CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e888012ca75cdb',cH: 'oMnhBPqAE1O0V0f9EWns_q.uSA8szG7WxbBdImJO7Hw-1741669678-1.2.1.1-VsuYXvspi3pl.9riCY7Dnju61NFq5xm4L.qrEuMq3ef_wb1EC_WS9EP.XBsDhq2X',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=degree%20of%20substitution&__cf_chl_tk=OO0HG.THh29PFIwSD3igllNQvNm6wV4W1ZeHKdaqSFI-1741669678-1.0.1.1-kucVyLzRnHy80YdOJKRm5nvuECbzms9dWBKG0439G.Q",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741669678',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=degree%20of%20substitution&__cf_chl_f_tk=OO0HG.THh29PFIwSD3igllNQvNm6wV4W1ZeHKdaqSFI-1741669678-1.0.1.1-kucVyLzRnHy80YdOJKRm5nvuECbzms9dWBKG0439G.Q",md: "uFcd_lMG_GEta7BkesImMSzxRtMMV2RGCfvOLAw4GzQ-1741669678-1.2.1.1-.MnqnDFvcDHKrHMSYDzgScB37vxFHosvDLLC_m2rR_1LOkYXHgi4G3AH9b7j99RcrawnFyp0Xf5DzTASA207MzgYWVv0ekY1b6sxAryBoETaySaiIKHahbJItBUTnKQyg3vnCm1iR9UC5V4W641OUCTyKFqu3AWTbgI8j2x8nlxFMyNfoBBryVUUhhVXrh6DMkMGEgH_p7eGedjf6D17A4pIRsV_KaCd7B0geXFGHHzAdT9abljtaBbu8HIQxMofOvRuXbcPNfJlxNOSSQFvuKZEg8gAYhE8ZHUZc1uTVRbURCXbB0C_lsQyIT.ADXZ8QZC14JrvLjkCohz8zBqN2s_mM4isQWQUYSz8DePayWQjgmdMf4cBSgU8KF9_39QEWx6u.wUI4NLhfuC5x64.YoNw._FFiChJlMmNv.ncgQtTCYDoRCSCd2u82SosCeZjMqFpYJ5wICEhzCm4LaTrDmmgAeVB11bkI_YPcTWUx8NpghqM26tt1UvHpLQ2dvdpGszwX7.yS3HmyCn95okYTOYYjmbkeIRD3zO3IDDgjC3jdV4R1BrJ2XiChfZuPlmAH8NW8G12wcCOG1F8agf5fmEjbXPdbR8aOq4Wo0WQBIRnjdr2BnD5M_KMku6M4Lgzt08.z0DYlDbjBI.Pvu7xFlk96xEwUzmECvvwZghE.FsdtnFKmy5MDDNadiWyCI5GwAHkPr8oAIGK1qGsIsP7oXVaUSZTt50ramqLXyLAf5gnONayN.DqUbXTJhrAyoNozs.ERDc1BWWuH94K0bYCOZif5Yh2eHdEh.ZZ11Mw1niAn_bRmP22gmQoEVnKysw7_zeRm3OTkVDMa8WRfUk.f.SGXEDRTOPeFZKs1jxgIJJofJTj9dC3SAtUWbCaoQqdLdaf655xQ9pGAovm0gwm1OQa0LTmhR0nBojkHjkqizRym75V72gWzk7jnDt8mbqEsTYrEMGXBJkU39P3opSLRFRMNxiKUtz6fMXulGQ4EbAI9gFbR2yjJx9UBJvNBprpubAWTBlWokuXvbaoRkHr7BbOCykQg1wUEF3GGqzfXUoWJtbg5vjCSm2uQHFaFPuCnqHpiaygmGmeDUMl9rPUDdsic3.hOMSlCNvsOzMFtb2agGz8_IP8QoEmJtYq9S8hAKtZEN9DFnZLQcczUpCvmCsMc1n_PbFmHyjNoPBZ4_DUE09rZ84.fwZPt9zB06cXt6uNyVxGQQSaP7PtnKITMyzb2h9qiXK3HDU2c3ANlc3rQVK35Y1eIEmjWHWlfoDKIchXoxOjkJAArtHPyq1_m8aP_FPVQxsVMldnlU4ZFx4",mdrd: "Q23Jyu3GyyIvTuUS9oF2Myu0KUV3BRxnNo3Kbczxknc-1741669678-1.2.1.1-ab6TRb_sSbaabW5kCP5UGq8ylA0YZjFZh7Ip3mdngygNdBMdB5q9tFebHeg5ipDiDWJBbmzQodhL5Ulv_Ryay5kHnSdvCTuwwS5wsR18mi7vDSR2tYy_H78Nj.8Eit.Be9gYJ0fGdKum5JC.VSWKra.yFNl6xfN2dDRKnnG9f.r6ginYqMRZTVHz0mNnCCHaBkXdLYQWu3bkwi9pu8gBEqw3YXwnZuqlJ1lvB62Uz_.aJIvW9PLEEq7oLiGpQPM4ZpdSSczfdpf.P2bNC8lIRnbOp2JCLeLH92IbYF4kW22ATwq22t1JTw.crJK6YcrwwRIWBrQODb3a_cIKGerT7IyNGDQmdugZqeFDWKi7.j8WGp6aS995G8GWUx59ePDg38rp6THnlAB15rm88U7iY80hzLTnHK6DaAj1iZdb6mFdR7QVpyx3N6_hRn_wE0KmPV7WDvS7hzgJizpGruyCHO3aM8zKsdIBynqI0kryxG3Yqm00ul5oJaiBciK5geUH_zaDt0u.S5OPpAQu_q2ko_w6YzUNxF5bg1gBR.Vlu5l5_ZI5H8CxqANEmA0izVHwBxngLm_VAeQpk3Z8qXy5I.dXta5UHRJJBA9GxI4_L4AWRntdS1cASAPCSjbptEFRdHCoK3Qecwr4k0qFygeIH1z5Lo_Wu5fgdIfk2dA0.9SzHlVEF_k6mCGJN81mXqXOCXDhQXpc_ES7dHN6wjcm9pXlMv6KDxSAnmydE37t5t6ChnxM39zOtLHHHlU8uD.1O_o1GUwkA1lwPJ.Cdaevmg6Mdx6yQBV1LZevbvP2wl.yO3n3Q3sql7rrElxIeh8MZ6OVdI26cMH_amrwzYjUNHps3tj2BjNnUYP8vrxhRczEN0HEY6EyBYM6ay.tcIL3YRwqAu_UwYpHVj_DsDH3FixuaqNov4RW3O2COUh1uWbIVQL9WlYfrbEfOAT0cxe1DlLTOqOA4MiUNJeMwwLZbvxxZ62akVswhMzrVwOJynLXw0ngARduXr1JwvIR4APuSrJSBSwcVPJ0Mbw1bOpJABd_LZG5ScuAexv7j8MvB9LMJSxKv7YjZkiW9c_PoihgjbxmF1IsG645rLiU0cUiDpvFLexVPJ6WGN3UqaqpHo_rHzDPjEpIBQwR00pifpd29mnxIq9FuxhTs8pYWC_IlSKVpsqNCPLYZtY4w3m_Nk88QWYSEhGNWiwyzjUyyWeIF._NXu0WDRR5zp8REf5EtCOYMVmxn9xb3_gjD2TuedwXB3Ej59iR6.LJ23f3dgwQsUQdVT7AkRpIO9Pkvz1ZTILm21iDSUcRI73__mOq0G6fW.8CvhEb6t64oHfsPni4vek2r7Ml7OwxTKHgzvUmpybuMoh6RIHHZaenuCrChzd.Y02iAnVVVFOJzlG6XVrI6KjscZheJez4R.T_68OyiTX0gZWPhxHkzXijez_ow1jPQPqGc3C47zBCP02m05Anla1ONiMvY0qdzTOR7fHzGGJf_KV8kpK9mLYS3Cpmx3YKpAqu.wD7YbWm2sp18X7.bBR_LPfv8DiJCHytTg.Y3QY3M99kidAot50q0ov.7Sj7cSef5yqmCuMYZl1riGM33AJqAQwZ0_DDgwQ9mW2RvNOM_8YDnSgFTMg6Xc2HNvZbpZfI2dpvVdgMFYNPP0ptfVSSQByffN7KF6Ii_iV5Xms0JH8fRRBpPuYlEFIHVt.qjMvOPYC31fBhCox0OtW2kE.jQ3lNr9E1SUXVWRqduy1P98cX7qoGZgBOoJfzbkmXKHGxkKf774MIFrc0cfEMjQYXFUJNtRhfAG3vbQ8k7prvgwbFwRAHW4tfTSox1Y8ieBiT3q5kL6Hxjmqj2bG2YC7EjUzPQmIG2dkdIdfvU_1zuktiDoJOaPg2._73uF68H13Jv0C24k5U82tXlLw95JFb9bZe1Lu1nPuw0RP9QJ2mYMUatB3z40qlRnvDSzSV9aqkBYeTJzpqtm_5sv_Gg8ggsMFLWC11nLan0Hai2g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e888012ca75cdb';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=degree%20of%20substitution&__cf_chl_rt_tk=OO0HG.THh29PFIwSD3igllNQvNm6wV4W1ZeHKdaqSFI-1741669678-1.0.1.1-kucVyLzRnHy80YdOJKRm5nvuECbzms9dWBKG0439G.Q" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>