer_Thornberry" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lyndon Baines Johnson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-08-27</span>)</span>August 27, 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas" title="Gillespie County, Texas">Gillespie County, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 22, 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-01-22)</span> (aged 64)<br />Gillespie County, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Johnson Family Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 17, 1934">1934</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Southwest Texas State Teachers College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (posthumously, 1980)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lyndon B. Johnson's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg/128px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg/192px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg/256px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="62" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1940–1941 (inactive)</li><li>1941–1942 (active)</li><li>1942–1964 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">reserve</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">Salamaua–Lae campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill.ogg" title="File:LBJ Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill.ogg">Lyndon B. Johnson's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="298" data-mwtitle="LBJ_Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/LBJ_Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/LBJ_Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill.ogg/LBJ_Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Johnson on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>'s passage<br />Recorded July 2, 1964</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lyndon Baines Johnson</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as <b>LBJ</b>, was the 36th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1963 to 1969. He became president after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">the assassination</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, under whom he had served as the 37th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> from 1961 to 1963. A <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, Johnson previously served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Stonewall,_Texas" title="Stonewall, Texas">Stonewall, Texas</a>, Johnson worked as a teacher and a congressional aide before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. In 1948, he was controversially declared the winner in the Democratic primary for the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Texas">U.S. Senate election</a> in Texas before winning the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate majority whip</a> in 1951, Senate Democratic leader in 1953 and majority leader in 1954. Senator Kennedy bested Johnson and his other rivals for the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960</a> Democratic presidential nomination before surprising many by offering to make Johnson his vice presidential running mate. The Kennedy–Johnson ticket won <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">the general election</a>. Vice President Johnson assumed the presidency in 1963, after President Kennedy was assassinated. The following year, Johnson was <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">elected to the presidency in a landslide</a>, winning the largest share of the popular vote for the Democratic Party in history, and the highest for any candidate since the advent of widespread popular elections in the 1820s. </p><p>Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> was aimed at expanding civil rights, public broadcasting, access to health care, aid to education and the arts, urban and rural development, consumer protection, environmentalism, and public services. He sought to create better living conditions for low-income Americans by spearheading the <a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">war on poverty</a>. As part of these efforts, Johnson signed the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Amendments_of_1965" title="Social Security Amendments of 1965">Social Security Amendments of 1965</a>, which resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>. Johnson made the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> a national priority; enacted the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a>, which established federally insured student loans; and signed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>, which laid the groundwork for U.S. immigration policy today. Johnson's stance on civil rights put him at odds with other white, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>. His civil rights legacy was shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>. Due to his domestic agenda, Johnson's presidency marked the peak of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern American liberalism</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's foreign policy prioritized <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> of communism, including in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p><p>Johnson began his presidency with near-universal support, but his approval declined throughout his presidency as the public became frustrated with both the Vietnam War and domestic unrest, including <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">race riots in major cities</a> and increasing crime. Johnson initially sought to run for re-election; however, following <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">disappointing results in the New Hampshire primary</a> he <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrew his candidacy</a>. Johnson retired to his Texas ranch and died in 1973. Public opinion and academic assessments of Johnson's legacy have fluctuated greatly. Historians and scholars <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank Johnson in the upper tier</a> for his accomplishments regarding domestic policy. His administration passed many major laws that made substantial changes in civil rights, health care, welfare, and education. Conversely, Johnson is heavily criticized for his foreign policy, namely escalating American involvement in the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-histeval_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histeval-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg/220px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg/330px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg/440px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_15-13-2_-_ca._1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A seven-year-old Johnson, wearing his trademark cowboy hat, at his childhood farmhouse near <a href="/wiki/Stonewall,_Texas" title="Stonewall, Texas">Stonewall, Texas</a>, in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near <a href="/wiki/Stonewall,_Texas" title="Stonewall, Texas">Stonewall, Texas</a>, in a small farmhouse on the <a href="/wiki/Pedernales_River" title="Pedernales River">Pedernales River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest of five children born to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> and Rebekah Baines.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson wasn't given a name until he was three months old, as his parents couldn't agree on a name that both liked. Finally, he was named after "criminal lawyer—a county lawyer" W. C. Linden, who his father liked; his mother agreed on the condition of spelling it as Lyndon.<sup id="cite_ref-LBJOnRecord_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJOnRecord-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson had one brother, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a>, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his mother, he was a great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> clergyman <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Sr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.</a>, was raised Baptist and for a time was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>. In his later years, Samuel Sr. became a <a href="/wiki/Christadelphian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christadelphian">Christadelphian</a>; Samuel Jr. also joined the Christadelphian Church toward the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was influenced in his positive attitude toward Jews by the religious beliefs that <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">his family</a>, especially his grandfather, had shared with him.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson grew up poor, with his father losing a great deal of money.<sup id="cite_ref-povertyupbringing_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-povertyupbringing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a> described him as being raised "in a land without electricity, where the soil was so rocky that it was hard to earn a living from it."<sup id="cite_ref-povertyupbringing_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-povertyupbringing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In school, Johnson was a talkative youth who was elected president of his 11th-grade class. He graduated in 1924 from <a href="/wiki/Johnson_City_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson City High School">Johnson City High School</a>, where he participated in <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">public speaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 15, Johnson was the youngest in his class. Pressured by his parents to attend college, he enrolled at a "sub college" of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Texas_State_Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Texas State Teachers College">Southwest Texas State Teachers College</a> (SWTSTC) in the summer of 1924, where students from unaccredited high schools could take the 12th-grade courses needed for admission to college. He left the school just weeks after his arrival and decided to move to California. He worked at his cousin's legal practice and in odd jobs before returning to Texas, where he worked as a day laborer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, Johnson enrolled at SWTSTC. He worked his way through school, participated in debate and campus politics, and edited the school newspaper, <a href="/wiki/University_Star" title="University Star"><i>The College Star</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The college years refined his skills of persuasion and political organization. For nine months, from 1928 to 1929, Johnson paused his studies to teach <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican–American</a> children at the segregated Welhausen School in <a href="/wiki/Cotulla,_Texas" title="Cotulla, Texas">Cotulla, Texas</a>, 90 miles (140 km) south of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. The job helped him to save money to complete his education, and he graduated in 1930 with a Bachelor of Science in history and his certificate of qualification as a high school teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He briefly taught at Pearsall High School in <a href="/wiki/Pearsall,_Texas" title="Pearsall, Texas">Pearsall, Texas</a> before taking a position teaching public speaking at <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_High_School_(Houston,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Houston High School (Houston, Texas)">Sam Houston High School</a> in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he returned to San Marcos in 1965, after signing the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a>, Johnson reminisced: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I shall never forget the faces of the boys and the girls in that little Welhausen Mexican School, and I remember even yet the pain of realizing and knowing then that college was closed to practically every one of those children because they were too poor. And I think it was then that I made up my mind that this nation could never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h2></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Kleberg" title="Richard M. Kleberg">Richard M. Kleberg</a> won a 1931 special election to represent Texas in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, he appointed Johnson as his legislative secretary. This marked Johnson's formal introduction to politics. Johnson secured the position on the recommendation of his father and that of state senator Welly Hopkins, for whom Johnson had campaigned in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kleberg had little interest in the day-to-day duties of a Congressman, instead delegating them to Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1932_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 U.S. presidential election">1932 U.S. presidential election</a>, Johnson became a lifelong supporter of Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was elected speaker of the "Little Congress", a group of Congressional aides, where he cultivated Congressmen, newspapermen, and lobbyists. Johnson's friends soon included aides to President Roosevelt as well as fellow Texans such as vice president <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> and congressman <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Johnson was appointed head of the Texas <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a>, which enabled him to create government-funded education and job opportunities for young people. He resigned two years later to run for Congress. A notoriously tough boss, Johnson often demanded long workdays and work on weekends.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described by friends, fellow politicians, and historians as motivated by lust for power and control. As Caro observes, "Johnson's ambition was uncommon – in the degree to which it was unencumbered by even the slightest excess weight of ideology, of philosophy, of principles, of beliefs."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1937–1949)"><span id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_.281937.E2.80.931949.29"></span>U.S. House of Representatives (1937–1949)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-LBJ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/FDR-LBJ.png/220px-FDR-LBJ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/FDR-LBJ.png/330px-FDR-LBJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/FDR-LBJ.png/440px-FDR-LBJ.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (left), Texas governor <a href="/wiki/James_Burr_V_Allred" class="mw-redirect" title="James Burr V Allred">James Burr V Allred</a> (center), and Johnson (right) in 1937; Johnson later used an edited version of this photo with Allred airbrushed out in his <a href="/wiki/1941_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas" title="1941 United States Senate special election in Texas">1941 senatorial campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, after the death of 13-term congressman <a href="/wiki/James_P._Buchanan" title="James P. Buchanan">James P. Buchanan</a>, Johnson successfully campaigned in a special election for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">Texas's 10th congressional district</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a>. He ran on a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> platform and was effectively aided by his wife. He served as a U.S. Representative from April 10, 1937, to January 3, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Bioguide.congress.gov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioguide.congress.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Roosevelt found Johnson to be a political ally<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conduit for information, particularly regarding the internal politics of Texas and the machinations of Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a>. Johnson was immediately appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">Naval Affairs Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked hard for <a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Electrification Administration">rural electrification</a>, getting approval to complete the hydroelectric <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Dam" title="Mansfield Dam">Mansfield Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> near Austin.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson also sponsored projects that gave his Texas district <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a>, lower <a href="/wiki/Freight_rate" title="Freight rate">railroad freight rates</a>, and expanded credit for loans to farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek,_Robert_pp._170_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek,_Robert_pp._170-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He steered the projects towards contractors he knew, such as <a href="/wiki/Kellogg,_Brown_and_Root#Brown_&_Root" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg, Brown and Root">Herman and George Brown</a>, who financed much of Johnson's future career.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time Johnson maintained a hostile position towards <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> legislation like almost all other Southern Democrat legislators; voting against anti-<a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a> legislation, anti-<a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll tax</a> legislation and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._31._The_Compassion_of_Lyndon_Johnson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._31._The_Compassion_of_Lyndon_Johnson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941_U.S._Senate_election">1941 U.S. Senate election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1941_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas" title="1941 United States Senate special election in Texas">1941 United States Senate special election in Texas</a></div> <p>In April 1941, incumbent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Morris Sheppard</a> from Texas died. Under Texas law, a <a href="/wiki/1941_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas" title="1941 United States Senate special election in Texas">special election</a> for a vacant Senate seat must be held within a few months of the vacancy, meaning that the election would not be held during a normal November election, giving Johnson the chance to run without forfeiting his seat in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election would be held without party primaries, and with no runoff, meaning that Johnson would have to compete against every Democrat — without the chance of facing the frontrunner, Governor W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel, in a 1-on-1 runoff election.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first pre-election polls showed Johnson receiving only 5% of the vote, but Johnson ran a fierce campaign, barnstorming the state and emphasizing his close relationship with President Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On Election Day, Johnson held a strong lead in the returns throughout the whole night, and with 96 percent of the ballots counted, Johnson held a 5,000-vote lead.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Connally, future Governor and Johnson's campaign manager, local election officials began calling Connally's office and asking him about whether they should report the vote tallies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally told them to report the votes, which allegedly allowed O'Daniel's political allies among the <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> party bosses to know the exact number of fraudulent votes needed for O'Daniel to catch up to Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Connally, </p><blockquote><p>The opposition then ‍—‌ Governor O'Daniel and his people ‍—‌ knew exactly how many votes they had to have to take the lead... They kept changing the results, and our lead got smaller and smaller and smaller. Finally, on Wednesday afternoon, we wound up on the short side of the stick and lost the election by 1,311 votes. I'm basically responsible for losing that 1941 campaign. We let them know exactly how many votes they had to have.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In addition to O'Daniel's allies, state business interests aligned with former impeached and convicted Texas Governor "Pa" Ferguson had been concerned with O'Daniel's support of prohibition as Governor; they believed that he could do much less damage to their cause in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson" title="Coke R. Stevenson">Coke R. Stevenson</a>, was not in favor of prohibition, making his possible promotion to Governor a key selling point for the state's business interests in manipulating the election results.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweany-2006_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweany-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final vote tally, Johnson fell short by just 0.23% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Johnson's loss in the 1941 Senate race was a stinging defeat, he did not have to give up his seat in the House, which permitted him to maintain numerous allies, including <a href="/wiki/George_Berham_Parr" title="George Berham Parr">George Berham Parr</a>, who ran a political machine in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Lower Rio Grande Valley</a> in South Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_1991_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">W. Lee O'Daniel</a> became unpopular during his time in the Senate, and decided to forgo a bid for re-election in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so Johnson began preparing for a close Senate runoff by arranging for his supporters who controlled votes, including Parr, to withhold their final tallies until the statewide results were announced.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_1991_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By waiting until the statewide result was reported, Johnson was able to know the figure he had to surpass and so could add as many votes as necessary to his total.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_1991_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would prove consequential, as Johnson would win the Democratic primary in 1948 by just 87 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_military_duty_(1941–1942)"><span id="Active_military_duty_.281941.E2.80.931942.29"></span>Active military duty (1941–1942)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_Navy_Uniform_-_42-3-7_-_03-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>Johnson as a lieutenant commander in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a> in March 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">lieutenant commander</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a> on June 21, 1940. While serving as a U.S. representative, he was called to active duty three days after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941. His first orders were to report to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, for instruction and training.<sup id="cite_ref-military_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his training, Johnson asked <a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Under Secretary of the Navy">Undersecretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> for a job in Washington, D.C. He was instead sent to inspect shipyard facilities in Texas and on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>. In the spring of 1942, President Roosevelt decided he needed better information on conditions in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a>, and wanted a trusted political ally to obtain it. Forrestal suggested Johnson. Roosevelt assigned Johnson to a three-man survey team covering the Southwest Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek,_Robert_pp._235_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek,_Robert_pp._235-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson reported to General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> in Australia. Johnson and two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> officers went to the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Bomb_Group_(Red_Raiders)_5th_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Bomb Group (Red Raiders) 5th Army Air Force">22nd Bomb Group</a> base, which was assigned the high-risk mission of bombing the Japanese airbase at <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. On June 9, 1942, Johnson volunteered as an observer for an airstrike on New Guinea. Reports vary on what happened to the aircraft carrying Johnson during that mission. MacArthur recommended Johnson for the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> for gallantry in action;<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the citation indicated that the mission came under attack and Johnson's aircraft experienced mechanical problems, forcing it to turn back before reaching its objective.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Special_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Special-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others claim that the aircraft turned back because of generator trouble before encountering enemy aircraft and never came under fire, an account that is supported by the aircraft's official flight records.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Special_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Special-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other airplanes that continued came under fire near the target about the same time Johnson's plane was recorded as having landed back at the original airbase.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Special_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Special-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's biographer Robert Caro was quoted as saying "I think that the weight of the evidence at this moment is that the plane was attacked by Zeroes and that he was cool under fire",<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Special_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Special-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also "The fact is, LBJ never got within sight of Japanese forces. His combat experience was a myth."<sup id="cite_ref-USNI_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNI-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson used a movie camera to record conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reported to Roosevelt, Navy leaders, and Congress that conditions were deplorable and unacceptable. Some historians have suggested this was in exchange for MacArthur's recommendation to award the Silver Star.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the southwest Pacific urgently needed a higher priority and a larger share of war supplies. Warplanes that were sent there were "far inferior" to Japanese planes, and U.S. Navy morale there was poor. Johnson told Forrestal that the Pacific Fleet had a "critical" need for 6,800 additional experienced men. Johnson prepared a twelve-point program to upgrade the effort in the region, stressing "greater cooperation and coordination within the various commands and between the different war theaters". Congress responded by making Johnson chairman of a high-powered subcommittee of the Naval Affairs Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a mission similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a> in the Senate. He probed the peacetime "business as usual" inefficiencies that permeated the naval war and demanded that admirals get the job done. Johnson went too far when he proposed a bill that would crack down on the draft exemptions of shipyard workers if they were absent from work too often; organized labor blocked the bill and denounced him. Johnson's biographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Robert Dallek</a> concludes, "The mission was a temporary exposure to danger calculated to satisfy Johnson's personal and political wishes, but it also represented a genuine effort on his part, however misplaced, to improve the lot of America's fighting men."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the Silver Star, Johnson received the <a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a>. He was discharged from active duty on July 17, 1942, but remained in the Navy Reserve, where he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">commander</a> on October 19, 1949, effective June 2, 1948. He resigned from the Navy Reserve effective January 18, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate_(1949–1961)"><span id="U.S._Senate_.281949.E2.80.931961.29"></span>U.S. Senate (1949–1961)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_U.S._Senate_election">1948 U.S. Senate election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Texas">1948 United States Senate election in Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff,_1948.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff%2C_1948.svg/220px-Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff%2C_1948.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff%2C_1948.svg/330px-Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff%2C_1948.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff%2C_1948.svg/440px-Texas_U.S._Senate_Democratic_primary_runoff%2C_1948.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Results of the Democratic runoff primary in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Texas">1948 U.S. Senate election in Texas</a> by county. Johnson squeaked out a controversial victory by 87 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson counties appear in blue, and Stevenson counties in green.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Johnson</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0d0596ff; color:;"> </span> Johnson—>90%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1e1dbeff; color:;"> </span> Johnson—80–90%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#584cdeff; color:;"> </span> Johnson—70–80%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6674deff; color:;"> </span> Johnson—60–70%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7996e2ff; color:;"> </span> Johnson—50–60%</div> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Stevenson</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5bc75bff; color:;"> </span> Stevenson—50–60%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#41b742ff; color:;"> </span> Stevenson—60–70%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#309a30ff; color:;"> </span> Stevenson—70–80%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#217821ff; color:;"> </span> Stevenson—80–90%</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#165016ff; color:;"> </span> Stevenson—>90%</div> </li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>No vote</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#656565ff; color:;"> </span> No vote</div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Texas">1948</a>, Johnson again ran for the U.S. Senate and won the general election after being declared winner in a highly controversial Democratic Party <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> against the well-known former governor <a href="/wiki/Coke_Stevenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Coke Stevenson">Coke Stevenson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson drew crowds to fairgrounds with his rented <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-51" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky S-51">Sikorsky S-51</a> helicopter, dubbed "The Johnson City Windmill".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He raised money to flood the state with campaign circulars and won over conservatives by casting doubts on Stevenson's support for the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> (curbing union power).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevenson came in first in the primary but lacked a majority, so a runoff election was held;<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson campaigned harder, while Stevenson's efforts slumped due to a lack of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The runoff vote count, handled by the Democratic State Central Committee, took a week. Johnson was announced the winner by 87 votes out of 988,295, an extremely narrow margin. However, Johnson's victory was based on 200 "patently fraudulent"<sup id="cite_ref-baum_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baum-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 608">: 608 </span></sup> ballots reported six days after the election from <a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas" title="Jim Wells County, Texas">Jim Wells County</a>, in an area dominated by political boss <a href="/wiki/George_Berham_Parr" title="George Berham Parr">George Parr</a>. The added names were in alphabetical order and written with the same pen and handwriting, at the end of the list of voters. Some on this part of the list insisted that they had not voted that day.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Election judge Luis Salas said in 1977 that he had certified 202 fraudulent ballots for Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a> made the case in his 1990 book that Johnson had stolen the election in Jim Wells County, and that there were thousands of fraudulent votes in other counties as well, including 10,000 votes switched in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic State Central Committee voted to certify Johnson's nomination by a majority of one (29–28). The state Democratic convention upheld Johnson. Stevenson went to court, eventually taking his case before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, but with timely help from his friend and future U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a>, Johnson prevailed on the basis that jurisdiction over naming a nominee rested with the party, not the federal government. Johnson soundly defeated Republican <a href="/wiki/Homa_J._Porter" title="Homa J. Porter">Jack Porter</a> in the general election in November and went to Washington, permanently dubbed "Landslide Lyndon". Johnson, dismissive of his critics, happily adopted the nickname.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshman_senator_to_majority_whip">Freshman senator to majority whip</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Senator_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Senator_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Senator_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/330px-Senator_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Senator_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Johnson's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> portrait in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>During his two terms in the Senate, Johnson drifted rightward.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He felt he had to tread carefully lest he offend politically powerful conservative <a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">oil and gas interests in Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in part to curry favor with the chamber's powerful southern chairmen, most notably Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell</a>, Democrat from Georgia and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Caucus" title="Southern Caucus">Southern Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._7._A_Russell_of_the_Russells_of_Georgia_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._7._A_Russell_of_the_Russells_of_Georgia-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a> that dominated the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Russell's support, Johnson won election as Democratic whip in 1951, serving in this capacity until 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Bioguide.congress.gov_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioguide.congress.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving as whip, Johnson increased his ability to persuade people to reach agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Interstate_and_Foreign_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce">Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce</a>, he was chairman of the Senate subcommittee that <a href="/wiki/Leland_Olds_hearing" title="Leland Olds hearing">refused</a> the re-nomination of <a href="/wiki/Leland_Olds" title="Leland Olds">Leland Olds</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Power_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Power Commission">Chairman of the Federal Power Commission</a> on the grounds that he had been sympathetic towards Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._10–12_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._10–12-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became increasingly concerned with the country's military preparedness in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Preparedness_Investigating_Subcommittee" title="Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee">Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee</a>, and conducted investigations of defense costs and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> began in 1950, he called for more troops and for improved weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson ensured that every report was endorsed unanimously by his committee.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his political influence in the Senate to receive broadcast licenses from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> in his wife's name.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-new_yorker_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_yorker-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_Democratic_leader">Senate Democratic leader</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_and_Richard_Russell_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson giving "The Treatment" to U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1952 United States Senate elections">1952 elections</a>, Republicans won a majority in both the House and Senate. In January 1953, Johnson was chosen by his fellow Democrats as Senate <a href="/wiki/Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority Leader">Minority Leader</a>; he became the most junior senator ever elected to this position.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reformed the seniority system so that Democratic senators, including freshmen, were more likely to receive a committee assignment that closely aligned with their expertise rather than an assignment based solely on their seniority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro2002_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate_Majority_Leader">Senate Majority Leader</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 United States Senate election">1954</a>, Johnson was re-elected to the Senate and, with Democrats winning the majority in the Senate, he became <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">majority leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> found Johnson more cooperative than the Senate Republican leader, <a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William F. Knowland</a> of California. Particularly on foreign policy, Johnson offered bipartisan support to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians Caro and Dallek consider Johnson the most effective Senate majority leader ever.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CaroSite_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroSite-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unusually proficient at gathering information.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One biographer suggests he was "the greatest intelligence gatherer Washington has ever known", discovering exactly where every senator stood on issues, his philosophy and prejudices, his strengths and weaknesses, and what it took to get his vote.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Baker" title="Bobby Baker">Bobby Baker</a> claimed that Johnson would occasionally send senators on <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> trips so they were absent and unable to cast dissenting votes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central to Johnson's control was "The Treatment",<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described by two journalists: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Treatment could last ten minutes or four hours. It came, enveloping its target, at the Johnson Ranch swimming pool, in one of Johnson's offices, in the Senate cloakroom, on the floor of the Senate itself – wherever Johnson might find a fellow Senator within his reach. Its tone could be supplication, accusation, cajolery, exuberance, scorn, tears, complaint, and the hint of threat. It was all of these together. It ran the gamut of human emotions. Its velocity was breathtaking and it was all in one direction. Interjections from the target were rare. Johnson anticipated them before they could be spoken. He moved in close, his face a scant millimeter from his target, his eyes widening and narrowing, his eyebrows rising and falling. From his pockets poured clippings, memos, statistics. Mimicry, humor, and the genius of analogy made The Treatment an almost hypnotic experience and rendered the target stunned and helpless.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1956, during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Johnson tried to prevent the U.S. government from criticizing <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> for its invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with much of the rest of the nation, Johnson was appalled by the threat of possible Soviet domination of <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> implied by the launch of <i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></i>, the first artificial Earth <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>, and used his influence to ensure passage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958</a>, which established <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson helped establish the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Aeronautical_and_Space_Sciences" title="United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences">Senate Aeronautical and Space Committee</a>, and made himself its first chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure as Majority Leader, Johnson did not sign the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shepherded the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Acts of 1957</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">1960</a> to passage ‍—‌ the first civil rights bills to pass Congress since the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a> during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1957_&_1960_civil_rights_bills_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1957_&_1960_civil_rights_bills-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson negotiated a middle course between Northern liberal senators and the Southern bloc of senators who had opposed such legislation by removing key enforcement provisions,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Title III, which authorized the attorney general to initiate civil action for preventive relief in a wide range of civil rights matters.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a Southerner was seen as an impossible barrier for a presidential candidate<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._5._The_Path_Ahead_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._5._The_Path_Ahead-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and towards the end of his Senate career as well as not signing the Southern Manifesto, he distanced himself further from the Southern Caucus in 1959 by joining the Democrat's Western regional conference.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeWest_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeWest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_of_1960">Campaigns of 1960</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lbj1960_copy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lbj1960_copy.gif/220px-Lbj1960_copy.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lbj1960_copy.gif/330px-Lbj1960_copy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Lbj1960_copy.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>1960 campaign logo</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>, Johnson's success in the Senate rendered him a potential Democratic presidential candidate. <a href="/wiki/James_H._Rowe" title="James H. Rowe">James H. Rowe</a> repeatedly urged Johnson to launch a campaign in early 1959, but Johnson thought it was better to wait, thinking that Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s candidacy would create a division in the ranks that could then be exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-CaroPassage1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroPassage1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's strategy was to sit out the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> and to rely on his legislative record as <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a>, the support of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, and the favors owed by Democratic senators to him and by Democratic representatives to his close ally Sam Rayburn, the Speaker of the House.<sup id="cite_ref-CaroPassage1_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroPassage1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1960, Johnson finally entered the campaign. Johnson's late entry, coupled with his reluctance to leave Washington, D.C., allowed rival John F. Kennedy to secure a substantial early lead in securing support from Democratic state party officials. Johnson underestimated Kennedy's endearing charm and intelligence in comparison to his perceived crude and wheeling-dealing "Landslide Lyndon" style.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caro suggests that Johnson's hesitancy to enter the race resulted from his fear of losing.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson attempted in vain to capitalize on Kennedy's youth, poor health, and failure to take a position regarding <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had formed a "Stop Kennedy" coalition with <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a>, and Hubert Humphrey, but it proved a failure. Despite Johnson having the support of established Democrats and the party leadership, this did not translate into popular approval. Johnson received 409 votes on the only ballot at the Democratic convention to Kennedy's 806, and so the convention nominated Kennedy. <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> was a representative from Kennedy's home state of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> at that time, and he recalled that Johnson approached him at the convention and said, "Tip, I know you have to support Kennedy at the start, but I'd like to have you with me on the second ballot." O'Neill replied, "Senator, there's not going to be any second ballot."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidential_nomination">Vice presidential nomination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1960 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1960 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></div> <p>After much discussion with party leaders and others, Kennedy offered Johnson the vice presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Biltmore_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Biltmore Hotel">Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel</a> on July 14, the morning after Kennedy was nominated, and Johnson accepted. From that point to the actual nomination that evening, several facts are in dispute, including whether convention chairman <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">LeRoy Collins</a>' had the two-thirds majority required to begin the convention's proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's choice of Johnson as his running mate was intended to attract Southern votes.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy was a liberal <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Bostonian</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. Johnson was more conservative, a <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerner</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of Christ">Disciples of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lawrence_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, labor leaders were unanimous in their opposition to Johnson. <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> called Johnson "the arch-foe of labor", and Illinois AFL-CIO President <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Soderstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben Soderstrom">Reuben Soderstrom</a> asserted Kennedy had "made chumps out of leaders of the American labor movement".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-election_to_U.S._Senate">Re-election to U.S. Senate</h3></div><p> At the same time as his vice presidential run, Johnson also sought a third term in the U.S. Senate. According to Robert Caro: </p><blockquote><p>Johnson won an election for both the vice presidency of the United States, on the Kennedy–Johnson ticket, and for a third term as senator (he had Texas law changed to allow him to run for both offices). When he won the vice presidency, he made arrangements to resign from the Senate, as he was required to do under federal law, as soon as it convened on January 3, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Johnson was re-elected senator with 1,306,605 votes (58 percent) to Republican <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a>'s 927,653 (41.1 percent). Fellow Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">William A. Blakley</a> was appointed to replace Johnson, but lost a <a href="/wiki/1961_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas" title="1961 United States Senate special election in Texas">special election</a> in May 1961 to Tower. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1961–1963)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281961.E2.80.931963.29"></span>Vice presidency (1961–1963)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg/220px-President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg/330px-President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg/440px-President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and Vice President Johnson outside the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in August 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22,_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_(no_border).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>Vice President Johnson and Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a> meeting with civil rights leaders at the White House on June 22, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>After the election, Johnson was concerned about the traditionally ineffective nature of his new office and sought authority not allotted to him as vice president. He initially sought a transfer of the authority of Senate majority leader to the vice presidency, since that office made him president of the Senate, but faced vehement opposition from the Democratic Caucus, including members whom he had counted as his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson sought to increase his influence within the executive branch. He drafted an executive order for Kennedy's signature, granting Johnson "general supervision" over matters of national security, and requiring all government agencies to "cooperate fully with the vice president in the carrying out of these assignments". Kennedy's response was to sign a non-binding letter requesting Johnson to "review" national security policies instead.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy similarly turned down early requests from Johnson to be given an office adjacent to the Oval Office and to employ a full-time staff within the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, Kennedy appointed Johnson's friend <a href="/wiki/Sarah_T._Hughes" title="Sarah T. Hughes">Sarah T. Hughes</a> to a federal judgeship. Johnson tried but failed to have Hughes nominated at the beginning of his vice presidency. House Speaker Sam Rayburn wrangled the appointment from Kennedy in exchange for support of an administration bill. </p><p>Many members of the Kennedy White House were openly contemptuous of Johnson, including the president's brother, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, and they ridiculed his comparatively brusque and crude manner. Then Congressman <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> recalled that the Kennedy brothers "had a disdain for Johnson that they didn't even try to hide.... They actually took pride in snubbing him."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy made efforts to keep Johnson busy and informed, telling aides, "I can't afford to have my vice president, who knows every reporter in Washington, going around saying we're all screwed up, so we're going to keep him happy."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy appointed him to jobs such as the head of the President's Committee on <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunities</a>, where Johnson worked with African Americans and other minorities. Kennedy may have intended this to remain a nominal position, but <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a> contends in his book <i>Pillar of Fire</i> that Johnson pushed the Kennedy administration's actions further and faster for civil rights than Kennedy originally intended.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Johnson went on multiple minor diplomatic missions, which gave him some insights into global issues and opportunities for self-promotion. During his visit to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> on August 19–20, 1961, Johnson sought to calm Berliners who were outraged by the building of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attended Cabinet and <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> meetings. Kennedy gave Johnson control over all presidential appointments involving Texas, and appointed him chairman of the President's Ad Hoc Committee for Science.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy also appointed Johnson Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Aeronautics and Space Council</a>. The Soviets beat the United States with <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">the first crewed spaceflight</a> in April 1961, and Kennedy gave Johnson the task of evaluating the U.S. space program and recommending a project that would allow the United States to catch up or beat the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson recommended that the United States gain the leadership role by committing to <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">landing an American on the Moon in the 1960s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lbjmemo_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbjmemo-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy assigned priority to the space program, but Johnson's appointment provided cover in case of a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1963, Johnson was touched by a Senate scandal when <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Baker" title="Bobby Baker">Bobby Baker</a>, the Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate and a protégé of Johnson's, came under investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Rules_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Rules Committee">Senate Rules Committee</a> for alleged bribery and financial malfeasance. One witness alleged that Baker arranged for the witness to give kickbacks for the Vice President. Baker resigned in October, and the investigation did not expand to Johnson. The negative publicity, however, fed rumors in Washington circles that Kennedy was planning on dropping Johnson from the Democratic ticket in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>. However, on October 31, 1963, a reporter asked if he intended and expected to retain Johnson on the ticket. Kennedy replied, "Yes to both those questions."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little doubt that Robert Kennedy and Johnson hated each other,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet John and Robert Kennedy agreed that dropping Johnson from the ticket could produce heavy losses in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1963–1969)"><span id="Presidency_.281963.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Presidency (1963–1969)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office,_November_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/260px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/390px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/520px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7750" data-file-height="6132" /></a><figcaption>Johnson is sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a> two hours and eight minutes following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's assassination</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Mrs. Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Mrs. Kennedy</a> look on.</figcaption></figure> <p>President Kennedy was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassinated</a> on November 22, 1963, in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-dallek4951_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallek4951-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that day, Johnson took the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential oath of office</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Stoughton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Stoughton">Cecil Stoughton</a>'s iconic photograph of Johnson taking the oath of office as Mrs. Kennedy looks on is the most famous photo ever taken aboard a presidential aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-AirForceOne_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AirForceOne-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was sworn in by District Court judge <a href="/wiki/Sarah_T._Hughes" title="Sarah T. Hughes">Sarah T. Hughes</a> and is to date the only President in U.S. history to be sworn in by a woman. Johnson was convinced of the need to make an immediate show of transition of power after the assassination to provide stability to a grieving nation. He and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>, not knowing whether the assassin <a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_(terrorism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf (terrorism)">acted alone</a> or as part of a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">broader conspiracy</a>, felt compelled to return rapidly to Washington, D.C.; this was greeted by some with assertions that he was in too much haste to assume power.<sup id="cite_ref-dallek4951_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallek4951-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the public demand for answers and the growing number of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, Johnson established a commission headed by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>, to investigate Kennedy's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission conducted extensive research and hearings and unanimously concluded that <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> acted alone in the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg/260px-Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg/390px-Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg/520px-Cabinet_Meeting_July_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4837" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>Johnson at a July 1965 Cabinet meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>When Johnson assumed office, he asked the existing Cabinet to remain in place.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his notoriously poor relationship with Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy stayed on as Attorney General until September 1964, when he resigned to <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">run for the U.S. Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the Kennedy cabinet members Johnson inherited—Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a>, Secretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Orville_L._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville L. Freeman">Orville L. Freeman</a>, and Secretary of Labor <a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a>—served until the end of Johnson's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Kennedy holdovers, including Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, left office during Johnson's tenure. Although Johnson had no official chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jenkins" title="Walter Jenkins">Walter Jenkins</a> presided over daily operations at the White House. <a href="/wiki/George_Reedy" title="George Reedy">George Reedy</a>, who was Johnson's second-longest-serving aide, assumed the post of <a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">press secretary</a> when John F. Kennedy's own <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Pierre Salinger</a> left that post in March 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Busby" title="Horace Busby">Horace Busby</a> served primarily as a speechwriter and political analyst.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a> handled scheduling and speechwriting part-time.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_and_budget">Taxation and budget</h3></div> <p>The new president thought it advantageous to quickly pursue one of Kennedy's primary legislative goals ‍—‌ a <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cut</a>. Johnson worked closely with Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a> of Virginia to negotiate a reduction in the budget below $100 billion in exchange for what became overwhelming Senate approval of the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">Revenue Act of 1964</a>. The act cut individual income tax rates across the board by approximately 20 percent, cut the top marginal tax rate from 91 to 70 percent, and slightly reduced corporate tax rates.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passage of the long-stalled tax cut facilitated efforts to move ahead on civil rights legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a period of strong economic growth, heavy spending on the Vietnam War and on domestic programs contributed to a rising budget deficit, as well as a period of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> that would continue into the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counter this, Johnson reluctantly signed a second tax bill, the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_and_Expenditure_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968">Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968</a>, which included a mix of tax increases and spending cuts, producing a budget surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>Johnson meeting with civil rights leaders <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on January 18, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 27, 1963, Johnson delivered his <a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">"Let Us Continue" speech</a> to Congress, saying that "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the Civil Rights Bill for which he fought so long."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wave of national grief following the assassination gave enormous momentum to Johnson's promise to carry out Kennedy's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_2003_78_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2003_78-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson asked Robert Kennedy to spearhead the undertaking on Capitol Hill. This provided adequate political cover for Johnson should the effort fail, but if it were successful, Johnson would receive ample credit.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Caro notes that the bill Kennedy had submitted was facing the same tactics that prevented the passage of civil rights bills in the past: Southern congressmen and senators used congressional procedure to prevent it from coming to a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro,_Robert_p459_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro,_Robert_p459-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, they held up all of the major bills Kennedy had proposed and that were considered urgent, especially the tax reform bill, to force the bill's supporters to pull it.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro,_Robert_p459_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro,_Robert_p459-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Johnson's civil rights bill to reach the House floor for a vote, the president needed to find a way to circumvent Representative <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Smith" title="Howard W. Smith">Howard W. Smith</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">House Rules Committee</a>. Johnson used a <a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">discharge petition</a> to force it onto the House floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro,_Robert_p462_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro,_Robert_p462-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing a growing threat that they would be bypassed, the Rules Committee approved the bill and moved it to the floor of the full House, which soon passed it by a vote of 290–110.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson convinced Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a> to put the House bill directly into consideration by the full Senate, bypassing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> and its segregationist chairman <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">James Eastland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since bottling up the civil rights bill in a committee was no longer an option, the anti-civil rights senators were left with the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibuster</a> as their only remaining tool. Overcoming the filibuster required the support of at least 20 Republicans, who were growing less supportive because their party was about to nominate for president a candidate who opposed the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Caro, Johnson ultimately could convince Republican leader <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> to support the bill that amassed the necessary Republican votes to overcome the filibuster in March 1964; the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 71–29.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger-Pages644-645_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger-Pages644-645-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson signed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> into law on July 2.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger-Pages644-645_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger-Pages644-645-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act outlawed <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">color</a>, national origin, religion, or sex.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It prohibits racial segregation in <a href="/wiki/Public_accommodations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public accommodations">public accommodations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States" title="Employment discrimination law in the United States">employment discrimination</a>, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following evening, Johnson told aide <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a>, "I think we may have lost the South for your lifetime – and mine", anticipating a backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser2023_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser2023-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Society">Great Society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_Johnson,_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/President_Lyndon_Johnson%2C_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg/220px-President_Lyndon_Johnson%2C_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/President_Lyndon_Johnson%2C_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg/330px-President_Lyndon_Johnson%2C_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/President_Lyndon_Johnson%2C_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg/440px-President_Lyndon_Johnson%2C_1964_Commencement_BL012297.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5748" data-file-height="4598" /></a><figcaption> President Johnson formally presented his specific goals for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> during a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, May 1964 </figcaption></figure> <p>By early 1964, Johnson had begun to use the name "<a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>" to describe his domestic program. Johnson's Great Society program encompassed movements of urban renewal, modern transportation, clean environment, anti-poverty, healthcare reform, crime control, and educational reform.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure the passage of his programs, Johnson placed an unprecedented emphasis on relations with Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_presidential_election">1964 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <p>In Spring 1964, Johnson was not optimistic about his prospects of being elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pivotal change took place in April when he assumed personal management of negotiations between the railroad brotherhood and the railroad industry over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">featherbedding</a>. Johnson emphasized to the parties the potential impact upon the economy of a strike. After considerable horse-trading, especially with the carriers who won promises from the president for greater freedom in setting rights and more liberal depreciation allowances from the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>, Johnson obtained an agreement. This substantially boosted his self-confidence and image.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert F. Kennedy was widely considered an impeccable choice for Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice presidential</a> running mate but Johnson and Kennedy had never liked each other, and Johnson, afraid that Kennedy would be credited with his election as president, consistently opposed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy was undecided about accepting an offer as Johnson's running mate, knowing that the prospect rankled Johnson. <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s poor polling numbers was perceived as reducing the political significance of Johnson's selection of a running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubert Humphrey's selection as vice president then became a foregone conclusion and was thought to strengthen Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> and industrial <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_1998,_p._157_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_1998,_p._157-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing the degree of frustration inherent in the office of vice president, Johnson put Humphrey through a gauntlet of interviews to guarantee his loyalty. Having made the decision, he kept the announcement from the press until the last moment to maximize media speculation and coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">Democratic convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a>, Johnson requested the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> send 30 agents to cover convention activities; the objective of the squad was to inform the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> staff of any disruptive activities. The squad's focus narrowed upon the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a> (MFDP) delegation, which sought to displace the white segregationist delegation regularly selected in the state. The squad's activities included wiretaps of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a>'s room and the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE). From beginning to end, the squad's assignment was carefully couched in terms of the monitoring of disruptive activities that might endanger the president and other high-ranking officials.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson was very concerned about potential political damage from media coverage of racial tensions exposed by a credentials fight between the MFDP and the segregationist delegation, and he assigned Humphrey to manage the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention's Credentials Committee declared that two MFDP delegates in the delegation be seated as observers and agreed to "bar future delegations from states where any citizens are deprived of the right to vote because of their race or color".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MFDP rejected the committee's ruling. The convention became the apparent personal triumph that Johnson craved, but a sense of betrayal caused by the marginalization of the MFDP would trigger disaffection with Johnson and the Democratic Party from the left; SNCC chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> would call it a "turning point in the civil rights movement".<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1964.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ElectoralCollege1964.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1964.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ElectoralCollege1964.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1964.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ElectoralCollege1964.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1964.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>. Johnson won 486 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a> votes (61% of the popular vote) to <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s 52</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in the 1964 presidential campaign, Barry Goldwater appeared to be a strong contender, with strong support from the South, which threatened Johnson's position as he had predicted in reaction to the passage of the Civil Rights Act. However, Goldwater lost momentum as his campaign progressed. On September 7, 1964, Johnson's campaign managers broadcast the "<a href="/wiki/Daisy_(television_commercial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy (television commercial)">Daisy ad</a>": it portrayed a little girl picking petals from a <a href="/wiki/Common_daisy" class="mw-redirect" title="Common daisy">daisy</a>, followed by a countdown and explosion of a nuclear bomb. The message conveyed was that electing Goldwater risked a nuclear war. Goldwater's campaign message was best symbolized by the bumper sticker displayed by supporters claiming "In your heart, you know he's right". Opponents captured the spirit of Johnson's campaign with bumper stickers that said "In your heart, you know he might" and "In your guts, you know he's nuts".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CIA Director <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a> asserted that <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Barnes" title="Tracy Barnes">Tracy Barnes</a> instructed the CIA to spy on the Goldwater campaign and the Republican National Committee to provide information to Johnson's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson won the presidency by a landslide with 61.05 percent of the vote, making it the highest ever <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">share of the popular vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, this was also the widest popular margin in the 20th century ‍—‌ more than 15.95 million votes ‍—‌ this was later surpassed by incumbent President Nixon's victory in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, Johnson defeated Goldwater by a margin of 486 to 52. Johnson won 44 states, compared to Goldwater's six. Voters also gave Johnson the largest majorities in Congress since FDR's election in 1936 ‍—‌ a Senate with a 68–32 majority and a House with a 295–140 Democratic margin.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_Rights_Act">Voting Rights Act</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>President Lyndon B. Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> on August 6, 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the 1964 election, civil rights organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC) and the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) began a push for federal action to protect the voting rights of racial minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-eyes_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyes-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 7, 1965, these organizations began the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> in which Selma residents proceeded to march to Alabama's capital, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, to highlight voting rights issues and present Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> with their grievances. On the first march, demonstrators were stopped by state and county police, who shot <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> into the crowd and trampled protesters. Televised footage of the scene, which became known as "Bloody Sunday", generated outrage across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-GaryMay2015_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaryMay2015-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the rapidly increasing political pressure upon him, Johnson decided to immediately send voting rights legislation to Congress, and to address the American people in a speech before a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session of Congress</a>. He began: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy. I urge every member of both parties, Americans of all religions and of all colors, from every section of this country, to join me in that cause. ... Rarely in any time does an issue lay bare the secret heart of America itself. Rarely are we met with a challenge, not to our growth or abundance, or our welfare or our security, but rather to the values and the purposes and the meaning of our beloved nation. The issue of equal rights for American Negroes is such an issue. And should we defeat every enemy, and should we double our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to this issue, then we will have failed as a people and as a nation. For, with a country as with a person, 'what is a man profited if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?'<sup id="cite_ref-GaryMay2015_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaryMay2015-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_(1998),_p.218_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_(1998),_p.218-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Johnson and Dirksen established a strong bipartisan alliance in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, precluding the possibility of a Senate filibuster defeating the bill. In August 1965, the House approved the bill by a vote of 333 to 85, and Senate passed the bill by a vote of 79 to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landmark legislation outlawed discrimination in voting, thus allowing millions of Southern blacks to vote for the first time. The results were significant; between the years of 1968 and 1980, the number of Southern black elected state and federal officeholders nearly doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_(1998),_p.218_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_(1998),_p.218-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mississippi, the voter registration rate of African Americans rose from 6.7 percent to 59.8 percent between 1964 and 1967, a reflection of a broader increase in African-American voter registration rates.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the murder of civil rights worker <a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a>, Johnson went on television to announce the arrest of four <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klans</a> men implicated in her death. He angrily denounced the Klan as a "hooded society of bigots," and warned them to "return to a decent society before it's too late". Johnson was the first President to arrest and prosecute members of the Klan since <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He turned to themes of Christian redemption to push for civil rights, mobilizing support from churches.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> commencement address on June 4, 1965, he said that both the government and the nation needed to help achieve these goals: "To shatter forever not only the barriers of law and public practice but the walls which bound the condition of many by the color of his skin. To dissolve, as best we can, the antique enmities of the heart which diminish the holder, divide the great democracy, and do wrong ‍—‌ great wrong ‍—‌ to the children of God ..."<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_Housing_Act">Fair Housing Act</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a>, a component of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>, outlawed several forms of <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">housing discrimination</a> and effectively allowed many African Americans to move to the suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-mfletcher1_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfletcher1-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson submitted a bill to Congress in April 1966 that barred house owners from refusing to enter into agreements on the basis of race; the bill immediately garnered opposition from many of the Northerners who had supported the last two major civil rights bills.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a version of the bill passed the House, it failed to win Senate approval, marking Johnson's first major legislative defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law gained new impetus after the April 4, 1968, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">civil unrest</a> across the country that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotz2005P417_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotz2005P417-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed Congress on April 10 and was quickly signed into law by Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotz2005P417_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotz2005P417-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""War_on_Poverty""><span id=".22War_on_Poverty.22"></span>"War on Poverty"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#"War_on_Poverty"" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § "War on Poverty"</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg/220px-President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg/330px-President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg/440px-President_Johnson_poverty_tour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3253" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson's poverty tour in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1964 State of the Union Address Johnson stated, "this administration today, here and now, declares an unconditional <a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">war on poverty</a> in America. Our aim is not only to relieve the symptoms of poverty but to cure it–and above all, to prevent it."<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1964, Johnson proposed the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a>, which would create the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity" title="Office of Economic Opportunity">Office of Economic Opportunity</a> (OEO) to oversee local <a href="/wiki/Community_Action_Agencies" title="Community Action Agencies">Community Action Agencies</a> (CAA) charged with dispensing aid to those in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each CAA was required to have "maximum feasible participation" from local residents, who would design and operate antipoverty programs unique to their communities' needs.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was threatening to local political regimes who saw CAAs as alternative <a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">power structures</a> in their own communities, funded and encouraged by the OEO.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Liberal_Hour_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Liberal_Hour-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lbj_russell_cap_1966_06_02_miller_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbj_russell_cap_1966_06_02_miller-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the Green Amendment gave city governments the right to decide which entity would be the official CAA for their community. The net result was a halt to the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen participation">citizen participation</a> reform movement.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Economic Opportunity Act created the <a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">AmeriCorps VISTA</a>, a domestic version of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC), Job Corps was a <a href="/wiki/Residential_education" title="Residential education">residential education</a> and job-training program that provided academic and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational skills</a> to low-income at-risk young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Economic_Opportunity_Act_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economic_Opportunity_Act-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VISTA deployed volunteers on community projects across the nation to address issues such as <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a>, inadequate housing, and poor health.<sup id="cite_ref-Economic_Opportunity_Act_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economic_Opportunity_Act-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1965, 2,000 volunteers had signed on.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act reflected Johnson's belief that the government could best help the impoverished by providing them with economic opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Johnson administration, national poverty declined significantly, with the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line dropping from 23 to 12 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-histeval_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histeval-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson took an additional step in the War on Poverty with an <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> effort, the "Demonstration Cities Program". To be eligible, a city was required to demonstrate its readiness to "arrest blight and <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">decay</a> and make a substantial impact on the development of its entire city". Johnson requested an investment of $400 million per year totaling $2.4 billion. In late 1966, Congress passed a substantially reduced program costing $900 million, which Johnson later called the <a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> wrote 22 years later that the program was largely a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_reform">Healthcare reform</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#Medicare_and_Medicaid" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Medicare and Medicaid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill,_with_Harry_Truman,_July_30,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4850" data-file-height="3242" /></a><figcaption>Former president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> and wife <a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess</a> at Johnson's signing of the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare Bill">Medicare Bill</a> in 1965, as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> look on</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson's initial effort to improve healthcare was the creation of The Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Strokes (HDCS). These diseases accounted for 71 percent of the nation's deaths in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Johnson turned his focus to hospital insurance for the aged under Social Security.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key player in initiating this program, named <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, was Representative <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a>, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. To reduce Republican opposition, Mills suggested that Medicare be fashioned as three layers: hospital insurance under Social Security; a voluntary insurance program for doctor visits; and an expanded medical welfare program for the poor, known as <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed the house by a margin of 110 votes on April 8. The effort in the Senate was considerably more complicated, but the Medicare bill passed Congress on July 28.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medicare now covers tens of millions of Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_(02)_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/220px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/330px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/440px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5607" data-file-height="3772" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson signs the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> as U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, and others look on</figcaption></figure> <p>The sweeping <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> reformed the country's immigration system and repealed the <a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a>, which had restricted emigration from countries outside of Western Europe and the Western Hemisphere. The annual rate of inflow doubled between 1965 and 1970, and doubled again by 1990, with dramatic increases from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, including Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars give Johnson little credit for the law, which was not one of his priorities; he had supported the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">McCarren–Walter Act</a> of 1952, which proved unpopular with reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_funding_for_education">Federal funding for education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#Education" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif/220px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif/330px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif/440px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_Visiting_a_Classroom_for_Project_Head_Start_1966.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>First Lady <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> visits a <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a> class, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson, whose own ticket out of poverty was a public education in Texas, believed that education was an essential component of the <a href="/wiki/American_dream" class="mw-redirect" title="American dream">American dream</a>, especially for minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made education the top priority of the Great Society agenda, with an emphasis on helping poor children. Buoyed by his landslide victory in the 1964 election, in early 1965 Johnson proposed the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a> (ESEA), which would double federal spending on education from $4 billion to $8 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill quickly passed both houses of Congress by wide margins.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESEA increased funding to all school districts, but directed more money going to districts that had large proportions of students from poor families.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although ESEA solidified Johnson's support among K–12 teachers' unions, neither the Higher Education Act nor the new endowments mollified the college professors and students growing increasingly uneasy with the war in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's second major education program was the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a>, which increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships, gave low-interest loans to students, and established a <a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson also established <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Early education">early education</a> program to help prepare children from disadvantaged families for success in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, Johnson signed the <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act</a> to create educational television programs to supplement broadcast networks.<sup id="cite_ref-clarkcq1_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarkcq1-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Johnson set up the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>, to support the study of literature, history, and law, and arts such as music, painting, and sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#Transportation" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Transportation</a></div> <p>In March 1966, Johnson sent to Congress a transportation message which included the creation of a new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation Department</a>, comprising the Commerce Department's Office of Transportation, the Bureau of Public Roads, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Aviation Agency">Federal Aviation Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>, the Maritime Administration, the Civil Aeronautics Board, and the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>. The bill passed the Senate after some negotiation over navigation projects; in the House, passage required negotiation over maritime interests and the bill was signed October 15, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#Environment" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Environment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg/220px-Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg/330px-Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg/440px-Clean_Air_Act_Signing_edited_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4093" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Johnson signing the Clean Air Act</figcaption></figure> <p>During his tenure as president, Johnson signed over 300 <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> measures into law, forming the legal basis of the modern environmental movement.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act of 1963</a>, which had been proposed by President Kennedy. The Clean Air Act set <a href="/wiki/United_States_emission_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="United States emission standards">emission standards</a> for stationary emitters of air pollutants and directed federal funding to air quality research.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the act was amended by the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Air_Pollution_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act">Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act</a>, which directed the federal government to establish and enforce national <a href="/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile emissions control">standards for controlling the emission of pollutants</a> from new motor vehicles and engines.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1964, Johnson signed the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">National Wilderness Preservation System</a> (preserving 9.1 million acres of <a href="/wiki/Forestland" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestland">forestland</a> from industrial development),<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and signed a law establishing the <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Water_Conservation_Fund" title="Land and Water Conservation Fund">Land and Water Conservation Fund</a>, which aids the purchase of land used for federal and state parks.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> took the lead in calling for passage of the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act" title="Highway Beautification Act">Highway Beautification Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act called for control of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_advertising" title="Outdoor advertising">outdoor advertising</a>, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation's growing <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> and the existing <a href="/wiki/Federal-aid_primary_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal-aid primary highway system">federal-aid primary highway system</a>. It also required certain <a href="/wiki/Junkyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkyards">junkyards</a> along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_control">Gun control</h3></div> <p>Though Johnson had already introduced a <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a> bill on June 6, 1968, after the assassination of Robert Kennedy, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>'s press secretary Liz Carpenter, in a memo to the president, worried that the country had been "brainwashed by high drama," and that Johnson "need[ed] some quick dramatic actions" that addressed "the issue of violence." In October, Johnson signed the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a>, but did not invoke the memory of Robert Kennedy as he had so often done with his brother–an omission historian <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Shesol" title="Jeff Shesol">Jeff Shesol</a> has argued was motivated by Johnson's longstanding contempt for Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure prohibited convicted felons, drug users, and the mentally ill from purchasing handguns and raised record-keeping and licensing requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also banned <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a> sales of rifles and shotguns.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_riots">Urban riots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">Ghetto riots (1964–1969)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">Long, hot summer of 1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40th_in_Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/40th_in_Watts.jpg/220px-40th_in_Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/40th_in_Watts.jpg/330px-40th_in_Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/40th_in_Watts.jpg/440px-40th_in_Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers direct traffic away from an area of <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central Los Angeles">South Central Los Angeles</a> burning during the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts Riots">1965 Watts riots</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newark_Riots_1967_(305517077)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Newark_Riots_1967_%28305517077%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Newark_Riots_1967_%28305517077%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Newark_Riots_1967_%28305517077%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Newark_Riots_1967_%28305517077%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Newark_Riots_1967_%28305517077%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Newark_Riots_1967_%28305517077%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1967_Newark_riots" title="1967 Newark riots">1967 Newark riots</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The nation experienced a series of "long hot summers" of <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">civil unrest</a> during the Johnson years. They started with the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Riot_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem Riot of 1964">Harlem riots</a> in 1964, and the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts Riots">Watts district</a> of Los Angeles in 1965. The momentum for the advancement of civil rights came to a sudden halt in with the riots in Watts. After 34 people were killed and $35 million (equivalent to $338.39 million in 2023) in property was damaged, the public feared an expansion of the violence to other cities, and so the appetite for additional programs in Johnson's agenda was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Long_hot_summer_of_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hot summer of 1967">Long hot summer of 1967</a>," more than 150 riots erupted across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i> called it "a revolution of black Americans against white Americans, a violent petition for the redress of long-standing grievances."<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_1998,_p._412_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_1998,_p._412-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1967_Newark_riots" title="1967 Newark riots">Newark riots</a> left 26 dead and 1,500 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallek_1998,_p._412_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallek_1998,_p._412-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">Detroit riot</a> resulted in 43 deaths, 2250 injuries, 4,000 arrests, and millions of dollars' worth of property damage. Governor <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George Romney</a> sent in 7,400 <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">national guard troops</a> to quell <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">fire bombings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>, and attacks on businesses and police. Johnson finally sent in federal troops with <a href="/wiki/Tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine guns">machine guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LHS67_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHS67-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an August 2, 1967, cabinet meeting, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> warned that untrained and undisciplined local police forces and National Guardsmen might trigger a "<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> in the streets", as evidenced by the climate of <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> fire in Newark and Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's popularity plummeted as a massive white political backlash took shape, reinforcing the sense Johnson had lost control of the streets of major cities and his own party.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president created the <a href="/wiki/Kerner_Commission" title="Kerner Commission">Kerner Commission</a> to study the causes behind the recurring outbreaks of urban civil disorder, headed by Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kerner_Jr." title="Otto Kerner Jr.">Otto Kerner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission's 1968 report suggested legislative measures to promote racial integration and alleviate poverty and concluded that the nation was "moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal."<sup id="cite_ref-kernerreport_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kernerreport-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Press Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Christian_(journalist)" title="George Christian (journalist)">George Christian</a>, Johnson was unsurprised by the riots, saying: "What did you expect? ... When you put your foot on a man's neck and hold him down for three hundred years, and then you let him up, what's he going to do? He's going to knock your block off."<sup id="cite_ref-Kotz2005P418_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotz2005P418-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backlash_against_Johnson_(1966–1967)"><span id="Backlash_against_Johnson_.281966.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Backlash against Johnson (1966–1967)</h3></div> <p>In 1966, the press sensed a <a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">credibility gap</a> between what Johnson was saying in press conferences and what was happening in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which led to less favorable coverage of Johnson and his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-american_chronicle_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american_chronicle-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1966, Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Hearnes" title="Warren E. Hearnes">Warren E. Hearnes</a> of Missouri warned that Johnson would lose the state by 100,000 votes, despite winning by a margin of 500,000 in 1964. "Frustration over Vietnam; too much federal spending and ... taxation; no great public support for your Great Society programs; and ... public disenchantment with the civil rights programs "had eroded the President's standing, the governor reported.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were bright spots; in January 1967, Johnson boasted that wages were the highest in history, unemployment was at a 13-year low, and corporate profits and farm incomes were greater than ever; a 4.5 percent jump in consumer prices was worrisome, as was the rise in interest rates. Johnson asked for a temporary 6 percent surcharge in <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income taxes</a> to cover the mounting deficit caused by increased spending. Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval ratings</a> stayed below 50 percent and, in December 1966, his disapproval rating surpassed his approval rating. In January 1967, the number of his strong supporters had plunged to 16 percent, from 25 percent four months before. </p><p>Asked to explain his diminished popularity, Johnson said, "I am a dominating personality, and when I get things done I don't always please all the people."<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson also blamed the press, saying they showed "complete irresponsibility and lie and misstate facts and have no one to be answerable to", and "the preachers, liberals and professors" who had turned against him.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_elections" title="1966 United States elections">congressional elections of 1966</a>, the Republicans gained three seats in the Senate and 47 in the House, reinvigorating the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a>, which made it more difficult for Johnson to pass additional Great Society legislation. However, Congress ultimately passed almost 96 percent of the administration's Great Society programs.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_program">Space program</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Johnson and Vice President Spiro Agnew witnessing the liftoff of Apollo 11." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg/220px-Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg/330px-Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg/440px-Spiro_Agnew_and_Lyndon_Johnson_Watch_the_Apollo_11_Liftoff_-_GPN-2002-000068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Former President Lyndon B. Johnson (center left) and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (center right) witness the liftoff of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, the first manned space aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">land on the Moon</a>, on July 16, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Johnson administration, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> conducted the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> crewed space program, developed the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">its launch facility</a>, and prepared to make the first crewed <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> flights. On January 27, 1967, the nation was stunned when the entire crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> was killed in a cabin fire during a spacecraft test on the launch pad, stopping Apollo in its tracks. Rather than appointing another Warren-style commission, Johnson accepted Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>'s request for NASA to do its own investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson maintained his staunch support of Apollo through Congressional and press controversy, and the program recovered. The first two crewed missions, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a> and the first crewed flight to the Moon, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, were completed by the end of Johnson's term. He congratulated the Apollo 8 crew, saying, "You've taken ... all of us, all over the world, into a new era."<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 16, 1969, Johnson attended the launch of the first Moon landing mission <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, becoming the first former or incumbent U.S. president to witness a rocket launch.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States in the Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#Vietnam" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png/220px-Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png/330px-Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png/440px-Robert_S._McNamara_and_General_Westmoreland_in_Vietnam_1965.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">General Westmoreland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a> in August 1965 as Johnson was preparing to commence a systematic bombing campaign, known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> began in 1955 as Communist forces started operating in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. By the time Johnson took office, there were 16,700 American military personnel in South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some misgivings, Johnson ultimately came to support escalation of the U.S. role in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the vast majority of American leaders in the mid-1960s, he was determined to prevent the spread of Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's decision to escalate was also influenced heavily by reputation. Under pressure from pro-war politicians like <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, Johnson feared that if he made the decision to not stand firm in Vietnam he would lose domestic political credibility as well as contribute to a decline in the international reputation of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 11, 1963, President Kennedy had signed <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Action_Memorandum_263" title="National Security Action Memorandum 263">NSAM 263</a> ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year following recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNamara-Taylor_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-Taylor-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 26, Johnson signed <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Action_Memorandum_273" title="National Security Action Memorandum 273">NSAM 273</a> which reaffirmed the Kennedy administration withdrawal approval and continued support for South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1964, ambiguous evidence suggested two U.S. destroyers had been <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">attacked</a> by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in international waters in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>. Although Johnson very much wanted to keep discussions about Vietnam out of the 1964 election campaign, he felt forced to respond to the supposed Communist aggression. He obtained from Congress the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a> on August 7, 1964, giving blanket congressional approval for use of military force to repel future attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg/220px-Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg/330px-Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg/440px-Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Tens of thousands of Vietnamese civilians were <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">killed</a> during the bombing of North Vietnam in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson decided on a systematic bombing campaign, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a>, in February 1965 after an attack by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> guerrillas on <a href="/wiki/Pleiku_Air_Base" title="Pleiku Air Base">Pleiku Air Base</a>, killing eight Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. would continue to bomb North Vietnam until late 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1965, McGeorge Bundy called for American ground operations; Johnson agreed and also quietly changed the mission from defensive to offensive operations.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 8, 1965, 3,500 troops went ashore near <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, the first time U.S. combat forces had been sent to mainland Asia since the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, South Vietnamese Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a> reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective and that the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">South Vietnamese army</a> was outclassed and in danger of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late July, McNamara and Johnson's top advisors recommended an increase in U.S. soldiers from 75,000 to over 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson agreed but felt boxed in by unpalatable choices. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist, and if he did not, he thought he risked being impeached.<sup id="cite_ref-dallek272277_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallek272277-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1965, few members of Congress or the administration openly criticized Johnson's handling of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg/220px-OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg/330px-OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg/440px-OCTOBER_1966_-_PRESIDENT_JOHNSON_VISITS_U.S._SOLDIERS_AT_CAM_RANH_BAY_IN_SOUTH_VIETNAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson shakes hands with U.S. airmen at <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a> in South Vietnam, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> October 1966</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1966, Senator Robert F. Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed "on a road from which there is no turning back, a road that leads to catastrophe for all mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-VietnamAPP_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VietnamAPP-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, chaired by Senator <a href="/wiki/James_William_Fulbright" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Fulbright">James William Fulbright</a>, held televised hearings examining the administration's Vietnam policy.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, polling results indicated that Americans favored the bombing campaign by a five-to-one margin; however, in August a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense Department</a> study indicated that the bombing campaign was having minimal impact on North Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1966, multiple sources began to report progress was being made against the North Vietnamese logistics and infrastructure; Johnson was urged to begin peace discussions. English philosopher Bertrand Russell initiated the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Tribunal" title="Russell Tribunal">International War Crimes Tribunal</a> to condemn the American effort.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gap with Hanoi, however, was an unbridgeable demand on both sides for a unilateral end to bombing and withdrawal of forces.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson grew more and more anxious about justifying war casualties, and talked of the need for decisive victory, despite the unpopularity of the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1966, it was clear that the air campaign and the pacification effort had both failed, and Johnson agreed to McNamara's new recommendation to add 70,000 troops in 1967 and the CIA's recommendations to increased bombings against North Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombing escalation ended secret talks being held with North Vietnam, but U.S. leaders did not consider North Vietnamese intentions in those talks to be genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamdem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/220px-Vietnamdem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/330px-Vietnamdem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/440px-Vietnamdem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>A female demonstrator offers a flower to a soldier during a 1967 anti-war demonstration at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the middle of 1967 nearly 70,000 Americans had been killed or wounded in the war, which was being commonly described in the news media and elsewhere as a "stalemate."<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January and February, probes were made to assess North Vietnamese's willingness to discuss peace, but they fell on deaf ears. <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> declared that the only solution was a unilateral U.S. withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup, Inc.</a> poll in July 1967 showed that 52 percent of Americans disapproved of the president's handling of the war, and only 34 percent thought progress was being made.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Johnson agreed to an increase of 55,000 troops, bringing the total to 525,000.<sup id="cite_ref-dallek473_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallek473-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, Johnson, with the Joint Chiefs' support, decided to expand the air campaign and exempted only Hanoi, Haiphong and a buffer zone with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> from the target list.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month McNamara told a Senate subcommittee that an expanded air campaign would not bring Hanoi to the peace table. The Joint Chiefs were astounded, and threatened mass resignation; McNamara was summoned to the White House for a three-hour dressing down. Nevertheless, Johnson had received reports from the CIA confirming McNamara's analysis at least in part. In the meantime an election establishing a constitutional government in the South was concluded and provided hope for peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the war arguably in a stalemate and in light of the widespread disapproval of the conflict, Johnson convened a group of veteran government foreign policy experts, informally known as "the Wise Men": <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dean_(lawyer)" title="Arthur Dean (lawyer)">Arthur Dean</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averell_Harriman" class="mw-redirect" title="Averell Harriman">Averell Harriman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Daniel_Murphy" title="Robert Daniel Murphy">Robert Daniel Murphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They unanimously opposed leaving Vietnam, and encouraged Johnson to "stay the course."<sup id="cite_ref-PoliticoWiseMen_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoliticoWiseMen-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, on November 17, in a nationally televised address, the president assured the American public, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress." Less than two weeks later, Robert McNamara announced his resignation as Defense Secretary. Behind closed doors, he had begun regularly expressing doubts over Johnson's war strategy, angering the president. He joined a growing list of Johnson's top aides who resigned over the war, including Bill Moyers, McGeorge Bundy, and George Ball.<sup id="cite_ref-VietnamAPP_275-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VietnamAPP-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, with ever-increasing <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">public protests against the war</a>, Johnson engaged the FBI and the CIA to investigate, monitor, and undermine anti-war activists.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-October, there was a demonstration of 100,000 at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>; Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> were convinced that foreign communist sources were behind the demonstration, but that was refuted in the CIA's findings.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tet_Offensive">Tet Offensive</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg/220px-L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg/330px-L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg/440px-L_B_Johnson_Model_Khe_Sanh.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4799" data-file-height="3217" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Walt Rostow</a>, Johnson's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">national security advisor</a>, meeting with Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a> in 1968, where the two reviewed a map of the region where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Battle of Khe Sanh</a> was being waged</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 30, 1968, the Viet Cong and the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> against South Vietnam's five largest cities, including Saigon. While the Tet Offensive failed militarily, it was a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. In February 1968, influential news anchor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> of <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America".<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26 percent then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam, while 63 percent disapproved.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> College students and others protested, burned <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> cards, and chanted, "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tet Offensive convinced senior leaders of the Johnson administration, including the "Wise Men" and new Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a>, that further escalation of troop levels would not help bring an end to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was initially reluctant to follow this advice, but ultimately agreed to allow a partial bombing halt and to signal his willingness to engage in peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, 1968, Johnson announced that he would halt the bombing in North Vietnam, while at the same time announcing that he would not seek re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also escalated U.S. military operations in South Vietnam in order to consolidate control of as much of the countryside as possible before the onset of serious peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talks began in Paris in May, but failed to yield any results.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the major obstacles in negotiations were the unwillingness of the United States to allow the Viet Cong to take part in the South Vietnamese government, and the unwillingness of North Vietnam to recognize the legitimacy of South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1968, when the parties came close to an agreement on a bombing halt, Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon intervened with the South Vietnamese, promising better terms so as to delay a settlement on the issue until after the election.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson sought a continuation of talks after the 1968 election, but the North Vietnamese argued about procedural matters until after Nixon took office.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3></div> <p>Like President Kennedy, Johnson sought to isolate <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, which was under the rule of the Soviet-aligned <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a> broke out between the government of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Reid_Cabral" title="Donald Reid Cabral">Donald Reid Cabral</a> and supporters of former President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosch_(politician)" title="Juan Bosch (politician)">Juan Bosch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-herring732736_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herring732736-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of Abe Fortas, Johnson dispatched over 20,000 Marines to the Dominican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their role was not take sides but to evacuate American citizens and restore order. The U.S. also helped arrange an agreement providing for new elections. Johnson's use of force in ending the civil war alienated many in Latin America, and the region's importance to the administration receded as Johnson's foreign policy became increasingly dominated by the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-herring732736_306-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herring732736-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg/220px-Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg/330px-Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg/440px-Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4971" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> (left) next to Johnson during the <a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though actively engaged in containment in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, Johnson made it a priority to seek arms control deals with Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-brands1_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands1-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union also sought closer relations to the United States during the mid-to-late 1960s, partly due to the increasingly worse <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>. Johnson attempted to reduce tensions with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> by easing restrictions on trade, but the beginning of China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> ended hopes of a greater rapprochement.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was concerned with averting the possibility of nuclear war, and he sought to reduce tensions in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Johnson administration pursued arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, signing the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a>, and laid the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brands1_308-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands1-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson held a largely amicable meeting with Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a> in 1967, and in July 1968 the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>, in which each signatory agreed not to help other countries develop or acquire nuclear weapons. A planned nuclear disarmament summit between the United States and the Soviet Union was scuttled after Soviet forces <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">violently suppressed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, an attempted democratization of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance_of_Martin_Luther_King">Surveillance of Martin Luther King</h3></div> <p>Johnson continued the FBI's <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretapping of Martin Luther King Jr.">wiretapping of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> authorized by the Kennedy administration under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-the_atlantic_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_atlantic-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson also authorized the tapping of phone conversations of others, including the Vietnamese friends of a Nixon associate.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_trips">International trips</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#Lyndon_B._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="List of international trips made by the President of the United States">List of international trips made by the President of the United States § Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG/300px-US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG/450px-US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG/600px-US_President_Lyndon_Johnson_Presidential_Trips.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Countries visited by Johnson during his presidency</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson made eleven international trips to twenty countries during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He flew five hundred twenty-three thousand miles (841,690 km) aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> while in office. His October 1966 visit to Australia sparked demonstrations from anti-war protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most unusual international trips in presidential history occurred before Christmas 1967. The President began the trip by going to the memorial for Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a>, who was presumed drowned in <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">a swimming accident</a>. The White House did not reveal in advance to the press that the President would make the first round-the-world presidential trip. The trip was twenty-six thousand nine hundred fifty-nine miles (43,386.3 km) completed in only 112.5 hours (4.7 days). Air Force One crossed the equator twice, stopped at <a href="/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base" title="Travis Air Force Base">Travis Air Force Base</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968_presidential_election">1968 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dump_Johnson_movement" title="Dump Johnson movement">Dump Johnson movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4892" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Johnson meeting with Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in July 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>As he had served less than two years of President Kennedy's term, Johnson was <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">constitutionally eligible</a> for election to a second full term in the 1968 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Johnson's growing unpopularity, conventional wisdom held that it would be impossible to deny re-nomination to a sitting president.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1967 Johnson openly admitted he was considering dropping out of the race for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson won a narrow victory in the <a href="/wiki/1968_New_Hampshire_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="1968 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a> on March 12,<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in a March 31 speech, Johnson shocked the nation when he announced he would not run for re-election by concluding with the line: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">"I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, his approval ratings increased from 36 percent to 49 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have debated the factors that led to Johnson's surprise decision. Shesol says Johnson wanted out of the White House but also wanted vindication; when the indicators turned negative he decided to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woods writes that Johnson realized he needed to leave in order for the nation to heal.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dallek says that Johnson had no further domestic goals, and realized that his personality had eroded his popularity. His health was not good, and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign; his wife was pressing for his retirement and his base of support continued to shrink. Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett, however, says Johnson "had been forced out of a reelection race in 1968 by outrage over his policy in Southeast Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson may also have hoped that the convention would ultimately choose to draft him back into the race.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> entered the race after Johnson's withdrawal, making the 1968 Democratic primaries a three-way contest between Humphrey, Kennedy, and McCarthy. Kennedy cut into McCarthy's liberal and anti-war base, while also winning the support of the poor and working class. He won a series of primary victories, but was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy%27s_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy's assassination">assassinated</a> in June by <a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> nationalist.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Johnson's support, Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in late August. Violent police attacks against <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">anti-war protesters</a> in Chicago marred the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humphrey's polling numbers improved after a September 30 speech in which he broke with Johnson's war policy, calling for an end to the bombing of North Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-sabato1_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabato1-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In what was termed the <a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a>, Johnson announced to the nation on October 31, 1968, that he had ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam", effective November 1, should the North Vietnamese government be willing to negotiate and citing progress with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris peace talks</a>. </p><p>Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> won the election.<sup id="cite_ref-sabato1_330-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabato1-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointments">Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg/170px-Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg/255px-Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg/340px-Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Johnson appointed <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, the first African American justice, to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson appointed Justices <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a> (1965) and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> (1967) to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Johnson anticipated court challenges to his legislative measures in 1965 and thought it advantageous to have a "mole" in the Supreme Court to provide him with inside information, as he was able to get from the legislative branch. Abe Fortas in particular Johnson thought could fill the bill. The opportunity arose when an opening occurred for ambassador to the UN, with Adlai Stevenson's death; Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> accepted Johnson's offer to transfer to the UN position. Johnson insisted on Fortas assuming Goldberg's seat, over Fortas's wife's objection that it was too early in his career.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> announced his retirement in 1968, Johnson nominated Fortas to succeed him as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>, and nominated <a href="/wiki/Homer_Thornberry" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a> to succeed Fortas as associate justice. However, Fortas's nomination was filibustered by senators, and neither nominee was voted upon by the full Senate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1969–1973)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281969.E2.80.931973.29"></span>Post-presidency (1969–1973)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On Inauguration Day (January 20, 1969), Johnson saw Nixon sworn in, then got on the plane to fly back to Texas. When the front door of the plane closed, Johnson pulled out a cigarette ‍—‌ his first cigarette he had smoked since his heart attack in 1955. One of his daughters pulled it out of his mouth and said, "Daddy, what are you doing? You're going to kill yourself." He took it back and said, "I've now raised you, girls. I've now been President. <i>Now it's my time!</i>" From that point on, he went into a very self-destructive spiral.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a><sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>After leaving the presidency in January 1969, Johnson went home to his ranch in Stonewall, Texas, accompanied by former aide and speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Middleton" title="Harry J. Middleton">Harry J. Middleton</a>, who would draft Johnson's first book, <i>The Choices We Face,</i> and work with him on his memoirs, <i>The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency 1963–1969,</i> published in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a> opened on the campus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>. He donated his Texas ranch in his will to the public to form the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a>, with the provision that it "remain a working ranch and not become a sterile relic of the past".<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg/220px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg/330px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg/440px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="3113" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with longer hair during an interview in August 1972, five months before his death</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson gave Nixon high grades in foreign policy, but worried that his successor was being pressured into removing U.S. forces from South Vietnam before the South Vietnamese were able to defend themselves. "If the South falls to the Communists, we can have a serious backlash here at home," he warned.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic1973_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic1973-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a>, Johnson only reluctantly endorsed Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, a senator from <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>; McGovern had long opposed Johnson's foreign and defense policies. Johnson wanted to attend the Democratic National Convention, but was advised not to attend as he would not be welcome. The McGovern nomination and platform dismayed him. Nixon could be defeated, Johnson insisted, "if only the Democrats don't go too far left".<sup id="cite_ref-LastDays_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LastDays-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson felt <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> would be more likely to defeat Nixon; however, he declined to try to stop McGovern receiving the nomination as he felt his unpopularity within the Democratic Party was such that anything he said was more likely to help McGovern. Johnson's protégé <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> had served as President Nixon's Secretary of the Treasury and then stepped down to head "<a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_Nixon" title="Democrats for Nixon">Democrats for Nixon</a>", a group funded by Republicans. It was the first time that Connally and Johnson were on opposite sides of a general election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3></div> <p>On November 17, 1934, Johnson married <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Karnack,_Texas" title="Karnack, Texas">Karnack, Texas</a>. The two first met after he attended <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center" title="Georgetown University Law Center">Georgetown University Law Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> for one semester.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their first date, Johnson asked her to marry him; many dates later, she finally agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding was officiated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._McKinstry" title="Arthur R. McKinstry">Arthur R. McKinstry</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Episcopal_Church_(San_Antonio,_Texas)" title="St. Mark's Episcopal Church (San Antonio, Texas)">St. Mark's Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two daughters: <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynda Bird Johnson">Lynda Bird</a> in 1944 and <a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines</a> in 1947. Johnson gave his children names with the LBJ initials; his dog was named Little Beagle Johnson, and his home was the <a href="/wiki/LBJ_Ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="LBJ Ranch">LBJ Ranch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a>. His initials were on his cufflinks, ashtrays, and clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc1956_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc1956-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his marriage, Johnson had <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">affairs</a> with "numerous"<sup id="cite_ref-caro_2019_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caro_2019-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> women, including socialite <a href="/wiki/Alice_Marsh" title="Alice Marsh">Alice Marsh</a>, who was considered, outside his marriage, his most important relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-caro_2019_342-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caro_2019-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg/220px-LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg/330px-LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg/440px-LBJ-Ranch-1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="3249" /></a><figcaption>Johnson wearing a <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hat</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Texas ranch</a>, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 2, 1955, at age 46, Johnson, a 60-cigarette-per-day smoker, suffered a near-fatal <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, which inspired him to discontinue smoking. Five months later, Johnson's doctors reported he had made "a most satisfactory recovery".<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson likely suffered a second heart attack following President Kennedy's assassination, but the diagnosis released to the public was that he had an <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a> attack.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 8, 1965, Johnson underwent surgery at <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Naval_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethesda Naval Hospital">Bethesda Naval Hospital</a> to remove his <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stone</a>. After the procedure, Johnson's doctors reported that the president had come through the surgery "beautifully as expected."<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to resume his duties the following day, and he met with reporters a couple of days later to reassure the nation that he was recovering well. Although Johnson was incapacitated during surgery, there was no transfer of presidential power to Vice President Humphrey.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1970, Johnson suffered an attack of <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a> and was taken to <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Military_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio Military Medical Center">Brooke Army General Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. He had gained more than 25 pounds (11 kg) since leaving the White House; he now weighed around 235 pounds (107 kg) and was urged to lose considerable weight. Johnson had also resumed smoking shortly before Christmas 1971, having not smoked since his near-fatal heart attack in July 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-LastDays_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LastDays-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following summer, again gripped by chronic chest pains, he lost 15 pounds (6.8 kg) in less than a month on a crash diet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 1972, Johnson had another major heart attack while visiting his daughter, Lynda, in Virginia. "I'm hurting real bad",<sup id="cite_ref-LastDays_336-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LastDays-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he confided to friends. The chest pains returned nearly every afternoon ‍—‌ jolting pains that left him frightened and breathless. A portable <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tank" title="Oxygen tank">oxygen tank</a> was kept by his bed, and he periodically interrupted what he was doing to lie down and don the mask. He continued to smoke heavily and, although nominally on a <a href="/wiki/Low-calorie_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-calorie diet">low-calorie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary cholesterol">low-cholesterol diet</a>, kept to it only intermittently. Meanwhile, he began to experience severe abdominal pains, diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">diverticulosis</a>. His heart condition rapidly worsened and surgery was recommended. Johnson flew to Houston to consult with heart specialist <a href="/wiki/Michael_DeBakey" title="Michael DeBakey">Michael DeBakey</a>, where he learned his condition was terminal. DeBakey found that despite two of Johnson's coronary arteries being in urgent need of a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary bypass">coronary bypass</a>, his heart was in such poor condition that he likely would have died during surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic1973_335-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic1973-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_Laying_a_Wreath_at_the_Casket_of_Former_President_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_during_the_Lying_in_State_Memorial_Ceremony_in_the_Capitol_Rotunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/President_Richard_Nixon_Laying_a_Wreath_at_the_Casket_of_Former_President_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_during_the_Lying_in_State_Memorial_Ceremony_in_the_Capitol_Rotunda.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/President_Richard_Nixon_Laying_a_Wreath_at_the_Casket_of_Former_President_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_during_the_Lying_in_State_Memorial_Ceremony_in_the_Capitol_Rotunda.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/President_Richard_Nixon_Laying_a_Wreath_at_the_Casket_of_Former_President_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_during_the_Lying_in_State_Memorial_Ceremony_in_the_Capitol_Rotunda.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5742" data-file-height="3849" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> paying his last tributes to his predecessor, former president Johnson in 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg/220px-Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg/330px-Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg/440px-Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_grave_cropped.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Johnson's grave</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson recorded an hour-long television interview with newsman <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> at his ranch on January 12, 1973, in which he discussed his legacy, particularly about the civil rights movement. He was still smoking heavily, and told Cronkite that it was better for his heart "to smoke than to be nervous".<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At approximately 3:40 P.M. <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a> on January 22, 1973, Johnson suffered his final heart attack in his bedroom. He managed to telephone the Secret Service agents on the ranch, who found him still holding the telephone receiver, unconscious and "appear[ing] to be dead".<sup id="cite_ref-AP_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attempted resuscitation, and Johnson was airlifted in one of his planes to <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_International_Airport" title="San Antonio International Airport">San Antonio International Airport</a>, en route to <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Army_Medical_Center" title="Brooke Army Medical Center">Brooke Army Medical Center</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologist">cardiologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Army colonel">Army colonel</a> George McGranahan pronounced him <a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">dead on arrival</a> at the airport at 4:33 P.M. Johnson was 64.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the former president was pronounced dead, Johnson's press secretary <a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(journalist)" title="Tom Johnson (journalist)">Tom Johnson</a> (no relation) telephoned Cronkite to tell him. Cronkite was anchoring <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a></i> live at the moment Johnson reached him, which enabled him to report on President Johnson's death as he received direct information.<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon mentioned Johnson's death in a speech he gave the day after Johnson died, announcing the peace agreement to end the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">lying in repose</a> at his presidential library, Johnson was honored with a <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">state funeral</a>. Texas Congressman <a href="/wiki/J._J._Pickle" title="J. J. Pickle">J. J. Pickle</a> and former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulogized" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogized">eulogized</a> him when he <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state#United_States" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Capitol_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capitol-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funeral took place on January 25 at the <a href="/wiki/National_City_Christian_Church" title="National City Christian Church">National City Christian Church</a> in Washington, D.C., where he had often worshiped as president. The service was presided over by President Nixon and attended by foreign dignitaries, led by <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a>, who had served as Japanese prime minister during Johnson's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eulogies were given by George Davis, the church's pastor, and <a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">W. Marvin Watson</a>, Johnson's last <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> and a longtime advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-Funeral_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funeral-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson was buried in his family's private cemetery at the house in which he was born. Eulogies were given by former Texas governor Connally and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, the minister who officiated at the burial rites. The state funeral, the last for a president until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s in 1994, was part of an unexpectedly busy week in Washington, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon's second inauguration</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDW_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Johnson died only two days after the inauguration,<sup id="cite_ref-Capitol_355-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capitol-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MDW_358-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the remainder of the ceremonies surrounding the inauguration were cancelled to allow for a full state funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-MDW_358-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also meant that Johnson's casket traveled the entire length of the Capitol, entering through the Senate wing when taken into the Rotunda to lie in state and exiting through the House wing steps due to inauguration construction on the East Front steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Capitol_355-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capitol-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_public_image">Personality and public image</h2></div> <p>According to biographer Randall Woods, Johnson posed in many different roles: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Johnson the Son of the Tenant Farmer, Johnson the Great Compromiser, Johnson the All-Knowing, Johnson the Humble, Johnson the Warrior, Johnson the Dove, Johnson the Romantic, Johnson the Hard-Headed Pragmatist, Johnson the Preserver of Traditions, Johnson the Crusader for Social Justice, Johnson the Magnanimous, Johnson the Vindictive or Johnson the Uncouth, LBJ the Hick, Lyndon the Satyr, and Johnson the Usurper".<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Johnson had his particular brand of persuasion, known as "The Johnson Treatment".<sup id="cite_ref-indy_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There was no more powerful majority leader in American history," biographer Robert Dallek writes. Dallek stated that Johnson had biographies on all the senators, knew what their ambitions, hopes, and tastes were and used it to his advantage in securing votes. Another Johnson biographer noted, "He could get up every day and learn what their fears, their desires, their wishes, their wants were and he could then manipulate, dominate, persuade and cajole them." As president, Johnson vetoed 30 bills; no other president in history vetoed so many bills and never had a single one overridden by Congress. He was often seen as an ambitious, tireless, and imposing figure who was ruthlessly effective at getting legislation passed. He typically worked 18- to 20-hour days without a break and had no regular leisure activities. He stood 6 feet 3.5 inches (1.918 m) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's cowboy hat and boots reflected his Texas roots and love of the rural hill country. From 250 acres (100 ha) of land that he was given by an aunt in 1951, he created a 2,700-acre (1,100 ha) working ranch with 400 cattle. The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> keeps a herd descended from Johnson's and maintains the ranch property.<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer Randall Woods argues that <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> themes Johnson learned from childhood allowed him to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, and explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach to Christian internationalism and nation-building. For example, in a 1966 speech he quoted at length from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Creed_(Methodist)" title="Social Creed (Methodist)">Social Creed of the Methodist Church</a>, adding "It would be very hard for me to write a more perfect description of the American ideal."<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_Library_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/LBJ_Library_2017.jpg/220px-LBJ_Library_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/LBJ_Library_2017.jpg/330px-LBJ_Library_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/LBJ_Library_2017.jpg/440px-LBJ_Library_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a> located on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have viewed Johnson through the lens of both his legislative achievements and his lack of success in the Vietnam War. His overall rating among historians has remained relatively steady, and his average ranking is higher than any of the eight presidents who followed him, although similar to Reagan and Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In public polling of <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">presidential favorability</a> of Johnson and the presidents who succeeded him Johnson tends to appear more toward the bottom of lists, typically excepting <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. </p><p> Historian Kent Germany explains:</p><blockquote><p>The man who was elected to the White House by one of the widest margins in U.S. history and pushed through as much legislation as any other American politician now seems to be remembered best by the public for succeeding an assassinated hero, steering the country into a quagmire in Vietnam, cheating on his saintly wife, exposing his stitched-up belly, using profanity, picking up dogs by their ears, swimming naked with advisers in the White House pool, and emptying his bowels while conducting official business. Of all those issues, Johnson's reputation suffers the most from his management of the Vietnam War, something that has overshadowed his civil rights and domestic policy accomplishments and caused Johnson himself to regret his handling of "the woman I really loved ‍—‌ the Great Society."<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> <p>The Manned Spacecraft Center in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a> headquarters was named after Johnson in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a> at the University of Texas at Austin was named in his honor, as is the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a>. Also named for him are schools in Austin and <a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a>, Texas; <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida" title="Melbourne, Florida">Melbourne, Florida</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Kentucky" title="Jackson, Kentucky">Jackson, Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_635_(Texas)" title="Interstate 635 (Texas)">Interstate 635</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> is named the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway. The <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a> was dedicated in 1976. </p><p>Johnson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> posthumously in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas created a state holiday on August 27 to mark Johnson's birthday, known as <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_legislation_signed">Major legislation signed</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: Higher Education Facilities Act<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: Vocational Education Act<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1964" title="Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964">Urban Mass Transportation Act</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a></li> <li>1964: Nurse Training Act<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act</a></li> <li>1964: Housing Act<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Act of 1965">Social Security Act</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Services_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Services Act</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act">Age Discrimination in Employment Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_Education_Act" title="Bilingual Education Act">Bilingual Education Act</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_regulatory_changes">Significant regulatory changes</h3></div> <ul><li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> creates national emergency number <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li><i>National Aeronautics and Space Act</i> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Choices We Face</i> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Vantage Point</i> (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Museum_Houston#Moral_Courage_Award" title="Holocaust Museum Houston">Holocaust Museum Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_Wright" title="Zephyr Wright">Zephyr Wright</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson was vice president under <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and became president upon <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's assassination</a> on November 22, 1963. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President Grant, on October 17, 1871, suspended <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> in nine <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> counties, sent in troops, and prosecuted the Klan in the federal district court.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724070636/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Lyndon_Johnson.htm">"Lyndon Baines Johnson, 37th Vice President (1961–1963)"</a>. <i>US Senate</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Lyndon_Johnson.htm">the original</a> on July 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson%3A+Life+Before+the+Presidency&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Flbjohnson%2Flife-before-the-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caro 1990 p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caro 1990 p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallek 1991, pp. 318–319, 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallek 1991, pp. 319, 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baum-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baum_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Baum_and_James_L._Hailey1994" class="citation journal cs1">Dale Baum and James L. 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"Lyndon Johnson's Victory in the 1948 Texas Senate Race: A Reappraisal". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>109</b> (4): 595–613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2151840">10.2307/2151840</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151840">2151840</a>. <q>To the east in neighboring Jim Wells County – home of the notorious Box 13, which happened to be the only box in the county dominated by Parr's operatives – LBJ managed to acquire, according to the estimates, a four-percentage-point net gain over Stevenson, or about only 387 votes (of which at least two hundred were patently fraudulent).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lyndon+Johnson%27s+Victory+in+the+1948+Texas+Senate+Race%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-613&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2151840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2151840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Dale+Baum+and+James+L.+Hailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro1990">Caro (1990)</a>, pp. 360–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Senate+%E2%80%93+August+29%2C+1957&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=16478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-6-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt6-8-1.pdf">"Senate – April 8, 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>106</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 7810–7811<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Johnson"</a>. <i>LBJ Presidential Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBJ+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Biography+Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbjlibrary.org%2Flife-and-legacy%2Fthe-man-himself%2Fbiography%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMay%252029%252F30%252C%25201941.%26text%3DAt%2520the%2520request%2520of%2520President%2Cin%2520the%2520US%2520Naval%2520Reserve.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/parties-leadership/johnson-b-lyndon.htm">"Lyndon B. Johnson Master of the Senate"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson+Master+of+the+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Forigins-foundations%2Fparties-leadership%2Fjohnson-b-lyndon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Michael S. (2009). <i>The Eisenhower Years</i>. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eisenhower+Years&rft.pages=359&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._5._The_Path_Ahead-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro2002Ch._5._The_Path_Ahead_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro2002">Caro (2002)</a>, Ch. 5. The Path Ahead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeWest-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimeWest_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6888376/national-affairs-go-west-lyndon/">"National Affairs: Go West, Lyndon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. February 23, 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=National+Affairs%3A+Go+West%2C+Lyndon&rft.date=1959-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6888376%2Fnational-affairs-go-west-lyndon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaroPassage1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaroPassage1_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaroPassage1_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Caro2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert A. Caro</a> (2014). 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiponeilldemoc00farr"><i>Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century: A Biography</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-26049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-26049-7"><bdi>978-0-316-26049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tip+O%27Neill+and+the+Democratic+Century%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-316-26049-7&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiponeilldemoc00farr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek1991">Dallek (1991)</a>, pp. 578–582</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/the-man-himself/biography">"Lyndon B. Johnson"</a>. <i>LBJ Presidential Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBJ+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbjlibrary.org%2Flife-and-legacy%2Fthe-man-himself%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrence-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawrence_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1960" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence, WH (July 15, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/600715convention-dem-ra.html">"Johnson is Nominated for Vice President; Kennedy Picks Him to Placate the South"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Johnson+is+Nominated+for+Vice+President%3B+Kennedy+Picks+Him+to+Placate+the+South&rft.date=1960-07-15&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=WH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fpolitics%2Fcamp%2F600715convention-dem-ra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lbj/#transcript">"LBJ"</a>. <i>PBS American Experience</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+American+Experience&rft.atitle=LBJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Flbj%2F%23transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro2012">Caro (2012)</a>, p. 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortygavels.com/"><i>Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO</i>.</a> <b>3</b>. Peoria, IL: CWS Publishing. pp. 175–176. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9982575-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9982575-3-2">978-0-9982575-3-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro2002">Caro (2002)</a>, p. 1035</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/lyndon_johnson.pdf">"Vice Presidents of the United States – Lyndon B. Johnson (1963)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofhouseli00onei/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55201-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55201-9"><bdi>978-0-394-55201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+of+the+House%3A+The+Life+and+Political+Memoirs+of+Speaker+Tip+O%27Neill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55201-9&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Tip&rft.au=Novak%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanofhouseli00onei%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro2012">Caro (2012)</a>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, <i>Kennedy in Berlin</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 51‒57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek1998">Dallek (1998)</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy to Johnson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf">"Memorandum for Vice President"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131222858/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf">Archived</a> January 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, April 20, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lbjmemo-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lbjmemo_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson to Kennedy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo2.pdf">"Evaluation of Space Program"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106222930/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo2.pdf">Archived</a> November 6, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, April 28, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Evans, <i>Foothold in the Heavens: The Seventies</i> (2010) p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek1998">Dallek (1998)</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0811F93A541A7B93C1AB178AD95F478685F9">"Kennedy Denied Talk of Dropping Johnson"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>, November 23, 1963, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Shesol, <i>Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy and the Feud that Defined a Decade</i> (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek1998">Dallek (1998)</a>, pp. 42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean J. 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New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori/page/1121">1121–1122</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65-12468">65-12468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1121-1122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65-12468&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryof00mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AirForceOne-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AirForceOne_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFterHorstAlbertazzie1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerald_terHorst" title="Jerald terHorst">terHorst, Jerald F.</a>; Albertazzie, Col. 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Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10930-8"><bdi>978-0-698-10930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+White+House%3A+the+story+of+Air+Force+One&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-698-10930-8&rft.aulast=terHorst&rft.aufirst=Jerald+F.&rft.au=Albertazzie%2C+Col.+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflyingwhitehouse00ter_evv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2003">Walsh (2003)</a>, pp. xv, 2, 17, 73–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallek (1998), p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Holland, Max. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+History%3A+From+Pre-Columbian+to+the+New+Millennium.&rft.atitle=Lyndon+Johnson%27s+%22Great+Society%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F56e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forestsociety.org/advocacy-issue/land-water-conservation-fund">"Land & Water Conservation Fund"</a>. <i>Forest Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovInfo&rft.atitle=Anniversary+of+the+Wilderness+Act+and+Land+and+Water+Conservation+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Ffeatures%2Fwilderness-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 208–209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/beauty.cfm">"How the Highway Beautification Act Became a Law"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of Transportation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=How+the+Highway+Beautification+Act+Became+a+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Finfrastructure%2Fbeauty.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesol" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff. <i>Mutual Contempt</i>. pp. 459–460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt&rft.pages=459-460&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/history-of-gun-control-legislation/2012/12/22/80c8d624-4ad3-11e2-9a42-d1ce6d0ed278_story.html">"History of gun-control legislation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. December 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=History+of+gun-control+legislation&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhistory-of-gun-control-legislation%2F2012%2F12%2F22%2F80c8d624-4ad3-11e2-9a42-d1ce6d0ed278_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolak2013" class="citation news cs1">Dolak, Kevin (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/gun-debate-spurred-kennedy-assassination-rages-today/story?id=20677433">"Gun Debate Spurred by Kennedy Assassination Rages on Today"</a>. ABC News Internet Ventures<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gun+Debate+Spurred+by+Kennedy+Assassination+Rages+on+Today&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.aulast=Dolak&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fgun-debate-spurred-kennedy-assassination-rages-today%2Fstory%3Fid%3D20677433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek1998">Dallek (1998)</a>, pp. 222–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/lbjohnson/the-american-franchise">"Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Franchise"</a>. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson%3A+The+American+Franchise&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Flbjohnson%2Fthe-american-franchise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2014" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014). <i>The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137269638" title="Special:BookSources/9781137269638"><bdi>9781137269638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long%2C+Hot+Summer+of+1967%3A+Urban+Rebellion+in+America.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137269638&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallek_1998,_p._412-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dallek_1998,_p._412_237-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dallek_1998,_p._412_237-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallek (1998), p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHS67-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LHS67_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2014" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QI17AwAAQBAJ&q=%22long+hot+summer%22+1967&pg=PA1"><i>The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America</i></a>. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–9, 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26963-8"><bdi>978-1-137-26963-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long%2C+Hot+Summer+of+1967%3A+Urban+Rebellion+in+America&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=1-9%2C+40-41&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-26963-8&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQI17AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522long%2Bhot%2Bsummer%2522%2B1967%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2016" class="citation book cs1">Hinton, Elizabeth (2016). <i>From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America</i>. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Heat+of+the+Summer%3A+The+New+York+Riots+of+1964+and+the+War+on+Crime&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigart1967" class="citation news cs1">Bigart, Homer (July 16, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/race/071667race-ra.html">"Newark Riot Deaths at 21 As Negro Sniping Widens; Hughes May Seek U.S. Aid"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newark+Riot+Deaths+at+21+As+Negro+Sniping+Widens%3B+Hughes+May+Seek+U.S.+Aid&rft.date=1967-07-16&rft.aulast=Bigart&rft.aufirst=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2Frace%2F071667race-ra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1967" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Gene (July 26, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/26/archives/troops-battle-detroit-snipers-firing-machine-guns-from-tanks.html">"Troops Battle Detroit Snipers, Firing Machine Guns From Tanks; Lindsay Appeals To East Harlem; Detroit Toll Is 31 Rioters Rout Police-- Guardsmen Released To Aid Other Cities"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Troops+Battle+Detroit+Snipers%2C+Firing+Machine+Guns+From+Tanks%3B+Lindsay+Appeals+To+East+Harlem%3B+Detroit+Toll+Is+31+Rioters+Rout+Police--+Guardsmen+Released+To+Aid+Other+Cities&rft.date=1967-07-26&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F07%2F26%2Farchives%2Ftroops-battle-detroit-snipers-firing-machine-guns-from-tanks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, Randall (2006), pp. 790–795.; Michael W. 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Another Martyr"</a>. <i>Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the laws that changed America</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft.pub=Clinton+White+House&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclinton2.nara.gov%2FWH%2Fglimpse%2Fpresidents%2Fhtml%2Flj36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidelSidey2006" class="citation book cs1">Freidel, Frank; Sidey, Hugh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/lyndon-b-johnson/">"Lyndon B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3388">the original</a> on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+Decision+not+to+Seek+Re-Election+%28March+31%2C+1968%29&rft.pub=The+Miller+Center%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fscripps%2Farchive%2Fspeeches%2Fdetail%2F3388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdegrove2012" class="citation book cs1">Updegrove, Mark K. (2012). <i>Indomitable will: LBJ in the presidency</i> (1st ed.). New York: Crown. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88771-9"><bdi>978-0-307-88771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indomitable+will%3A+LBJ+in+the+presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-88771-9&rft.aulast=Updegrove&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Shesol1998" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Shesol (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcontemptly00shes"><i>Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade</i></a></span>. W W Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcontemptly00shes/page/545">545</a>–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393040784" title="Special:BookSources/9780393040784"><bdi>9780393040784</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pages=545-47&rft.pub=W+W+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780393040784&rft.au=Jeff+Shesol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmutualcontemptly00shes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods (2006), pp. 834–835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallek (1998), pp. 518–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_J._Bennett2013" class="citation book cs1">Anthony J. Bennett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XH4Os4Cjr-cC&pg=PT160"><i>The Race for the White House from Reagan to Clinton: Reforming Old Systems, Building New Coalitions</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137268600" title="Special:BookSources/9781137268600"><bdi>9781137268600</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+for+the+White+House+from+Reagan+to+Clinton%3A+Reforming+Old+Systems%2C+Building+New+Coalitions&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781137268600&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXH4Os4Cjr-cC%26pg%3DPT160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Justin A. (December 2000). 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Sabato's Crystal Ball<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ball+of+Confusion+That+Was+1968&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforpolitics.org%2Fcrystalball%2Farticles%2Fthe-ball-of-confusion-that-was-1968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek1998">Dallek (1998)</a>, pp. 233–235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Decisions That Shook the World</i>, vol. 1, 38:18–47. Dir. Gerald Rafshoon. Camera Planet/Discovery Productions, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Harry J. Middleton Curriculum Vitae". LBJ Presidential Library Reading Room. February 25, 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Harry+J.+Middleton+Curriculum+Vitae&rft.date=1971-02-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Marvin (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/615573">"Taming the wild pecan at Lyndon B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+President&rft.date=1973-07&rft.aulast=Janos&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2F73jul%2Fjanos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LastDays-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LastDays_336-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LastDays_336-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LastDays_336-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanos1973" class="citation magazine cs1">Janos, Leo (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1973/07/the-last-days-of-the-president/376281/">"The Last Days of the President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+President&rft.date=1973-07&rft.aulast=Janos&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1973%2F07%2Fthe-last-days-of-the-president%2F376281%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshman1974" class="citation book cs1">Ashman, Charles R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/connallyadventur00ashm/page/271"><i>Connally: The Adventures of Big Bad John</i></a>. New York: Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/connallyadventur00ashm/page/271">271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00222-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00222-0"><bdi>978-0-688-00222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connally%3A+The+Adventures+of+Big+Bad+John&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-688-00222-0&rft.aulast=Ashman&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconnallyadventur00ashm%2Fpage%2F271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzatzev2012" class="citation web cs1">Tzatzev, Aleksi (September 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/six-presidents-who-dropped-out-of-law-school-2012-9">"Six Law School Dropouts Who Went On To Become President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Politics+and+the+president%27s+gallbladder&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=71-72&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28885794&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Theodore+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.facs.org%2F2017%2F07%2Fpolitics-and-the-presidents-gallbladder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Robert E. (December 1995). "The Political Effects of Presidential Illness: The Case of Lyndon B. 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January 23, 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lyndon+Johnson%2C+36th+President+is+Dead&rft.date=1973-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F04%2F12%2Fspecials%2Fjohnson-obit.html%3Fscp%3D36%26sq%3DDead%252520presidents%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9mCcfN9iRk"><span class="plainlinks">Death of LBJ as it broke</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaffey1973" class="citation news cs1">Claffey, Charles (January 25, 1973). "Johnson lies in state at Capitol; burial is today at Texas ranch". <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Johnson+lies+in+state+at+Capitol%3B+burial+is+today+at+Texas+ranch&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1973-01-25&rft.aulast=Claffey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusk1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk, Dean</a> (1990). Rusk, Richard; Papp, Daniel S. (eds.). <i>As I Saw It</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson+%28introduction%29&rft.btitle=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Act%3A+A+Study+of+the+Development+of+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Public+Affairs+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F62014610&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F62014610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1969" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Lyndon B. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68059614"><i>Choices We Face</i></a>. A Bantam extra. Bantam. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68059614">68059614</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choices+We+Face&rft.series=A+Bantam+extra&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68059614&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lyndon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F68059614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1971" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Lyndon B. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74102146"><i>The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969</i></a>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-084492-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-084492-8"><bdi>978-0-03-084492-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74102146">74102146</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vantage+Point%3A+Perspectives+of+the+Presidency%2C+1963%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74102146&rft.isbn=978-0-03-084492-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lyndon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F74102146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Bernstein" title="Irving Bernstein">Bernstein, Irving</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsorbutterpres00bern"><i>Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195063127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195063127"><bdi>978-0195063127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns+or+Butter%3A+The+Presidency+of+Lyndon+Johnson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195063127&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunsorbutterpres00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1982" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Robert (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson:_The_Path_to_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power">The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72945-7"><bdi>978-0-679-72945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson%3A+The+Path+to+Power&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72945-7&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1990" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Robert (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson:_Means_of_Ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent">The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent</a></i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52835-9"><bdi>978-0-394-52835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson%3A+Means+of+Ascent&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52835-9&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro2002" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Robert (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson:_Master_Of_The_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master Of The Senate">The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master Of The Senate</a></i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72095-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72095-1"><bdi>978-0-394-72095-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson%3A+Master+Of+The+Senate&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-394-72095-1&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro2012" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Robert (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson:_The_Passage_of_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power">The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power</a></i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-71325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-71325-5"><bdi>978-0-375-71325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson%3A+The+Passage+of+Power&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-375-71325-5&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek1991" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Robert (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonestarrisingly00dall_0"><i>Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195079043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195079043"><bdi>978-0195079043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lone+Star+Rising%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+His+Times%2C+1908%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0195079043&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonestarrisingly00dall_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek1998" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Robert (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flawedgiantlyndo00dall/page/524"><i>Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505465-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505465-1"><bdi>978-0-19-505465-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flawed+Giant%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+His+Times%2C+1961%E2%80%931973&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505465-1&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflawedgiantlyndo00dall%2Fpage%2F524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2010" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1968electionthat0000goul"><i>1968: The Election That Changed America</i></a></span>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-862-3"><bdi>978-1-56663-862-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1968%3A+The+Election+That+Changed+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-862-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1968electionthat0000goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(American_writer)" title="Richard Reeves (American writer)">Reeves, Richard</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentkennedy00reev_0"><i>President Kennedy: Profile of Power</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64879-4"><bdi>978-0-671-64879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Kennedy%3A+Profile+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-64879-4&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentkennedy00reev_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2003" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Kenneth T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/airforceonehisto00wals"><i>Air Force One: a history of the presidents and their planes</i></a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0004-3"><bdi>978-1-4013-0004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Force+One%3A+a+history+of+the+presidents+and+their+planes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0004-3&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fairforceonehisto00wals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2006" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Randall (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lbj00rand"><i>LBJ: Architect of American Ambition</i></a></span>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83458-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83458-0"><bdi>978-0-684-83458-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LBJ%3A+Architect+of+American+Ambition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83458-0&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flbj00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Bibliography of Lyndon B. Johnson">Bibliography of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew1999" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, John A. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lyndonjohnsongre0000andr"><i>Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society</i></a></span>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-185-3"><bdi>978-1-56663-185-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37884743">37884743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+Johnson+and+the+Great+Society&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37884743&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-185-3&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flyndonjohnsongre0000andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1991" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Larry (1991). <i>Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+Johnson%27s+War%3A+The+Road+to+Stalemate+in+Vietnam&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornet1983" class="citation book cs1">Bornet, Vaughn Davis (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyoflynd00born"><i>The Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</i></a></span>. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0242-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-0242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0242-1&rft.aulast=Bornet&rft.aufirst=Vaughn+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyoflynd00born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (1997). <i>The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511377-8"><bdi>978-0-19-511377-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Globalism%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+the+Limits+of+American+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511377-8&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenTuckerm1994" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I.; Tuckerm, Nancy Bernkopf, eds. (1994). <i>Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy 1963–1968</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+Johnson+Confronts+the+World%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+1963%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColman2010" class="citation book cs1">Colman, Jonathan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir101.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/colman-2010-the-foreign-policy-of-lyndon-b-johnson-compressed.pdf"><i>The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson: The United States and the World, 1963–1969</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%3A+The+United+States+and+the+World%2C+1963%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Colman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir101.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F11%2Fcolman-2010-the-foreign-policy-of-lyndon-b-johnson-compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2004" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Robert (2004). <i>Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-280-50296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-280-50296-5"><bdi>978-1-280-50296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson%3A+Portrait+of+a+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-280-50296-5&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span>, abridged version of his two-volume biography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2013" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Sylvia (2013). <i>Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights</i>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Pragmatist%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+Civil+Rights&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavinLawrence2014" class="citation book cs1">Gavin, Francis J.; Lawrence, Mark Atwood, eds. (2014). <i>Beyond the Cold War: Lyndon Johnson and the New Global Challenges of the 1960s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199790692.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199790692.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979069-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979069-2"><bdi>978-0-19-979069-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Cold+War%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+the+New+Global+Challenges+of+the+1960s&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199790692.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979069-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Lichtenstein, Nelson, ed. (1976). <i>Political Profiles: The Johnson Years</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Profiles%3A+The+Johnson+Years&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span> short biographies of 400+ key politicians</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman1995" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Bruce J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonam00schu"><i>Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism: A Brief Biography with Documents</i></a>. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08351-9"><bdi>978-0-312-08351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson+and+American+Liberalism%3A+A+Brief+Biography+with+Documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bedford+Books+of+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-08351-9&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flyndonbjohnsonam00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2011" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Jordan A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newdealerspowerp0000schw"><i>The New Dealers: Power politics in the age of Roosevelt</i></a>. Vintage. pp. 364–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679747819" title="Special:BookSources/9780679747819"><bdi>9780679747819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Dealers%3A+Power+politics+in+the+age+of+Roosevelt&rft.pages=364-284&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780679747819&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Jordan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewdealerspowerp0000schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandiver1997" class="citation book cs1">Vandiver, Frank E. (1997). <i>Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson's Wars</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+Vietnam%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%27s+Wars&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Vandiver&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2016" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Randall B. (2016). <i>Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+Hope%3A+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%2C+the+Great+Society%2C+and+the+Limits+of+Liberalism&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Randall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarefsky1986" class="citation book cs1">Zarefsky, David (1986). <i>President Johnson's War on Poverty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Johnson%27s+War+on+Poverty&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Zarefsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatsam2007" class="citation journal cs1">Catsam, Derek (2007). "The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 314–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00486.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Civil+Rights+Movement+and+the+Presidency+in+the+Hot+Years+of+the+Cold+War%3A+A+Historical+and+Historiographical+Assessment&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=314-344&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00486.x&rft.aulast=Catsam&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermany2009" class="citation journal cs1">Germany, Kent B. (2009). "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons: A Review Essay". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 1001–1028. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27779121">27779121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Historians+and+the+Many+Lyndon+Johnsons%3A+A+Review+Essay&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1001-1028&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27779121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Germany&rft.aufirst=Kent+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2012" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Mitchell B. (2012). <i>A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span> scholarly essays on all aspects of Johnson's career.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbjlibrary.org/">Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/lyndon-b-johnson/">White House biography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressJ000160" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000160">"Lyndon B. Johnson (id: J000160)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson+%28id%3A+J000160%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DJ000160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyndon+B.+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidentialrecordings.rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/">The Presidential Recordings of Lyndon B. Johnson Digital Edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506012408/https://presidentialrecordings.rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/">Archived</a> May 6, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?5162">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151632-1/life-portrait-lyndon-b-johnson">"Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, November 12, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Lyndon+Baines+Johnson%22+OR+%22Lyndon+Johnson%22+OR+%22Lyndon+B.+Johnson%22+OR+%22LBJ%22%29">Works by or about Lyndon B. Johnson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11302">Works by Lyndon B. Johnson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/j/lyndon_baines_johnson/index.html">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lbjohnson/index.html">Lyndon Baines Johnson: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422143150/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/lbjohnson">Extensive essays on Lyndon Johnson</a> and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lbj/player/"><i>LBJ</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220235544/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lbj/player/">Archived</a> December 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), an <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i> documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Johnson-Lyndon-B">Lyndon B. Johnson Personal Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0425696/">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lyndon_B._Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template talk:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lyndon_B._Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1963–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">Texas</a> (1949–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">TX-10</a> (1937–1949)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act" title="Child Nutrition Act">Child Nutrition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIO_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIO (program)">TRIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Dominican Republic occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)#History" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11375" title="Executive Order 11375">Executive Order 11375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963–69" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">Credibility gap</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">White House preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address">1969</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administration_and_Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_desk" title="Johnson desk">Johnson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/100px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/150px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/200px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_years">Early years and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas" title="Operation Texas">Operation Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Texas Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Amendment" title="Johnson Amendment">Johnson Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13 scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)" title="Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)">Bashir Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">1938 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States Senate special elections, 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Personality_and_public_image">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)"><i>Daisy</i> advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)" title="LBJ (1991 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (1991 television film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War"><i>Path to War</i> (2002 film)</a></li> <li><i>All the Way</i> (<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)" title="LBJ (2016 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda Bird Johnson Robb</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines" title="Joseph Wilson Baines">Joseph Wilson Baines</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">← John F. Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Buchanan" title="James P. Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">Texas's 10th congressional district</a> </b><br />1937–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Homer_Thornberry" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">Lee O'Daniel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 2</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Texas">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1954 United States Senate election in Texas">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1960 United States Senate election in Texas">1960</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">William A. Blakley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Francis J. Myers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Democratic Whip</a> </b><br />1951–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Earle_C._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle C. Clements">Earle Clements</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">Ernest McFarland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Democratic Leader</a> </b><br />1953–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">Lee O'Daniel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Texas</a> </b><br />1949–1961 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Tom Connally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">William A. Blakley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">William A. Blakley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Francis J. Myers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Whip</a> </b><br />1951–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">Ernest McFarland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Minority Leader</a> </b><br />1953–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William F. Knowland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William F. Knowland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a> </b><br />1955–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the Senate Reception Room Committee </b><br />1955–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Aeronautical_and_Space_Sciences" title="United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences">Senate Space Committee</a> </b><br />1958–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Kerr" title="Robert S. Kerr">Robert S. Kerr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1961–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1963–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Person of the Year</a> </b><br />1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">Baby boomers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Person of the Year</a> </b><br />1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Astronauts of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> </b><br />1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LB_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template:LB Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:LB_Johnson_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:LB Johnson cabinet (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LB_Johnson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LB Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/100px-Lbj2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/150px-Lbj2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/200px-Lbj2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="5552" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Henry H. Fowler</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Joseph W. Barr</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> (1963–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a> (1964–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> (1966–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">John A. Gronouski</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">Larry O'Brien</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">W. Marvin Watson</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Connor" title="John T. Connor">John T. Connor</a> (1965–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trowbridge" title="Alexander Trowbridge">Alexander Trowbridge</a> (1967–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Smith" title="C. R. Smith">C. R. Smith</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Gardner" title="John W. Gardner">John W. Gardner</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Cohen" title="Wilbur J. Cohen">Wilbur J. Cohen</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coldwell_Wood" title="Robert Coldwell Wood">Robert Coldwell Wood</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_S._Boyd" title="Alan S. Boyd">Alan S. Boyd</a> (1967–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Wiggins" title="James Russell Wiggins">James Russell Wiggins</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="Template:United States senators from Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="Template talk:United States senators from Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States senators from Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Pinckney_Henderson" title="J. Pinckney Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Ward" title="Matthias Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wigfall" title="Louis Wigfall">Wigfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Flanagan" title="J. W. Flanagan">Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_B._Maxey" title="Samuel B. Maxey">Maxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Chilton" title="Horace Chilton">Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_B._Mayfield" title="Earle B. Mayfield">Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">Blakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Krueger" title="Bob Krueger">Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison" title="Kay Bailey Hutchison">Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">S. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hemphill_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hemphill (U.S. senator)">Hemphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_C._Hamilton" title="Morgan C. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coke" title="Richard Coke">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Chilton" title="Horace Chilton">Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Bailey" title="Joseph W. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rienzi_Melville_Johnston" title="Rienzi Melville Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Houston" title="Andrew Jackson Houston">A. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">O'Daniel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Blakley" title="William A. Blakley">Blakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Gramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Senate_majority_leaders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_majority_leaders" title="Template:US Senate majority leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_majority_leaders" title="Template talk:US Senate majority leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_majority_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate majority leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Senate_majority_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">United States Senate majority leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Senate_minority_leaders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_minority_leaders" title="Template:US Senate minority leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_minority_leaders" title="Template talk:US Senate minority leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_minority_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate minority leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Senate_minority_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">United States Senate minority leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party_leaders_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Democratic_leaders" title="Template:US Senate Democratic leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Democratic_leaders" title="Template talk:US Senate Democratic leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Democratic_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Democratic leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party_leaders_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Democratic Party leaders in the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Senate_majority_whips" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_majority_whips" title="Template:US Senate majority whips"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_majority_whips" title="Template talk:US Senate majority whips"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_majority_whips" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate majority whips"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Senate_majority_whips" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">United States Senate majority whips</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_L._Jones" title="Wesley L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Clements" title="Earle Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party_whips_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Democratic_whips" title="Template:US Senate Democratic whips"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Democratic_whips" title="Template talk:US Senate Democratic whips"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Democratic_whips" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Democratic whips"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party_whips_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Democratic Party whips in the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Gerry" title="Peter G. Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_C._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle C. Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">← 1952</a>) <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">→ 1960</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">John S. Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Davis" title="James C. Davis">James C. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">George Bell Timmerman Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_M._Shelton" title="Herbert M. Shelton">Herbert M. Shelton</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick" title="Enoch A. Holtwick">Enoch A. Holtwick </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Holdridge" title="Herbert C. Holdridge">Herbert C. Holdridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_Andrews" title="T. Coleman Andrews">T. Coleman Andrews</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1956 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1956 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">← 1956</a>) <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">→ 1964</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_DiSalle" title="Michael DiSalle">Michael DiSalle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._McLain" title="George H. McLain">George H. McLain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Meyner" title="Robert B. Meyner">Robert B. Meyner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_M._Lloyd" title="James M. Lloyd">James M. Lloyd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Decker" title="Rutherford Decker">Rutherford Decker</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_B._Curtis" title="Merritt B. Curtis">Merritt B. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar_Daly" class="mw-redirect" title="Lar Daly">Lar Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Sullivan" title="Charles L. Sullivan">Charles L. Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1960 elections: <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1960 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1960)_1964_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1968)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1960)_1964_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">← 1960</a>) <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">→ 1968</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)">Daisy</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Reynolds_Jr." title="John W. Reynolds Jr.">John W. Reynolds Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Welsh" title="Matthew E. Welsh">Matthew E. Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)">Walter Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">American Vegetarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Kasper" title="John Kasper">John Kasper</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark R. Shaw">Mark R. Shaw </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)" title="Ed Shaw (activist)">Ed Shaw</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1964 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1964 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1964 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">← 1964</a>) <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Romney 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Crommelin" title="John G. Crommelin">John G. Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Lynch" title="Thomas C. Lynch">Thomas C. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Eugene McCarthy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_E._Phillips" title="Channing E. Phillips">Channing E. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1968">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zagarell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Zagarell">Michael Zagarell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fitzgerald_Dowd" title="Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd">Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1968 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1968 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Template:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Template talk:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/100px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/150px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/200px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Day" title="J. Edward Day">J. Edward Day</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">John A. Gronouski</a> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ribicoff" title="Abraham Ribicoff">Abraham Ribicoff</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze </a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/19px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/29px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/38px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Lyndon B. Johnson</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" class="extiw" title="c:Lyndon B. Johnson">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" class="extiw" title="q:Lyndon B. Johnson">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_B._Johnson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Lyndon B. Johnson">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9640#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9640#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9640#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121437074">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/92989169">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48810/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcHmVT86Fqhm339vPPcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118558153">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80005801">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961684v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961684v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523003">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Johnson, Lyndon Baines"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01221752?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a40998e6-3496-44d5-9032-79e313be07b5">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000160">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1226757">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118558153.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118558153">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027614689">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10677971">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66793pq">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tb15sg">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyndon_B._Johnson&oldid=1258849035">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyndon_B._Johnson&oldid=1258849035</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCaro1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaro2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaro2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaro2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatsam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaffey1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenTuckerm1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrinder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale_Baum_and_James_L._Hailey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsen1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansNovak1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlamm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredericks1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreidelSidey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Calvin_Mackenzie_and_Robert_Weisbrot\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavinLawrence2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermany2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermany2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillette2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldfield2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenbaumLewisDrakeLoven1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._W._Brands1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphries2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanos1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJardine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Shesol1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonWitcover1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotz2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLBJ_Library_Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLewisD\u0026#039;Orso1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtenstein1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogevall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcElheny1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMellen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirkin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewlon1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;NeillNovak1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnion2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_A._Caro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusk1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabato2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShesol\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShribman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweany2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTexas_State_Historical_Association1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillmanSakaida2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolchinTimes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzatzev2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Press_International1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUpdegrove2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsdin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Oudekerke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandiver1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeterans_Health_Administration\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeintz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolleyPeters1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarefsky1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFterHorstAlbertazzie1979\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 77,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 81,\n [\"Civil rights movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Lyndon B.\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Democratic Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Full\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 11,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 75,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 2,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Kennedy cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"LBJohnson cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Lyndon B. Johnson\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdashb\"] = 12,\n [\"NYT topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 5,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 15,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 15,\n [\"S-break\"] = 16,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 17,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"Snds\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenDemLead\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenDemWhip\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenMajLead\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenMajWhips\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenMinLead\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenTX\"] = 1,\n [\"USVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1956\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1960\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1964\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1968\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","740","28.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","12.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","7.6"],["type","140","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.3"],["[others]","540","20.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-klhmh","timestamp":"20241124053042","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9640","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9640","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-13T15:58:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T23:52:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1963 to 1969"}</script> </body> </html>