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href="#Fluvial_Yunga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fluvial Yunga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluvial_Yunga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivian_Yungas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivian_Yungas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bolivian Yungas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bolivian_Yungas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bolivian Yungas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bolivian_Yungas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Human use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentine_Yungas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentine_Yungas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Argentine Yungas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentine_Yungas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iunga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunga" title="Yunga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yunga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunga" title="Yunga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yunga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungas" title="Yungas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yungas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungaoj" title="Jungaoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jungaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunga" title="Yunga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yunga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იუნგასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუნგასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungasas" title="Jungasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunka_suyu" title="Yunka suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yunka suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Юнга (география) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юнга 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural region in Peru and Bolivia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow 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.ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Yungas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Natural region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yungas Road in Bolivia"><img alt="Yungas Road in Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg/250px-Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg/375px-Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg/500px-Bolivia_Yunga_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Yungas_Road" title="Yungas Road">Yungas Road</a> in Bolivia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_veg_1970.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vegetation of Peru. Mountain rainforest in blue-green."><img alt="Vegetation of Peru. Mountain rainforest in blue-green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Peru_veg_1970.png/250px-Peru_veg_1970.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Peru_veg_1970.png/375px-Peru_veg_1970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Peru_veg_1970.png/500px-Peru_veg_1970.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="858" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Vegetation of Peru. Mountain rainforest in blue-green.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yungas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> <i>yunka</i> warm or temperate <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> or earth, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> <i>yunka</i> warm area on the slopes of the Andes)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregion</a> of a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andes Mountains</a> from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and extends into Northwest Argentina at the slope of the Andes pre-cordillera. It is a transitional zone between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. Like the surrounding areas, the Yungas belong to the <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical realm</a>; the climate is rainy, humid, and warm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, the term <i>yunga</i> referred to both the western and eastern slopes of the Andes and their inhabitants. In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonial era</a>, it became primarily associated with the western foothills near the desert coast and the local Indians. Today, <i>yunga</i> can refer to the lower slopes on both sides of the Andes, though <i>yungas</i> mostly denotes the eastern foothills between the Andes and the Amazon basin, with both having mostly lost their ethnic associations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yungas forests are extremely diverse, ranging from moist lowland forest to evergreen <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a>. The terrain, formed by <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a>, fluvial <a href="/wiki/Mountain_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain trail">mountain trails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, is extremely rugged and varied, contributing to the ecological diversity and richness. A complex mosaic of habitats occur with changing latitude as well as elevation. There are high levels of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">species endemism</a> throughout the Yungas regions. Many of the forests are evergreen, and the South Andean Yungas contains what may be the last evergreen forests resulting from <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> glaciations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wildlife_ecoregions">World Wildlife ecoregions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World Wildlife ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> has delineated three yungas <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a> along the eastern side of the Andes: </p> <ul><li>The northernmost is the <b><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Yungas" title="Peruvian Yungas">Peruvian Yungas</a></b>, located entirely within <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and stretching nearly the whole length of the country.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Yungas" title="Bolivian Yungas">Bolivian Yungas</a></b> lies to the south, entirely within <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Apolobamba" title="Cordillera Apolobamba">Cordillera Apolobamba</a> marks the boundary between the Peruvian Yungas and Bolivian Yungas.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Andean_Yungas" title="Southern Andean Yungas">Southern Andean Yungas</a></b> begins in southern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and continues to the north of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. It is a humid forest region between the drier <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</a> region to the east and the dry, high altitude <a href="/wiki/Puna_grassland" title="Puna grassland">Puna</a> region to the west.</li></ul> <p>Yungas are transitional zones between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. The yungas forests are extremely diverse, ranging from moist lowland forest to evergreen montane forest and cloud forests. The terrain is extremely rugged and varied, contributing to the ecological diversity and richness. A complex mosaic of habitats occur with changing latitude as well as elevation. There are high levels of biodiversity and species endemism throughout the yungas regions. Many of the forests are evergreen, and the South Andean Yungas contains what may be the last evergreen forests resulting from Quaternary glaciations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average temperature is 72 °F (22 °C). The climate is varied and ranges from a humid <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> to the cold of the Andes over 10,000 ft (3,000 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peruvian_Yungas">Peruvian Yungas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peruvian Yungas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Yungas" title="Peruvian Yungas">Peruvian Yungas</a></div> <p>In Peru there is a difference between Yunga and Yungas. <b>Yunga</b> is considered a natural region on both sides of the Peruvian Andes, the western side towards the coast is called Sea Yunga, and the eastern side into the jungle is called Fluvial Yunga, both reach a height of 2,300 m. </p><p>Instead, <b>Yungas</b> is the ecoregion of rain forest and montane forest from 1.000 to 3.500 m, so it is limited to the eastern side of the Andes. This concept has a closer analogy with the Bolivian Yungas. This region is considered as the most endemic biodiversity of Peru. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forest_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest loss">Forest loss</a> in the Peruvian Yungas has sharply accelerated since the 2000s, rising seven-fold between 2005 and late 2012, according to satellite analysis by Terra-i.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_Yunga">Sea Yunga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sea Yunga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Sea Yunga</b>, or Maritime Yunga, is found between <b>500 and 2,300 m</b> and it is situated between the eastern part of the coastal strip and the western part of the Highlands. This subregion has a <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> climate with little rainfall along the central and southern coast (drier as you go south). The average year round day temperature is 21 °C (70 °F) (max 33 °C min 8 °C). A mist-fed ecosystem called <a href="/wiki/Lomas" title="Lomas">Lomas</a> is found at scattered locations among hills near the Pacific Ocean at elevations up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). </p><p>The <b>flora</b> in the central Sea Yungas region is mainly composed by the <a href="/wiki/Lucuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucuma">lucuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherimoya" title="Cherimoya">cherimoya</a> trees, the <a href="/wiki/Casuarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Casuarin">casuarin</a>, and others. </p><p>Once you go north its climate becomes <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> in the vicinity of La Libertad, Lambayeque and Piura. Day time temperatures average between 21 °C (70 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) depending on latitude (max 40 °C min 15 °C). </p><p>As this area approaches the tropics, fauna differs from the rest of the coast, so that animals like the <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boas</a>, larger <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and the famous <a href="/wiki/White-winged_guan" title="White-winged guan">white-winged guan</a> (a bird species unique to this Peruvian ecoregion) occur here. Common trees in this area are the <a href="/wiki/Acacia_macracantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia macracantha">faique</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sapote" title="Sapote">sapote</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapayal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapayal (page does not exist)">zapayal</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudobombax_septenatum" title="Pseudobombax septenatum">barrigon</a></i> and other thorny <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical savanna">tropical savanna</a> trees of the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial climate">equatorial</a> dry <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> on the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumbes,_Peru" title="Tumbes, Peru">Tumbes</a>. </p><p>The cooler Pacific side is more vaguely characterized. The dry and cool <i>Yunga Coastal</i> begins at 500 m above sea level. The Maritime Yunga begins dry, and it seems to follow <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a> on ecotone until reaching the Quechua region at the Pacific side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluvial_Yunga">Fluvial Yunga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fluvial Yunga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Fluvial Yunga</b> is between the altitudes of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) and is found on the eastern part of Peru. This sub-region has a <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> climate with ample seasonal rains. The average temperature fluctuates between 20 °C and 25 °C depending on the altitude (max 35 °C, min 11 °C). </p><p><b>Concept:</b> </p><p>The concept of the east side of the continental divide is straightforward: 1,000 m above sea level it is 4.9 °C cooler, and the subtropical cloud forest (Fluvial Yunga) follows the tropical rainforest (Anti). At 2,300 m, the climate transitions from subtropical climate to temperate climate (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_(geography)" title="Quechua (geography)">Quechua</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">Tree line</a> ends at 3,500 m and has an annual mean temperature of 10 °C. The region between the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> and 4,000 m is called <a href="/wiki/Suni_(geography)" title="Suni (geography)">Suni</a> or Jalca. Suni is a dry and cold region with many glacial valleys. Despite the harsh weather, crops such as <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maca" class="mw-redirect" title="Maca">maca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%B1iwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kañiwa">qañiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">broad beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulluco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulluco">ulluku</a> are cultivated here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>flora</b> (subtropical <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forest</a>) of the Yunga region is mainly composed by the <a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper tree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Furcraea" title="Furcraea">Furcraea</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">cabuya</a> (Furcraea andina), the <a href="/wiki/Pitaya" title="Pitaya">pitahaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_torch_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian torch cactus">Peruvian torch cactus</a> (<i>Echinopsis peruviana</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> leaf is established in this region as well as the <a href="/wiki/Uncaria_tomentosa" title="Uncaria tomentosa">uña de gato</a> ("cat's claw", <i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_tomentosa" title="Uncaria tomentosa">Uncaria tomentosa</a></i>). The most attractive sites of this warm refreshing region are its many <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a> forests and beautiful valleys. The <b>fauna</b> in the Yunga region is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_mockingbird" title="Long-tailed mockingbird">long-tailed mockingbird</a>, or chaucato.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Andean Continental Divide</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Westside</th> <th>Eastside </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Chala</i>, dry coast</td> <td>Lowland <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Omagua" title="Omagua">Selva baja</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="#Maritime_Yunga">Maritime Yunga</a></i></td> <td>Highland <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Rupa-Rupa" title="Rupa-Rupa">Selva alta</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="#Maritime_Yunga">Maritime Yunga</a></i></td> <td>Subtropical <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forest</a> or <i><a href="#Fluvial_Yunga">Fluvial Yunga</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quechua_(geography)" title="Quechua (geography)">Quechua</a> – Montane valleys</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quechua_(geography)" title="Quechua (geography)">Quechua</a> – Montane valleys </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">Tree line</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">Tree line</a> – about 3,500 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suni_(geography)" title="Suni (geography)">Suni</a>, scrubs and agriculture</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suni_(geography)" title="Suni (geography)">Suni</a>, scrubs and agriculture </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mountain Top: </p> <ul><li>Mountain passes – 4,100 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_grassland" title="Puna grassland">Puna grassland</a> <ul><li>Closed vegetation</li> <li>Sporadic vegetation</li></ul></li> <li>Andean-alpine desert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">Snow line</a> – about 5,000 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janca" title="Janca">Janca</a> – Rocks, Snow and Ice</li> <li>Peak</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bolivian_Yungas">Bolivian Yungas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bolivian Yungas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Yungas" title="Bolivian Yungas">Bolivian Yungas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_use">Human use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, the region was a major source for <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>. Now, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> are important crops. People cultivate native plants like the <a href="/wiki/Canistel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canistel">canistel</a> or eggfruit tree the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúcuma">lúcuma tree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cherimoya" title="Cherimoya">cherimoya or chirimoya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava or guayabo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado or palta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Afro_Bolivian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Bolivian">Afro Bolivian</a> community is concentrated here. </p><p>Its name derives from the one applied for the same mountain level by those who study the economic system of the prehispanic Andes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Yungas also contains one of the most deadly roads in the world, called the "camino de la muerte," or <a href="/wiki/Yungas_Road" title="Yungas Road">Highway of Death</a>. </p><p>Due to the mountainous terrain an entrepreneurial coca harvester created a network of <a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">zip lines</a> that permit rapid travel from peak to peak by farmers, referred to locally as flying men or bird men, along with their harvests using "zip line trollies."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argentine_Yungas">Argentine Yungas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentine Yungas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Andean_Yungas" title="Southern Andean Yungas">Southern Andean Yungas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Andes" title="Tropical Andes">Tropical Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Geography of Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungas_Road" title="Yungas Road">Yungas Road</a>, North road: 3,600 to 4,650 m (La Cumbre pass, Bolivia), then to 330 m in 61–69 km</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural regions of Peru">Natural regions of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_zones_by_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zones by altitude">Climate zones by altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Bertonio" title="Ludovico Bertonio">Ludovico Bertonio</a> 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTeofilo_Laime_Ajacopa2007" class="citation book cs1">Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futatraw.ourproject.org/descargas/DicQuechuaBolivia.pdf"><i>Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. La Paz, Bolivia: futatraw.ourproject.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Biling%C3%BCe%3A+Iskay+simipi+yuyayk%E2%80%99anch%3A+Quechua+%E2%80%93+Castellano+%2F+Castellano+%E2%80%93+Quechua&rft.place=La+Paz%2C+Bolivia&rft.pub=futatraw.ourproject.org&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Teofilo+Laime+Ajacopa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffutatraw.ourproject.org%2Fdescargas%2FDicQuechuaBolivia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYungas" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/wildfinder/">"Wildfinder - Pages - WWF"</a>. <i>World Wildlife Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wildlife+Fund&rft.atitle=Wildfinder+-+Pages+-+WWF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fpages%2Fwildfinder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYungas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, Rhett: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0119-rhinella-yunga-toad-peru.html">Red toad discovered in the upper reaches of the Amazon</a> Mongabay.com. Retrieved 21 Jan 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulgar Vidal, Javier: Geografía del Perú; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940): Las ocho regiones naturales del Perú, Boletín del Museo de historia natural „Javier Prado“, n° especial, Lima, 1941, 17, pp. 145-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benavides Estrada, Juan (1999). Geografía del Perú 2do año de Secundaria. Lima: Escuela Nueva.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/2011/05/20115811409577464.html">"The flying men of Yungas Valley"</a>. <i>Aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=The+flying+men+of+Yungas+Valley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2F2011%2F05%2F20115811409577464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYungas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yungas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Endemic Bird Areas for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=EbaHTMDetails.asp&sid=57&m=0">Bolivian and Peruvian upper yungas</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=EbaHTMDetails.asp&sid=58&m=0">Bolivian and Peruvian lower yungas</a>. BirdLife International, 2003. BirdLife's online World Bird Database. Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0153">"Peruvian Yungas"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Peruvian+Yungas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt0153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYungas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0105">"Bolivian Yungas"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Bolivian+Yungas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt0105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYungas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0165">"South Andean Yungas"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=South+Andean+Yungas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt0165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYungas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungas&oldid=1255051568">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungas&oldid=1255051568</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yungas" 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