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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_PREVeNT_Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>The PREVeNT Trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_PREVeNT_Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EPISTOP_Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EPISTOP_Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>EPISTOP Trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EPISTOP_Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vigabatrin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيغاباترين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيغاباترين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vigabatrin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vigabatrin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrina" title="Vigabatrina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vigabatrina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویگاباترین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویگاباترین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrine" title="Vigabatrine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vigabatrine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vigabatrin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vigabatrin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title="ଭିଗାବାଟ୍ରିନ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭିଗାବାଟ୍ରିନ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigabatryna" title="Wigabatryna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wigabatryna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrina" title="Vigabatrina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vigabatrina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin%C4%83" title="Vigabatrină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vigabatrină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vigabatrin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vigabatrin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatriini" title="Vigabatriini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vigabatriini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вигабатрин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вигабатрин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вігабатрин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вігабатрин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q421663#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Epilepsy medication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigabatrin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vigabatrin.svg/220px-Vigabatrin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vigabatrin.svg/330px-Vigabatrin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vigabatrin.svg/440px-Vigabatrin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png/220px-Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png/330px-Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png/440px-Vigabatrin_ball-and-stick.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">vy-<span style="font-size:90%">GAB</span>-ə-trin</i></a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sabril, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">γ-Vinyl-GABA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vigabatrin.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a610016.html">a610016</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> D</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03AG04</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AG04">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C1</a> (Other controlled substances)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vigafyde_FDA_label_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigafyde_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vigpoder_FDA_label_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigpoder_FDA_label-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–90%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">not metabolized</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">5–8 hours in young adults, 12–13 hours in the elderly.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(<i>RS</i>)-4-aminohex-5-enoic acid</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=68506-86-5">68506-86-5</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5665">5665</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=4821">4821</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01080">DB01080</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5463.html">5463</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/GR120KRT6K">GR120KRT6K</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00535">D00535</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL89598">ChEMBL89598</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4041153">DTXSID4041153</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421663#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.165.122">100.165.122</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421663#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>11</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002129158999999999♠"></span>129.159</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28O%29CCC%28%5CC%3DC%29N">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">171 to 177 °C (340 to 351 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(O)CCC(\C=C)N</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C6H11NO2/c1-2-5(7)3-4-6(8)9/h2,5H,1,3-4,7H2,(H,8,9)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:PJDFLNIOAUIZSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470630102&page2=Vigabatrin">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vigabatrin</b>, sold under the brand name <b>Sabril</b> among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> used in the management and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic spasms">infantile spasms</a> and refractory complex partial seizures. </p><p>It works by inhibiting the <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">breakdown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">γ-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA). It is also known as γ-vinyl-GABA, and is a <a href="/wiki/Structural_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural analogue">structural analogue</a> of GABA, but does not bind to <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vigabatrin is generally used only in cases of treatment-resistant epilepsy due to the risk of permanent vision loss.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although estimates of visual field loss vary substantially, risk appears to be lower among infants with treatment duration less than 12 months and the risk of clinically meaningful vision loss is very low among children treated for infantile spasms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, vigabatrin is approved for use as an adjunctive treatment (with other drugs) in treatment resistant <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex partial seizure">complex partial seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalised_tonic-clonic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised tonic-clonic seizure">secondary generalized seizures</a>, and for monotherapy use in <a href="/wiki/Infantile_spasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantile spasm">infantile spasms</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="West syndrome">West syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2003, vigabatrin is approved in Mexico for the treatment of epilepsy that is not satisfactorily controlled by conventional therapy (adjunctive or monotherapy) or in recently diagnosed patients who have not tried other agents (monotherapy).<sup id="cite_ref-mexicanuses_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexicanuses-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vigabatrin is also indicated for monotherapy use in secondarily generalized <a href="/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic-clonic seizure">tonic-clonic seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">partial seizures</a>, and in infantile spasms due to West syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-mexicanuses_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexicanuses-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vigabatrin reduced <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_tetrapeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide">cholecystokinin tetrapeptide</a>-induced symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, in addition to elevated <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACTH" class="mw-redirect" title="ACTH">ACTH</a> levels, in healthy volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-vigabatrinpanic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigabatrinpanic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vigabatrin is also used to treat seizures in <a href="/wiki/Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency">succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</a> (SSADHD), which is an inborn GABA metabolism defect that causes <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">speech disturbance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> through the accumulation of γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (<a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a>). Vigabatrin helps lower GHB levels through GABA transaminase inhibition. However, this is in the brain only; it has no effect on peripheral GABA transaminase, so the GHB keeps building up and eventually reaches the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Sleepiness</a> (12.5%), <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> (3.8%), dizziness (3.8%), nervousness (2.7%), <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a> (2.5%), memory disturbances (2.3%), <a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">diplopia</a> (2.2%), aggression (2.0%), <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> (1.9%), <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a> (1.9%), <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a> (1.8%), vision loss (1.6%) (See below), <a href="/wiki/Mental_confusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental confusion">confusion</a> (1.4%), <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> (1.3%), impaired concentration (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality issues</a> (1.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 299 children, 33 (11%) became hyperactive.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some patients develop <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> during the course of vigabatrin therapy,<sup id="cite_ref-psyhosis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psyhosis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is more common in adults than in children.<sup id="cite_ref-pediatric_psychosis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pediatric_psychosis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can happen even in patients with no prior history of psychosis.<sup id="cite_ref-never_before_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-never_before-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rare CNS side effects include anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">emotional lability</a>, irritability, tremor, abnormal <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">speech disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdominal pain (1.6%), constipation (1.4%), vomiting (1.4%), and nausea (1.4%). <a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> and increased appetite occurred in less than 1% of subjects in clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_as_a_whole">Body as a whole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Body as a whole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fatigue (9.2%), weight gain (5.0%), <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a> (1.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teratogenicity">Teratogenicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Teratogenicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratology</a> study conducted in rabbits found that a dose of 150 mg/kg/day caused <a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">cleft palate</a> in 2% of pups and a dose of 200 mg/kg/day caused it in 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be due to a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> levels, according to a study published in March 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-teratogenicity_possible_mechanism_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teratogenicity_possible_mechanism-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, a study conducted at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Catania" title="University of Catania">University of Catania</a> was published stating that rats whose mothers had consumed 250–1000 mg/kg/day had poorer performance in the <a href="/wiki/Water_maze_(neuroscience)" title="Water maze (neuroscience)">water maze</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-field_task&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-field task (page does not exist)">open-field tasks</a>, rats in the 750 mg group were underweight at birth and did not catch up to the control group, and rats in the 1000 mg group did not survive pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-teratology_rat_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teratology_rat-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no controlled teratology data in humans to date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory">Sensory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sensory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, vigabatrin was shown by Frisén and Malmgren to cause irreversible diffuse <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber">nerve fiber</a> layer in a <a href="/wiki/Retrospective" title="Retrospective">retrospective</a> study of 25 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-vigabatrinretina_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigabatrinretina-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has the most effect on the outer area (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Macula" title="Macula">macular</a>, or central area) of the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-retinalatrophy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retinalatrophy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visual field defects had been reported as early as 1997 by Tom Eke and others, in the UK. Some authors, including Comaish <i>et al</i>. believe that visual field loss and electrophysiological changes may be demonstrable in up to 50% of Vigabatrin users. </p><p>The retinal toxicity of vigabatrin can be attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">taurine</a> depletion.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_22476345_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_22476345-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to safety issues, the Vigabatrin <a href="/wiki/Risk_Evaluation_and_Mitigation_Strategies" title="Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies">REMS</a> Program is required by the FDA to ensure informed decisions before initiating and to ensure appropriate use of this drug.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study published in 2002 found that vigabatrin causes a <a href="/wiki/Statistically_significant" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistically significant">statistically significant</a> increase in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> clearance of <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vigabatrin_carbamazepine_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigabatrin_carbamazepine-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Drs Rimmer and Richens at the University of Wales reported that administering vigabatrin with <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a> lowered the serum phenytoin concentration in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-phenytoin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenytoin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later, the same two scientists reported a fall in concentration of phenytoin of 23% within five weeks in a paper describing their failed attempt at elucidating the mechanism behind this interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-phenytoin2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenytoin2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vigabatrin is an irreversible <a href="/wiki/Mechanism-based_inhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanism-based inhibition">mechanism-based inhibitor</a> of <a href="/wiki/4-aminobutyrate_aminotransferase" title="4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase">gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase</a> (GABA-AT), the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a>. Inhibition of GABA-AT results in increased levels of <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a> in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_vigabatrin_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is_vigabatrin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vigabatrin is a <a href="/wiki/Racemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemic">racemic</a> compound, and its [S]-<a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> is pharmacologically active.<sup id="cite_ref-senantiomer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senantiomer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gram_et_al_1989_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram_et_al_1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigabatrin_Chimera_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vigabatrin_Chimera_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Vigabatrin_Chimera_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vigabatrin_Chimera_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Vigabatrin_Chimera_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vigabatrin_Chimera_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Vigabatrin_Chimera_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>Crystal Structure (pdb:1OHW) showing vigabatrin binding to specific residues in the active site of GABA-AT, based on experiments by Storici <i>et al</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Storici_et_al_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storici_et_al_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With most drugs, elimination half-life is a useful predictor of dosing schedules and the time needed to reach <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady state concentrations</a>. In the case of vigabatrin, however, it has been found that the half-life of biologic activity is far longer than the elimination half-life.<sup id="cite_ref-bioactivehalflife_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioactivehalflife-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For vigabatrin, there is no range of target concentrations because researchers found no difference between the serum concentration levels of responders and those of non-responders.<sup id="cite_ref-karolinska_no_correlation_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karolinska_no_correlation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the duration of action is believed to be more a function of the GABA-T resynthesis rate; levels of GABA-T do not usually return to their normal state until six days after stopping the medication.<sup id="cite_ref-Gram_et_al_1989_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram_et_al_1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vigabatrin was developed in the 1980s with the specific goal of increasing GABA concentrations in the brain in order to stop an epileptic seizure. To do this, the drug was designed to irreversibly inhibit the GABA transaminase, which degrades the GABA substrate. Although the drug was approved for treatment in the United Kingdom in 1989, the authorized use of Vigabatrin by US Food and Drug Administration was delayed twice in the United States before 2009. It was delayed in 1983 because animal trials produced intramyelinic edema, however, the effects were not apparent in human trials so the drug design continued. In 1997, the trials were temporarily suspended because it was linked to peripheral visual field defects in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-drug_design_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drug_design-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vigabatrin (Sabril) was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved the first generic powder packets for the oral solution version of vigabatrin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2019, the FDA approved the first generic tablet version of vigabatrin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vigpoder was approved in the United States in June 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigpoder_FDA_label_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigpoder_FDA_label-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vigafyde was approved in the United States in June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigafyde_FDA_label_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigafyde_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_Names">Brand Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brand Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vigabatrin is sold under the brand names Sabril, Vigafyde,<sup id="cite_ref-Vigafyde_FDA_label_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigafyde_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vigpoder.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigpoder_FDA_label_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigpoder_FDA_label-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vigabatrin is sold as Sabril in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-mexicanuses_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexicanuses-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-UnitedKingdom_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnitedKingdom-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brand name in Denmark is Sabrilex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_PREVeNT_Trial">The PREVeNT Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The PREVeNT Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PREVeNT study found that early vigabatrin treatment delayed the onset and reduced the overall prevalence of infantile spasms in TSC infants. However, the seizure prevention was not seen for other seizure types, including focal seizures, that are highly prevalent in this population. PREVeNT, similarly to EPISTOP, reported a reduced incidence of infantile spasms up to 24 months of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EPISTOP_Trial">EPISTOP Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: EPISTOP Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infantile spasms are seen in 50 to 70% of children with TSC, and are associated with both drug-resistance and intellectual disability. Importantly, in EPISTOP, none of the children who received preventive treatment developed infantile spasms throughout the 2-year course of the study, in contrast to 10 of 25 (40%) receiving conventional treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigabatrin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnvisa2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency" title="Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency">Anvisa</a> (March 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"</a> [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Diário Oficial da União">Diário Oficial da União</a> (published April 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related):</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a><sup>#</sup>; <b><a href="/wiki/Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2,4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABATooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_metabolism_and_transport_modulators899" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template talk:GABA metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABATooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_metabolism_and_transport_modulators899" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid</span> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter"><abbr title="GABA transporter">GAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABA transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">4-Aminovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaidine" title="Arecaidine">Arecaidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI-966" title="CI-966">CI-966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Diaminobutyric_acid" title="2,4-Diaminobutyric acid">DABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane (EGIS-3886, EGYT-3886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF-1502" title="EF-1502">EF-1502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guvacine" title="Guvacine">Guvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_05-2090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 05-2090 (page does not exist)">NNC 05-2090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NO-711" class="mw-redirect" title="NO-711">NO-711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89976A" title="SKF-89976A">SKF-89976A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNAP-5114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNAP-5114 (page does not exist)">SNAP-5114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_inhibitory_amino_acid_transporter" title="Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter"><abbr title="Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter">VIAAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafilomycin_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bafilomycin A1">Bafilomycin A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_sky_blue_6B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago sky blue 6B (page does not exist)">Chicago sky blue 6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butyric acid">N-Butyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigericin" title="Nigericin">Nigericin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinomycin" title="Valinomycin">Valinomycin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase"><abbr title="Glutamate decarboxylase">GAD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Mercaptopropionic_acid" title="3-Mercaptopropionic acid">3-Mercaptopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid" title="Aminooxyacetic acid">AAOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Allylglycine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Allylglycine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Allylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semicarbazide" title="Semicarbazide">Semicarbazide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Activators:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-GABA" title="3-Methyl-GABA">3-Methyl-GABA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyrate_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase">GABA-T</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Hydrazinopropionic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Hydrazinopropionic acid (page does not exist)">3-Hydrazinopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Diaminobutyric_acid" title="2,4-Diaminobutyric acid">DABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Acetylenic-GABA" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Acetylenic-GABA">γ-Acetylenic-GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid" title="Aminooxyacetic acid">AOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine-O-sulfate" title="Ethanolamine-O-sulfate">EOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Cycloserine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Cycloserine"><small>L</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylidenehydrazine" title="Phenylethylidenehydrazine">PEH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">lemon balm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Activators:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-GABA" title="3-Methyl-GABA">3-Methyl-GABA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antivitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antivitamin">Antivitamin B6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgotoxin" title="Ginkgotoxin">Ginkgotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a 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