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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_decision-making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_decision-making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British decision-making</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_decision-making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_in_the_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Protests in the streets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_in_the_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maryland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maryland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Maryland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maryland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhode_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhode_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Rhode Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Other Colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec,_Nova_Scotia,_Newfoundland,_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec,_Nova_Scotia,_Newfoundland,_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec,_Nova_Scotia,_Newfoundland,_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sons_of_Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons_of_Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Sons of Liberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons_of_Liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stamp_Act_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stamp_Act_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stamp Act Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stamp_Act_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Repeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="قانون الطابع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الطابع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6h%C3%BCr_Akt%C4%B1_(1765)" title="Möhür Aktı (1765) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Möhür Aktı (1765)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_del_Timbre_de_1765" title="Llei del Timbre de 1765 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei del Timbre de 1765" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkov%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon_(1765)" title="Kolkový zákon (1765) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolkový zákon (1765)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stempelloven" title="Stempelloven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stempelloven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act" title="Stamp Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stamp Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_del_sello" title="Ley del sello – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley del sello" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_(1765)" title="Stamp Act (1765) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stamp Act (1765)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EC%84%B8%EB%B2%95" title="인지세법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인지세법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_(1765)" title="Stamp Act (1765) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stamp Act (1765)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_(1765)" title="חוק הבולים (1765) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק הבולים (1765)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act" title="Stamp Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stamp Act" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1765%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E7%B4%99%E6%B3%95" title="1765年印紙法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1765年印紙法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stempelloven_1765" title="Stempelloven 1765 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stempelloven 1765" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawa_stemplowa" title="Ustawa stemplowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustawa stemplowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_do_selo" title="Lei do selo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei do selo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_Timbrului" title="Legea Timbrului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea Timbrului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_(1765)" title="Гербовый акт (1765) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гербовый акт (1765)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stamp Act 1765" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_1765." title="Закон о таксеним маркама из 1765. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Закон о таксеним маркама из 1765." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakon_o_taksenim_markama_1765." title="Zakon o taksenim markama 1765. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zakon o taksenim markama 1765." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimaverolaki_(Iso-Britannia)" title="Leimaverolaki (Iso-Britannia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leimaverolaki (Iso-Britannia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1765_%C3%A5rs_brittisk-amerikanska_st%C3%A4mpellag" title="1765 års brittisk-amerikanska stämpellag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1765 års brittisk-amerikanska stämpellag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Акт про гербовий збір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акт про гербовий збір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_lu%E1%BA%ADt_tem_1765" title="Đạo luật tem 1765 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạo luật tem 1765" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Stamp Act 1765</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, and other duties, in the British colonies and plantations in America, towards further defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same; and for amending such parts of the several Acts of Parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations, as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/5_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 3">5 Geo. 3</a>. c. 12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data organiser">The Right Honourable <a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a>, MP<br /><small>Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></small> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="the House of Commons">Commons</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1765</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">1 November 1765</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">18 March 1766</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Duties in American Colonies Act 1766</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relates to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act_1766" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory Act 1766">Declaratory Act 1766</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Stamp Act 1765</b>, also known as the <b>Duties in American Colonies Act 1765</b> (<a href="/wiki/5_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 3">5 Geo. 3</a>. c. 12), was an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> which imposed a <a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">direct tax</a> on the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British colonies in America</a> and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on <a href="/wiki/Stamped_paper" title="Stamped paper">stamped paper</a> from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> which included an embossed <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">revenue stamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printed materials included legal documents, magazines, playing cards, newspapers, and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies, and it had to be paid in <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British currency</a>, not in <a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">colonial paper money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of the tax was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, but the colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with, and they contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonists suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London. </p><p>The Stamp Act 1765 was very unpopular among colonists. A majority considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent—consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant. Their slogan was "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a>". Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests, and the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a> held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure when it petitioned Parliament and the King. </p><p>One member of the British Parliament argued that the American colonists were no different from the 90-percent of Great Britain who did not own property and thus could not vote, but who were nevertheless <a href="/wiki/Virtual_representation" title="Virtual representation">"virtually" represented</a> by land-owning electors and representatives who had common interests with them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dulany_the_Younger" title="Daniel Dulany the Younger">Daniel Dulany</a>, a Maryland attorney and politician, disputed this assertion in <a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_the_Propriety_of_Imposing_Taxes_in_the_British_Colonies" title="Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies">a widely read pamphlet</a>, arguing that the relations between the Americans and the English electors were "a knot too infirm to be relied on" for proper representation, "virtual" or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local protest groups established <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of Correspondence">Committees of Correspondence</a> which created a loose coalition from New England to Maryland. Protests and demonstrations increased, often initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> and occasionally involving hanging of effigies. Very soon, all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions, and the tax was never effectively collected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216–223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216–223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200644–56_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200644–56-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier197276–106_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier197276–106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition to the Stamp Act 1765 was not limited to the colonies. British merchants and manufacturers pressured Parliament because their exports to the colonies were threatened by boycotts. The act was repealed on 18 March 1766 as a matter of expedience, but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" by also passing the <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act_1766" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory Act 1766">Declaratory Act 1766</a>. A series of new taxes and regulations then ensued—likewise opposed by the Americans. The episode played a major role in defining the <a href="/wiki/27_colonial_grievances" class="mw-redirect" title="27 colonial grievances">27 colonial grievances</a> that were clearly stated within the text of the <i>Indictment of George III</i> section of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, enabling the organized colonial resistance which led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–120_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943149–153_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943149–153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LessonPlanet-Garran_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LessonPlanet-Garran-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868;"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">American Revolution</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><img alt="Declaration of Independence (painting)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/250px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/500px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of Independence (painting)</figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> presents their draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_leaders_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War">Military leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">Battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origins" title="American Revolution">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Context</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">Salutary neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a>"</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Conflict over taxation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Acts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stamp Act 1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of Correspondence">Committees of Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(after_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)">British Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political developments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Role of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_colonial_grievances" class="mw-redirect" title="27 colonial grievances">27 colonial grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signing</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Forming a republic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Dissent and rebellions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_Money_Riot" title="Paper Money Riot">Paper Money Riot</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Raftification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Hill_Flag_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Hill Flag Debate">Prospect Hill Flag Debate</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:American Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:American Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Grenville.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/George_Grenville.png/220px-George_Grenville.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/George_Grenville.png/330px-George_Grenville.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/George_Grenville.png/440px-George_Grenville.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">British Prime Minister</a> from 1763 to 1765</figcaption></figure> <p>The British victory in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763), known in the United States and elsewhere as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, was won at great financial expense. During the war, the British <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">national debt</a> nearly doubled, rising from £72,289,673 in 1755 to almost £129,586,789 by 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196321_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196321-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-war expenses were expected to remain high because the <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a> ministry decided in early 1763 to keep ten thousand British regulars in the American colonies, which would cost about £225,000 per year, equal to £42 million today.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197538_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197538-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary reason for retaining such a large force was that demobilizing the army would put 1,500 officers out of work, many of whom were well-connected in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it politically prudent to retain a large peacetime establishment, but Britons were averse to maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> at home so it was necessary to garrison most of the troops elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> in May 1763 led to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> and the added duty of British soldiers to prevent outbreaks of violence between <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and American colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196322_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10,000 British troops were dispatched to the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, with a primary motivation of the move being to provide billets for the officers who were part of the British patronage system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Adams wrote disparagingly of the deployment, writing that "Revenue is still demanded from America, and appropriated to the maintenance of swarms of officers and pensioners in idleness and luxury".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a> became prime minister in April 1763 after the failure of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Bute_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bute Ministry">Bute Ministry</a>, and he had to find a way to pay for this large peacetime army. Raising taxes in Britain was out of the question, since there had been virulent protests in England against the Bute ministry's 1763 <a href="/wiki/Cider_Bill_of_1763" title="Cider Bill of 1763">cider tax</a>, with Bute being hanged in effigy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas19756_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas19756-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200562_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200562-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grenville ministry, therefore, decided that Parliament would raise this revenue by taxing the American colonists without their consent. This was something new; Parliament had previously passed measures to regulate trade in the colonies, but it had never before directly taxed the colonies to raise revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197537_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197537-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politicians in London had always expected American colonists to contribute to the cost of their own defence. So long as a French threat existed, there was little trouble convincing colonial legislatures to provide assistance. Such help was normally provided through the raising of colonial militias, which were funded by taxes raised by colonial legislatures. Also, the legislatures were sometimes willing to help maintain regular British units defending the colonies. So long as this sort of help was forthcoming, there was little reason for the British Parliament to impose its own taxes on the colonists. But after the peace of 1763, colonial militias were quickly stood down. Militia officers were tired of the disdain shown to them by regular British officers, and were frustrated by the near-impossibility of obtaining regular British commissions; they were unwilling to remain in service once the war was over. In any case, they had no military role, as the Indian threat was minimal and there was no foreign threat. Colonial legislators saw no need for the British troops. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar Act 1764">Sugar Act 1764</a> was the first tax in Grenville's program to raise a revenue in America, which was a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="Molasses Act 1733">Molasses Act 1733</a>. The Molasses Act 1733 had imposed a tax of 6 pence per gallon (equal to £5.24 today) on foreign molasses imported into British colonies. The purpose of the Molasses Act 1733 was not actually to raise revenue, but instead to make foreign molasses so expensive that it effectively gave a monopoly to molasses imported from the British West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197532_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197532-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not work; colonial merchants avoided the tax by smuggling or, more often, bribing customs officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197544_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197544-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sugar Act 1764 reduced the tax to 3 pence per gallon (equal to £2.24 today) in the hope that the lower rate would increase compliance and thus increase the amount of tax collected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197547–49_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197547–49-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act also taxed additional imports and included measures to make the customs service more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Stamp_Act1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Parliament_Stamp_Act1765.jpg/250px-Parliament_Stamp_Act1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Parliament_Stamp_Act1765.jpg/330px-Parliament_Stamp_Act1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Parliament_Stamp_Act1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Printed copy of the Stamp Act 1765</figcaption></figure> <p>American colonists initially objected to the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar Act 1764">Sugar Act 1764</a> for economic reasons, but before long they recognized that there were potential constitutional issues involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1987206_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1987206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Constitution">British Constitution</a> guaranteed that taxes could not be levied without the consent of Parliament, but the colonists argued that due to their theoretical <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights as Englishmen</a>, they could not be taxed without their consent, which came in the form of representation in Parliament. The colonists elected no members of Parliament, and so it was seen as a violation of their rights for Parliament to tax them. There was little time to raise this issue in response to the Sugar Act 1764, but it came to be a major objection to the Stamp Act 1765 the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_decision-making">British decision-making</h3></div> <p>Parliament announced in April 1764 when the Sugar Act 1764 was passed that they would also consider a stamp tax in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition from the colonies was soon forthcoming to this possible tax, but members of Parliament and American agents in Great Britain, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, did not anticipate the intensity of the protest that the tax generated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stamp_act" title="Stamp act">Stamp acts</a> had been a very successful method of taxation within Great Britain; they generated over £100,000 in tax revenue with very little in collection expenses. By requiring an official stamp on most legal documents, the system was almost self-regulating; a document would be null and void under British law without the required stamp. Imposition of such a tax on the colonies had been considered twice before the Seven Years' War and once again in 1761. Grenville had actually been presented with drafts of colonial stamp acts in September and October 1763, but the proposals lacked the specific knowledge of colonial affairs to adequately describe the documents subject to the stamp. At the time of the passage of the Sugar Act in April 1764, Grenville made it clear that the right to tax the colonies was not in question, and that additional taxes might follow, including a stamp tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6396" data-file-height="7801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who represented the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> in discussions about the act</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> had established the principle of parliamentary supremacy. Control of colonial trade and manufactures extended this principle across the ocean. This belief had never been tested on the issue of colonial taxation, but the British assumed that the interests of the thirteen colonies were so disparate that a joint colonial action was unlikely to occur against such a tax–an assumption that had its genesis in the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Conference</a> in 1754. By the end of December 1764, the first warnings of serious colonial opposition were provided by pamphlets and petitions from the colonies protesting both the Sugar Act 1764 and the proposed stamp tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216,_230–233_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216,_230–233-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Grenville, the first issue was the amount of the tax. Soon after his announcement of the possibility of a tax, he had told American agents that he was not opposed to the Americans suggesting an alternative way of raising the money themselves. However, the only other alternative would be to requisition each colony and allow them to determine how to raise their share. This had never worked before, even during the French and Indian War, and there was no political mechanism in place that would have ensured the success of such cooperation. On 2 February 1765, Grenville met to discuss the tax with Benjamin Franklin, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jared Ingersoll, Sr.">Jared Ingersoll</a> from New Haven, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jackson_(colonial_agent)" title="Richard Jackson (colonial agent)">Richard Jackson</a>, agent for Connecticut, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garth" title="Charles Garth">Charles Garth</a>, the agent for South Carolina (Jackson and Garth were also members of Parliament). These colonial representatives had no specific alternative to present; they simply suggested that the determination be left to the colonies. Grenville replied that he wanted to raise the money "by means the most easy and least objectionable to the Colonies". Thomas Whately had drafted the Stamp Act, and he said that the delay in implementation had been "out of Tenderness to the colonies", and that the tax was judged as "the easiest, the most equal and the most certain."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate in Parliament began soon after this meeting. Petitions submitted by the colonies were officially ignored by Parliament. In the debate, Charles Townshend said, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"and now will these Americans, children planted by our care, nourished up by our Indulgence until they are grown to a degree of strength and opulence, and protected by our arms, will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from heavy weight of the burden which we lie under?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200578–80_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200578–80-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barr%C3%A9" title="Isaac Barré">Isaac Barré</a>'s responded: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They planted by your care? No! Your oppression planted 'em in America. They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country where they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human nature is liable, and among others to the cruelties of a savage foe, the most subtle, and I take upon me to say, the most formidable of any people upon the face of God's earth.... </p><p>They nourished by your indulgence? They grew by your neglect of 'em. As soon as you began to care about 'em, that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over 'em, in one department and another, who were perhaps the deputies of deputies to some member of this house, sent to spy out their liberty, to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon 'em; men whose behaviour on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them.... </p><p>They protected by your arms? They have nobly taken up arms in your defence, have exerted a valour amidst their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier while drenched in blood, its interior parts have yielded all its little savings to your emolument .... The people I believe are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has, but a people jealous of their liberties and who will vindicate them if ever they should be violated; but the subject is too delicate and I will say no more."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200579_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200579-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Massachusetts Royal Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">William Shirley</a> assured London in 1755 that American independence could easily be defeated by force. He argued: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At all Events, they could not maintain such an Independency, without a Strong Naval Force, which it must forever be in the Power of Great Britain to hinder them from having: And whilst His Majesty hath 7000 Troops kept up within them, & in the Great Lakes upon the back of six of them, with the Indians at Command, it seems very easy, provided the Governors & principal Civil Officers are Independent of the Assemblies for their Subsistence, & commonly Vigilant, to prevent any Steps of that kind from being taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer1907266_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer1907266-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_act">The act</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg/220px-Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg/330px-Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg/440px-Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">proof</a> sheet of one penny stamps submitted for approval to the Commissioners of Stamps by their engraver on May 10, 1765</figcaption></figure> <p>The act was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> on 22 March 1765 with an effective date of 1 November 1765. It passed 205–49 in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> and unanimously in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197634_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197634-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund</a> and Helen Morgan describe the specifics of the tax: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The highest tax, £10, was placed ... on attorney licenses. Other papers relating to court proceedings were taxed in amounts varying from 3d. to 10s. Land grants under a hundred acres were taxed 1s. 6d., between 100 and 200 acres 2s., and from 200 to 320 acres 2s. 6d., with an additional 2s 6d. for every additional 320 acres (1.3 km<sup>2</sup>). Cards were taxed a shilling a pack, dice ten shillings, and newspapers and pamphlets at the rate of a penny for a single sheet and a shilling for every sheet in pamphlets or papers totaling more than one sheet and fewer than six sheets in <a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavo</a>, fewer than twelve in <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a>, or fewer than twenty in <a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">folio</a> (in other words, the tax on pamphlets grew in proportion to their size but ceased altogether if they became large enough to qualify as a book).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The high taxes on lawyers and college students were designed to limit the growth of a professional class in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stamps had to be purchased with <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">hard currency</a>, which was scarce, rather than the more plentiful colonial paper currency. To avoid draining currency out of the colonies, the revenues were to be expended in America, especially for supplies and salaries of British Army units who were stationed there.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two features of the act involving the courts attracted special attention. The tax on court documents specifically included courts "exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction." These type of courts did not currently exist in the colonies and no bishops were currently assigned to the colonies, who would preside over the courts. Many colonists or their ancestors had fled England specifically to escape the influence and power of such state-sanctioned religious institutions, and they feared that this was the first step to reinstating the old ways in the colonies. Some Anglicans in the northern colonies were already openly advocating the appointment of such bishops, but they were opposed by both southern Anglicans and the non-Anglicans who made up the majority in the northern colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196397–98_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196397–98-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act allowed admiralty courts to have jurisdiction for trying violators, following the example established by the Sugar Act. However, admiralty courts had traditionally been limited to cases involving the high seas. The Sugar Act seemed to fall within this precedent, but the Stamp Act did not, and the colonists saw this as a further attempt to replace their local courts with courts controlled by England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196398_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196398-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <p>As the act imposed a tax on many different types of paper items, including newspapers, contracts, deeds, wills, claims, <a href="/wiki/Indentures" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentures">indentures</a> and many other types of legal documents, its effect would be felt in many different professions and trades, resulting in wide spread protests from newspapers, citizens, and even attacks on public officials, tax collectors and their offices and homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200225–26,_28,_222_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200225–26,_28,_222-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_responses">Political responses</h3></div> <p>Grenville started appointing stamp distributors almost immediately after the act passed Parliament. Applicants were not hard to come by because of the anticipated income that the positions promised, and he appointed local colonists to the post. Benjamin Franklin even suggested the appointment of <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="John Hughes (Pennsylvania politician)">John Hughes</a> as the agent for Pennsylvania, indicating that even Franklin was not aware of the turmoil and impact that the tax was going to generate on American-British relations or that these distributors would become the focus of colonial resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debate in the colonies had actually begun in the spring of 1764 over the Stamp Act when Parliament passed a resolution that contained the assertion, "That, towards further defraying the said Expences, it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations." Both the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> and the proposed Stamp Act were designed principally to raise revenue from the colonists. The Sugar Act, to a large extent, was a continuation of past legislation related primarily to the regulation of trade (termed an external tax), but its stated purpose was entirely new: to collect revenue directly from the colonists for a specific purpose. The novelty of the Stamp Act was that it was the first internal tax (a tax based entirely on activities within the colonies) levied directly on the colonies by Parliament. It was judged by the colonists to be a more dangerous assault on their rights than the Sugar Act 1764 was, because of its potential wide application to the colonial economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948311–313_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948311–313-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theoretical issue that soon held center stage was the matter of <a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">taxation without representation</a>. Benjamin Franklin had raised this as far back as 1754 at the Albany Congress when he wrote, "That it is suppos'd an undoubted Right of Englishmen not to be taxed but by their own Consent given thro' their Representatives. That the Colonies have no Representatives in Parliament."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counter to this argument was the theory of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_representation" title="Virtual representation">virtual representation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whately" title="Thomas Whately">Thomas Whately</a> enunciated this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged that there could be no taxation without consent, but the facts were that at least 75% of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors. Members of Parliament were bound to represent the interests of all British citizens and subjects, so colonists were the recipients of virtual representation in Parliament, like those disenfranchised subjects in the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory, however, ignored a crucial difference between the unrepresented in Britain and the colonists. The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies, and the issue was whether these legislatures, rather than Parliament, were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists' consent with regard to taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216–217_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216–217-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/250px-Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/330px-Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/500px-Samuel_Adams_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> opposed the act</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1764, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> of Boston drafted the following that stated the common American position: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves – It strikes our British Privileges, which as we have never forfeited them, we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain: If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996219_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996219-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Massachusetts appointed a five-member <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Correspondence">Committee of Correspondence</a> in June 1764 to coordinate action and exchange information regarding the Sugar Act, and Rhode Island formed a similar committee in October 1764. This attempt at unified action represented a significant step forward in colonial unity and cooperation. The Virginia House of Burgesses sent a protest of the taxes to London in December 1764, arguing that they did not have the specie required to pay the tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197658–59_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197658–59-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling200333_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200333-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Connecticut also sent protest to England in 1764. The content of the messages varied, but they all emphasized that taxation of the colonies without colonial assent was a violation of their rights. By the end of 1765, all of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> except Georgia and North Carolina had sent some sort of protest passed by colonial legislative assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948314–315_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948314–315-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">Virginia House of Burgesses</a> reconvened in early May 1765 after news was received of the passage of the act. By the end of May, it appeared that they would not consider the tax, and many legislators went home, including <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. Only 30 out of 116 Burgesses remained, but one of those remaining was <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> who was attending his first session. Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act; he proposed his resolutions on 29 May 1765, and they were passed in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Resolves" title="Virginia Resolves">Virginia Resolves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling200332–34_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200332–34-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200583_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200583-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Resolves stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Resolved, That the first Adventurers and Settlers of this his majesty's colony and Dominion of Virginia brought with them, and transmitted to their Posterity, and all other his Majesty's subjects since inhabiting in this his Majesty's said Colony, all the Liberties, privileges, Franchises, and Immunities that have at any Time been held, enjoyed, and possessed, by the People of Great Britain. </p><p>Resolved, That by the two royal Charters, granted by King James the First, the Colonists aforesaid are declared entitled to all Liberties, Privileges, and Immunities of Denizens and natural Subjects, to all Intents and Purposes, as if they had been abiding and born within the Realm of England. </p><p>Resolved, That the Taxation of the People by themselves, or by Persons chosen by themselves to represent them, who could only know what Taxes the People are able to bear, or the easiest method of raising them, and must themselves be affected by every Tax laid on the People, is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation, and the distinguishing characteristick of British Freedom, without which the ancient Constitution cannot exist. </p><p> Resolved, That his majesty's liege people of this his most ancient and loyal Colony have without interruption enjoyed the inestimable Right of being governed by such Laws, respecting their internal Polity and Taxation, as are derived from their own Consent, with the Approbation of their Sovereign, or his Substitute; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up, but hath been constantly recognized by the King and People of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 6 June 1765, the Massachusetts Lower House proposed a meeting for the 1st Tuesday of October in New York City: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That it is highly expedient there should be a Meeting as soon as may be, of Committees from the Houses of Representatives or Burgesses in the several Colonies on this Continent to consult together on the present Circumstances of the Colonies, and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of the late Acts of Parliament for levying Duties and Taxes on the Colonies, and to consider of a general and humble Address to his Majesty and the Parliament to implore Relief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197660_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197660-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There was no attempt to keep this meeting a secret; Massachusetts promptly notified <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jackson_(colonial_agent)" title="Richard Jackson (colonial agent)">Richard Jackson</a> of the proposed meeting, their agent in England and a member of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197665_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197665-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_newspapers">Colonial newspapers</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers"> Early American publishers and printers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act,_October_31,_1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act%2C_October_31%2C_1765.jpg/250px-New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act%2C_October_31%2C_1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act%2C_October_31%2C_1765.jpg/330px-New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act%2C_October_31%2C_1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act%2C_October_31%2C_1765.jpg/500px-New_Hampshire_Gazette_announcement_of_the_Stamp_Act%2C_October_31%2C_1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption><i>New Hampshire Gazette</i>, October 31, 1765 issue, with black borders, protesting the coming of the Stamp Act</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Journal,_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pennsylvania_Journal%2C_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg/180px-Pennsylvania_Journal%2C_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pennsylvania_Journal%2C_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg/270px-Pennsylvania_Journal%2C_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pennsylvania_Journal%2C_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg/360px-Pennsylvania_Journal%2C_Stamp_Act_announcement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>Pennsylvania Journal, October 31, 1765, issue, with black borders, protesting the stamp act</figcaption></figure> <p>John Adams complained that the London ministry was intentionally trying "to strip us in a great measure of the means of knowledge, by loading the Press, the colleges, and even an Almanack and a News-Paper, with restraints and duties."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press fought back. By 1760 the fledgling American newspaper industry comprised 24 weekly papers in major cities. Benjamin Franklin had created an informal network so that each one routinely reprinted news, editorials, letters and essays from the others, thus helping form a common American voice. All the editors were annoyed at the new stamp tax they would have to pay on each copy. By informing colonists what the other colonies were saying the press became a powerful opposition force to the Stamp Act. Many circumvented it and most equated taxation without representation with despotism and tyranny, thus providing a common vocabulary of protest for the Thirteen Colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The August 1, 1768, issue of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle">Pennsylvania Chronicle</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/William_Goddard_(publisher)" title="William Goddard (publisher)">William Goddard</a>, printed on the front page a four-column article of an address made at the State House (Independence Hall) against the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act">Stamp Act</a>, and other excessive tax laws passed without colonial representation in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">British Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newspapers reported effigy hangings and stamp master resignation speeches. Some newspapers were on the royal payroll and supported the act, but most of the press was free and vocal. Thus <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(American_Revolutionary_printer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (American Revolutionary printer)">William Bradford</a>, the foremost printer in Philadelphia, became a leader of the Sons of Liberty. He added a skull and crossbones with the words, "the fatal Stamp," to the masthead of his <i>Pennsylvania Journal and weekly Advertiser</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O!_the_fatal_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/O%21_the_fatal_Stamp.jpg/170px-O%21_the_fatal_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/O%21_the_fatal_Stamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Bradford's Philadelphia paper gave a graphic warning.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest forms of American propaganda appeared in these printings in response to the law. The articles written in colonial newspapers were particularly critical of the act because of the Stamp Act's disproportionate effect on printers. <a href="/wiki/David_Ramsay_(historian)" title="David Ramsay (historian)">David Ramsay</a>, a patriot and historian from South Carolina, wrote of this phenomenon shortly after the American Revolution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was fortunate for the liberties of America, that newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty. Printers, when influenced by government, have generally arranged themselves on the side of liberty, nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession. A stamp duty, which openly invaded the first, and threatened a great diminution of the last, provoked their united zealous opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193565_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193565-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most printers were critical of the Stamp Act, although a few Loyalist voices did exist. Some of the more subtle Loyalist sentiments can be seen in publications such as <i>The Boston Evening Post</i>, which was run by British sympathizers John and Thomas Fleet. The article detailed a violent protest that occurred in New York in December, 1765, then described the riot's participants as "imperfect" and labeled the group's ideas as "contrary to the general sense of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vindex Patriae denigrated the colonists as foreign vagabonds and ungrateful Scots-Irish subjects determined to "strut and claim an independent property to the dunghill".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Loyalists beliefs can be seen in some of the early newspaper articles about the Stamp Act, but the anti-British writings were more prevalent and seem to have had a more powerful effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193563–83_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193563–83-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many papers assumed a relatively conservative tone before the act went into effect, implying that they might close if it wasn't repealed. However, as time passed and violent demonstrations ensued, the authors became more vitriolic. Several newspaper editors were involved with the Sons of Liberty, such as William Bradford of <i>The Pennsylvania Journal</i> and Benjamin Edes of <i>The Boston Gazette</i>, and they echoed the group's sentiments in their publications. The Stamp Act went into effect that November and many newspapers printed their editions with black borders about the edges and columns, which sometimes included imagery of tombstones and skeletons, emphasizing that their papers were "dead" and would no longer be able to print because of the Stamp Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193574_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193574-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of them returned in the upcoming months, defiantly appearing without the stamp of approval that was deemed necessary by the Stamp Act. Printers were greatly relieved when the law was nullified in the following spring, and the repeal asserted their positions as a powerful voice (and compass) for public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193569_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193569-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg/250px-Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg/330px-Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg/500px-Stamp_Act_1765_-_Triumph_of_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>An English newspaper bewails the repeal of the Stamp Act</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_in_the_streets">Protests in the streets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg/250px-Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg/330px-Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg/500px-Burning_of_Stamp_Act_cph.3b53085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtBSAXLNlU8">The Stamp Act: Troubling Their Neighbors</a>, 58:01, Benjamin L. Carp, <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH Forum</a><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JI4juUiIM2k">The Stamp Act: The Lowest Of The Mob</a>, 49:35, Molly Fitzgerald Perry, <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH Forum</a><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the colonial legislatures were acting, the ordinary citizens of the colonies were also voicing their concerns outside of this formal political process. Historian Gary B. Nash wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whether stimulated externally or ignited internally, ferment during the years from 1761 to 1766 changed the dynamics of social and political relations in the colonies and set in motion currents of reformist sentiment with the force of a mountain wind. Critical to this half-decade was the colonial response to England's Stamp Act, more the reaction of common colonists than that of their presumed leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200644_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200644-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both loyal supporters of English authority and well-established colonial protest leaders underestimated the self-activating capacity of ordinary colonists. By the end of 1765 ... people in the streets had astounded, dismayed, and frightened their social superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200659_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200659-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maryland">Maryland</h4></div> <p>A popular pamphlet condemning the Stamp Act was written by Maryland lawyer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dulany_the_Younger" title="Daniel Dulany the Younger">Daniel Dulany</a> in 1765. It was named <i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_the_Propriety_of_Imposing_Taxes_in_the_British_Colonies" title="Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies">Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knollenberg32-33_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knollenberg32-33-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pocomoke_City,_Maryland" title="Pocomoke City, Maryland">Pokomoke, Maryland</a>, a tax collector was assaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-Knollenberg61_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knollenberg61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Talbot_County,_Maryland" title="Talbot County, Maryland">Talbot County, Maryland</a>, a group of unknown citizens released "Resolutions of the Freemen of Talbot County Maryland" on November 25, 1765. This proclamation declared that they should enjoy the same rights as British subjects and condemned the Stamp Act. They also declared that they would erect a gallows in front of the county court house with an effigy of a "stamp informer" hung in chains, which would remain until the Stamp Act was repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilghman44-45_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilghman44-45-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h4></div> <p>Early street protests were most notable in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Oliver" title="Andrew Oliver">Andrew Oliver</a> was a distributor of stamps for Massachusetts who was hanged in effigy on 14 August 1765 "from a giant elm tree at the crossing of Essex and Orange Streets in the city's South End." Also hung was a <a href="/wiki/Jackboot" title="Jackboot">jackboot</a> painted green on the bottom ("a Green-ville sole"), a pun on both Grenville and the Earl of Bute, the two people most blamed by the colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200648_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200648-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> ordered sheriff Stephen Greenleaf to take down the effigy, but he was opposed by a large crowd. All day the crowd detoured merchants on Orange Street to have their goods symbolically stamped under the elm tree, which later became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a>". This date became accepted by the members of the Sons of Liberty in Boston as the date of the founding of their organization.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ebenezer MacIntosh was a veteran of the Seven Years' War and a shoemaker. One night, he led a crowd which cut down the effigy of Andrew Oliver and took it in a funeral procession to the Town House where the legislature met. From there, they went to Oliver's office – which they tore down and symbolically stamped the timbers. Next, they took the effigy to Oliver's home at the foot of Fort Hill, where they beheaded it and then burned it – along with Oliver's stable house and coach and chaise. Greenleaf and Hutchinson were stoned when they tried to stop the mob, which then looted and destroyed the contents of Oliver's house. Oliver asked to be relieved of his duties the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200645–47_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200645–47-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resignation, however, was not enough. Oliver was ultimately forced by MacIntosh to be paraded through the streets and to publicly resign under the Liberty Tree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200653_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200653-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside,_1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg/250px-Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg/330px-Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg/500px-Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>A 1765 <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadside</a> regarding the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Oliver" title="Andrew Oliver">Andrew Oliver</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As news spread of the reasons for Andrew Oliver's resignation, violence and threats of aggressive acts increased throughout the colonies, as did organized groups of resistance. Throughout the colonies, members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty. These colonial groups of resistance burned effigies of royal officials, forced Stamp Act collectors to resign, and were able to get businessmen and judges to go about without using the proper stamps demanded by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 August, a mob damaged the home and official papers of William Story, the deputy register of the Vice-Admiralty, who then moved to Marblehead, Massachusetts. Benjamin Hallowell, the comptroller of customs, suffered the almost total loss of his home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairSchultz196152_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairSchultz196152-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 August, MacIntosh led an attack on Hutchinson's mansion. The mob evicted the family, destroyed the furniture, tore down the interior walls, emptied the wine cellar, scattered Hutchinson's collection of Massachusetts historical papers, and pulled down the building's cupola. Hutchinson had been in public office for three decades; he estimated his loss at £2,218<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in today's money, at nearly $250,000). Nash concludes that this attack was more than just a reaction to the Stamp Act: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But it is clear that the crowd was giving vent to years of resentment at the accumulation of wealth and power by the haughty prerogative faction led by Hutchinson. Behind every swing of the ax and every hurled stone, behind every shattered crystal goblet and splintered mahogany chair, lay the fury of a plain Bostonian who had read or heard the repeated references to impoverished people as "rable" and to Boston's popular caucus, led by Samuel Adams, as a "herd of fools, tools, and synchophants."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200648_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200648-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Francis Bernard</a> offered a £300 reward for information on the leaders of the mob, but no information was forthcoming. MacIntosh and several others were arrested, but were either freed by pressure from the merchants or released by mob action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200649–50_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200649–50-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The street demonstrations originated from the efforts of respectable public leaders such as <a href="/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Otis, Jr.">James Otis</a>, who commanded the <i>Boston Gazette</i>, and Samuel Adams of the "<a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Caucus" title="Boston Caucus">Boston Caucus</a>, an organization of Boston merchants. They made efforts to control the people below them on the economic and social scale, but they were often unsuccessful in maintaining a delicate balance between mass demonstrations and riots. These men needed the support of the working class, but also had to establish the legitimacy of their actions to have their protests to England taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200649_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200649-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of these protests, the Loyal Nine was more of a social club with political interests but, by December 1765, it began issuing statements as the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier197285_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier197285-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</h4></div> <p>Rhode Island also experienced street violence. A crowd built a gallows near the Town House in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> on 27 August, where they carried effigies of three officials appointed as stamp distributors: Augustus Johnson, Dr. Thomas Moffat, and lawyer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Howard" title="Martin Howard">Martin Howard</a>. The crowd at first was led by merchants <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a>, Samuel Vernon, and Robert Crook, but they soon lost control. That night, the crowd was led by a poor man named John Weber, and they attacked the houses of Moffat and Howard, where they destroyed walls, fences, art, furniture, and wine. The local Sons of Liberty were publicly opposed to violence, and they refused at first to support Weber when he was arrested. They were persuaded to come to his assistance, however, when retaliation was threatened against their own homes. Weber was released and faded into obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200650–51_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200650–51-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard became the only prominent American to publicly support the Stamp Act in his pamphlet "A Colonist's Defence of Taxation" (1765). After the riots, Howard had to leave the colony, but he was rewarded by the Crown with an appointment as Chief Justice of North Carolina at a salary of £1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York#Stamp_Act" title="Province of New York">Province of New York § Stamp Act</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, James McEvers resigned his distributorship four days after the attack on Hutchinson's house. The first shipment of stamps for New York and Connecticut arrived at New York Harbor on 24 October, greeted by a huge crowd of angry colonists, and were kept at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam" title="Fort Amsterdam">Fort George</a> for safe keeping. Placards appeared throughout the city warning that, "the first man that either distributes or makes use of <a href="/wiki/Stamped_paper" title="Stamped paper">stamped paper</a> let him take care of his house, person, and effects." New York merchants met on 31 October and agreed not to sell any English goods until the act was repealed. Crowds took to the streets for four days of demonstrations, uncontrolled by the local leaders, culminating in an attack by two thousand people on Governor <a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_Colden" title="Cadwallader Colden">Cadwallader Colden</a>'s home and the burning of two sleighs and a coach. Various stamp masters, including <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Hood" title="Zachariah Hood">Zachariah Hood</a> from Maryland, fled to Fort George out of concern for their safety. Unrest in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> continued through the end of the year, and the local Sons of Liberty had difficulty in controlling crowd actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200653–55_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200653–55-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanlet198613–17_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanlet198613–17-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Moore,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Moore, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Moore</a>, who replaced Colden as provincial governor of New York, met with the influential <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Sears" title="Isaac Sears">Isaac Sears</a>, a leader of the Sons of Liberty, in an effort to maintain peace and restore order to the city. Shortly thereafter Moore opened the gates of the fort as a gesture of good faith and invited people in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanlet198611–12,_17–18_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanlet198611–12,_17–18-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelman1953574–576_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelman1953574–576-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virginia">Virginia</h4></div> <p>During the Stamp Act 1765 crisis, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McCall_(1734%E2%80%931814)" title="Archibald McCall (1734–1814)">Archibald McCall (1734–1814)</a> sided against patriots in <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland, Virginia">Westmoreland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Virginia" title="Essex County, Virginia">Essex County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1802_AM_to_TJ_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1802_AM_to_TJ-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He insisted on collecting the British tax that was placed on stamps and other documents. In reaction, a mob formed and stormed his house in <a href="/wiki/Tappahannock,_Virginia" title="Tappahannock, Virginia">Tappahannock, Virginia</a>. They threw rocks through the windows and McCall was captured, tarred and feathered. The act was an example of "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">taxation without representation</a>" and a leading event to the war against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Saison_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saison-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Colonies">Other Colonies</h4></div> <p>In Frederick, Maryland, a court of 12 magistrates ruled the Stamp Act invalid on 23 November 1765, and directed that businesses and colonial officials proceed in all matters without use of the stamps. A week later, a crowd conducted a mock funeral procession for the act in the streets of Frederick. The magistrates have been dubbed the "12 Immortal Justices," and 23 November has been designated "<a href="/wiki/Repudiation_Day" title="Repudiation Day">Repudiation Day</a>" by the Maryland state legislature. On 1 October 2015, Senator Cardin (D-MD) read into the <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i> a statement noting 2015 as the 250th anniversary of the event. Among the 12 magistrates was William Luckett, who later served as lieutenant colonel in the Maryland Militia at the Battle of Germantown. </p><p>Other popular demonstrations occurred in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern, North Carolina</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a> demonstrations were subdued but even targeted Benjamin Franklin's home, although it was not vandalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200655–56_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200655–56-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 16 November, twelve of the stamp distributors had resigned. The Georgia distributor did not arrive in America until January 1766, but his first and only official action was to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200598_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200598-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall effect of these protests was to both anger and unite the American people like never before. Opposition to the act inspired both political and constitutional forms of literature throughout the colonies, strengthened the colonial political perception and involvement, and created new forms of organized resistance. These organized groups quickly learned that they could force royal officials to resign by employing violent measures and threats.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec,_Nova_Scotia,_Newfoundland,_and_the_Caribbean"><span id="Quebec.2C_Nova_Scotia.2C_Newfoundland.2C_and_the_Caribbean"></span>Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Caribbean</h4></div> <p>The main issue was the constitutional rights of Englishmen, so the French in Quebec did not react. Some English-speaking merchants were opposed but were in a fairly small minority. The <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Gazette">Quebec Gazette</a></i> ceased publication until the act was repealed, apparently over the unwillingness to use stamped paper.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In neighboring <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> a number of former New England residents objected, but recent British immigrants and London-oriented business interests based in Halifax, the provincial capital were more influential. The only major public protest was the hanging in effigy of the stamp distributor and Lord Bute. The act was implemented in both provinces, but Nova Scotia's stamp distributor resigned in January 1766, beset by ungrounded fears for his safety. Authorities there were ordered to allow ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports, and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act occasioned some protests in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, and the drafting of petitions opposing not only the Stamp Act, but the existence of the customhouse at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, based on legislation dating back to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violent protests were few in the Caribbean colonies. Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies, including <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, and by absentee landowners living in Britain. The worst political violence took place on <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>. Riots took place on 31 October 1765, and again on 5 November, targeting the homes and offices of stamp distributors; the number of participants suggests that the percentage of St. Kitts' white population involved matched that of Bostonian involvement in its riots. The delivery of stamps to St. Kitts was successfully blocked, and they were never used there. <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps; some correspondents thought that rioting was prevented in Antigua only by the large troop presence. Despite vocal political opposition, Barbados used the stamps, to the pleasure of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">King George</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> there was also vocal opposition, which included threats of violence. There was much evasion of the stamps, and ships arriving without stamped papers were allowed to enter port. Despite this, Jamaica produced more stamp revenue (£2,000) than any other colony.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sons_of_Liberty">Sons of Liberty</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></div> <p>It was during this time of street demonstrations that locally organized groups started to merge into an inter-colonial organization of a type not previously seen in the colonies. The term "sons of liberty" had been used in a generic fashion well before 1765, but it was only around February 1766 that its influence extended throughout the colonies as an organized group using the formal name "Sons of Liberty", leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John C. Miller noted that the name was adopted as a result of Barre's use of the term in his February 1765 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943130_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943130-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization spread month by month after independent starts in several different colonies. By 6 November, a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies, and in December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut. In January, a correspondence link was established between Boston and Manhattan, and by March, Providence had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport. By March, Sons of Liberty organizations had been established in New Jersey, Maryland, and Norfolk, Virginia, and a local group established in North Carolina was attracting interest in South Carolina and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier197278–81_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier197278–81-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The officers and leaders of the Sons of Liberty "were drawn almost entirely from the middle and upper ranks of colonial society," but they recognized the need to expand their power base to include "the whole of political society, involving all of its social or economic subdivisions." To do this, the Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier197286–88_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier197286–88-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They learned early on that controlling such crowds was problematical, although they strived to control "the possible violence of extra-legal gatherings". The organization professed its loyalty to both local and British established government, but possible military action as a defensive measure was always part of their considerations. Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis, the Sons of Liberty professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a "fundamental confidence" that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stamp_Act_Congress">Stamp Act Congress</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a> was held in New York in October 1765. Twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies were the members of the Congress, and their responsibility was to draft a set of formal petitions stating why Parliament had no right to tax them.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the delegates were many important men in the colonies. Historian John Miller observes, "The composition of this Stamp Act Congress ought to have been convincing proof to the British government that resistance to parliamentary taxation was by no means confined to the riffraff of colonial seaports."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943137_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943137-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The youngest delegate was 26-year-old <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> of South Carolina, and the oldest was 65-year-old <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Fisher" title="Hendrick Fisher">Hendrick Fisher</a> of New Jersey. Ten of the delegates were lawyers, ten were merchants, and seven were planters or land-owning farmers; all had served in some type of elective office, and all but three were born in the colonies. Four died before the colonies declared independence, and four signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>; nine attended the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">second</a> Continental Congresses, and three were <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> during the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976108–111_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976108–111-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Hampshire declined to send delegates, and North Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia were not represented because their governors did not call their legislatures into session, thus preventing the selection of delegates. Despite the composition of the congress, each of the Thirteen Colonies eventually affirmed its decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943137–139_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943137–139-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963139_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963139-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the nine colonies represented at the Congress agreed to sign the petitions to the King and Parliament produced by the Congress. The delegations from New York, Connecticut, and South Carolina were prohibited from signing any documents without first receiving approval from the colonial assemblies that had appointed them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976148_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976148-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts governor Francis Bernard believed that his colony's delegates to the Congress would be supportive of Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ruggles" title="Timothy Ruggles">Timothy Ruggles</a> in particular was Bernard's man, and was elected chairman of the Congress. Ruggles' instructions from Bernard were to "recommend submission to the Stamp Act until Parliament could be persuaded to repeal it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963140–141_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963140–141-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many delegates felt that a final resolution of the Stamp Act would actually bring Britain and the colonies closer together. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1718%E2%80%931775)" title="Robert Livingston (1718–1775)">Robert Livingston</a> of New York stressed the importance of removing the Stamp Act from the public debate, writing to his colony's agent in England, "If I really wished to see America in a state of independence I should desire as one of the most effectual means to that end that the stamp act should be enforced."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976109_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976109-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The Congress met for 12 consecutive days, including Sundays. There was no audience at the meetings, and no information was released about the deliberations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976115_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976115-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963142_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963142-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting's final product was called "The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a>", and was drawn up by delegate <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (politician)">John Dickinson</a> of Pennsylvania. This Declaration raised fourteen points of colonial protest. It asserted that colonists possessed all the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">rights of Englishmen</a> in addition to protesting the Stamp Act issue, and that Parliament could not represent the colonists since they had no <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">voting rights</a> over Parliament. Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies. They also asserted that the extension of authority of the admiralty courts to non-naval matters represented an abuse of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963145–152_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963145–152-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to simply arguing for their rights as Englishmen, the congress also asserted that they had certain natural rights solely because they were human beings. Resolution 3 stated, "That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives." Both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania brought forth the issue in separate resolutions even more directly when they respectively referred to "the Natural rights of Mankind" and "the common rights of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a> of South Carolina had proposed that the Congress' petition should go only to the king, since the rights of the colonies did not originate with Parliament. This radical proposal went too far for most delegates and was rejected. The "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" was duly sent to the king, and petitions were also sent to both Houses of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963147–148_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963147–148-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repeal">Repeal</h2></div> <p>Grenville was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a> as prime minister on 10 July 1765. News of the mob violence began to reach England in October. Conflicting sentiments were taking hold in Britain at the same time that resistance was building and accelerating in America. Some wanted to strictly enforce the Stamp Act 1765 over colonial resistance, wary of the precedent that would be set by backing down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others felt the economic effects of reduced trade with America after the Sugar Act 1764 and an inability to collect debts while the colonial economy suffered, and they began to lobby for a repeal of the Stamp Act 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943149–151_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943149–151-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market. This movement had also spread through the colonies; 200 merchants had met in New York City and agreed to import nothing from England until the Stamp Act 1765 was repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196349–50,_331_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196349–50,_331-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg/220px-Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg/330px-Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg/440px-Repeal_of_the_Stamp_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 as a funeral, with Grenville carrying a child's coffin marked "born 1765, died 1766"</figcaption></figure> <p>When Parliament met in December 1765, it rejected a resolution offered by Grenville that would have condemned colonial resistance to the enforcement of the act. Outside of Parliament, Rockingham and his secretary <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, a member of Parliament himself, organized London merchants who started a committee of correspondence to support repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 by urging merchants throughout the country to contact their local representatives in Parliament. When Parliament reconvened on 14 January 1766, the Rockingham ministry formally proposed repeal. Amendments were considered that would have lessened the financial impact on the colonies by allowing colonists to pay the tax in their own <a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">scrip</a>, but this was viewed to be too little and too late.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a> stated in the parliamentary debate that everything done by the Grenville ministry "has been entirely wrong" with respect to the colonies. He further stated, "It is my opinion that this Kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies." Pitt still maintained "the authority of this kingdom over the colonies, to be sovereign and supreme, in every circumstance of government and legislature whatsoever," but he made the distinction that taxes were not part of governing, but were "a voluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone." He rejected the notion of virtual representation, as "the most contemptible idea that ever entered into the head of man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005115_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005115-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grenville responded to Pitt: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Protection and obedience are reciprocal. Great Britain protects America; America is bound to yield obedience. If, not, tell me when the Americans were emancipated? When they want the protection of this kingdom, they are always ready to ask for it. That protection has always been afforded them in the most full and ample manner. The nation has run itself into an immense debt to give them their protection; and now they are called upon to contribute a small share towards the public expence, and expence arising from themselves, they renounce your authority, insult your officers, and break out, I might also say, into open rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_(PEM_121493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_%28PEM_121493%29.jpg/250px-Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_%28PEM_121493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_%28PEM_121493%29.jpg/330px-Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_%28PEM_121493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_%28PEM_121493%29.jpg/500px-Stamp_Act_Repeal%27d_teapot_%28PEM_121493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>Teapot commemorating the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765</figcaption></figure> <p>Pitt's response to Grenville included, "I rejoice that America has resisted. Three millions of people, so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves, would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116–117_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116–117-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 17 and 27 January, Rockingham shifted the attention from constitutional arguments to economic by presenting petitions complaining of the economic repercussions felt throughout the country. On 7 February, the House of Commons rejected a resolution by 274–134, saying that it would back the king in enforcing the act. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Henry Seymour Conway</a>, the government's <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">leader in the House of Commons</a>, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act_1766" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory Act 1766">Declaratory Act 1766</a> in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues, which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act. Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it. Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005117–119_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005117–119-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House of Commons heard testimony between 11 and 13 February, the most important witness being Benjamin Franklin on the last day of the hearings. He responded to the question about how the colonists would react if the act was not repealed: "A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to this country, and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and affection." A Scottish journalist observed Franklin's answers to Parliament and his effect on the repeal; he later wrote to Franklin, "To this very Examination, more than to any thing else, you are indebted to the speedy and total Repeal of this odious Law."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A repealing bill was introduced on 21 February to repeal the Stamp Act 1765, and it passed by a vote of 276–168. The king gave royal assent to the resulting <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Duties_in_American_Colonies_Act_1766"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Duties in American Colonies Act 1766</span></span></b> on 18 March 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005121_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005121-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To celebrate the repeal, the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham, Massachusetts</a> erected the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Liberty" title="Pillar of Liberty">Pillar of Liberty</a> with a bust of Pitt on top.<sup id="cite_ref-images_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-images-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <p>Some aspects of the resistance to the act provided a sort of rehearsal for similar acts of resistance to the 1767 <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a>, particularly the activities of the Sons of Liberty and merchants in organizing opposition. The Stamp Act Congress was a predecessor to the later <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congresses</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> which oversaw the establishment of American independence. The Committees of Correspondence used to coordinate activities were revived between 1772 and 1774 in response to a variety of controversial and unpopular affairs, and the colonies that met at the 1774 <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> established a non-importation agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> in response to Parliamentary passage of the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Prelude_to_revolution" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue_Stamping_Department_Archive" title="Board of Inland Revenue Stamping Department Archive">Board of Inland Revenue Stamping Department Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library_Philatelic_Collections" title="British Library Philatelic Collections">British Library Philatelic Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_the_United_States" title="Revenue stamps of the United States">Revenue stamps of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Stamp Act of 1765 – A Serendipitous Find" by Hermann Ivester in <i>The Revenue Journal</i>, The Revenue Society, Vol. XX, No. 3, December 2009, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, S.G. <i>The American Revolution: A History.</i> Modern Library. 2002, p. 24. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testimony of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, before an August Assembly of the British House of Commons, relating to the Repeal of the Stamp-Act, &c., 1766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJenyns1765" class="citation book cs1">Jenyns, Soame (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/objectionstotaxa00jeny/page/n1"><i>The Objections to the Taxation of Our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain, Briefly Considered</i></a>. London: J. 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Lesson Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318153139/https://www.lessonplanet.com/article/history/steps-to-the-american-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steps+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Lesson+Planet&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.au=Daniella+Garran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lessonplanet.com%2Farticle%2Fhistory%2Fsteps-to-the-american-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196321-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196321_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Crucible of War</i>, 563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197538-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197538_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1975">Thomas (1975)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200555_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Crucible of War</i>, 561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Crucible of War</i>, 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196322-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196322_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Crucible of War</i>, 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles S. Grant, "Pontiac's Rebellion and the British Troop Moves of 1763", <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 40, no. 1 (June 1953), 75–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1888" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, George (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst70bancgoog"><i>History of the United States of America, From the Discovery of the Continent</i></a>. D. Appleton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst70bancgoog/page/n320">292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+From+the+Discovery+of+the+Continent&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryunitedst70bancgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Crucible of War</i>, 510–511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas19756-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas19756_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1975">Thomas (1975)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200562-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200562_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197537-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197537_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1975">Thomas 1975</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197532-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197532_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1975">Thomas 1975</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197544-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197544_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1975">Thomas 1975</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197547–49-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas197547–49_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1975">Thomas 1975</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Crucible of War</i>, p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1987206-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1987206_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1987">Reid 1987</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196375–76_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943109–113_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1943">Miller 1943</a>, pp. 109–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197650_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, pp. 231–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216,_230–233-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216,_230–233_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, pp. 216, 230–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577,_108-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577,_108_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, pp. 77, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200578–80-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200578–80_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, pp. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200579-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200579_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer1907266-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer1907266_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeer1907">Beer 1907</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197634-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197634_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Albion%27s_Seed" title="Albion's Seed">Albion's Seed</a></i> (1989) p. 825</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197642-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197642_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196397–98-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196397–98_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196398-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196398_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200225–26,_28,_222-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200225–26,_28,_222_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2002">Alexander 2002</a>, pp. 25–26, 28, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197651–52-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197651–52_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948311–313-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948311–313_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1948">Morgan 1948</a>, pp. 311–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan (1956) p. 19<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216–217-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996216–217_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996219-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996219_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197658–59-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197658–59_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200333-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling200333_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2003">Ferling 2003</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948314–315-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1948314–315_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1948">Morgan 1948</a>, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200332–34-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling200332–34_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2003">Ferling 2003</a>, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200583-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200583_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200584-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200584_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197660-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197660_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197665-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197665_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_D._Brown1997" class="citation book cs1">Richard D. Brown (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2Ew8TbLAKkC&pg=PA57"><i>The Strength of a People: The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America, 1650–1870</i></a>. U of North Carolina Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807846636" title="Special:BookSources/9780807846636"><bdi>9780807846636</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819030432/https://books.google.com/books?id=D2Ew8TbLAKkC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strength+of+a+People%3A+The+Idea+of+an+Informed+Citizenry+in+America%2C+1650%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=U+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780807846636&rft.au=Richard+D.+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2Ew8TbLAKkC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger P. Mellen, "The Colonial Virginia Press and the Stamp Act." <i>Journalism History</i> 38.2 (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/the-pennsylvania-chronicle-and-universal-advertiser">"Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles, Inc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908024328/https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/the-pennsylvania-chronicle-and-universal-advertiser">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ira+%26+Larry+Goldberg+Coins+%26+Collectibles%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worthpoint.com%2Fworthopedia%2Fthe-pennsylvania-chronicle-and-universal-advertiser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Copeland2000" class="citation book cs1">David A. Copeland (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debatingissuesin00cope"><i>Debating the Issues in Colonial Newspapers: Primary Documents on Events of the Period</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debatingissuesin00cope/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313309823" title="Special:BookSources/9780313309823"><bdi>9780313309823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Issues+in+Colonial+Newspapers%3A+Primary+Documents+on+Events+of+the+Period&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780313309823&rft.au=David+A.+Copeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebatingissuesin00cope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193565-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193565_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1935">Schlesinger 1935</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tillman 2013, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornish2020" class="citation book cs1">Cornish, Rory T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SWDNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177"><i>The Grenvillites and the British Press: Colonial and British Politics, 1750–1770</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527546370" title="Special:BookSources/9781527546370"><bdi>9781527546370</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151203/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Grenvillites_and_the_British_Press/SWDNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA177&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grenvillites+and+the+British+Press%3A+Colonial+and+British+Politics%2C+1750%E2%80%931770&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781527546370&rft.aulast=Cornish&rft.aufirst=Rory+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSWDNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193563–83-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193563–83_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1935">Schlesinger 1935</a>, pp. 63–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193574-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193574_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1935">Schlesinger 1935</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193569-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger193569_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1935">Schlesinger 1935</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wgbh-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum-network.org/lectures/exploring-stamp-act-hangings-effigy-crowd-actions-and-funerals-liberty/">"The Stamp Act: Troubling Their Neighbors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Institute" title="Lowell Institute">Lowell Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911064323/http://forum-network.org/lectures/exploring-stamp-act-hangings-effigy-crowd-actions-and-funerals-liberty/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Stamp+Act%3A+Troubling+Their+Neighbors&rft.pub=WGBH+and+Lowell+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum-network.org%2Flectures%2Fexploring-stamp-act-hangings-effigy-crowd-actions-and-funerals-liberty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wgbh2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wgbh2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum-network.org/lectures/lowest-mob/">"The Lowest Of The Mob"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Institute" title="Lowell Institute">Lowell Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911064351/http://forum-network.org/lectures/lowest-mob/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976115-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager1976115_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeslager1976">Weslager 1976</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963142-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963142_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963145–152-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963145–152_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 145–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963151–152-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963151–152_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963147–148-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963147–148_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005111–113_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943149–151-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943149–151_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1943">Miller 1943</a>, pp. 149–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196349–50,_331-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196349–50,_331_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganMorgan1963">Morgan & Morgan 1963</a>, pp. 49–50, 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005113–114-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005113–114_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943153-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943153_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1943">Miller 1943</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005115-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005115_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116–117-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005116–117_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005117–119-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005117–119_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, pp. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-13-02-0035">"Founders Online: Examination before the Committee of the Whole of the House of ..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023540/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-13-02-0035">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Founders+Online%3A+Examination+before+the+Committee+of+the+Whole+of+the+House+of+...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FFranklin%2F01-13-02-0035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005121-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005121_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff2005">Middlekauff 2005</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Glorious News, Boston, Friday 11 o'Clock, 16th May 1766"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Glorious_News,_Boston,_Friday_11_o%27Clock,_16th_May_1766">"Glorious News, Boston, Friday 11 o'Clock, 16 May 1766" </a></span>. <i>London Gazette</i>. Boston. 16 May 1776.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Glorious+News%2C+Boston%2C+Friday+11+o%27Clock%2C+16+May+1766&rft.date=1776-05-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-images-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-images_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDedham_Historical_Society2001" class="citation book cs1">Dedham Historical Society (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRpMDQffkGsC"><i>Images of America: Dedham</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0944-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-0944-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151323/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRpMDQffkGsC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+America%3A+Dedham&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-0944-0&rft.au=Dedham+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRpMDQffkGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingersoll accepted a position of stamp distributor for Connecticut despite his opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996231–233-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577,_108_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200577,_108-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both the Morgans and Weslager note that the paper used had to be pre-stamped in England. Most paper came from there anyway, so there were "approximately fifty colonial papermakers who operated their own mills" who would suffer from decreased demand for their products.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan196396–97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197642_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197642-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Separate appointments were made for the three Canadian colonies (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a>), one each for <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, and five for the islands of the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeslager197651–52_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeslager197651–52-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1996223-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Resolves were widely reprinted and many versions of them are still seen. Middlekauff used the wording from the journal of the House of Burgesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200584_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200584-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maier noted that the term "sons of liberty", used in the generic sense, was used as early as the 1750s in some Connecticut documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier197276–82_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier197276–82-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller wrote, "Had Great Britain attempted to enforce the Stamp Act, there can be little doubt that British troops and embattled Americans would have shed each other's blood ten years before Lexington. As Benjamin Franklin remarked, a British army would not have found a rebellion in the American colonies in 1765 but it would have made one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1972101–106_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1972101–106-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943139_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943139-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thus by the fall of 1765 the colonists had clearly laid down the line where they believed that Parliament should stop, and they had drawn that line not merely as Englishmen but as men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963151–152_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganMorgan1963151–152-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller wrote of the Rockingham ministry, "Of all the Whig factions, the Rockinghams were most benevolent toward the colonies. While they were as determined ... as [other factions] to maintain the sovereignty of great Britain, they insisted [that] the Americans must be treated as customers rather than as rebellious rogues who merited a sound whipping."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005113–114_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005113–114-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1943153_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1943153-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdair1953" class="citation journal cs1">Adair, Douglass (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923593">"The Stamp Act in Contemporary English Cartoons"</a>. <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">538–</span>542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923593">10.2307/1923593</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923593">1923593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Stamp+Act+in+Contemporary+English+Cartoons&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1923593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923593%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdairSchultz1961" class="citation book cs1">Adair, Douglass; Schultz, John A. (1961). <i>Peter Oliver's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion: A Tory View</i>. The Huntington Library. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Oliver%27s+Origin+and+Progress+of+the+American+Rebellion%3A+A+Tory+View&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=The+Huntington+Library&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rft.au=Schultz%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2002" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, John K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H39E42RWP18C&q=stamp+act"><i>Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-21155" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-21155"><bdi>978-0-7425-21155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Adams%3A+America%27s+Revolutionary+Politician&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-21155&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH39E42RWP18C%26q%3Dstamp%2Bact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeer1907" class="citation book cs1">Beer, George Louis (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266"><i>British Colonial Policy, 1754–1765</i></a>. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722265857" title="Special:BookSources/9780722265857"><bdi>9780722265857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Colonial+Policy%2C+1754%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9780722265857&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=George+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQg8LAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark1983" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ronald W. (1983). <i>Benjamin Franklin. A Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394502221" title="Special:BookSources/0394502221"><bdi>0394502221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin.+A+Biography.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0394502221&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDraper1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Draper" title="Theodore Draper">Draper, Theodore</a> (1996). <i>A Struggle For Power: The American Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812925750" title="Special:BookSources/0812925750"><bdi>0812925750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Struggle+For+Power%3A+The+American+Revolution.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0812925750&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngelman1953" class="citation journal cs1">Engelman, F. L. (October 1953). "Cadwallader Colden and the New York Stamp Act Riots". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (4). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: <span class="nowrap">560–</span>578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923595">10.2307/1923595</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923595">1923595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cadwallader+Colden+and+the+New+York+Stamp+Act+Riots&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E560-%3C%2Fspan%3E578&rft.date=1953-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1923595&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Engelman&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerling2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ferling" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2003). <i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176001" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176001"><bdi>9780195176001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195176001&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFindlingThackeray1998" class="citation book cs1">Findling, John E.; Thackeray, Frank W. (1998). <i>Events That Changed America in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Changed+America+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Findling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Thackeray%2C+Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutchins2016" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Zachary McLeod (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://common-place.org/book/stamp-collection"><i>Community without Consent: New Perspectives on the Stamp Act</i></a>. University Press of New England. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+without+Consent%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Stamp+Act&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Zachary+McLeod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommon-place.org%2Fbook%2Fstamp-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoffer, Peter Charles. <i>Benjamin Franklin Explains the Stamp Act Protests to Parliament, 1766</i> (2015), with documents</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHosmer1896" class="citation book cs1">Hosmer, John Kendall (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VUcSAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Life of Thomas Hutchinson</i></a>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1527164">1527164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Thomas+Hutchinson&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1527164&rft.aulast=Hosmer&rft.aufirst=John+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_VUcSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnollenberg1975" class="citation book cs1">Knollenberg, Bernhard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthofamerican00knol"><i>Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775</i></a>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02917-110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02917-110-3"><bdi>978-0-02917-110-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/979186">979186</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1766%E2%80%931775&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F979186&rft.isbn=978-0-02917-110-3&rft.aulast=Knollenberg&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowthofamerican00knol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaier1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (1991) [1972; original publication]. <i>From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial radicals and the development of American opposition to Britain, 1765–1776</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393308251" title="Special:BookSources/0393308251"><bdi>0393308251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Resistance+to+Revolution%3A+Colonial+radicals+and+the+development+of+American+opposition+to+Britain%2C+1765%E2%80%931776&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0393308251&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005). <i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195162479" title="Special:BookSources/9780195162479"><bdi>9780195162479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195162479&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1943" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John C. (1943). <i>Origins of the American Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund S. Morgan">Morgan, Edmund S.</a> (July 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923462">"Colonial Ideas of Parliamentary Power 1764–1766"</a>. <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923462">10.2307/1923462</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923462">1923462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Colonial+Ideas+of+Parliamentary+Power+1764%E2%80%931766&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.date=1948-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1923462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorganMorgan1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund S. Morgan">Morgan, Edmund S.</a>; Morgan, Helen M. (1963). <i>The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stamp+Act+Crisis%3A+Prologue+to+Revolution&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Helen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNash2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_B._Nash" title="Gary B. Nash">Nash, Gary B.</a> (2006). <i>The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143037200" title="Special:BookSources/9780143037200"><bdi>9780143037200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+American+Revolution%3A+The+Unruly+Birth+of+Democracy+and+the+Struggle+to+Create+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780143037200&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanlet1986" class="citation book cs1">Ranlet, Philip (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorkloyalists0000ranl/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The New York loyalists</i></a>. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-5038" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-5038"><bdi>978-0-87049-5038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+loyalists&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-5038&rft.aulast=Ranlet&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorkloyalists0000ranl%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid1987" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John Phillip (1987). <i>Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority to Tax</i>. <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029911290X" title="Special:BookSources/029911290X"><bdi>029911290X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+History+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+The+Authority+to+Tax&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=029911290X&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1935" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. (March 1935). "The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>8</b> (1). The New England Quarterly, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F359430">10.2307/359430</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/359430">359430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Colonial+Newspapers+and+the+Stamp+Act&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1935-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F359430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F359430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1975" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Peter D. G. (1975). <i>British Politics and the Stamp Act Crisis: The First Phase of the American Revolution, 1763–1767</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198224311" title="Special:BookSources/0198224311"><bdi>0198224311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Politics+and+the+Stamp+Act+Crisis%3A+The+First+Phase+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931767&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0198224311&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTilghmanHarrison1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Tilghman" title="Oswald Tilghman">Tilghman, Oswald</a>; Harrison, Samuel A. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2UlAAAAMAAJ&dq=History+of+Talbot+County%2C+Maryland+Volume+II&pg=PA89"><i>History of Talbot County, Maryland, 1661–1861, Volume II</i></a>. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1541072">1541072</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217065150/https://books.google.com/books?id=V2UlAAAAMAAJ&dq=History+of+Talbot+County%2C+Maryland+Volume+II&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Talbot+County%2C+Maryland%2C+1661%E2%80%931861%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Williams+and+Wilkins+Company&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1541072&rft.aulast=Tilghman&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Samuel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2UlAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DHistory%2Bof%2BTalbot%2BCounty%252C%2BMaryland%2BVolume%2BII%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeslager1976" class="citation book cs1">Weslager, C. A. (1976). <i>The Stamp Act Congress</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874131111" title="Special:BookSources/0874131111"><bdi>0874131111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stamp+Act+Congress&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0874131111&rft.aulast=Weslager&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamp+Act+1765" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Stamp_Act_(1765)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Stamp Act (1765)">Stamp Act (1765)</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1765_5G3n11">Digital reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahp.gatech.edu/stamp_act_bp_1765.html">Text of the 1765 Stamp Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317013604/http://ahp.gatech.edu/stamp_act_bp_1765.html">Archived</a> 17 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129092839/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerrev/amerdocs/penn_assembly_1765.htm">Resolves of the Pennsylvania Assembly on the Stamp Act, 21 September 1765</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycarper.com/resources/docs/stamprep.htm">1766 Text of the Repeal of the Stamp Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415082937/http://www.historycarper.com/resources/docs/stamprep.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317232703/http://dalessandris.net/embossed.aspx">Images of the type of stamps referred to in the Act.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredericknewspost.com/your_life/life_news_collection/real_life/a-look-at-the-immortals-who-voted-to-repudiate-the/article_95a80a99-60a4-5bd6-b4b7-bfcf9410095f.html">Profiles of the "12 Immortal Justices" of Maryland who ruled the Stamp Act invalid and void on 23 November 1765.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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<a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">British laws</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Royal Proclamations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament</a>, and other legal issues relating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1763</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_Act_1698" title="Wool Act 1698">Wool Act</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Act_1731" title="Hat Act 1731">Hat Act</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a> (1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron Act</a> (1750)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a><br />(1763–1765)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a> (1765)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stamp Act</a> (1765)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">Rockingham ministry</a><br />(1765–1766)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Repeal">Repeal Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_1766" title="Revenue Act 1766">Revenue Act</a> (June 1766)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton</a><br />ministries (1766–1770)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (1767)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a><br />(1770–1782)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts#Partial_repeal" title="Townshend Acts">Repeal Act</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a> (1774: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">Boston Port Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Justice_Act_1774" title="Administration of Justice Act 1774">Administration of Justice Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts#Quartering_Act_1774" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a> (February 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining Acts</a> (March and April 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a> (August 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory Act</a> (December 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778" title="Taxation of Colonies Act 1778">Taxation of Colonies Act</a> (1778)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other legal issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_assistance" title="Writ of assistance">Writ of assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson%27s_Cause" title="Parson's Cause">Parson's Cause</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Taxation without representation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolution_origins" title="Template:American Revolution origins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolution_origins" title="Template talk:American Revolution origins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolution_origins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolution origins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution:_writings512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: writings</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>American resolves, declarations, petitions, essays and pamphlets prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (July 1776)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Following the<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stamp Act</a> (1765)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Resolves" title="Virginia Resolves">Virginia Resolves</a> (May 1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_Instructions" title="Braintree Instructions">Braintree Instructions</a> (September 1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a> (October 1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leedstown_Resolutions" title="Leedstown Resolutions">Leedstown Resolutions</a> (February 1766)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland#Colonial_rights_advocate,_An_Inquiry_into_the_Rights_of_the_British_Colonies" title="Richard Bland">An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies</a></i> (1766)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Following the<br /><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (1767)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i> (1767, 1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a> (February 1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Occurrences" title="Journal of Occurrences">Journal of Occurrences</a> (1768, 1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a> (May 1769)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Pamphlet" title="Boston Pamphlet">Boston Pamphlet</a></i> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Declaration" title="Sheffield Declaration">Sheffield Declaration</a> (January 1773)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Following the<br /><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a> (1774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestertown_Tea_Party" title="Chestertown Tea Party">Chestertown Resolves</a> (May 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Resolves" title="Talbot Resolves">Talbot Resolves</a> (May 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Declaration" title="Bush Declaration">Bush River Resolution</a> (March 1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a> (September 1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangetown_Resolutions" title="Orangetown Resolutions">Orangetown Resolutions</a> (July 1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Vindication_of_the_Measures_of_Congress" title="A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress">A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress</a></i> (December 1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer_Refuted" title="The Farmer Refuted">The Farmer Refuted</a></i> (February 1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Resolves" title="Rowan Resolves">Rowan Resolves</a> (August 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_Tea_Party" title="Edenton Tea Party">Edenton Tea Party</a> (October 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Resolves" title="Mecklenburg Resolves">Mecklenburg Resolves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence">Declaration</a> (May 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Point_Resolves" title="Liberty Point Resolves">Liberty Point Resolves</a> (June 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_Resolves" title="Tryon Resolves">Tryon Resolves</a> (August 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a> (April 1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a> (July 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fincastle_Resolutions" title="Fincastle Resolutions">Fincastle Resolutions</a> (January 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Resolves" title="Augusta Resolves">Augusta Resolves</a> (February 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Declaration" title="Augusta Declaration">Augusta Declaration</a> (May 1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a> (June 1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves</a> (October 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> (October 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to 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