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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Electorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_electors_and_of_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_electors_and_of_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Choice of electors and of candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_electors_and_of_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Secular influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seclusion_and_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seclusion_and_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Seclusion and resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seclusion_and_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_a_pope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_a_pope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Death of a pope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_a_pope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_of_a_pope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_of_a_pope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Resignation of a pope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_of_a_pope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_sealing_of_the_Sistine_Chapel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_sealing_of_the_Sistine_Chapel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_sealing_of_the_Sistine_Chapel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expelling_the_outsiders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expelling_the_outsiders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Expelling the outsiders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expelling_the_outsiders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-scrutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-scrutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Pre-scrutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-scrutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Scrutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-scrutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-scrutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Post-scrutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-scrutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fumata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fumata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Fumata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fumata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance_and_proclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance_and_proclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Acceptance and proclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance_and_proclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevant_papal_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevant_papal_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relevant papal documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relevant_papal_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Direct citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papal conclave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82" title="المجمع المغلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجمع المغلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklav" title="Konklav – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konklav" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Канклаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канклаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Канкляў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канкляў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Конклав – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конклав" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklav" title="Konklav – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Konklav" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave" title="Conclave – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conclave" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkl%C3%A1ve" title="Konkláve – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konkláve" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklave" title="Konklave – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konklave" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papstwahl" title="Papstwahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papstwahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklaav" title="Konklaav – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konklaav" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Παπικό Κονκλάβιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παπικό Κονκλάβιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3nclave" title="Cónclave – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cónclave" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklavo" title="Konklavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konklavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklabe" title="Konklabe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konklabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="مجمع انتخاب پاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجمع انتخاب پاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave" title="Conclave – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conclave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghch%C3%A1n_an_Ph%C3%A1pa" title="Toghchán an Phápa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Toghchán an Phápa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave" title="Conclave – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conclave" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B2%A0" title="콘클라베 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘클라베" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Կոնկլավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնկլավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklava" title="Konklava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konklava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklavo" title="Konklavo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konklavo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklaf" title="Konklaf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konklaf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave" title="Conclave – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conclave" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="קונקלווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונקלווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="პაპის კონკლავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაპის კონკლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Конклав – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конклав" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklevu" title="Konklevu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Konklevu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave_(conventus_cardinalium)" title="Conclave (conventus cardinalium) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conclave (conventus cardinalium)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkl%C4%81vs" title="Konklāvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konklāvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklava" title="Konklava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konklava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclav" title="Conclav – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Conclav" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkl%C3%A1v%C3%A9" title="Konklávé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konklávé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="കോൺക്ലേവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺക്ലേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklaf_kepausan" title="Konklaf kepausan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konklaf kepausan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Конклав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Конклав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclaaf" title="Conclaaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conclaaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7" title="コンクラーヴェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンクラーヴェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklave" title="Konklave – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konklave" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklav" title="Konklav – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konklav" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%82_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پاپائی جلسۂ انتخاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاپائی جلسۂ انتخاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklawe" title="Konklawe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konklawe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave" title="Conclave – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conclave" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclav" title="Conclav – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conclav" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Конклав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конклав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="කොන්ක්ලෙව් කුටිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොන්ක්ලෙව් කුටිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Papal conclave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkl%C3%A1ve" title="Konkláve – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konkláve" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklave" title="Konklave – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konklave" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AFnklawe" title="Kůnklawe – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kůnklawe" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Папска конклава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папска конклава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklava" title="Konklava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konklava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklaavi" title="Konklaavi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konklaavi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklav" title="Konklav – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konklav" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongklabe" title="Kongklabe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kongklabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="திருத்தந்தைத் தேர்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருத்தந்தைத் தேர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="การประชุมเลือกสันตะปาปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประชุมเลือกสันตะปาปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklav" title="Konklav – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konklav" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Конклав – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конклав" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%82_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پاپائی جلسۂ انتخاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاپائی جلسۂ انتخاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ADt_ngh%E1%BB%8B_H%E1%BB%93ng_y" title="Mật nghị Hồng y – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mật nghị Hồng y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konklave_papal" title="Konklave papal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konklave papal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Election of the pope</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Conclave" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Conclave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Conclave (disambiguation)">Conclave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Papal election" redirects here. For the election of the Coptic pope, see <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria#Patriarchal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria § Patriarchal elections</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New pope" redirects here. 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of Rome</a> (554–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> (750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (754–1870) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">Annates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Borders" title="Congregation for Borders">Congregation for Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Statute_for_the_Secular_Government_of_the_States_of_the_Church" title="Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church">Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> (1870)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>" (1870–1929) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Vatican_employee_sex_scandal" title="2010 Vatican employee sex scandal">2010 Vatican employee sex scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Papacy">History of the Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Historical_Institutes" title="Roman Historical Institutes">Roman Historical Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_Era_1870%E2%80%931929" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican during the Savoyard Era 1870–1929">Savoyard Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatileaks_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatileaks scandal">Vatileaks scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Vatican Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City during World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vatican_City" title="Capital punishment in Vatican City">Capital punishment in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status of the Holy See</a> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Alperin_v._Vatican_Bank" title="Alperin v. Vatican Bank">Alperin v. Vatican Bank</a></i>)</li> <li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Holy_See" title="Doe v. Holy See">Doe v. Holy See</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal of Vatican City State">Tribunal of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pastor_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Bonus">Apostolic Constitution <i>Pastor Bonus</i></a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vatican_City" title="LGBTQ rights in Vatican City">LGBTQ rights in Vatican City</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics and government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vatican_Lay_Workers" title="Association of Vatican Lay Workers">Association of Vatican Lay Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Giuseppe Bertello</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Commission">Pontifical Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Communications">Secretariat for Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> (Vatican City newspaper)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_della_Domenica" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Osservatore della Domenica">L'Osservatore della Domenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vatican_City" title="List of newspapers in Vatican City">List of newspapers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio_lawsuit" title="Vatican Radio lawsuit">Vatican Radio lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va (Vatican City internet sites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></div></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_of_Saint_Peter" title="Fabric of Saint Peter">Fabric of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apocrisiarius" title="Papal apocrisiarius">Papal apocrisiarius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vatican_City" title="Governor of Vatican City">Governor of Vatican City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church"><i>Camerlengo</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chamberlain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for the Vatican City State">Vical General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Vatican City)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Dominique Mamberti</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals (Vatican City)">Court of Appeals</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: Pio Vito Pinto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunale_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunale of Vatican City">Tribunale</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: G. di Sanguinetto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military in Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Universi Dominici Gregis">Universi Dominici Gregis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal conclave</a> (Papal elections) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Recent conclaves <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">1978 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Gentleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Gentleman">Papal Gentleman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Pontifical_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Pontifical Household">Prefecture of the Pontifical Household</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Status in international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)</a> <dl><dd>Secretary for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Paul Gallagher (bishop)">Paul Gallagher</a></dd> <dd>Undersecretaries for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Camilleri_(prelate)" title="Antoine Camilleri (prelate)">Antoine Camilleri</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Nuncios</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_and_Holy_See_passports" title="Vatican City and Holy See passports">Vatican City and Holy See passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Vatican_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Vatican citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vatican_City" title="Visa policy of Vatican City">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">The Holy See and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Holy See–Italy relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See–Palestine relations">Holy See–Palestine relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vatican_City" title="Telephone numbers in Vatican City">Telephone numbers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Vatican City">Rail transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy_(Holy_See)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for the Economy (Holy See)">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">Financial Information Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_the_Patrimony_of_the_Apostolic_See" title="Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See">Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_for_the_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Holy_See" title="Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See">Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy" title="List of flags of the Papacy">List of Papal flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/00120" class="mw-redirect" title="00120">00120</a> (Vatican <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postcode</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music of Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Women in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Christmas_Tree" title="Vatican Christmas Tree">Vatican Christmas Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vatican_City" title="Sport in Vatican City">Sport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Vatican" title="The Story of the Vatican">The Story of the Vatican</a></i>, 1941 documentary</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Buildings/geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains of St. Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_(monastery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)">Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_Pontifici" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzi Pontifici">Palazzi Pontifici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Apartments">Papal Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Basilica">Lateran Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Torre San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Vatican Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Vatican Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secret Archives">Vatican Secret Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">Vatican Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Palatina" title="Bibliotheca Palatina">Bibliotheca Palatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Martin_and_Sebastian_of_the_Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss">Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Vatican Gallery of Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_Religious_Art,_Vatican_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Modern Religious Art, Vatican Museums">Collection of Modern Religious Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)"><i>The Last Judgment</i> by Michelangelo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cappella_Sistina_-_2005.jpg/330px-Cappella_Sistina_-_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cappella_Sistina_-_2005.jpg/440px-Cappella_Sistina_-_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1492_papal_conclave" title="1492 papal conclave">1492 papal conclave</a> was the first to be held in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, the site of all conclaves since 1878.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>papal conclave</b> is a gathering of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> convened to elect a <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishop of Rome</a>, also known as the pope. Catholics consider the pope to be the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic successor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> and the earthly head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-VicarChrist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-VicarChrist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns around political interference led to reforms after the <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1268%E2%80%931271" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1268–1271">interregnum of 1268–1271</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a>'s decree during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Lyons">Second Council of Lyons</a> in 1274 that the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> electors should be locked in seclusion <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cum clave</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "with a key") and not permitted to leave until a new pope had been elected.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Lyons2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Lyons2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conclaves are now held in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> in Vatican City.<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, the bishop of Rome, like other bishops, has been chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body of electors was more precisely defined when, in 1059, the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-NicholasII_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-NicholasII-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, other details of the process have developed. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age in <i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i>. The current<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> procedures were established by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">amended by Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2007 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_motu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_motu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-thirds <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> vote is required to elect the new pope.<sup id="cite_ref-BXVI-MP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BXVI-MP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-BXVI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-BXVI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent papal conclave <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">occurred in 2013</a>, when Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, succeeding the retiring <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Papal selection before 1059</a></div> <p>The procedures for the election of the pope developed over almost two <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a>. Until the College of Cardinals was created in 1059, the bishops of Rome, like those in other areas, were elected by acclamation of the local clergy and people. Procedures similar to the present system were introduced in 1274 when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a> promulgated <i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i> following the action of the magistrates of <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a> during the interregnum of 1268–1271.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Conclave-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process was further refined by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a> with his 1621 bull <i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i>, which established the requirement of a two-thirds majority of cardinal electors to elect a pope.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lateran Council">Third Lateran Council</a> had initially set the requirement that two-thirds of the cardinals were needed to elect a pope in 1179.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner3233_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner3233-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requirement had varied since then, depending on whether the winning candidate was allowed to vote for himself, in which cases the required majority was two-thirds plus one vote. <i>Aeterni Patris Filius</i> prohibited this practice and established two-thirds as the standard needed for election.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner146_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner146-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aeterni Patris Filius</i> did not eliminate the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Election_by_acclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Election by acclamation">election by acclamation</a>, but did require that a secret ballot take place first before a pope could be elected.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electorate">Electorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> communities emerged, they elected bishops, chosen by the clergy and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> with the assistance of the bishops of neighbouring dioceses.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a> (died 258) says that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Pope Cornelius</a> (in office 251–253) was chosen as Bishop of Rome "by the decree of God and of His Church, by the testimony of nearly all the clergy, by the college of aged bishops [<i>sacerdotum</i>], and of good men".<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Election_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Election-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other dioceses, the clergy of the Diocese of Rome was the electoral body for the Bishop of Rome. Instead of casting votes, the bishop was selected by general <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a>. The candidate was then submitted to the people for their general approval or disapproval. This lack of precision in the election procedures occasionally gave rise to rival popes or <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Papal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right of the laity to reject the person elected was abolished by a <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Council_(769)" title="Lateran Council (769)">synod held in the Lateran</a> in 769, but restored to <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Roman noblemen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> during a synod of Rome in 862.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Papal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope was also subjected to oaths of loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who had the duty of providing security and public peace in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major change came in 1059, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Pope Nicholas II</a> decreed in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_Nomine_Domini" class="mw-redirect" title="In Nomine Domini">In Nomine Domini</a></i></span> that the cardinals were to elect a candidate to take office after receiving the assent of the clergy and laity. The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal bishop">cardinal bishops</a> were to meet first and discuss the candidates before summoning the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal deacon">cardinal deacons</a> for the actual vote.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Election_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Election-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a> in 1139 removed the requirement for obtaining the assent of the lower clergy and the laity,<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Papal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a> in 1179 gave equal rights to the entire College of Cardinals when electing a new pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Guruge49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guruge49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> the Catholic Church had only a small number of cardinals at any one time, as few as seven under either <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> (1254–1261)<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Cardinal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Cardinal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">Pope John XXI</a> (1276–1277).<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda-xiii_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-xiii-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty of travel further reduced the number arriving at conclaves. The small electorate magnified the significance of each vote and made it all but impossible to displace familial or political allegiances. Conclaves lasted months and even years. In his 1274 decree requiring the electors be locked in seclusion, Gregory X also limited each cardinal elector to two servants and rationed their food progressively when a conclave reached its fourth and ninth days.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Papal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardinals disliked these rules; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Pope Adrian V</a> temporarily suspended them in 1276 and John XXI's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licet_felicis_recordationis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licet felicis recordationis (page does not exist)">Licet felicis recordationis</a></i> revoked them later that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-JohnXXI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-JohnXXI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lengthy elections resumed and continued to be the norm until 1294, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Pope Celestine V</a> reinstated the 1274 rules.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long interregna followed: in <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1314%E2%80%931316" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1314–1316">1314–1316</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>, where the original conclaves were dispersed by besieging mercenaries and not reconvened for almost two years;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1415–1417, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>. </p><p>It is noteworthy that until 1899, it was a regular practice to generally include a few lay members in the Sacred College. These were often prominent nobility, or monks who were not priests, and in all cases, celibacy was required. With the death of <a href="/wiki/Teodolfo_Mertel" title="Teodolfo Mertel">Teodolfo Mertel</a> in 1899, this practice was ended.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a> promulgated that year, explicitly stated that all cardinals must be priests. Since 1962, all cardinals have been bishops, with the exception of a few priests who were made cardinals after 1975 and being 80 years of age or older, were dispensed from the requirement of episcopal ordination. It was in 1975 that Paul VI decreed that those 80 years of age or older were not allowed to vote in papal conclaves. </p><p>In 1587 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> limited the number of cardinals to 70, following the precedent of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> who was assisted by 70 elders in governing the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a>: 6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Cardinal_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Cardinal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the attempts of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1958–1963) to broaden the representation of nations in the College of Cardinals, that number has increased. In 1970 Paul VI ruled that cardinals who reach the age of eighty before the start of a conclave are ineligible to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 he limited the number of cardinal electors to 120.<sup id="cite_ref-RPE_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPE-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this remains the theoretical limit, all of his successors have exceeded it for short periods of time. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> (in office 1978–2005) also changed the age limit slightly, so that cardinals who turn 80 before a papal vacancy (not before conclave start) can not serve as electors;<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this eliminated the idea of scheduling the conclave to include or exclude a cardinal who is very close to the age limit (and in 2013, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a>, 79 when the papacy became vacant, participated in the conclave at age 80). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_electors_and_of_candidates">Choice of electors and of candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Choice of electors and of candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, lay status did not bar election to the See of Rome. Bishops of dioceses were sometimes elected while still <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumens</a>, such as the case of <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became Bishop of Milan in 374. In the wake of the violent dispute over the 767 election of <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Constantine_II" title="Antipope Constantine II">Antipope Constantine II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Pope Stephen III</a> held the synod of 769, which decreed that only a cardinal priest or cardinal deacon could be elected, specifically excluding those that are already bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Election_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Election-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church practice deviated from this rule as early as 817 and fully ignored it from 882 with the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Pope Marinus I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Caere" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Caere">Bishop of Caere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas II, in the synod of 1059, formally codified existing practice by decreeing that preference was to be given to the clergy of Rome, but leaving the cardinal bishops free to select a cleric from elsewhere if they so decided.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Council of 1179</a> rescinded these restrictions on eligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Guruge49_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guruge49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 February 1559, <a href="/wiki/Paul_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul IV">Paul IV</a> issued the papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_ex_apostolatus_officio" title="Cum ex apostolatus officio">Cum ex apostolatus officio</a></i>, a codification of the ancient Catholic law that only Catholics can be elected popes, to the exclusion of non-Catholics, including former Catholics who have become public and manifest heretics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Pope Urban VI</a> in 1378 became the last pope elected from outside the College of Cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last person elected as pope who was not already an ordained priest or deacon was the cardinal-deacon Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, elected as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> in 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>, was the last to be elected (1522) <i>in absentia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Giovanni Montini</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> received several votes in the <a href="/wiki/1958_conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 conclave">1958 conclave</a> though not yet a cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner215_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner215-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Catholic Church holds that women cannot be validly ordained, women are not eligible for the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the pope is the Bishop of Rome, he need not be of Italian background. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the three most recent conclaves have elected a Pole (1978), a German (2005), and an Argentinian (2013). </p><p>During the first millennium, popes were elected unanimously (at least in theory). After a decree by the Synod of Rome in 1059, some factions contended that a simple majority sufficed to elect. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran settled the question by calling for unanimity, but permitting the Pope to be elected by two-thirds majority, "if by chance, through some enemy sowing tares, there cannot be full agreement."<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner3233_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner3233-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cardinals were not allowed to vote for themselves (after 1621), the ballots were designed to ensure secrecy while at the same time preventing self-voting.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> removed the prohibition on a cardinal voting for himself, increasing the requisite majority to two-thirds plus one at all times.<sup id="cite_ref-VAS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eliminated as well the need for signed ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor John XXIII immediately reinstated the two-thirds majority if the number of cardinal electors voting is divisible by three, with a rounding up to two-thirds plus one otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul VI reinstated Pius XII's procedure thirteen years later,<sup id="cite_ref-RPE_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPE-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but John Paul II overturned it again. In 1996, John Paul II's constitution allowed election by <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> if deadlock prevailed after thirty-three or thirty-four ballots<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (thirty-four ballots if a ballot took place on the first afternoon of the conclave). In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> rescinded John Paul II's change (which had effectively abolished the two-thirds majority requirement, as any majority suffices to block the election until a simple majority is enough to elect the next pope), reaffirming the requirement of a two-thirds majority.<sup id="cite_ref-BXVI-MP_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BXVI-MP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-BXVI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-BXVI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electors formerly made choices by <a href="/wiki/Accessus" title="Accessus">accessus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acclamation_(Papal_elections)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclamation (Papal elections)">acclamation</a> (<i>per inspirationem</i>), adoration, compromise (<i>per compromissum</i>) or scrutiny (<i>per scrutinium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Conclave-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Accessus</b> was a method for cardinals to change their most recent vote to accede to another candidate in an attempt to reach the requisite two-thirds majority and end the conclave. This method was first disallowed by the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Dean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Dean">Cardinal Dean</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1903">1903 conclave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Conclave-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius XII abolished accessus in 1945.</li> <li>With <b>acclamation</b>, the cardinals unanimously declared the new pope <i>quasi afflati Spiritu Sancto</i> (as if inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-VAS_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this took place before any formal ballot had taken place, the method was called <b>adoration</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Pope Gregory XV</a> excluded this method in 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To elect by <b>compromise</b>, a deadlocked college unanimously delegates the election to a committee of cardinals whose choice they all agree to abide by.<sup id="cite_ref-VAS_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Scrutiny</b> is election via the casting of secret ballots.</li></ul> <p>The last election by compromise was that of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> in 1316, and the last election by acclamation that of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1676" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1676">1676 conclave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Universi Dominici gregis</i> formally abolished the long-unused methods of acclamation and compromise in 1996, making scrutiny the only approved method for the election of a new pope.<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_influence">Secular influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secular influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a significant part of the Church's history, powerful monarchs and governments influenced the choice of its leaders. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a> once held considerable sway in the elections of popes. In 418, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Augustus_Honorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Augustus Honorius">Honorius</a> settled a controversial election, upholding <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Pope Boniface I</a> over the challenger <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Eulalius" title="Antipope Eulalius">Antipope Eulalius</a>. On the request of Boniface I, Honorius ordered that in future cases, any disputed election would be settled by a fresh election.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, influence passed to the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogoth">Ostrogothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Italy">Kings of Italy</a> and in 533, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">Pope John II</a> formally recognised the right of the Ostrogothic monarchs to ratify elections. By 537 the Ostrogothic monarchy had been overthrown, and power passed to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a>. A procedure was adopted whereby officials were required to notify the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a> upon the death of a pope before proceeding with the election.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the electors arrived at a choice, they were required to send a delegation to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> requesting the emperor's consent, which was necessary before the individual elected could take office. Travel to and from Constantinople caused lengthy delays.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Pope Benedict II</a> (684–685) complained about them, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (in office 654–685) acquiesced, ending the requirement for emperors to confirm elections. Thereafter, the Emperor was only required to be notified.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last pope to notify a Byzantine emperor was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Pope Zachary</a> in 741.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> came to exert control over papal elections. While <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (emperor from 800 to 814) and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> (emperor from 813 to 840) did not interfere with the Church, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> (emperor from 817 to 855) claimed that an election could only take place in the presence of imperial ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 898 riots forced <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">Pope John IX</a> to recognise the superintendence of the Holy Roman Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Roman nobility also continued to exert great influence, especially during the tenth-century period known as <i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">saeculum obscurum</a></i> (Latin for "the dark age").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1059 the same <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> that restricted suffrage to the cardinals also recognised the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor (at the time <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>), but only as a concession made by the pope, declaring that the Holy Roman Emperor had no authority to intervene in elections except where permitted to do so by papal agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgartner21_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgartner21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> (in office 1073–1085) was the last pope to submit to the interference of the Holy Roman Emperors. The breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> led to the abolition of the emperor's role.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1122 the Holy Roman Empire acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a>, accepting the papal decision.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From about 1600, certain Catholic monarchs claimed a <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">jus exclusivae</a></i> (right of exclusion), i.e. a veto over papal elections, exercised through a <a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">crown-cardinal</a>. By an informal convention, each state claiming the veto could exercise the right once per conclave. Therefore, a crown-cardinal did not announce his veto until the very last moment when the candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. No vetoes could be employed after an election. After the Holy Roman Empire dissolved in 1806, its veto power devolved upon the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. The last exercise of the veto occurred in 1903, when Prince <a href="/wiki/Jan_Puzyna_de_Kosielsko" title="Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko">Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko</a> informed the College of Cardinals that Austria opposed the election of <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rampolla" title="Mariano Rampolla">Mariano Rampolla</a>. Consequently, the college elected Giuseppe Sarto as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, who issued the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">constitution</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commissum_nobis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commissum nobis (page does not exist)">Commissum nobis</a></i> six months later, declaring that any cardinal who communicated his government's veto in the future would suffer <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latae sententiae">latae sententiae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seclusion_and_resolution">Seclusion and resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seclusion and resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To resolve prolonged deadlocks in papal elections in the earlier years, local authorities often resorted to the forced seclusion of the cardinal electors, such as first in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1241" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1241">1241</a>, and possibly before that in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1216" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1216">1216</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1268%E2%80%9371_papal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1268–71 papal election">1269</a>, when the forced seclusion of the cardinals alone failed to produce a pope, the city of Viterbo refused to send in any materials except bread and water. When even this failed to produce a result, the townspeople removed the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Papi_di_Viterbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo">Palazzo dei Papi</a> in their attempt to speed up the election.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to avoid future lengthy elections, Gregory X introduced stringent rules with the 1274 promulgation of <i>Ubi periculum</i>. Cardinals were to be secluded in a closed area and not accorded individual rooms. No cardinal was allowed, unless ill, to be attended by more than two servants. Food was supplied through a window to avoid outside contact.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days of the conclave, the cardinals were to receive only one dish a day; after another five days, they were to receive just bread and water. During the conclave, no cardinal was to receive any ecclesiastical revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Papal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a> abolished Gregory X's strict regulations in 1276, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a>, elected in 1294 following a two-year vacancy, restored them. In 1562 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a> issued a papal bull that introduced regulations relating to the enclosure of the conclave and other procedures. Gregory XV issued two bulls that covered the most minute of details relating to the election; the first, in 1621, concerned electoral processes, while the other, in 1622, fixed the ceremonies to be observed. In December 1904 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> issued an apostolic constitution consolidating almost all the previous rules, making some changes, <i>Vacante sede apostolica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Paul II instituted several reforms in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-Conclave-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the conclaves became fixed in the fourteenth century. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> in 1417, they have taken place in Rome (except in 1799–1800, when French troops occupying Rome forced the election to be held in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>), and normally in what, since the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a> of 1929, has become the independent <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> State. Since 1846, when the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Quirinal Palace</a> was used, the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> in the Vatican has served as the location of the election. Popes have often fine-tuned the rules for the election of their successors: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>'s <i>Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis</i> (1945) governed the conclave of 1958, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summi_Pontificis_electio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Summi Pontificis electio (page does not exist)">Summi Pontificis electio</a></i> (1962) that of 1963, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i> (1975) the two conclaves of 1978, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s <i>Universi Dominici Gregis</i> (1996) that of 2005, and <a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">two amendments by Benedict XVI</a> (2007, 2013) that of 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_practice">Modern practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg/220px-Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg/330px-Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg/440px-Domus_Sanctae_Marthae_from_the_Dome_of_St._Peter%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Since the <a href="/wiki/Conclave_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Conclave of 2005">conclave of 2005</a>, the cardinals electors reside in the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> for the length of the conclave.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, John Paul II promulgated a new <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i>, which with <a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">slight modifications</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> now governs the election of the pope, abolishing all previous constitutions on the matter, but preserving many procedures that date to much earlier times. Under <i>Universi Dominici gregis</i>, the cardinals are to be lodged in a purpose-built edifice in Vatican City, the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a>, but are to continue to vote in the Sistine Chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several duties are performed by the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">dean of the College of Cardinals</a>, who is always a cardinal bishop. If the dean is not entitled to participate in the conclave owing to age, his place is taken by the vice-dean, who is also always a cardinal bishop. If the vice-dean also cannot participate, the senior cardinal bishop participating performs the functions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the College of Cardinals is a small body, there have been proposals that the electorate should be expanded. Proposed reforms include a plan to replace the College of Cardinals as the electoral body with the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a>, which includes many more members. Under present procedure, the synod may only meet when called by the pope. <i>Universi Dominici gregis</i> explicitly provides that even if a synod or an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> is in session at the time of a pope's death, it may not perform the election. Upon the pope's death, either body's proceedings are suspended, to be resumed only upon the order of the new pope.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is considered poor form to campaign for the position of pope. There is always much outside speculation about which cardinals have serious prospects of being elected. Speculation tends to mount when a pope is ill or aged and shortlists of potential candidates appear in the media. A cardinal who is considered to be a prospect for the papacy is described informally as a <i><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a></i> (an adjective used substantively: the plural form is <i>papabili</i>), a term coined by Italian-speaking Vatican watchers in the mid-20th century, literally meaning "pope-able". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_a_pope">Death of a pope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death of a pope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG/170px-Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG/255px-Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG/340px-Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The camerlengo proclaiming a papal death</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of the pope is verified by the <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">cardinal camerlengo</a>, or chamberlain, who traditionally performed the task by calling out his baptismal (not papal) name three times in the presence of the master of papal liturgical celebrations, and of the cleric prelates, secretary and chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a>. The camerlengo takes possession of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a> worn by the pope; the ring, along with the papal seal, is later destroyed before the College of Cardinals. The tradition originated to avoid forgery of documents, but today merely is a symbol of the end of the pope's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i>, as the papal vacancy is known, certain limited powers pass to the College of Cardinals, which is convoked by the dean of the College of Cardinals. All cardinals are obliged to attend the general congregation of cardinals, except those whose health does not permit, or who are over eighty (but those cardinals may choose to attend if they please as non-voting members). The particular congregation, which deals with the day-to-day matters of the Church, includes the cardinal camerlengo and the three cardinal assistants—one cardinal bishop, one cardinal priest and one cardinal deacon—chosen by lot. Every three days, new cardinal assistants are chosen by lot. The camerlengo and assistants are responsible, among other things, for maintaining the election's secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The congregations must make certain arrangements in respect of the pope's burial, which by tradition takes place within four to six days of the pope's death, leaving time for pilgrims to see the dead pontiff, and occurs within a nine-day period of mourning known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">novemdiales</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'nine days'). The congregations also fix the date and time of the commencement of the conclave. The conclave normally takes place fifteen days after the death of the pope, but the congregations may extend the period to a maximum of twenty days in order to permit other cardinals to arrive in the Vatican City.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg/220px-John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg/330px-John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg/440px-John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Cardinals, bishops and priests attending the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of Pope John Paul II">funeral of Pope John Paul II</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_of_a_pope">Resignation of a pope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resignation of a pope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal resignation">Papal resignation</a></div> <p>A vacancy in the papal office may also result from a <a href="/wiki/Papal_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal resignation">papal resignation</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Benedict XVI">resignation of Benedict XVI</a> on 28 February 2013, no pope had resigned since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a> in 1415.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996 Pope John Paul II, in his <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i>, anticipated the possibility of resignation when he specified that the procedures he set out in that document should be observed "even if the vacancy of the Apostolic See should occur as a result of the resignation of the Supreme Pontiff".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of a papal resignation, the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a> is placed in the custody of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Camerlengo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Camerlengo">Cardinal Camerlengo</a>; in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Camerlengo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Camerlengo">Cardinal Camerlengo</a> marks an X (for the cross) with a small silver hammer and chisel into the ring, disfiguring it so it may no longer be used for signing and sealing official papal documents. </p><p>In his book, <i>Light of the World: The Pope, the Church and the Signs of the Times</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> espoused the idea of resignation on health grounds, which already had some theological respectability.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_sealing_of_the_Sistine_Chapel">Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cardinals hear two sermons before the election: one before actually entering the conclave, and one once they are settled in the Sistine Chapel. In both cases, the sermons are meant to lay out the current state of the Church, and to suggest the qualities necessary for a pope to possess in that specific time. The first preacher in the 2005 conclave was <a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a>, the preacher of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">papal household</a> and a member of the Capuchin Franciscan order, who spoke at one of the meetings of the cardinals held before the actual day when the conclave began.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_%C5%A0pidl%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Špidlík">Tomáš Špidlík</a>, a former professor at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a> and a non-voting member (due to age) of the College of Cardinals, spoke just before the doors were finally closed for the conclave.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of the day designated by the congregations of cardinals, the cardinal electors assemble in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. Then they gather in the afternoon in the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Pauline Chapel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">process</a> to the Sistine Chapel while singing the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Saints" title="Litany of the Saints">Litany of the Saints</a>. The cardinals will also sing the "<a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a>", invoking the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then take an oath to observe the procedures set down by the apostolic constitutions; to, if elected, defend the liberty of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>; to maintain secrecy; and to disregard the instructions of secular authorities on voting. The senior cardinal reads the oath aloud in full; in <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a> (where their rank is the same, their seniority is taken as precedence), the other cardinal electors repeat the oath, while touching the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>. The oath is:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Et ego [given name] Cardinalis [surname] spondeo, voveo ac iuro. Sic me Deus adiuvet et haec Sancta Dei Evangelia, quae manu mea tango.</i></span> </p><p>And I, [given name] Cardinal [surname], so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I now touch with my hand. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expelling_the_outsiders">Expelling the outsiders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expelling the outsiders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After all the cardinals present have taken the oath, the master of papal liturgical celebrations orders all individuals other than the cardinal electors and conclave participants to leave the chapel. Traditionally, he stands at the door of the Sistine Chapel and calls out: <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">"<i>Extra omnes!</i>"</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Outside, all [of you]'). He then closes the door.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern practice, the master of papal liturgical celebrations does not have to stand at the door of the Sistine Chapel—during the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 2013">2013 conclave</a>, the master <a href="/wiki/Guido_Marini" title="Guido Marini">Guido Marini</a> stood in front of the altar and gave the command through a microphone and only went to the chapel doors to close them after the outsiders had left.<sup id="cite_ref-YouTube_procession_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouTube_procession-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The master himself may remain, as may one ecclesiastic designated by the congregations prior to the commencement of the election. The ecclesiastic makes a speech concerning the problems facing the Church and on the qualities the new pope needs to have. After the speech concludes, the ecclesiastic leaves. Following the recitation of prayers, the senior cardinal asks if any doubts relating to procedure remain. After the clarification of the doubts, the election may commence. Cardinals who arrive after the conclave has begun are admitted nevertheless. A sick cardinal or a cardinal who has to use the lavatory may leave the conclave and later be readmitted; a cardinal who leaves for any reason other than illness may not return to the conclave.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in the past cardinal electors could be accompanied by attendants ("<a href="/wiki/Conclavist" title="Conclavist">conclavists</a>"), now only a nurse may accompany a cardinal who for reasons of ill-health, as confirmed by the Congregation of Cardinals, needs such assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secretary of the College of Cardinals, the master of papal liturgical celebrations, two <a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">masters of ceremonies</a>, two officers of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_Sacristy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papal Sacristy (page does not exist)">Papal Sacristy</a> and an ecclesiastic assisting the dean of the College of Cardinals are also admitted to the conclave. Priests are available to hear <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confessions</a> in different languages; two doctors are also admitted. Finally, a strictly limited number of servant staff are permitted for housekeeping and the preparing and serving of meals. </p><p>Secrecy is maintained during the conclave; the cardinals as well as the conclavists and staff are forbidden to disclose any information relating to the election. Cardinal electors may not correspond or converse with anyone outside the conclave, by post, radio, telephone, internet, social media or otherwise, and eavesdropping is an offense punishable by automatic excommunication (<i>latae sententiae</i>). Only three cardinal electors are permitted to communicate with the outside world under grave circumstances, prior to approval of the college, to fulfill their duties: the <a href="/wiki/Major_Penitentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Penitentiary">Major Penitentiary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">cardinal vicar</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for the Vatican City State">vicar general for the Vatican City State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the conclave that elected Pope Francis, the Sistine Chapel was "swept" to detect any hidden "<a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">bugs</a>" or surveillance devices (there were no reports that any were found, but in previous conclaves press reporters who had disguised themselves as conclave servants were discovered). <i>Universi Dominici gregis</i> specifically prohibits media such as newspapers, the radio, and television.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access is blocked in Vatican City and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_signal_jammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless signal jammer">wireless signal jammers</a> are deployed at the Sistine Chapel to prevent any form of electronic communications to or from the cardinal electors.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting">Voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg/220px-Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg/330px-Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg/440px-Folded_conclave_ballot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Cardinals formerly used these intricate ballot papers, one of which is shown folded above. Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballots</a> are simple cards, folded once (like a note card), with the words "I elect as Supreme Pontiff" printed in Latin on them.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Card._Mahony%27s_Scrutiny_Ballot%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>Today, cardinal electors receive copies of multiple ballot cards, scrutiny ballots, and a copy of <i>Ordo Rituum Conclavis</i> (Order of Conclave Rites). Shown above are the ballot papers of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mahony" title="Roger Mahony">Roger Mahony</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 2013">2013 conclave</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the afternoon of the first day, one ballot (referred to as a "scrutiny") may be held, but is not required. If a ballot takes place on the afternoon of the first day and no-one is elected, or no ballot had taken place, a maximum of four ballots are held on each successive day: two in each morning and two in each afternoon. Before voting in the morning and again before voting in the afternoon, the electors take an oath to obey the rules of the conclave. If no result is obtained after three vote days of balloting, the process is suspended for a maximum of one day for prayer and an address by the senior cardinal deacon. After seven further ballots, the process may again be similarly suspended, with the address now being delivered by the senior cardinal priest. If, after another seven ballots, no result is achieved, voting is suspended once more, the address being delivered by the senior cardinal bishop. After a further seven ballots, there shall be a day of prayer, reflection and dialogue. In the following ballots, only the two names who received the most votes in the last ballot shall be eligible in a <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">runoff election</a> where a two-thirds majority is still required. The two people voted on, even if cardinal electors, shall not themselves have the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-BXVI-MP_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BXVI-MP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of voting comprises three phases: the "pre-scrutiny", the "scrutiny", and the "post-scrutiny". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-scrutiny">Pre-scrutiny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pre-scrutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the pre-scrutiny, the masters of ceremonies prepare ballot papers bearing the words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Eligo in Summum Pontificem</i></span> ('I elect as Supreme Pontiff') and provide at least two to each cardinal elector. As the cardinals begin to write down their votes, the secretary of the College of Cardinals, the master of papal liturgical celebrations and the masters of ceremonies exit; the junior cardinal deacon then closes the door. The junior cardinal deacon then draws by lot nine names; the first three become scrutineers, the second three <i>infirmarii</i> and the last three revisers. New scrutineers, <i>infirmarii</i> and revisers are not selected again after the first scrutiny; the same nine cardinals perform the same task for the second scrutiny. After lunch, the election resumes with the oath to obey the rules of the conclave taken anew when the cardinals again assemble in the Sistine Chapel. Nine names are chosen for new scrutineers, <i>infirmarii</i>, and revisers. The third scrutiny then commences, and if necessary, a fourth immediately follows.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No changes in these rules were made by Benedict XVI in 2007. These rules were followed (so far as is known, given the secrecy of a conclave) in electing Pope Francis in March 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scrutiny">Scrutiny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scrutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scrutiny phase of the election is as follows: The cardinal electors proceed, in order of precedence, to take their completed ballots (which bear only the name of the individual voted for) to the altar, where the scrutineers stand. Before casting the ballot, each cardinal elector takes the following Latin oath: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Testor Christum Dominum, qui me iudicaturus est, me eum eligere, quem secundum Deum iudico eligi debere.</i></span> </p><p>I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected. </p> </blockquote> <p>If any cardinal elector is in the chapel, but cannot proceed to the altar due to infirmity, the last scrutineer may go to him and take his ballot after the oath is recited. If any cardinal elector is by reason of infirmity confined to his room, the <i>infirmarii</i> go to their rooms with ballot papers and a box. Any such sick cardinals complete the ballot papers and then take the oath and drop the ballot papers into the box. When the <i>infirmarii</i> return to the chapel, the ballots are counted to ensure that their number matches with the number of ill cardinals; thereafter, they are deposited in the appropriate receptacle. This oath is taken by all cardinals as they cast their ballots. If no one is chosen on the first scrutiny, then a second scrutiny immediately follows. A maximum total of four scrutinies can be taken each day, two in the morning and two in the afternoon. </p><p>The oath taken when casting one's vote, under present rules is only verbal, since the name of the elector is no longer signed on the ballot with that of the candidate. (Previously, the ballot was signed by the elector, who included his motif [unique identification code]. Then he folded it over at two places to cover his signature and motif. After this, it was sealed with wax to result in a semi-secret ballot.) The wax seals were opened only if a candidate received the bare minimum needed for election. This was to insure that the apparently elected man had not voted for himself. This was the procedure from 1621 to 1945. The example above is a copy of the old three section semi-secret ballot, which was last used in the conclave of 1939. There was no oath taken when actually casting ballots, prior to 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semi-secret ballots with initials or motiff written on the back of the ballot (at the option of the cardinals present and voting) were sometimes used prior to 1621. These secret ballots had no oath taken when the vote was actually cast. At some conclaves prior to 1621, the cardinals verbally voted and sometimes stood in groups to facilitate counting the votes cast. The signature and motif of the elector covered by two folded-over parts of the ballot paper was added by Gregory XV in 1621, to prevent anyone from casting the deciding vote for himself. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Cardinal Pole</a> of England refused to cast the deciding vote for himself in 1549, which would then have been followed by the accession to raise his vote total to at least one more than the minimum number needed (and was not elected), but in 1492 Cardinal Borgia (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>) almost certainly did privately bribe other cardinals to vote for him. It is certain that he would not have been allowed to cast the deciding vote for himself, without the knowledge and consent of the other cardinals. A procedure called accession gave electors who had not voted for the possible new pope the opportunity to change their votes and make the election unanimous (or nearly so), except for the vote of the possible new pope. This is how Cardinal Borgia was elected Pope Alexander VI in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced by the mortal challenge to the papacy emanating from Protestantism, and fearing schism due to several stormy conclaves in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Gregory XV established the procedure of signed ballots to prevent any cardinal from casting the deciding vote for himself. The accession was not ended, but seldom used until Pius XII abolished it in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1945, a cardinal can cast the deciding vote for himself without the accession, though the two-thirds majority rule has always been continued, except when John Paul II had modified that rule in 1996 (after 33 ballots, a simple majority was sufficient), with the two-thirds majority rule restored in 2007 by Benedict XVI.<sup id="cite_ref-Bxvi-al_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bxvi-al-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1621, the only oath taken was that of obedience to the rules of the conclave in force at that time, when the cardinals entered the conclave and the doors were locked, and each morning and afternoon as they entered the Sistine Chapel to vote. Gregory XV added the additional oath, taken when each cardinal casts his ballot, to prevent cardinals wasting time in casting "courtesy votes" and instead narrowing the number of realistic candidates for the papal throne to perhaps only two or three. Speed in electing a pope was important, and that meant using an oath so as to get the cardinals down to the serious business of electing a new pope and narrowing the number of potentially electable candidates. The reforms of Gregory XV in 1621 and reaffirmed in 1622 created the written detailed step-by-step procedure used in choosing a pope; a procedure that was essentially the same as that which was used in 2013 to elect Pope Francis. The biggest change since 1621 was the elimination of the rule that required the electors to sign their ballots resulting in the detailed voting procedure of scrutiny making use of simple verbal oaths. Beginning in 1945, an elector could vote for himself and then call on God via the oath taken when the vote is dropped into the receptacle, to declare himself to be the best one qualified for the papacy. The use of the accession would prevent this, but is not allowed under the present rules.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the use of totally secret ballots in the 1958 conclave, it is now possible for a cardinal to cast the deciding vote for himself, without the knowledge and consent of the other cardinals. </p><p>Once all votes have been cast, the first scrutineer chosen shakes the container, and the last scrutineer removes and counts the ballots. If the number of ballots does not correspond to the number of cardinal electors present (including sick cardinals in their rooms), the ballots are burnt, unread, and the vote is repeated. If no irregularities are observed, the ballots may be opened and the votes counted. Each ballot is unfolded by the first scrutineer; all three scrutineers separately write down the name indicated on the ballot. The last of the scrutineers reads the name aloud. </p><p>Once all of the ballots have been opened, the final post-scrutiny phase begins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-scrutiny">Post-scrutiny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-scrutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scrutineers add up all of the votes, and the revisers check the ballots and the names on the scrutineers' lists to ensure that no error was made. The ballots are then all burned by the scrutineers with the assistance of the secretary of the College of Cardinals and the masters of ceremonies. If the first scrutiny held in any given morning or afternoon does not result in an election, the cardinals proceed to the next scrutiny immediately. The papers from both scrutinies are then burned together at the end of the second scrutiny. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumo_negro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fumo_negro.jpg/220px-Fumo_negro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fumo_negro.jpg/330px-Fumo_negro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fumo_negro.jpg/440px-Fumo_negro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Black Smoke in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, indicating that there was not a two-thirds majority in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election">papal election</a> at the Conclave<sup id="cite_ref-Fumata-SmokeSignal_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fumata-SmokeSignal-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumo_branco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fumo_branco.jpg/220px-Fumo_branco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fumo_branco.jpg/330px-Fumo_branco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fumo_branco.jpg/440px-Fumo_branco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption> White Smoke in the Sistine Chapel, indicating that a pope has been elected by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fumata-SmokeSignal_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fumata-SmokeSignal-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fumata">Fumata</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fumata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the early 1800s, the ballots used by cardinals were burned after each ballot to indicate a failed election.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of smoke instead signalled a successful election.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1914, black smoke (<i>fumata nera</i>) emerging from a temporary chimney installed on the roof of the Sistine Chapel indicates that the ballot did not result in an election, while white smoke (<i>fumata bianca</i>) announces that a new pope has been chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Fumata-SmokeSignal_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fumata-SmokeSignal-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1945 (when Pius XII changed the form of ballot to use unsigned ballots, first carried out in 1958), the sealing wax on the complex type ballots illustrated above had the effect of making the smoke from burning the ballots either black or white, depending on whether or not damp straw was added. Until the 20th century, sealing wax customarily had beeswax mixed into its composition. The use of wax made solely from animal fat does not give as much white colored smoke, as does wax that includes beeswax. In the <a href="/wiki/1939_papal_conclave" title="1939 papal conclave">1939 conclave</a>, there was some confusion over the smoke color, which was even more apparent in the <a href="/wiki/1958_papal_conclave" title="1958 papal conclave">1958 conclave</a>. The lack of sealing wax on the ballots explains the confusion over the color of the smoke in the 1958 conclave. The <a href="/wiki/Siri_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siri thesis">Siri thesis</a> was based on the confusion over the smoke color on the first day of that conclave. </p><p>Since 1963, chemicals have been added to the burning process to augment the smoke's black or white color. Beginning in 2005, a successful election is also accentuated by bells ringing at the appearance of the white smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2013 conclave, the Vatican disclosed the chemicals used to color the smoke—the black smoke comprises <a href="/wiki/Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">potassium perchlorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">anthracene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>; the white smoke is composed of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">pine rosin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conclave_Smoke_Recipe_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conclave_Smoke_Recipe-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_Reveals_Recipe_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_Reveals_Recipe-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemicals-for-Fumata_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-for-Fumata-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptance_and_proclamation">Acceptance and proclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acceptance and proclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the election concludes, the cardinal dean summons the secretary of the College of Cardinals and the master of papal liturgical celebrations into the hall. The dean then asks the pope-elect if he assents to the election, saying in Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Acceptasne electionem de te canonice factam in Summum Pontificem?</i></span> ('Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff?') There is no requirement that the pope-elect do so, and he is free to respond <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Non accepto</i></span> ('I do not accept'). </p><p>In practice, any cardinal who intends not to accept will explicitly state this <i>before</i> he receives a sufficient number of votes to become pope, as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a> did in <a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">October 1978</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If he accepts, and is already a bishop, he immediately takes office. If he is not a bishop, he must be first consecrated as one before he can assume office. If a priest is elected, the dean of the College of Cardinals consecrates him bishop; if a layman is elected, then the dean first ordains him deacon, then priest, and only then consecrates him as bishop. Only after becoming a bishop does the pope-elect take office. These functions of the dean are assumed, if necessary, by the sub-dean, and if the sub-dean is also impeded, they are assumed by the senior cardinal bishop in attendance. In <a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005</a>, the dean himself—Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger—was elected pope, thus impeding him from the stated duties. In <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013</a>, the dean and sub-dean were not in attendance (being over the age limit), and these functions were assumed by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re" title="Giovanni Battista Re">Giovanni Battista Re</a>. </p><p>Since 533,<sup id="cite_ref-ce-john_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-john-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new pope has also decided on his regnal name. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">Pope John II</a> was the first to adopt a new <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a>; he felt that his original name, Mercurius, was inappropriate, as it was also the name of a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Roman god</a>. In most cases, even if such considerations are absent, popes tend to choose papal names different from their baptismal names; the last pope to reign under his baptismal name was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Pope Marcellus II</a> (1555). After the newly elected pope accepts his election, the dean asks him about his papal name, saying in Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quo nomine vis vocari?</i></span> ('By what name do you wish to be called?') After the papal name is chosen, the officials are readmitted to the conclave, and the master of papal liturgical celebrations writes a document recording the acceptance and the new name of the pope. </p><p>In the past, when the cardinals voted during a conclave, they sat on canopied thrones symbolizing the cardinals' collective governance of the church during the period of <i>sede vacante</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wintle_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wintle-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the acceptance by the new pope of his election, all other cardinals in attendance each pulled a cord and lowered the canopies above their respective thrones, signifying an end to the period of collective governance, and only the newly elected pope's canopy remained unlowered.<sup id="cite_ref-wintle_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wintle-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last time canopied thrones were used was during the <a href="/wiki/1963_papal_conclave" title="1963 papal conclave">1963 conclave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PapalConclave1963_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PapalConclave1963-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/August_1978_papal_conclave" title="August 1978 papal conclave">August 1978 conclave</a>, canopied thrones were no longer used due to the lack of space resulting from the large increase in the number of cardinal electors (two rows of seats needed). </p><p>At the end of the conclave, the new pope could give his cardinalitial zucchetto or skull cap to the secretary of the conclave, indicating the secretary would be made cardinal at the next consistory to create cardinals. Prior to the 2013 conclave, this tradition was last followed at the 1958 conclave by the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, who bestowed his cardinal's skull cap on <a href="/wiki/Alberto_di_Jorio" title="Alberto di Jorio">Alberto di Jorio</a> and created him a cardinal at the consistory on 15 December of that year. In 2013, the Portuguese section of Vatican Radio reported that at the conclusion of the 2013 conclave, the newly elected Pope Francis bestowed his cardinalitial <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a> on Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Baldisseri" title="Lorenzo Baldisseri">Lorenzo Baldisseri</a>, the secretary of that conclave,<sup id="cite_ref-Baldisseri_news_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldisseri_news-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 22 February 2014 at Pope Francis' first consistory, Baldisseri was formally made a cardinal with the title of Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, the new pope goes to the <a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a>, a small red room next to the Sistine Chapel; the room carries the nickname because of the strong emotions experienced by the new pope. The new pope dresses by himself, choosing a set of pontifical robes—consisting of a white <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">rochet</a>, and red <a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a>—from three sizes provided. He then dons a gold corded <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral cross</a>, a red and gold embroidered <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a>, and then the white papal <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a> on his head. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> dispensed with the red mozzetta, rochet, and gold pectoral cross, wearing only the white cassock and his own pectoral cross when he appeared on the central balcony. He also did not emerge wearing the stole, vesting in it only to impart the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">apostolic blessing</a>, and removing it shortly after. </p><p>Next, the <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="Protodeacon of the College of Cardinals">protodeacon of the College of Cardinals</a> (the senior cardinal deacon) appears at the <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> of the basilica to proclaim the new pope. He usually proceeds with the following traditional Latin formula (assuming that a cardinal has been elected):<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum;<br /><a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">habemus Papam</a>:<br />Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum,<br />Dominum</i></span> [given name]<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><br />Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem</i></span> [surname]<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><br />qui sibi nomen imposuit</i></span> [papal name]<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">.</span></span> </p> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <p>I announce to you with great joy;<br />we have a Pope:<br />The most eminent and most reverend Lord,<br />Lord [given name]<br />Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname]<br />who has taken the name [papal name].   </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>During the announcement for Pope Benedict XVI's election, the protodeacon, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Medina_(cardinal)" title="Jorge Medina (cardinal)">Jorge Medina</a>, first greeted the crowds with "Dear brothers and sisters" in several different languages before proceeding to the Latin announcement. This was not done when Pope Francis was elected. </p><p>In the past, the protodeacon has himself been elected pope. In such an event, the announcement is made by the next senior deacon, who has thus succeeded as protodeacon. The last time the cardinal protodeacon was elected was in 1513, when Giovanni de Medici was elected as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> and the next senior cardinal deacon <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Alessandro Farnese</a> (the future Pope Paul III) made the announcement. After the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in 1878, Protodeacon <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Caterini" title="Prospero Caterini">Prospero Caterini</a> appeared and started to make the announcement but was <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">physically incapable of completing it</a>, so another made it for him.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg/220px-Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg/330px-Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg/440px-Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">conclave of 2013</a>, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> appears for the first time to the crowd in St. Peter's Square.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the announcement, the senior cardinal deacon retreats, and papal aides unfurl a large, maroon banner that out of practicality often bears the late pope's arms in the centre, draping it onto the railing of the basilica's loggia.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Popes John Paul II's and Francis' announcement, there was no image of his predecessor's arms (indicating that the previous pope had just died, or was still alive at the time of the conclave), and during <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>'s first appearance following his election at the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1922">1922 conclave</a>, the banner showed the arms of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> instead of the arms of his immediate predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new pope then emerges onto the balcony to the adulation of the crowd, while a brass band in the forecourt below plays the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Pontifical Anthem</a>. He then imparts the <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a> blessing. The pope may on this occasion choose to give the shorter <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">episcopal blessing</a> as his first apostolic blessing instead of the traditional Urbi et Orbi blessing; this happened most recently with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> after his election at the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1963">1963 conclave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with Pope John Paul II, the last three popes elected (including Pope Francis) have chosen to address the crowds first, before imparting the Urbi et Orbi blessing. Also, at Pope Francis' first appearance, he first led the faithful in prayers for his predecessor and then asked them to pray for himself, before imparting the Urbi et Orbi blessing. </p><p>Formerly, the popes were crowned by the <i><a href="/wiki/Papal_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Tiara">triregnum</a></i>, or triple tiara, at the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">papal coronation</a>. All popes since <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a> have refused an elaborate coronation, choosing instead to have a simpler <a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">papal inauguration</a> ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_papal_documents">Relevant papal documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relevant papal documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_nomine_Domini" title="In nomine Domini">In nomine Domini</a></i></span> (1059)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Quia_propter" title="Quia propter">Quia propter</a></i></span> (1215)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i> (1274)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ne_Romani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ne Romani (page does not exist)">Ne Romani</a></i> (1312)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i> (1621)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commissum_Nobis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commissum Nobis (page does not exist)">Commissum Nobis</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacante_Sede_Apostolica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacante Sede Apostolica (page does not exist)">Vacante Sede Apostolica</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1939#Change_in_conclave_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1939">Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1958#Conclave_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1958">Summi Pontificis electio</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordo_Rituum_Conclavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordo Rituum Conclavis (page does not exist)">Ordo Rituum Conclavis</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_aliquis_mutationibus_in_normis_de_electione_Romani_Pontificis" class="mw-redirect" title="De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis">De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normas_nonnullas" class="mw-redirect" title="Normas nonnullas">Normas nonnullas</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclave_capitulation" title="Conclave capitulation">Conclave capitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index of Vatican City-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List of papal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_appointment" title="Papal appointment">Papal appointment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Each of these popes intended to promulgate a new constitution governing papal elections but died before doing so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 1024 states: "A baptized male alone receives sacred ordination validly."<sup id="cite_ref-canon1024_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon1024-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that there was a female pope, including the legendary <a href="/wiki/Pope_Joan" title="Pope Joan">Pope Joan</a>, are fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>London Magazine</i> printed an image of a ballot design in 1903 with this description: "It is divided into three compartments, in the first of which the Cardinal writes his own name, in the second that of the candidate for whom he votes, and in the third a motto and number. The first and third compartments are then folded twice and sealed down [with wax] at both sides, so that only the middle compartment can be seen by the scrutineers [vote counters].... Should the majority be exactly two-thirds of the total votes recorded, the papers are opened and the names of those voting in the majority examined, in order to make sure that the elected Cardinal did not vote for himself."<sup id="cite_ref-wintle_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wintle-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John XXIII (5 September 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620905_summi-pontificis-electio_lt.html"><i>Summi Pontificis Electio</i></a> (in Latin). <i>Motu proprio</i>. AAS. <b>54</b>. (1962) pp. 632–640. Vatican City.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly, cardinals regularly had meals sent in from their homes with much pageantry accompanying the conveyance of food: "Towards noon each day, the Cardinal's gentlemen proceeded to his house and conveyed his dinner to the Vatican in a state coach. They were accompanied by an officer, known as the Seneschal Dapifer, who was charged with the very important duty of seeing that the Cardinal's food was not poisoned! ... The dishes were enclosed in hampers or tin boxes, covered with green or violet drapery, and ... were carried in state through the entrance halls, preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">mace</a> of the Cardinal. The Seneschal Dapifer, bearing a serviette on his shoulder, preceded the dishes.... Before the Cardinal received his dinner, each dish underwent a careful inspection by the prelates on guard, in order that no letter should be concealed in it."<sup id="cite_ref-wintle_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wintle-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ceremonies have not been observed since the nineteenth century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Henry Clarke's book about Leo XIII claims that Prospero Caterini made the announcement<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1878_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_1878-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Salvador Miranda's entry on Cardinal Caterini at <i>The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</i> website mentions Caterini as having given the announcement<sup id="cite_ref-Caterini_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caterini-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Francis Burkle-Young claims that Caterini started to make the announcement but was incapable of completing the spoken formula and was ultimately assisted by Bartolomeo Grassi-Landi, a non-cardinal and the conclavist of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Oreglia_di_Santo_Stefano" title="Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano">Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burkle-Young_1878_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkle-Young_1878-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Direct_citations">Direct citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Direct citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CE-VicarChrist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE-VicarChrist_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFanning,_William_H._W.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, William H. W. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicar of Christ"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Vicar_of_Christ">"Vicar of Christ" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vicar+of+Christ&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Fanning%2C+William+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-Lyons2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE-Lyons2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyau,_Georges1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goyau, Georges (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Second Council of Lyons (1274)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Second_Council_of_Lyons_(1274)">"Second Council of Lyons (1274)" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+Council+of+Lyons+%281274%29&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Goyau%2C+Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UDG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDG_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paul II (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html"><i>Universi Dominici gregis</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074146/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></i>. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgartner4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-NicholasII-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE-NicholasII_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber,_N._A.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weber, N. A. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Nicholas II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Nicholas_II">"Pope Nicholas II" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Nicholas+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Weber%2C+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013_motu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2013_motu_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-issues-conclave-motu-proprio/">"Pope Issues Conclave Motu Proprio"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213162403/http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-issues-conclave-motu-proprio">Archived</a> 13 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a></i>. 25 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BXVI-MP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BXVI-MP_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BXVI-MP_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BXVI-MP_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict XVI (11 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione_lt.html">De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222062902/http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Latin). <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">Motu proprio</a></i>. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-BXVI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-BXVI_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-BXVI_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6242466.stm">"Pope alters voting for successor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914235308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6242466.stm">Archived</a> 14 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 26 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-Conclave-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Conclave_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling,_A.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dowling, A. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Conclave"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Conclave">"Conclave" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclave&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Dowling%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Signorotto and Visceglia 2002, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgartner3233-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner3233_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner3233_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgartner146-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner146_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-Election-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Election_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Election_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Election_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce,_G._H.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, G. H. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Election of the Popes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Election_of_the_Popes">"Election of the Popes" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Election+of+the+Popes&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Joyce%2C+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-Papal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Papal_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning,_W._H._W.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, W. H. W. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Papal Elections"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Papal_Elections">"Papal Elections" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papal+Elections&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Fanning%2C+W.+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 14–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guruge49-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guruge49_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guruge49_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guruge 2010, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-Cardinal-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Cardinal_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-Cardinal_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSägmüller,_Johannes_Baptist1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cardinal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cardinal">"Cardinal" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardinal&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=S%C3%A4gm%C3%BCller%2C+Johannes+Baptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miranda-xiii-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miranda-xiii_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miranda, Salvador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xiii.htm">"Election of May 30 – November 25, 1277 (Nicholas III)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224040231/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xiii.htm">Archived</a> 24 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, John Paul (7 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1277.html">"SEDE VACANTE 1277"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213163157/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1277.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-JohnXXI-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE-JohnXXI_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch,_Johann_Peter1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kirsch, Johann Peter (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope John XXI (XX)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_John_XXI_(XX)">"Pope John XXI (XX)" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+John+XXI+%28XX%29&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+Johann+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levillain 2002, p. 848.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/cardinals.htm">https://cardinals.fiu.edu/cardinals.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1970" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope Paul VI (20 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem_lt.html">"Ingravescentem aetatem"</a>. <i>Vatican</i> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican&rft.atitle=Ingravescentem+aetatem&rft.date=1970-11-20&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPE-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RPE_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RPE_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1975" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope Paul VI (1 October 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19751001_romano-pontifici-eligendo_lt.html">"Romano Pontifici eligendo"</a>. <i>Vatican</i> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican&rft.atitle=Romano+Pontifici+eligendo&rft.date=1975-10-01&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_apc_19751001_romano-pontifici-eligendo_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughlin,_James_Francis1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Loughlin, James Francis (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Ambrose"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Ambrose">"St. Ambrose" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Ambrose&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Loughlin%2C+James+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guruge 2010, p. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgartner21-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner21_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner21_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 21-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1989" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Denys (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSEGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT343"><i>Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. ??. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317871903" title="Special:BookSources/9781317871903"><bdi>9781317871903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+Fourteenth+and+Fifteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=%3F%3F&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781317871903&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJSEGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöffler1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Löffler, Klemens (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm">"Pope Leo X"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Leo+X&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ffler&rft.aufirst=Klemens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09162a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guruge 2010, p. 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgartner215-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baumgartner215_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2003" class="citation book cs1">Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). "10: Conclaves in the Twentieth Century". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167"><i>Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections</i></a></span>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167/page/n236">217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312294632" title="Special:BookSources/9780312294632"><bdi>9780312294632</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>The best authority on the conclave indicates that [Roncalli] had thirty-eight [votes], three more than required. Siri received ten, and Montini, two.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Conclaves+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Behind+Locked+Doors%3A+A+History+of+the+Papal+Elections&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780312294632&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Frederic+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindl_bau_2003_00_6167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canon1024-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canon1024_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paul II (25 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3P.HTM">"THOSE TO BE ORDAINED"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223141053/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3P.HTM">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Code of Canon Law</i> IV(I)VI.II. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch,_J.P.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kirsch, J.P. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Popess Joan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Popess_Joan">"Popess Joan" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popess+Joan&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord, Lewis (24 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/pope.htm">"The lady was a pope: A bestseller revives the outlandish tale of Joan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017204420/https://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/pope.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>U.S. News Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum11.htm">"Canon 1"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a>. 5 March 1179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012074921/https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals+Online&rft.atitle=Canon+1&rft.date=1179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fcouncils%2Fecum11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wintle-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wintle_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wintle_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wintle_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wintle_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintle1903" class="citation journal cs1">Wintle, W. J. (June 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_k8ckAQAAIAAJ">"How the Pope is Elected: A Popular Account of the Conclave at Rome"</a>. <i>London Magazine</i>. <b>10</b>: 569, 572–4;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Pope+is+Elected%3A+A+Popular+Account+of+the+Conclave+at+Rome&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=569%2C+572-4&rft.date=1903-06&rft.aulast=Wintle&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_k8ckAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secrets.hidden-knowledge.com/rcc/papacy/election/election1903p1.html">article transcription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722181226/http://secrets.hidden-knowledge.com/rcc/papacy/election/election1903p1.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, without pagination</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VAS_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VAS_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VAS_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII (8 December 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis_lt.html"><i>Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519075218/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis_lt.html">Archived</a> 19 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Latin). <i>Apostolic constitution</i>. Vatican City.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1998" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Thomas J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv8pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295"><i>Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674418028" title="Special:BookSources/9780674418028"><bdi>9780674418028</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Vatican%3A+The+Politics+and+Organization+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780674418028&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIv8pAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, Glossary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudovisi,_Alessandro1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ludovisi, Alessandro (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Gregory XV"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Gregory_XV">"Pope Gregory XV" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Gregory+XV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Ludovisi%2C+Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory XV (15 November 1621). "<i>Aeterni Patris</i>". <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a>. Rome.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toman, J. T. (5 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/PERG.Toman.pdf"><i>The Papal Conclave: How do Cardinals Divine the Will of God?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210084803/http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/PERG.Toman.pdf">Archived</a> 10 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson,_John_B.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peterson, John B. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Boniface I"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_St._Boniface_I">"Pope St. Boniface I" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+St.+Boniface+I&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Peterson%2C+John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy 2006, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann,_Horace_K.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mann, Horace K. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Benedict II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_St._Benedict_II">"Pope St. Benedict II" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+St.+Benedict+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Mann%2C+Horace+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgartner 2003, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurtz 1889, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann,_Horace_K.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mann, Horace K. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope John IX"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_John_IX">"Pope John IX" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+John+IX&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Mann%2C+Horace+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/John IX (pope)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/John_IX_(pope)">"John IX (pope)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+IX+%28pope%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, Lynn H. (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/investiture.html">"The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy: 1000 – 1122"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215144418/http://the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/investiture.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/worms1.html">"The Concordat of Worms 1122"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203042100/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/worms1.html">Archived</a> 3 December 1998 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Halsall, Paul (ed.) <i>Internet Medieval Source Book</i> (January 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSägmüller,_Johannes_Baptist1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Right of Exclusion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Right_of_Exclusion">"Right of Exclusion" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Right+of+Exclusion&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=S%C3%A4gm%C3%BCller%2C+Johannes+Baptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudinhon1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conclave"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Conclave">"Conclave" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclave&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Boudinhon&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guruge 2010, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, David (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Pope/story?id=681429">"Inside Longest Papal Conclave in History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091402/https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Pope/story?id=681429">Archived</a> 20 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Viterbo: <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goda, Paul (15 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2005/04/papal-election-procedure-incarnate.php">"Papal Election Procedure: Incarnate History and Faith in a Higher Good"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905055752/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2005/04/papal-election-procedure-incarnate.php">Archived</a> 5 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Jurist Forum, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Law" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Law">University of Pittsburgh School of Law</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_S.J.1910" class="citation journal cs1">Martin S.J., M. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sE34bUAn1aMC&pg=PA426">"The Roman Curia"</a>. <i>The Ecclesiastical Review</i>. <b>43</b>: 426<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Curia&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=426&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Martin+S.J.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsE34bUAn1aMC%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712081751/http://www.ewtn.com/HolySee/Interregnum/domus.asp">"Interesting Conclave Facts"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/HolySee/Interregnum/domus.asp">the original</a> on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Interesting+Conclave+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2FHolySee%2FInterregnum%2Fdomus.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=36884">"Cardinal Sodano elected dean of College of Cardinals"</a>. Cwnews.com. 2 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Sodano+elected+dean+of+College+of+Cardinals&rft.pub=Cwnews.com&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwnews.com%2Fnews%2Fviewstory.cfm%3Frecnum%3D36884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some have proposed the election of the pope by a special synod of bishops. This would imitate some of the Eastern-rite churches where metropolitans and patriarchs are elected by synods of bishops. The method for selecting the synod members would remain controversial.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/reese/america/a-papel1.htm">Cardinals and Conclaves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823142431/http://www.americamagazine.org/reese/america/a-papel1.htm">Archived</a> 23 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, By Thomas J. Reese, S.J., senior fellow at the Woodstock Theological Center, America, 19 November 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=36299">"Toward the conclave #1: the office of camerlengo"</a>. Cwnews.com. 5 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toward+the+conclave+%231%3A+the+office+of+camerlengo&rft.pub=Cwnews.com&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwnews.com%2Fnews%2Fviewstory.cfm%3Frecnum%3D36299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menachery George "Last Days of Pope John Paul II"<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.html">http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028145915/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquinas-multimedia.com/cards/sedeva.html">Sede Vacante</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825032333/http://www.aquinas-multimedia.com/cards/sedeva.html">Archived</a> 25 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Aquinas publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a description of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s burial see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4422629.stm">A pope among popes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619174227/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4422629.stm">Archived</a> 19 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt,_Michael_T.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael T. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Gregory XII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Gregory_XII">"Pope Gregory XII" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Gregory+XII&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Ott%2C+Michael+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1996" class="citation web cs1">Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html">"Universi Dominici Gregis"</a>. <i>The Holy See</i>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. para. 77<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Universi+Dominici+Gregis&rft.pages=para.+77&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford" class="citation news cs1">Stanford, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212113243/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9862770/Pope-resigns-The-pope-who-was-not-afraid-to-say-sorry.html">"Pope resigns: The pope who was not afraid to say sorry"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9862770/Pope-resigns-The-pope-who-was-not-afraid-to-say-sorry.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pope+resigns%3A+The+pope+who+was+not+afraid+to+say+sorry&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fthe-pope%2F9862770%2FPope-resigns-The-pope-who-was-not-afraid-to-say-sorry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantalamessa.org/en/index.php">home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829083333/http://www.cantalamessa.org/en/index.php">Archived</a> 29 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> here</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homepage for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centroaletti.com/en/e-spidlik.htm">Card. Tomáš Špidlík</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829235921/http://www.centroaletti.com/en/e-spidlik.htm">Archived</a> 29 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15341a.htm">"Veni Creator Spiritus"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Veni+Creator+Spiritus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15341a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rS_OT0qUkTw">Cardinals begin voting for new Pope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713232915/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rS_OT0qUkTw">Archived</a> 13 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (video, at 2:40 mins), <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>, 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wdtprs.com/blog/2013/03/the-rites-for-the-conclave-begin-the-entrance-procession-of-the-cardinal-electors/">The rites for the Conclave begin: The entrance procession of the Cardinal Electors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315092526/http://wdtprs.com/blog/2013/03/the-rites-for-the-conclave-begin-the-entrance-procession-of-the-cardinal-electors/">Archived</a> 15 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, wdtprs.com, 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june05/pope_4-04.html">Cardinals Gather to Mourn Pope, Choose Successor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928111351/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june05/pope_4-04.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 04.04.05, Newshour,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YouTube_procession-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YouTube_procession_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTtzyr5sBkc"><i>Procession and entrance in Conclave</i></a> (Television production) (in Italian). Rome: Centro Televisivo Vaticano. 12 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Procession+and+entrance+in+Conclave&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Centro+Televisivo+Vaticano&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcTtzyr5sBkc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a daily chronicle of Pope Francis election events and for his post election programmes until Easter 2013 reported by Menachery George cf.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com">http://www.indianchristianity.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If a cardinal with the right to vote should refuse to enter Vatican City in order to take part in the election, or subsequently, once the election has begun, should refuse to remain in order to discharge his office, without manifest reason of illness attested to under oath by doctors and confirmed by the majority of the electors, the other cardinals shall proceed freely with the election, without waiting for him or readmitting him. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltamedia.com/features/papacy/conclave.shtml">The Election of a New Pope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017124403/http://www.maltamedia.com/features/papacy/conclave.shtml">Archived</a> 17 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/conclave.stm">2 – Secret conclave</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420072926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/conclave.stm">Archived</a> 20 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the BBC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/03/10/173917184/sistine-chapel-conclave-prep-includes-ensuring-social-media-blackout">"At The Vatican, A Social Media Blackout Keeps Cardinals Pure"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=At+The+Vatican%2C+A+Social+Media+Blackout+Keeps+Cardinals+Pure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F03%2F10%2F173917184%2Fsistine-chapel-conclave-prep-includes-ensuring-social-media-blackout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Universi Dominici gregis</i> (Shepherd of the Lord's Whole Flock), promulgated by Pope John Paul II, 22 February 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Von Pastor, History of the Papacy, the Bulls of Gregory XV, Aeterni Patris, and Decet Romanum Pontificem 1621–1622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Burkle Young, Conclaves in the 15th century; also see Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, a website maintained by Salvador Miranda, via FIU</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Von Pastor, History of the Papacy,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bxvi-al-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bxvi-al_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict XVI (11 June 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione_lt.html">" De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222062902/http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Apostolic letter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis, 8 December 1945, Pope Pius XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vacante Sede Apostolica, 25 December 1904 Pope Pius X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fumata-SmokeSignal-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fumata-SmokeSignal_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fumata-SmokeSignal_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fumata-SmokeSignal_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChumley2013" class="citation news cs1">Chumley, Cheryl K. (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161315/http://nation.foxnews.com/catholic-church/2013/03/12/what-do-american-catholics-want-next-pope">"What Do American Catholics Want in the Next Pope?"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. The Washington Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.foxnews.com/catholic-church/2013/03/12/what-do-american-catholics-want-next-pope">the original</a> on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=What+Do+American+Catholics+Want+in+the+Next+Pope%3F&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Chumley&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.foxnews.com%2Fcatholic-church%2F2013%2F03%2F12%2Fwhat-do-american-catholics-want-next-pope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPio1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pio, Oscar (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai3zNKl22CkC&q=storia+fumata+conclave%7Caccesso%3D2020-02-18%7Cdata%3D1876%7Ceditore&pg=PA232"><i>Storia popolare d'Italia dall'origine fino all'acquisto di Roma nell'anno 1870 compilata da Oscar Pio sulle tracce di Guicciardini, Botta, Balbo, Sismondi, Coletta, Cantù, La Farina, Varchi ecc</i></a> (in Italian). G. Bestetti. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+popolare+d%27Italia+dall%27origine+fino+all%27acquisto+di+Roma+nell%27anno+1870+compilata+da+Oscar+Pio+sulle+tracce+di+Guicciardini%2C+Botta%2C+Balbo%2C+Sismondi%2C+Coletta%2C+Cant%C3%B9%2C+La+Farina%2C+Varchi+ecc&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=G.+Bestetti&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Pio&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAi3zNKl22CkC%26q%3Dstoria%2Bfumata%2Bconclave%257Caccesso%253D2020-02-18%257Cdata%253D1876%257Ceditore%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xG4EAAAAQAAJ&q=storia+fumata+conclave&pg=PA398"><i>The Parterre of fiction, poetry, history [&c.]</i></a>. 1835. p. 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parterre+of+fiction%2C+poetry%2C+history+%5B%26c.%5D.&rft.pages=398&rft.date=1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxG4EAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dstoria%2Bfumata%2Bconclave%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofEaAAAAYAAJ&q=storia+fumata+conclave&pg=RA1-PA181"><i>The North British Review</i></a>. W.P. Kennedy. 1850. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+British+Review&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=W.P.+Kennedy&rft.date=1850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofEaAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dstoria%2Bfumata%2Bconclave%26pg%3DRA1-PA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2003" class="citation book cs1">Baumgartner, Frederic (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167"><i>Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167/page/n260">241</a>-245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29463-2"><bdi>978-0-312-29463-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>smoke.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Locked+Doors%3A+A+History+of+the+Papal+Elections&rft.pages=241-245&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29463-2&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindl_bau_2003_00_6167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/rituals.stm">3 – Voting rituals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409203846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/rituals.stm">Archived</a> 9 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the BBC series "Choosing a Pope"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conclave_Smoke_Recipe-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conclave_Smoke_Recipe_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2013" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/12/world/europe/recipe-for-conclaves-black-and-white-smoke-remains-mystery.html?ref=europe">"Conclave Smoke's Recipe Is a Mystery"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Conclave+Smoke%27s+Recipe+Is+a+Mystery&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frecipe-for-conclaves-black-and-white-smoke-remains-mystery.html%3Fref%3Deurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican_Reveals_Recipe-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_Reveals_Recipe_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2013" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/science/vatican-reveals-recipes-for-conclave-smoke.html?ref=europe">"Vatican Reveals Recipes for Conclave Smoke"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican+Reveals+Recipes+for+Conclave+Smoke&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fscience%2Fvatican-reveals-recipes-for-conclave-smoke.html%3Fref%3Deurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemicals-for-Fumata-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chemicals-for-Fumata_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130313/abci-componentes-quimicos-fumata-201303131427.html">"Así se consigue la fumata blanca y la negra"</a>. <i>ABC</i> (in Spanish). Vatican City. Agencia EFE. 13 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+se+consigue+la+fumata+blanca+y+la+negra&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fsociedad%2F20130313%2Fabci-componentes-quimicos-fumata-201303131427.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Reese SJ, <i>Inside The Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</i>, Harvard University Press (1996), p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menachery George, Vatican Adventure <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214041643/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-john-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ce-john_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mann, Horace K. (1910). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_John_II" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope John II">Pope John II</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+John+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Horace+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PapalConclave1963-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PapalConclave1963_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-orhFzr2xeY">Conclave A.D. 1963 – Election of Pope Paul VI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409044709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-orhFzr2xeY">Archived</a> 9 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. YouTube video. Accessed 19 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldisseri_news-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baldisseri_news_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pt.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/16/dom_lorenzo_baldisseri_recebe_solideu_cardinal%C3%ADcio/bra-673713">"Dom Lorenzo Baldisseri recebe solideu cardinalício"</a> (in Portuguese). Rádio Vaticano Portuguese section.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dom+Lorenzo+Baldisseri+recebe+solideu+cardinal%C3%ADcio&rft.pub=R%C3%A1dio+Vaticano+Portuguese+section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt.radiovaticana.va%2Fnews%2F2013%2F03%2F16%2Fdom_lorenzo_baldisseri_recebe_solideu_cardinal%25C3%25ADcio%2Fbra-673713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214043451/http://www.news.va/en/news/166955">"Annuncio di Concistoro per la Creazione di Nuovi Cardinali"</a> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/The_Vatican_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vatican Today">The Vatican Today</a>. 12 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/en/news/166955">the original</a> on 14 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annuncio+di+Concistoro+per+la+Creazione+di+Nuovi+Cardinali&rft.pub=The+Vatican+Today&rft.date=2014-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2F166955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2013/03/13/0147/00367.html">"L'annuncio dell'elezione del Papa"</a> [Announcement of the election of the Pope]. <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Sala Stampa della Santa Sede</a></i>. 13 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004031917/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2013/03/13/0147/00367.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sala+Stampa+della+Santa+Sede&rft.atitle=L%27annuncio+dell%27elezione+del+Papa&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fit%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2F0147%2F00367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_1878-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1878_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Henry_Clarke1903" class="citation book cs1">Richard Henry Clarke (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCEMAQAAMAAJ&q=papal+elections+%26+Caterini&pg=PA210"><i>The life of His Holiness Pope Leo XIII ...: together with extracts from his pastorals and encyclicals</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+His+Holiness+Pope+Leo+XIII+...%3A+together+with+extracts+from+his+pastorals+and+encyclicals&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Richard+Henry+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCEMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpapal%2Belections%2B%2526%2BCaterini%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caterini-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caterini_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1853.htm#Caterini">"Caterini, Prospero"</a>. <i>Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.atitle=Caterini%2C+Prospero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1853.htm%23Caterini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkle-Young_1878-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burkle-Young_1878_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_A._Burkle-Young2000" class="citation book cs1">Francis A. Burkle-Young (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&q=papal+elections+%26+Caterini&pg=PA68"><i>Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878–1922</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739101148" title="Special:BookSources/9780739101148"><bdi>9780739101148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Elections+in+the+Age+of+Transition%2C+1878%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780739101148&rft.au=Francis+A.+Burkle-Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9QxJMdp6FMC%26q%3Dpapal%2Belections%2B%2526%2BCaterini%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menachery George, Vatican Adventure, Election of John Paul II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214041643/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the image at the article "How new Pope is elected" at Pophap <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220094015/http://www.pophap.com/how-new-pope-is-elected/">"How new Pope is elected – POPHAPPOPHAP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pophap.com/how-new-pope-is-elected/">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+new+Pope+is+elected+%E2%80%93+POPHAPPOPHAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pophap.com%2Fhow-new-pope-is-elected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhIh7xYEy_0">Elezione Papa Paolo VI (1963)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123163931/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhIh7xYEy_0">Archived</a> 23 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. YouTube. Accessed on 22 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm">5 – New pope announced</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809021448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm">Archived</a> 9 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Choosing a Pope, BBC</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_conclave&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Pius X (25 December 1904). "<i>Vacante Sede Apostolica</i>". Apostolic constitution. <i>Pii X Pontificis Maximi Acta</i>. <b>3</b>. (1908) pp. 239–288.</li> <li>Pius XI (1 March 1922). "<i>Cum Proxime</i>". Motu proprio. <i>AAS</i>. <b>14</b>. (1922) pp. 145–146.</li> <li>Pius XI (25 March 1935). "<i>Quae Divinitus</i>". Apostolic constitution. <i>AAS</i>. <b>27</b> (1935) pp. 97–113.</li> <li>Paul VI (15 August 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19670815_regimini-ecclesiae-universae_lt.html"><i>Regimini Ecclesiae Universae</i></a> (in Latin). Apostolic constitution. <i>AAS</i>. <b>59</b>. (1967) pp. 885–928. Vatican City.</li> <li>John Paul II (28 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-index_en.html">Pastor Bonus</a>. <i>Apostolic constitution</i>. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.</li> <li>Benedict XVI (11 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione_lt.html">De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis</a>. <i>Apostolic letter</i>. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.</li> <li>Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas J., eds. (2000). <i>New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law</i>. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0502-1">978-0-8091-0502-1</a>.</li> <li>Burkle-Young, Francis A. (1999). <i>Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope</i>. New York: The Derrydale Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56833-130-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56833-130-0">978-1-56833-130-0</a>.</li> <li>Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchhistory03kurtgoog"><i>Church History</i></a> <b>1</b>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-217-33928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-217-33928-5">978-0-217-33928-5</a>.</li> <li>Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W., eds. (2002). "The Papacy: An Encyclopedia". Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92228-9">978-0-415-92228-9</a>.</li> <li>Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). <i>Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29463-2">978-0-312-29463-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colomer,_Josep_M." class="mw-redirect" title="Colomer, Josep M.">Colomer, Josep M.</a>; McLean, Iain (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/4">"Electing Popes. Approval Balloting with Qualified-Majority Rule"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220083905/http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/4/">Archived</a> 20 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_History" title="Journal of Interdisciplinary History">Journal of Interdisciplinary History</a> (MIT Press) <b>29</b> (1): 1–22.</li> <li>Duffy, Eamon (2006). <i>Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes</i> (3rd ed.). Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11597-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11597-0">978-0-300-11597-0</a>.</li> <li>Guruge, Anura (2010). <i>The Next Pope After Pope Benedict XVI</i>. WOWNH LLC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-35372-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-35372-2">978-0-615-35372-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Pastor, Ludwig von</a>. "History of the Papacy, Conclaves in the 16th century; Reforms of Pope Gregory XV, papal bulls: <i>Aeterni Patris</i> (1621) and <i>Decet Romanum Pontificem</i> (1622)".</li> <li>Reese, T. J. (1996). "Revolution in Papal Elections". America <b>174</b> (12): 4.</li> <li>Wintle, W. J. (June 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hidden-knowledge.com/titles/magnificat/extras/papalelection/papal_election.html">"How the Pope is Elected"</a>. The London Magazine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221085332/http://www.osv.com/OSV4MeNav/CatholicAlmanac/ExcerptPapalConclave/tabid/356/Default.aspx">"Papal Conclave"</a> <i>Catholic Almanac</i> (2012). Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011120052619/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1118_vaticanmain.html">"Inside the Vatican: National Geographic Goes Behind the Public Facade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a></i>. 8 April 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210132816/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/features/papal_elections.htm">"How the Catholic Pope is Elected - Christianity"</a>. <i>Religion Facts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/features/papal_elections.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Facts&rft.atitle=How+the+Catholic+Pope+is+Elected+-+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fchristianity%2Ffeatures%2Fpapal_elections.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignorottoVisceglia2002" class="citation book cs1">Signorotto, Gianvittorio; Visceglia, Maria Antonietta (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2W1tc-wf5DQC"><i>Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139431415" title="Special:BookSources/9781139431415"><bdi>9781139431415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+and+Politics+in+Papal+Rome%2C+1492%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781139431415&rft.aulast=Signorotto&rft.aufirst=Gianvittorio&rft.au=Visceglia%2C+Maria+Antonietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2W1tc-wf5DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+conclave" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papal_elections_and_conclaves_from_1061" title="Template:Papal elections and conclaves from 1061"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papal_elections_and_conclaves_from_1061" title="Template talk:Papal elections and conclaves from 1061"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papal_elections_and_conclaves_from_1061" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papal elections and conclaves from 1061"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papal_elections_and_conclaves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_conclaves" title="List of papal conclaves">Papal elections and conclaves</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Papal selection before 1059</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal conclave</a> (1274–1276, 1294–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Elections and<br />conclaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1061_papal_election" title="1061 papal election">1061</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1073_papal_election" title="1073 papal election">1073</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1086_papal_election" title="1086 papal election">1086</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1088_papal_election" title="1088 papal election">1088</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1099_papal_election" title="1099 papal election">1099</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1118_papal_election" title="1118 papal election">1118</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1119_papal_election" title="1119 papal election">1119</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1124_papal_election" title="1124 papal election">1124</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1130_papal_election" title="1130 papal election">1130</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1143_papal_election" title="1143 papal election">1143</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1144_papal_election" title="1144 papal election">1144</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1145_papal_election" title="1145 papal election">1145</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1153_papal_election" title="1153 papal election">1153</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1154_papal_election" title="1154 papal election">1154</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1159_papal_election" title="1159 papal election">1159</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1181_papal_election" title="1181 papal election">1181</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1185_papal_election" title="1185 papal election">1185</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_1187_papal_election" title="October 1187 papal election">October 1187</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/December_1187_papal_election" title="December 1187 papal election">December 1187</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1191_papal_election" title="1191 papal election">1191</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1198_papal_election" title="1198 papal election">1198</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1216_papal_election" title="1216 papal election">1216</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1227_papal_election" title="1227 papal election">1227</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1241_papal_election" title="1241 papal election">1241</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1243_papal_election" title="1243 papal election">1243</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1254_papal_election" title="1254 papal election">1254</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1261_papal_election" title="1261 papal election">1261</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1264%E2%80%931265_papal_election" title="1264–1265 papal election">1264–1265</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1268%E2%80%931271_papal_election" title="1268–1271 papal election">1268–1271</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_1276_papal_conclave" title="January 1276 papal conclave">January 1276</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/July_1276_papal_conclave" title="July 1276 papal conclave">July 1276</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_1276_papal_election" title="September 1276 papal election">September 1276</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1277_papal_election" title="1277 papal election">1277</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1280%E2%80%931281_papal_election" title="1280–1281 papal election">1280–1281</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1285_papal_election" title="1285 papal election">1285</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1287%E2%80%931288_papal_election" title="1287–1288 papal election">1287–1288</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1292%E2%80%931294_papal_election" title="1292–1294 papal election">1292–1294</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1294_papal_conclave" title="1294 papal conclave">1294</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1303_papal_conclave" title="1303 papal conclave">1303</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1304%E2%80%931305_papal_conclave" title="1304–1305 papal conclave">1304–1305</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1314%E2%80%931316_papal_conclave" title="1314–1316 papal conclave">1314–1316</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1334_papal_conclave" title="1334 papal conclave">1334</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1342_papal_conclave" title="1342 papal conclave">1342</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1352_papal_conclave" title="1352 papal conclave">1352</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1362_papal_conclave" title="1362 papal conclave">1362</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1370_papal_conclave" title="1370 papal conclave">1370</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1378_papal_conclave" title="1378 papal conclave">1378</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1389_papal_conclave" title="1389 papal conclave">1389</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1404_papal_conclave" title="1404 papal conclave">1404</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1406_papal_conclave" title="1406 papal conclave">1406</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">1417</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1431_papal_conclave" title="1431 papal conclave">1431</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1447_papal_conclave" title="1447 papal conclave">1447</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1455_papal_conclave" title="1455 papal conclave">1455</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1458_papal_conclave" title="1458 papal conclave">1458</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1464_papal_conclave" title="1464 papal conclave">1464</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1471_papal_conclave" title="1471 papal conclave">1471</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1484_papal_conclave" title="1484 papal conclave">1484</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1492_papal_conclave" title="1492 papal conclave">1492</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_1503_papal_conclave" title="September 1503 papal conclave">September 1503</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1503_papal_conclaves" title="Cardinal electors for the 1503 papal conclaves">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_1503_papal_conclave" title="October 1503 papal conclave">October 1503</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1503_papal_conclaves" title="Cardinal electors for the 1503 papal conclaves">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1513_papal_conclave" title="1513 papal conclave">1513</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1521%E2%80%931522_papal_conclave" title="1521–1522 papal conclave">1521–1522</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1523_papal_conclave" title="1523 papal conclave">1523</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1534_papal_conclave" title="1534 papal conclave">1534</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1549%E2%80%931550_papal_conclave" title="1549–1550 papal conclave">1549–1550</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/April_1555_papal_conclave" title="April 1555 papal conclave">April 1555</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1555_papal_conclave" title="May 1555 papal conclave">May 1555</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1559_papal_conclave" title="1559 papal conclave">1559</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1565%E2%80%931566_papal_conclave" title="1565–1566 papal conclave">1565–1566</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1572_papal_conclave" title="1572 papal conclave">1572</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1585_papal_conclave" title="1585 papal conclave">1585</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_1590_papal_conclave" title="September 1590 papal conclave">September 1590</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October%E2%80%93December_1590_papal_conclave" title="October–December 1590 papal conclave">October–December 1590</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1591_papal_conclave" title="1591 papal conclave">1591</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1592_papal_conclave" title="1592 papal conclave">1592</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March%E2%80%93April_1605_papal_conclave" title="March–April 1605 papal conclave">March–April 1605</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_March%E2%80%93April_1605_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the March–April 1605 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1605_papal_conclave" title="May 1605 papal conclave">May 1605</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_May_1605_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the May 1605 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1621_papal_conclave" title="1621 papal conclave">1621</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1623_papal_conclave" title="1623 papal conclave">1623</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1644_papal_conclave" title="1644 papal conclave">1644</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1655_papal_conclave" title="1655 papal conclave">1655</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1667_papal_conclave" title="1667 papal conclave">1667</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1669%E2%80%931670_papal_conclave" title="1669–1670 papal conclave">1669–1670</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1676_papal_conclave" title="1676 papal conclave">1676</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1689_papal_conclave" title="1689 papal conclave">1689</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1691_papal_conclave" title="1691 papal conclave">1691</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1700_papal_conclave" title="1700 papal conclave">1700</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1721_papal_conclave" title="1721 papal conclave">1721</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1724_papal_conclave" title="1724 papal conclave">1724</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1730_papal_conclave" title="1730 papal conclave">1730</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1740_papal_conclave" title="1740 papal conclave">1740</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1758_papal_conclave" title="1758 papal conclave">1758</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1769_papal_conclave" title="1769 papal conclave">1769</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1774%E2%80%931775_papal_conclave" title="1774–1775 papal conclave">1774–1775</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1799%E2%80%931800_papal_conclave" title="1799–1800 papal conclave">1799–1800</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1823_papal_conclave" title="1823 papal conclave">1823</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_papal_conclave" title="1829 papal conclave">1829</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1830%E2%80%931831_papal_conclave" title="1830–1831 papal conclave">1830–1831</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1846_papal_conclave" title="1846 papal conclave">1846</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1878_papal_conclave" title="1878 papal conclave">1878</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1903_papal_conclave" title="1903 papal conclave">1903</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1914_papal_conclave" title="1914 papal conclave">1914</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1914_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the 1914 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1922_papal_conclave" title="1922 papal conclave">1922</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1922_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the 1922 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939_papal_conclave" title="1939 papal conclave">1939</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1939_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the 1939 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1958_papal_conclave" title="1958 papal conclave">1958</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1958_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the 1958 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1963_papal_conclave" title="1963 papal conclave">1963</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_1963_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors in the 1963 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_1978_papal_conclave" title="August 1978 papal conclave">August 1978</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_1978_papal_conclaves" title="Cardinal electors in the 1978 papal conclaves">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">October 1978</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_1978_papal_conclaves" title="Cardinal electors in the 1978 papal conclaves">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_2005_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors in the 2005 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_2013_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors in the 2013 papal conclave">electors</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Governing<br />documents<br />(selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i> (1274)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i> (1621)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></i> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI#De_aliquis_mutationibus_in_normis_de_electione_Romani_Pontificis" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis</a></i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI#Normas_nonnullas" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">Normas nonnullas</a></i> (2013)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Papal_elections" title="Category:Papal elections">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papacy" title="Template:Papacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papacy" title="Template talk:Papacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_See(Full_communion)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></b> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vatican_City(index,_outline)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved">Enclaved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, 1929</li></ul></li> <li>along with <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Titles</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus#Catholic_Church_use_of_the_title" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Italy">Primate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_and_Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Regalia and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)" title="Rota (papal signature)">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Proclamations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_arbitration" title="Papal arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Deposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Blessing</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Pontifical</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">Consistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_diplomatics" title="Papal diplomatics">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">High Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falda" title="Falda">Falda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_fanon" title="Papal fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Ferula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">Mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">Shoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Slippers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-cinctorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-cinctorium">Sub-cinctorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd One">Shepherd One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commanders of the Pontifical Swiss Guard">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_gentleman" title="Papal gentleman">Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Preacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Papal household">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Prelate of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_assistant_to_the_Papal_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince assistant to the Papal throne">Prince assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household" title="Theologian of the Pontifical Household">Theologian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">for Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Papal nobility</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">Black</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Orders of chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_academy" title="Pontifical academy">Pontifical academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical university</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_universities_in_Rome" title="Pontifical universities in Rome">in Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Pontifical colleges in Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Major Seminary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Canonised popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_surrounding_the_papacy" title="Legends surrounding the papacy">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country" title="List of popes by country">Popes by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sexually_active_popes" title="List of sexually active popes">Sexually active popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vatican_City_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template talk:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vatican_City_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">List of sovereigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General for Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#History" title="Vatican City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Nuovo_(Rome)" title="Borgo Nuovo (Rome)">Borgo Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Vecchio_(Rome)" title="Borgo Vecchio (Rome)">Borgo Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scossacavalli" title="Piazza Scossacavalli">Piazza Scossacavalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="St._Peter&#039;s_Basilica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hall" title="Clementine Hall">Clementine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stufetta_del_cardinal_Bibbiena" title="Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena">Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art,_Vatican_Museums" title="Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art, Vatican Museums">Modern and Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Pio-Clementino_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Pio-Clementino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Chiaramonti_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Chiaramonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Etrusco_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Egiziano_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Egiziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio_Cristiano" title="Museo Pio Cristiano">Pio Cristiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi,_Vatican_City" title="Anima Mundi, Vatican City">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Holy Spirit Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Egidio_in_Borgo" title="Sant'Egidio in Borgo">Sant'Egidio in Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Martino_e_Sebastiano_degli_Svizzeri" title="Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri">Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_(Fazzini)" title="The Resurrection (Fazzini)">The Resurrection</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciolo_d%27Italia" title="Ricciolo d'Italia">Ricciolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Saint John's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City#Executive" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Communications" title="Vatican City">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va [Internet domain]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Vaticane" title="Poste Vaticane">Poste Vaticane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Railway" title="Vatican Railway">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Culture" title="Vatican City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">AT telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Vatican_City" title="List of archives in Vatican City">Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Apostolic Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Demographics" title="Vatican City">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Film_Library" title="Vatican Film Library">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State">Philatelic and Numismatic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Media" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Mass media in Vatican City">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News_App" title="Vatican News App">Vatican News App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope2you" title="Pope2you">Pope2you</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Amateur_Sports_Association" title="Vatican Amateur Sports Association">Amateur Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_cricket_team" title="Vatican City cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_national_football_team" title="Vatican City national football team">National football team</a> (Men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Vatican City women's national football team">National football team</a> (Women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Athletics" title="Vatican Athletics">Vatican Athletics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_See" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty and government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign<br />judicial entity</a><br /><small>under<br /><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international<br />law</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign affairs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral policy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See">To the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations">Permanent Observer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva">in Geneva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe">Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese<br />of Rome</a><br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Ordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Extraordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Extraordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Special_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Special assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Rome">Ecclesiastical<br />province of Rome</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Rome</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbeys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">Suffragan dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a><br /><small>including<br /><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extra-<br />territoriality</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Lateran University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">Scala Sancta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Sanctorum_(Lateran,_Rome)" title="Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)">Sancta Sanctorum</a></li> <li>Adjoining buildings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Callisto" title="Palazzo San Callisto">Palace of Saint Callixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianicolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianicolo">Gianicolo</a> Hill area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Propaganda_Fide" title="Palazzo di Propaganda Fide">Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Convertendi" title="Palazzo dei Convertendi">Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pio_(Borgo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Pio (Borgo) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Maffei_Marescotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Maffei Marescotti">Palace of the Vicariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benedictine monastery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Oratory_of_San_Paolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo (page does not exist)">Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li>Palace of <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari" title="San Carlo ai Catinari">San Carlo ai Catinari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegio_Bellarmino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegio Bellarmino (page does not exist)">Collegio Bellarmino</a></li> <li>Archaeological Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lombard_Seminary" title="Pontifical Lombard Seminary">Pontifical Lombard Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Russicum" title="Collegium Russicum">Russian College</a></li> <li>Two Palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_alle_Terme_Neroniane-Alessandrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li>House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympheum_of_Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympheum of Nero (page does not exist)">Nympheum of Nero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Outside<br />Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> <ul><li>Papal farm</li> <li>Gardens of the Villa Cybo</li> <li>Villa <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a></li> <li>Adjacent gardens</li></ul></li> <li>Summer estate of <a href="/wiki/Pontificio_Collegio_Urbano_de_Propaganda_Fide" title="Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide">Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> antennae area of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Galeria" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Maria di Galeria">Santa Maria di Galeria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Papal conclave</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pope" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pope">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Papal_conclave" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Papal conclave">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Category:Popes" class="extiw" title="q:Category:Popes">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Popes" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Popes">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biblical_Studies/Christianity/Roman_Catholicism/History" class="extiw" title="b:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" 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