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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">China-Sudan relations relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_China_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Sudan and China"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Sudan and China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sudan_China_Locator.png/250px-Sudan_China_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sudan_China_Locator.png/375px-Sudan_China_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sudan_China_Locator.png/500px-Sudan_China_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/90px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Sudan Embassy, Beijing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">China Embassy, Khartoum</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>China–Sudan relations</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral relations">bilateral relations</a> between the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Republic of Sudan</a>. China is currently one of Sudan's largest trade partners, importing oil and exporting low cost manufactured items as well as armaments into the country. Both states enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, economic trade, and political strategy. They formally established diplomatic relations on February 4, 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 345">: 345 </span></sup> when Sudan formally recognized the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China and have since become close global allies, supporting each other in times of internal crises and international controversy such as during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">Darfur Crisis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang Conflict</a>. China continues to provide massive support to Sudan by developing its oil resources and supplying millions of dollars in loans, aid, foreign direct investments, and humanitarian assistance. In return, Sudan has become a reliable political and economic ally in the international arena, allowing China to maintain a significant stake in its oil sector. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese-Sudanese relations began when Sudan was among the first countries to formally recognize the People's Republic of China back in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, relations have amicably developed based on the principles of non-interference, respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, and mutual benefits and equality.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic relations were officially established in the 1960s when both countries signed a 1962 agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation (ETC) which remains effective today.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, China began exporting manufactured and capital goods in exchange for Sudan's well sought after cotton. However, it was not until the signing of the 1970 Agreement in Economic and Technical Cooperation and a Cultural, Scientific and Technical Protocol that trade relations were significantly strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, during this time, China began providing aid to Sudan in the form of free-interest loans with no-strings attached, though, this can be viewed more as a symbolic act rather than a political one.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this aid was distributed to internal projects such as the building of roads and bridges, investment in textile and agriculture, and the construction of the multi-purpose conference center "Friendship Hall" in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>. Not only did China provide economic support, but also supplied its own workers to help execute various aid projects and sent out batches of doctors to work in Chinese built hospitals that had opened in various parts of Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contribution allowed Sudan to meet several infrastructural needs and demands for medical services, especially in rural and suburban areas. </p><p>Bilateral relations reached unprecedented economic proportions in the 1990s as China became a key player in the development of Sudan's oil sector. During a state visit in 1970, President <a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiri</a> asked China for assistance in several areas including oil prospecting, but was advised to turn to the United States which was more technologically advanced at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several American companies like Chevron began the search for oil which was discovered in the Unity State of Southern Sudan in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, American-Sudanese relations soon disintegrated with the ousting of Nimeiri from power via military coup. Eventually, in 1997, the U.S. placed sanctions on Sudan, banning all American companies from engaging in its oil sector, after allegations came to light that the government of <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> was supporting terrorists and committing human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, like Nimeiri, Bashir decided to travel to China in 1995 to request help in developing its oil sector and, this time, China agreed. This appeal came at an opportune moment since China had grown considerable interest in acquiring foreign oil reserves as its own oilfields had already surpassed peak production.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Interference">Non-Interference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non-Interference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sudanese_Civil_War">Second Sudanese Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Sudanese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Sudanese civil war lasted from 1985 to 2005 and was fought primarily between Khartoum-based government forces in the north and the southern-based rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1 to 2 million civilians were killed mostly as a result of starvation and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict finally ended with a peace agreement mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though China has held onto its commitment of non-interference, a policy that Western countries have often unsuccessfully upheld, the dynamics of the Second Sudanese civil war pressured China's engagement to influence the goals of both the Sudanese government and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a> and their capabilities to pursue them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the conflict in 1983, the oilfields in the south were becoming increasingly difficult to explore and with the termination of Chevron's oil installations in 1984, President Bashir sought out China's support. By 1995, China provided major loans for infrastructure improvements, invested $6 billion in the oil sector,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constructed the Greater Nile Pipeline to <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government took on what seemed like a more neutral approach to the conflict, justifying support for the government of Sudan and opposing the UN's urge for sanctions on the basis of respecting state sovereignty. In 2011, after the secession of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, China reiterated its commitment to maintaining a close relationship with Khartoum asserting that it would continue supporting the country's development efforts in the oil, agricultural, and mining sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars debate the aims and motives of this response with some arguing that there were no indications that China would benefit substantially if one party were to win while others have claimed that China favored the Sudanese government because it was the only receiver of resources and since the country's main point of contact was through Bashir.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darfur_crisis">Darfur crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Darfur crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfur_Protest_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Darfur_Protest_%28cropped%29.jpg/249px-Darfur_Protest_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Darfur_Protest_%28cropped%29.jpg/374px-Darfur_Protest_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Darfur_Protest_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Protesting against China's role in the Darfur Conflict.</figcaption></figure> <p>Members of the United States Congress, advocacy groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Save_Darfur_Coalition" title="Save Darfur Coalition">Save Darfur Coalition</a>, and some Hollywood actors called for a boycott of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing seeking to pressure China to halt its arms sales and withdraw investments from Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Save Darfur coalition had turned its attention to China after failing to persuade Western governments to intervene directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Meng_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> The Save Darfur coalition's view was that China had close ties with Sudan especially in the oil industry and had resisted United Nations Security Resolutions on the crisis in Darfur.<sup id="cite_ref-Meng_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> China initially opposed any special responsibility to act with regard to the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Meng_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> China's Special Representative on African Affairs <a href="/wiki/Liu_Guijin" title="Liu Guijin">Liu Guijin</a> stated that "Darfur is not China's Darfur. Firstly, it is Sudan's Darfur and second it is Africa's Darfur."<sup id="cite_ref-Meng_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p><p> After the West had imposed sanctions on Bashir and his government, he publicly commented on the strength of bilateral relations between China and Sudan stating: </p><blockquote><p>From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward, toward China, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Russia, and even Korea and Japan, even if the Western influence upon some [of these] countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>China responded to international pressure and in February 2007, President <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> visited Khartoum to pledge a $13 million interest-free loan to build a new presidential palace, $4.8 million in humanitarian assistance to Darfur, and wrote off $70 million of Sudan's debt to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the visit, he insisted privately that Bashir settle the Darfur conflict and established four principles for handling the issue. First, he reiterated respect for Sudan's sovereignty and territorial integrity and supported the continuation of Sudan's unity.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, he called on the disputing parties to resolve the problem through dialogue and consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third, he stated that the African Union and the United Nations should play a constructive role in the peacekeeping process.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, he urged the promotion of stability in Darfur and improvement in living conditions for the local people.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach departed from China's traditional <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">foreign policy</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 388">: 388 </span></sup> China also ended up supporting a UN resolution in late April 2007 that urged the Sudanese government to support, protect, and facilitate all humanitarian operations in Darfur.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2007, China support of the passage of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1769" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769">UN Security Council Resolution 1769</a> and contributes troops to UN-AU hybrid peacekeeping force(<a href="/wiki/UNAMID" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAMID">UNAMID</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demonstrates how China needed to strike a balance between its interests in Sudan and the criticism it was receiving from the West. Its desire to successfully hold the 2008 Beijing Olympics warranted its involvement in Sudanese affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 338">: 338 </span></sup> China's mediation efforts were widely praised within the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2020, Sudan was one of 53 countries that backed the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xinjiang_conflict">Xinjiang conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Xinjiang conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <p>In Spring 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) escalated its crackdown on Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)</a> after XUAR Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a> returned from a large, publicly reported Central National Security Commission symposium in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 1 to 1.5 million people have been detained in a large network of constructed camps where they undergo forced reeducation and political indoctrination.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has sparked major international controversy as various human rights organizations, UN officials, and foreign governments such as the U.S. and European Union are urging China to stop its ongoing repression of the Uyghur community. However, the CCP has actively refused to share any information about the detention centers and prevented journalists and foreign investigators from examining them.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They publicly maintain that the camps have two main purposes: to teach Mandarin, Chinese laws, and vocational skills, and to prevent citizens from becoming influenced by extremist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer of 2019, a support letter was sent to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> from 37 African, Asian, and Latin American countries who have come to China's defense praising Beijing's achievements in the field of human rights. In the letter, of which Sudan is a signatory,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states claim that China has faced grave challenges of terrorism and extremism in which it has taken a series of counter-measures to bring back peace, security, and stability to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This illustrates Sudan's willingness to reciprocate the support it received from China during its period of internal turmoils and represents the mutuality of their relationship showcasing how it extends beyond merely economic significance. </p><p>In 2021, Sudan's ambassador to China, Gafar Karar Ahmed, spoke in support of China's Xinjiang policies at the "Xinjiang in the Eyes of African Ambassadors to China" event.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> Ahmed stated that the Xinjiang issue is not about human rights, but rather is a political weapon used by Western countries against China.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 40">: 40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_against_Omar_Bashir">Coup against Omar Bashir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coup against Omar Bashir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sudan's longtime president <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> was overthrown in a military coup on April 11, 2019, after almost 30 years as the leader of Sudan. Once his staunchest supporter, China instead supported the new leadership to ensure stability, since Sudan is a strategic location on the prospective <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road initiative.</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_and_development">Trade and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trade and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prospects_of_oil">Prospects of oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prospects of oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png/207px-Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png/311px-Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png/415px-Oil_fields_and_infrastructure_in_Sudan_and_South_Sudan.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Location of Sudan and South Sudan's oil fields and infrastructure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon independence in 2011, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> secured three-quarters of the oil held by the once unified nation<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which immediately caused a number of disputes, cross-border violence, and failed negotiation attempts. In order for the oil from South Sudan to be exported, it had to first travel to refineries in Khartoum and be transferred to port terminals in <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>. The price of this transportation was unsettled before the separation of the state which caused disputes that escalated in January 2012 when the Sudanese government claimed that <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> owed $1 billion in unpaid fees.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the government of South Sudan accused Khartoum of stealing $815 million worth of oil from their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quickly led to the shutdown of oil production in the south for six months until a partial agreement was reached in August 2012. Presidents of both countries agreed to restart oil exports and demarcate a demilitarized zone,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setting the fee for oil transportation at $9.48 per barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of South Sudan also consented to a $3 billion payout to Khartoum as compensation for the loss of 75% of its oil resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Sudan faced serious economic challenges, but it did not seem to negatively affect their relationship with China. As a matter of fact, in August 2017, it was reported that Chinese investments in Sudan's oil sector had surpassed $15 billion and that both countries remained committed to cooperating each other as Sudan was ready to overcome any obstacles in further Chinese investment and China was ready to face challenges regarding Sudan's debt and consequences from the separation of South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_finance_development_investments">Chinese finance development investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese finance development investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inflow of China's foreign direct investments (FDI) in Sudan began in 1996<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was primarily driven by oil investments. Even non-oil FDI which was directed towards the service sector and light manufacturing seemed to follow closely with investments in the oil sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2000 and March 2008 foreign direct investments (FDI) made by Chinese firms, excluding oil, were equivalent to $249 million and bilateral trade between the two countries rose from $103 million in 1990 to $9.7 billion in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, China became Sudan's largest trading partner and these investments had direct impacts on the economic prospects of the country as its revenue rose exponentially between 2002 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it remained largely untouched by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">2008 Global Economic Crisis</a> since its oil exports were managed under long-term contracts in which the price paid for oil gradually increased irrespective of the world market price.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the CNPC emphasized the need to pay particular attention in offering local employment and training opportunities not only to comply with Sudan's regulations for transnational corporations, but also because it understood the importance of meeting such labor demands in order to achieve long-term success.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2000 to 2011, there were approximately 65 Chinese official development finance projects identified in Sudan by various media reports, including helping to construct the presidential palace<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and railway from Khartoum to Port Sudan,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> $519 million loan for the hydro-mechanical components of the 1,250 MW <a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe hydroelectric dam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the construction of a 500 MV coal fired power plant in Port Sudan and a 320 MV gas fired power plant in <a href="/wiki/Rabak" title="Rabak">Rabak</a> at the cost of $512 million by the Shandong Electric Power Construction Corporation in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, China's FDI has had a double effect of expanding the export sector and reducing Sudan's dependence on imported key oil products. The CNPC's investment in the domestic refining capacity of the country has contributed to import substitute industrialization (ISI) which is an economic policy that replaces foreign imports with domestic production and, thus, has given rise to other processing industries based on oil, specifically in plastic products and road construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_cooperation">Space cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Space cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, China launched Sudan's first satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup> It was developed and built by Shenzhen Aerospace Oriental Red Sea Satellite Co. and financed by the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_China" title="Export–Import Bank of China">Export-Import Bank of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup> It was launched from the <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup> Sudan's satellite develops topographic mapping and natural resource data for developmental planning, performs environmental and agricultural monitoring, and has intelligence and defense applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">Africa–China relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_economic_relations" title="Africa–China economic relations">Africa–China economic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China–Africa Cooperation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Cardenal" title="Juan Pablo Cardenal">Cardenal, Juan Pablo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Heriberto Araújo">Araújo, Heriberto</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC"><i>La silenciosa conquista china</i></a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 136–140, 159–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788498922578" title="Special:BookSources/9788498922578"><bdi>9788498922578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+silenciosa+conquista+china&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=136-140%2C+159-170&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788498922578&rft.aulast=Cardenal&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&rft.au=Ara%C3%BAjo%2C+Heriberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQ2fvBVpQpYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Sudan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:32-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnEisenman2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">Shinn, David H.</a>; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). <i>China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0"><bdi>978-0-231-21001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Relations+with+Africa%3A+a+New+Era+of+Strategic+Engagement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21001-0&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Eisenman%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Sudan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatsios2012" class="citation journal cs1">Natsios, Andrew S. 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Foreign_relations_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Algeria–China relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Angola–China relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Benin–China relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Botswana–China relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burkina Faso–China relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burundi–China relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cameroon–China relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cape Verde–China relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Central African Republic–China relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chad–China relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Comoros_relations" title="China–Comoros relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Djibouti_relations" title="China–Djibouti relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Equatorial_Guinea_relations" title="China–Equatorial Guinea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Eritrea_relations" title="China–Eritrea relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="China–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gambia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Gambia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="China–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="China–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sudan&#124;link=Sudan_Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Template:Foreign relations of Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Sudan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sudan&#124;link=Sudan_Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of Sudan">Foreign relations of Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Algeria–Sudan relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Central African Republic–Sudan relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Chad–Sudan relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Egypt–Sudan relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Eritrea–Sudan relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Ethiopia–Sudan relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Kenya–Sudan relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Libya–Sudan relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="South Sudan–Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Sudan"><img alt="Emblem of Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_Sudan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_Sudan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_Sudan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Sudan relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="India–Sudan relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Indonesia–Sudan relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Israel–Sudan relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Malaysia–Sudan relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Pakistan–Sudan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Palestine–Sudan relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Qatar–Sudan relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Sudan–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sudan–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Bulgaria–Sudan relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Denmark–Sudan relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Germany–Sudan relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Norway–Sudan relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Spain–Sudan relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Sudan–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Sudan–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Sudan–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab League–Sudan">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="European Union–Sudan relations">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Sudan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Sudan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Sudan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Sudan">in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sudan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)">Foreign Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">African Union Mission in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Sudan" title="Foreign aid to Sudan">Foreign aid to Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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