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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Makhluk+hidup" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definisi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Definisi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimiawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimiawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kimiawi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kimiawi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kimiawi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kimiawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Makromolekul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makromolekul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Makromolekul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makromolekul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Struktur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Struktur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolusi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Evolusi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leluhur_universal_terakhir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leluhur_universal_terakhir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Leluhur universal terakhir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leluhur_universal_terakhir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Filogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokasi_akar_pohon_kehidupan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokasi_akar_pohon_kehidupan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lokasi akar pohon kehidupan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lokasi_akar_pohon_kehidupan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Lokasi akar pohon kehidupan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lokasi_akar_pohon_kehidupan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Reproduksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_gen_horizontal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_gen_horizontal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Transfer gen horizontal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_gen_horizontal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masa_depan_kehidupan_(kloning_dan_organisme_sintetis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_depan_kehidupan_(kloning_dan_organisme_sintetis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Masa depan kehidupan (kloning dan organisme sintetis)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_depan_kehidupan_(kloning_dan_organisme_sintetis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Makhluk hidup</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 153 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lebewesen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كائن حي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كائن حي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كائن حي – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كائن حي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%89" title="كائن حى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كائن حى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="জীৱ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivu" title="Ser vivu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ser vivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqanizm" title="Orqanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orqanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جانلی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جانلی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesn" title="Lebewesn – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lebewesn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorgan%C4%97zmos" title="Uorganėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uorganėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арганізм – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арганізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Организъм – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Организъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="জীব – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam_(biologija)" title="Organizam (biologija) – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Organizam (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Махабад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Махабад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="Sĕng-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%97" title="ᎬᏃᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئۆرگانیزم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرگانیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Organeb byw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebewesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gani" title="Gani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Οργανισμός (βιολογία) – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οργανισμός (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivo" title="Ser vivo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismu" title="Organismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Organismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاندار – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاندار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6" title="Eliö – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elolin%C3%B5" title="Elolinõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elolinõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_(physiologie)" title="Organisme (physiologie) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisme (physiologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C3%A1nach" title="Orgánach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Orgánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism_(fizyoloji)" title="Organism (fizyoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Organism (fizyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivo" title="Ser vivo – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Makhluk hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioag" title="Bioag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bioag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Sâng-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אורגניזם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורגניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="जीव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu" title="Jiu – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jiu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam_(biologija)" title="Organizam (biologija) – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Organizam (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ganis" title="Òganis – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òganis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C5%91l%C3%A9ny" title="Élőlény – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élőlény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Օրգանիզմ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրգանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfvera" title="Lífvera – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífvera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo_vivente" title="Organismo vivente – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organismo vivente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaganizim" title="Aaganizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aaganizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jmive" title="jmive – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jmive" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორგანიზმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორგანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuddir" title="Amuddir – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amuddir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9%C5%A9mbe" title="Kĩũmbe – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩũmbe" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ағза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="សារពាង្គកាយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សារពាង្គកាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5" title="ಸಾವಯವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾವಯವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="생물 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%C3%AEzm" title="Organîzm – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Organîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organedh" title="Organedh – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Organedh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liewewiesen" title="Liewewiesen – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liewewiesen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizmas" title="Organizmas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Organizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms" title="Organisms – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Organisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavamananaina" title="Zavamananaina – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavamananaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Организам – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Организам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ജീവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="सजीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisma" title="Organisma – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Organisma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="သက်ရှိရုပ်စု – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိရုပ်စု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus_(Biologie)" title="Organismus (Biologie) – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Organismus (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_vivent" title="Organisme vivent – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Organisme vivent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micirjirtii" title="Micirjirtii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Micirjirtii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آرگنزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرگنزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ارګانېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارګانېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsaq" title="Kawsaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiin%C8%9B%C3%A2" title="Hiințâ – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hiințâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Орґанізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Орґанізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urganismu" title="Urganismu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Urganismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ساهوارو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساهوارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eal%C3%A1n" title="Ealán – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ealán" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Organizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ජීවීයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවීයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C3%A1_bytos%C5%A5" title="Živá bytosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živá bytosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Organizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizmi" title="Organizmi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Организам – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Организам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismeu" title="Organismeu – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Organismeu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiumbehai" title="Kiumbehai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiumbehai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mauzipay" title="mauzipay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mauzipay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="జీవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Андомгон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андомгон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="สิ่งมีชีวิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งมีชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canl%C4%B1" title="Canlı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canlı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Організм – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Організм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نامیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Sinh vật – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogan" title="Nogan – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nogan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-organism" title="I-organism – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-organism" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორგანიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორგანიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ארגאניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארגאניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80m%C3%ADn" title="Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mín – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mín" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnghvuz" title="Swnghvuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnghvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81-th%C3%A9" title="Sèⁿ-miā-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Makhluk_hidup" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Makhluk_hidup" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&oldid=25004514" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" 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buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Makhluk_hidup&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisms" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7239" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dialihkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisme&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">Organisme</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/4/4c/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip-id.jpg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip-id.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/4/4c/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip-id.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="313" usemap="#ImageMap_5bcfc204bfe35d5f" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip-id.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_5bcfc204bfe35d5f"><area href="/wiki/Organisme" shape="rect" coords="54,10,145,34" alt="Organisme" title="Organisme" /><area href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" shape="rect" coords="54,40,145,64" alt="Domain" title="Domain" /><area href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" shape="rect" coords="54,71,145,94" alt="Kerajaan" title="Kerajaan" /><area href="/wiki/Filum" shape="rect" coords="54,101,145,125" alt="Filum" title="Filum" /><area href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" shape="rect" coords="54,131,145,155" alt="Kelas" title="Kelas" /><area href="/wiki/Ordo_(biologi)" shape="rect" coords="54,161,145,186" alt="Ordo" title="Ordo" /><area href="/wiki/Famili_(biologi)" shape="rect" coords="54,192,145,215" alt="Famili" title="Famili" /><area href="/wiki/Genus" shape="rect" coords="54,222,145,246" alt="Genus" title="Genus" /><area href="/wiki/Spesies" shape="rect" coords="54,253,145,277" alt="Spesies" title="Spesies" /></map><figcaption>Hierarki klasifikasi biologi makhluk hidup.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, suatu <b>makhluk hidup</b> atau <b>organisme</b> (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a>: ὀργανισμός, <i>organismos</i>) adalah setiap entitas individual yang mampu menjalankan fungsi-fungsi <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua organisme memiliki sel. Organisme diklasifikasikan berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">taksonomi</a> dan dibentuk kelompok seperti <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">fungi</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Organisme_multiseluler" title="Organisme multiseluler">multiseluler</a>; atau <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Uniseluler" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniseluler">uniseluler</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">arkea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua jenis organisme mampu melakukan <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">reproduksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">pertumbuhan dan perkembangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">pemeliharaan diri</a>, dan beberapa bentuk respons terhadap <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(fisiologi)" title="Stimulus (fisiologi)">rangsangan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">Manusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumi-cumi" title="Cumi-cumi">cumi-cumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur">jamur</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berpembuluh" title="Tumbuhan berpembuluh">tumbuhan berpembuluh</a> merupakan adalah contoh organisme multiseluler yang <a href="/wiki/Diferensiasi_sel" title="Diferensiasi sel">berdiferensiasi</a> untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a> khusus selama perkembangannya. </p><p>Organisme dapat digolongkan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">prokariota</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>. Prokariota meliputi dua <a href="/wiki/Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain">domain</a> terpisah, yaitu bakteri dan arkea. Eukariota ditandai oleh adanya <a href="/wiki/Inti_sel" title="Inti sel">inti sel</a> yang dilapisi membran dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organel</a>, yang juga dilapisi membran (contoh organel yaitu <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> pada hewan dan tumbuhan, serta <a href="/wiki/Plastida" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastida">plastida</a> pada tumbuhan dan <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a>, umumnya semua organel dianggap berasal dari bakteri <a href="/wiki/Simbiogenesis" title="Simbiogenesis">endosimbiotik</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cavaliersmith1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavaliersmith1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fungi, hewan, dan tumbuhan merupakan contoh <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">kerajaan</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>. </p><p>Perkiraan jumlah <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> di Bumi saat ini berkisar dari dua juta hingga satu triliun<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan lebih dari 1,7 juta di antaranya telah didokumentasikan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebih dari 99% dari semua spesies yang jumlah perspesiesnya lebih dari lima miliar <sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang pernah hidup kini diperkirakan telah <a href="/wiki/Punah" class="mw-redirect" title="Punah">punah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 2016, sebanyak 355 <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a> yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Leluhur_universal_terakhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Leluhur universal terakhir">leluhur universal terakhir</a> (LUCA) dari semua organisme berhasil diidentifikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Weissetal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weissetal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160725_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160725-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah "organisme" (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> ὀργανισμός, <i>organismos</i>, dari ὄργανον, <i>organon</i>, yaitu "instrumen, alat, organ indera, atau penangkap")<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang pertama kali muncul dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> pada tahun 1703. Kata ini berhubungan langsung dengan istilah "organisasi". Ada tradisi panjang dalam mendefinisikan organisme sebagai makhluk yang mengatur diri sendiri, setidaknya pada <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critique of Judgment (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik Penghakiman</a></i> tahun 1790 karya <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi">Definisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suatu organisme dapat didefinisikan sebagai kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> yang berfungsi secara keseluruhan (yang kurang-lebih stabil) yang menunjukkan sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>. Definisi dalam kamus bisa saja lebih luas, menggunakan frasa seperti "struktur hidup apa pun, seperti tumbuhan, hewan, fungi, atau bakteri, yang mampu tumbuh dan berkembang biak".<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak definisi yang mengecualikan <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> dan kemungkinan bentuk kehidupan nonorganik buatan manusia karena virus bergantung pada mesin biokimia sel inang untuk bereproduksi.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superorganisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superorganisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Superorganisme</a> adalah organisme yang terdiri dari banyak individu yang bekerja sama sebagai unit fungsional atau <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_analisis" title="Tingkat analisis">sosial</a> tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muncul kontroversi tentang cara terbaik untuk mendefinisikan organisme<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tentang apakah definisi seperti itu diperlukan atau tidak.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa studi ditulis<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk menanggapi saran bahwa kategori "organisme" mungkin tidak memadai dalam biologi.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kutipan ini membutuhkan referensi ke halaman/ jangkauan halaman spesifik dimana materinya muncul since November 2016" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">halaman dibutuhkan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virus">Virus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Virus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehidupan_nonseluler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehidupan nonseluler (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehidupan nonseluler</a></div> <p>Virus biasanya tidak dianggap sebagai organisme karena mereka tidak mampu melakukan <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">reproduksi</a>, pertumbuhan, atau <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> secara mandiri. Meskipun beberapa organisme juga tidak mampu bertahan hidup sendiri dan wajib hidup sebagai <a href="/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit">parasit</a> intraseluler, mereka mampu melakukan metabolisme dan bereproduksi secara independen. Walaupun virus memiliki beberapa <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> dan molekul yang merupakan karakteristik organisme hidup, mereka tidak memiliki metabolisme sendiri; virus tidak dapat menyintesis dan mengatur senyawa organik yang menyusun mereka. Secara alami, hal ini tidak bisa disebut reproduksi otonom: mereka hanya dapat direplikasi secara pasif oleh sel inang. Dalam hal ini, mereka mirip dengan benda mati. </p><p>Meski virus tidak mempertahankan metabolisme secara independen sehingga tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai organisme, mereka memiliki <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a> sendiri dan ber<a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> dengan mekanisme yang mirip dengan mekanisme evolusi organisme. Dengan demikian, argumen bahwa virus harus digolongkan sebagai organisme hidup didasarkan pada kemampuan mereka untuk mengalami evolusi dan melakukan <a href="/wiki/Replikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Replikasi">replikasi</a> melalui perakitan diri. Namun, beberapa ilmuwan berpendapat bahwa virus tidak berevolusi atau bereproduksi sendiri; mereka dikembangkan oleh sel inang, yang berarti ada koevolusi antara virus dan sel inang. Jika sel inang tidak ada, evolusi virus tidak mungkin terjadi. Hal ini tidak berlaku untuk sel. Jika virus tidak ada, evolusi sel mungkin menjadi berbeda, tetapi sel-sel tetap mampu berevolusi. Untuk bisa bereproduksi, virus benar-benar bergantung pada komponen sel inang untuk bereplikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-10reasons_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10reasons-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penemuan virus yang memiliki gen untuk menyandi metabolisme energi dan sintesis protein memicu perdebatan tentang apakah virus tergolong organisme hidup. Adanya gen-gen ini menunjukkan bahwa suatu ketika virus pernah melakukan metabolisme. Namun, temuan selanjutnya menyatakan bahwa gen yang menyandi energi dan metabolisme protein berasal dari sel. Kemungkinan besar, gen-gen ini diperoleh melalui <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">transfer gen horizontal</a> dari inang virus.<sup id="cite_ref-10reasons_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10reasons-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kimiawi">Kimiawi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kimiawi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kimiawi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisme merupakan sistem kimiawi yang rumit, yang diatur dengan cara-cara yang mendukung reproduksi dan keberlanjutan atau kelangsungan hidup. Hukum yang mengatur proses kimiawi pada benda mati juga mengatur <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">proses kimiawi kehidupan</a>. Proses-proses ini umumnya mengatur seluruh fenomena organisme dan menentukan kemampuan organisme tersebut untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan serta menentukan kelangsungan hidup gen mereka yang berbasis <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>. </p><p>Asal-usul, metabolisme, dan banyak fungsi internal organisme lainnya diatur oleh fenomena kimiawi, terutama kimia molekul organik besar. Bisa dibilang, organisme merupakan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a> dalam sistem yang kompleks, yang memainkan berbagai peran melalui interaksi dengan lingkungannya. </p><p>Organisme merupakan sistem kimia semi-tertutup. Meskipun berupa unit kehidupan individual (sesuai dengan definisinya), organisme tidak tertutup bagi lingkungan di sekitar mereka. Untuk beroperasi, organisme secara konstan menerima dan melepaskan energi. Organisme <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">autotrof</a> menghasilkan energi (dalam bentuk senyawa organik) menggunakan cahaya dari matahari atau senyawa anorganik sementara <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrof</a> mengambil senyawa organik dari lingkungan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a> utama suatu organisme adalah <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sifat_kimia" title="Sifat kimia">Sifat kimia</a> dari unsur ini seperti afinitasnya yang besar untuk berikatan dengan atom kecil lainnya, termasuk atom karbon lainnya, dan ukurannya yang kecil membuatnya mampu membentuk banyak ikatan. Hal-hal ini menjadikan karbon sebagai dasar kehidupan organik yang ideal. Karbon mampu membentuk senyawa yang terdiri atas tiga atom kecil (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a>), serta rantai besar dengan ribuan atom yang dapat menyimpan data (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a>), menyatukan sel, dan mengirimkan informasi (<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makromolekul">Makromolekul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Makromolekul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Makromolekul"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senyawa yang membentuk organisme dapat dibagi menjadi molekul besar (<a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">makromolekul</a>) dan molekul lainnya yang lebih kecil. Makromolekul dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a>. Asam nukleat (khususnya DNA) menyimpan data genetik sebagai urutan <a href="/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida">nukleotida</a>. Empat jenis nukleotida yang berbeda (<a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitosina" title="Sitosina">sitosina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Timina" title="Timina">timina</a>) membentuk urutan khusus yang menentukan berbagai karakteristik suatu organisme. Urutan tersebut dibagi-bagi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodon">kodon</a>, yaitu kombinasi tiga nukleotida dengan urutan tertentu, yang menyandi <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a> tertentu. Dengan kata lain, urutan DNA menyandi protein tertentu yang <a href="/wiki/Pelipatan_protein" title="Pelipatan protein">melipat</a> dengan cara tertentu (karena sifat kimia asam amino penyusunnya) dan melakukan fungsi tertentu. </p><p>Beberapa fungsi protein telah diketahui, yaitu sebagai: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzim</a>, yang mengkatalisasi semua reaksi metabolisme;</li> <li>Protein struktural, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubulin (halaman belum tersedia)">tubulin</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolagen</a>;</li> <li>Protein regulator, seperti <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklin (halaman belum tersedia)">siklin</a> yang mengatur siklus sel;</li> <li>Molekul pemberi sinyal atau reseptornya, seperti beberapa <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> dan reseptornya; serta</li> <li>Protein defensif, yang dapat mencakup segala sesuatu mulai dari <a href="/wiki/Antibodi" title="Antibodi">antibodi</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan_tubuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan tubuh">sistem kekebalan tubuh</a>, hingga racun (misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrotoksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendrotoksin (halaman belum tersedia)">dendrotoksin</a> ular), hingga protein yang mengandung asam amino yang tidak biasa seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canavanina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canavanina (halaman belum tersedia)">canavanina</a>.</li></ol> <p>Lapisan <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid">fosfolipid</a> ganda membentuk <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">membran sel</a> yang menjadi penghalang, menahan segala sesuatu di dalam sel, dan mencegah senyawa agar tidak secara bebas masuk ke dalam sel dan keluar dari sel. Karena sifat permeabilitas selektif ini, hanya senyawa spesifik yang dapat melewati lapisan fosfolipid ganda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur">Struktur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semua organisme tersusun atas unit struktural yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>; beberapa organisme hanya berupa sel tunggal (uniseluler) dan yang lain memiliki banyak unit (multiseluler). Organisme multiseluler dapat mengkhususkan sel-selnya untuk melakukan fungsi tertentu. Kumpulan sel-sel tersebut dinamakan <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a>, dan pada hewan, jaringan ini dibagi menjadi empat kelompok dasar, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Epitelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitelium">epitelium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_saraf" title="Jaringan saraf">jaringan saraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_otot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaringan otot">jaringan otot</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_ikat" title="Jaringan ikat">jaringan ikat</a>. Beberapa jenis jaringan bekerja sama dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a> untuk menghasilkan fungsi tertentu (seperti <a href="/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung">jantung</a> yang memompa darah atau <a href="/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit">kulit</a> sebagai penghalang bagi lingkungan). Pola ini berlanjut ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi, beberapa organ membentuk <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">sistem organ</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Sistem_reproduksi" title="Sistem reproduksi">sistem reproduksi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan">sistem pencernaan</a>. Banyak organisme multiseluler memiliki beberapa sistem organ, yang berkoordinasi untuk memungkinkan kehidupan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sel">Sel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sel"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Teori_sel" title="Teori sel">Teori sel</a>, yang pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1839 oleh <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Schleiden</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Schwann</a>, menyatakan bahwa semua organisme tersusun atas satu sel atau lebih; semua sel berasal dari sel yang sudah ada sebelumnya; dan sel berisi <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">informasi herediter</a> yang diperlukan untuk mengatur fungsi sel dan untuk meneruskan informasi ke generasi sel berikutnya. </p><p>Ada dua jenis sel, yaitu eukariotik dan prokariotik. Sel prokariotik biasanya tunggal, sedangkan sel eukariotik biasanya ditemukan pada organisme multiseluler. Sel prokariotik tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Membran_inti" title="Membran inti">membran inti</a> sehingga DNA-nya tidak memiliki pembatas; sel eukariotik memiliki membran inti. </p><p>Semua sel, baik prokariotik atau eukariotik, memiliki membran yang membungkus sel, memisahkan bagian dalamnya dari lingkungan luar, mengatur zat yang bergerak masuk dan keluar sel, serta mempertahankan <a href="/wiki/Potensial_membran" title="Potensial membran">potensi listrik sel</a>. Di dalam membran, <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a> mengisi sebagian besar volume sel. Semua sel memiliki DNA, yaitu materi yang membawa gen, serta <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>, yang mengandung informasi yang diperlukan untuk <a href="/wiki/Ekspresi_gen" title="Ekspresi gen">membangun</a> berbagai <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>, yang merupakan mesin utama sel. Ada juga beragam jenis <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekul</a> lain di dalam sel. </p><p>Semua sel memiliki beberapa karakteristik serupa:<sup id="cite_ref-AlbertsCh1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlbertsCh1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bereproduksi dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" title="Pembelahan sel">membelah diri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fisi_(biologi)" title="Fisi (biologi)">pembelahan biner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>).</li> <li>Menggunakan enzim dan protein lain yang <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetik" title="Kode genetik">disandi</a> oleh gen pada DNA dan dibuat melalui perantara <a href="/wiki/RNA_duta" title="RNA duta">RNA duta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a>.</li> <li>Bermetabolisme, termasuk mengambil bahan baku, membangun komponen sel, mengubah energi, molekul, dan melepaskan produk sampingan. Fungsi sel tergantung pada kemampuannya untuk mengekstrak dan menggunakan energi kimia yang disimpan dalam molekul organik. Energi ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme">lintasan metabolisme</a>.</li> <li>Menanggapi rangsangan eksternal dan internal seperti perubahan suhu, pH, atau tingkat nutrisi.</li> <li>Memiliki <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">membran permukaan sel</a> yang tersusun atas protein dan <a href="/wiki/Lipida_dwilapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipida dwilapis">lipida dwilapis</a>, isi sel terkandung di dalam membran tersebut.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolusi">Evolusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Asal-usul_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal-usul kehidupan">Asal-usul kehidupan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_kehidupan_terawal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk kehidupan terawal (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk kehidupan terawal</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Nenek moyang bersama">Nenek moyang bersama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leluhur_universal_terakhir">Leluhur universal terakhir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Leluhur universal terakhir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Leluhur universal terakhir"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Stromatolites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg/300px-Stromatolites.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg/450px-Stromatolites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stromatolit" title="Stromatolit">Stromatolit</a> <a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">prakambrium</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Glacier" title="Taman Nasional Glacier">Taman Nasional Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. Pada tahun 2002, sebuah makalah dalam jurnal ilmiah <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> mengemukakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Formasi_geologi" title="Formasi geologi">formasi geologis</a> berusia 3,5 miliar tahun ini mengandung fosil <a href="/wiki/Sianobakteri" title="Sianobakteri">sianobakteri</a>. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa mereka adalah salah satu bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui di Bumi.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Leluhur_universal_terakhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Leluhur universal terakhir">Leluhur universal terakhir</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_sejarah_evolusi_kehidupan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu sejarah evolusi kehidupan (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu sejarah evolusi kehidupan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leluhur_universal_terakhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Leluhur universal terakhir">Leluhur universal terakhir</a> (<i>last universal common ancestor</i>, disingkat LUCA) adalah organisme terbaru yang menjadi leluhur dari semua organisme yang sekarang hidup di Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-theobald_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theobald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan demikian, ia juga merupakan <a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama_paling_terkini" title="Nenek moyang bersama paling terkini">nenek moyang bersama paling terkini</a> dari semua kehidupan saat ini di Bumi. LUCA diperkirakan hidup sekitar 3,5 hingga 3,8 miliar tahun yang lalu (pada era <a href="/wiki/Paleoarkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoarkean">Paleoarkean</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukti paling awal untuk kehidupan di Bumi adalah <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> yang ditemukan dalam kondisi <a href="/wiki/Zat_biogenik" title="Zat biogenik">biogenik</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batuan_metasedimentari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batuan metasedimentari (halaman belum tersedia)">batuan metasedimentari</a> berumur 3,7 miliar tahun yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Greenland_Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Barat">Greenland Barat</a><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil-fosil</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikar_mikrob" title="Tikar mikrob">tikar mikrob</a> yang ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Batu_pasir" title="Batu pasir">batu pasir</a> berumur 3,48 miliar tahun yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Australia_Barat" title="Australia Barat">Australia Barat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun lebih dari 99 persen dari semua spesies yang pernah hidup di planet ini diperkirakan telah punah,<sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saat ini ada dua juta hingga satu triliun spesies yang hidup di Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Informasi tentang perkembangan awal kehidupan juga mendapatkan masukan dari berbagai bidang, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_keplanetan" title="Ilmu keplanetan">ilmu keplanetan</a>. Ilmu-ilmu ini memberikan informasi tentang sejarah Bumi dan perubahan yang dihasilkan oleh kehidupan. Akan tetapi, banyak informasi tentang fase awal Bumi telah dihancurkan oleh proses geologis seiring berjalannya waktu. </p><p>Semua organisme diturunkan dari nenek moyang yang sama atau dari kumpulan gen leluhur. Bukti mengenai keturunan bersama dapat ditemukan dalam kesamaan sifat di antara semua organisme hidup. Pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, bukti dari kesamaan sifat hanya didasarkan pada pengamatan terhadap kesamaan morfologis, seperti fakta bahwa semua burung memiliki sayap, bahkan yang tidak terbang. </p><p>Ada bukti genetika yang kuat bahwa semua organisme memiliki nenek moyang yang sama. Sebagai contoh, setiap sel hidup menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Materi_genetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Materi genetik">materi genetiknya</a>, dan menggunakan 20 <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a> yang sama sebagai bahan penyusun protein. Semua organisme menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetik" title="Kode genetik">kode genetik</a> yang sama (dengan beberapa penyimpangan yang sangat langka dan kecil) untuk <a href="/wiki/Translasi_(genetik)" title="Translasi (genetik)">menerjemahkan</a> urutan asam nukleat menjadi protein. Keuniversalan sifat-sifat ini sangat mendukung gagasan nenek moyang bersama, karena pemilihan banyak sifat-sifat ini tampaknya sewenang-wenang. <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">Transfer gen horizontal</a> membuat studi tentang leluhur universal terakhir menjadi lebih sulit.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, penggunaan kode genetik yang sama, nukleotida yang sama, dan asam amino yang sama secara universal membuat keberadaan nenek moyang bersama sangat mungkin.<sup id="cite_ref-theo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theo-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filogeni">Filogeni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Filogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Filogeni"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17572906">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade 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table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Leluhur_universal_terakhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Leluhur universal terakhir">LUA</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi">Chlorobacteria</a> (nama yang diterima = Chloroflexi) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadobacteria</a> (= grup <i>Deinococcus-Thermus</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Glycobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gracilicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gracilicutes (halaman belum tersedia)">Gracilicutes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetae">Spirochaetae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphingobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphingobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Sphingobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (halaman belum tersedia)">Fibrobacteres</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorobi" title="Chlorobi">Chlorobi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidetes" title="Bacteroidetes">Bacteroidetes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Planctobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Planctomycetes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lentisphaerae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lentisphaerae (halaman belum tersedia)">Lentisphaerae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Verrucomicrobia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Geobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteres (halaman belum tersedia)">Deferribacteres</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Acidobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Thiobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltaproteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltaproteobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Deltaproteobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Epsilonproteobacteria" title="Epsilonproteobacteria">Epsilonproteobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhodobacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphaproteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphaproteobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Alphaproteobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromatibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromatibacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Chromatibacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betaproteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betaproteobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Betaproteobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammaproteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammaproteobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Gammaproteobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unibacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Unibacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurybacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurybacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Eurybacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermotogae" title="Thermotogae">Thermotogae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Fusobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negativicutes (halaman belum tersedia)">Negativicutes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Endobacteria</a> (= Firmicutes, Mollicutes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neomura" title="Neomura">Neomura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryote">Eukarya</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lokasi_akar_pohon_kehidupan">Lokasi akar pohon kehidupan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Lokasi akar pohon kehidupan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lokasi akar pohon kehidupan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png/300px-Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png/450px-Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png/600px-Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>LUCA menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintasan_Wood%E2%80%93Ljungdahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintasan Wood–Ljungdahl (halaman belum tersedia)">lintasan Wood–Ljungdahl atau asetil–KoA reduktif</a> untuk mengikat karbon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Berdasarkan beberapa studi molekuler, lokasi akar <a href="/wiki/Pohon_kehidupan_(biologi)" title="Pohon kehidupan (biologi)">pohon kehidupan</a> yang paling umum diterima adalah antara <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">domain</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Monofiletik" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofiletik">monofiletik</a> dan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> yang dibentuk oleh <a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">Arkea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukariota</a> yang disebut sebagai "pohon kehidupan tradisional".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah kecil penelitian menyimpulkan secara berbeda, yaitu bahwa akar kehidupan berada dalam domain bakteri, baik dalam filum <a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maupun bahwa filum <a href="/wiki/Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi">Chloroflexi</a> merupakan dasar sebuah klad dengan Arkea dan Eukariota dan sisa bakteri lainnya, seperti yang diusulkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CS2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penelitian yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2016, oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Martin (halaman belum tersedia)">William F. Martin</a>, dengan menganalisis secara genetik 6,1 juta gen penyandi protein dari urutan genom prokariotik dari berbagai pohon filogenetik, berhasil mengidentifikasi 355 kelompok protein di antara 286.514 kelompok protein yang mungkin umum untuk LUCA. Hasilnya "menggambarkan LUCA sebagai organisme anaerobik, mengikat CO<sub>2</sub>, bergantung pada H<sub>2</sub> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintasan_Wood-Ljungdahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintasan Wood-Ljungdahl (halaman belum tersedia)">lintasan Wood-Ljungdahl</a> (lintasan <a href="/wiki/Asetil-KoA" title="Asetil-KoA">asetil-koenzim</a> reduktif), mengikat N<sub>2</sub>, dan termofilik. Biokimia LUCA penuh dengan kluster FeS dan mekanisme reaksi radikal. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktor (halaman belum tersedia)">Kofaktornya</a> mengungkapkan ketergantungan pada <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mononukleotida_flavin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mononukleotida flavin (halaman belum tersedia)">flavin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-adenosil_metionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-adenosil metionina (halaman belum tersedia)">S-adenosil metionina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koenzim_A" title="Koenzim A">koenzim A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feredoksin" title="Feredoksin">feredoksin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdopterin (halaman belum tersedia)">molibdopterin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korin (halaman belum tersedia)">korin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>. Kode genetiknya memerlukan modifikasi <a href="/wiki/Nukleosida" title="Nukleosida">nukleosida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Metilasi" title="Metilasi">metilasi</a> yang bergantung pada S-adenosil metionina." Hasilnya menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">klostridia</a> <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogenik</a> sebagai klad basal dalam 355 garis keturunan yang diperiksa dan menunjukkan bahwa LUCA menghuni <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">ventilasi hidrotermal</a> anaerobik di lingkungan yang secara geokimia aktif kaya akan H<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, dan besi.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, identifikasi gen-gen yang ada pada LUCA ini dikritik, dengan argumen bahwa banyak protein yang diasumsikan ada pada LUCA merupakan hasil dari transfer gen horizontal yang terjadi belakangan antara arkea dan bakteri.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Reproduksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reproduksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reproduksi_seksual" title="Reproduksi seksual">Reproduksi seksual</a> berlangsung secara luas di antara eukariota masa kini dan kemungkinan juga pada leluhur bersama terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh penemuan satu set gen untuk meiosis pada turunan dari garis keturunan yang bercabang lebih awal pada pohon evolusi eukariotik.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temuan ini didukung oleh bukti bahwa eukariota yang sebelumnya dianggap sebagai "aseksual kuno", seperti <a href="/wiki/Ameba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameba">ameba</a>, mungkin saja bereproduksi secara seksual di masa lalu, dan bahwa sebagian besar garis keturunan ameboid aseksual saat ini mungkin baru muncul belum lama ini secara mandiri.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada prokariota, <a href="/wiki/Transformasi_DNA" title="Transformasi DNA">transformasi</a> bakteri secara alami melibatkan transfer DNA dari satu bakteri ke bakteri lain dan integrasi DNA donor ke dalam kromosom penerima melalui rekombinasi. Transformasi bakteri alami dianggap sebagai proses seksual primitif dan terjadi pada bakteri dan arkea, meskipun telah dipelajari terutama pada bakteri. Transformasi merupakan cara bakteri beradaptasi dan tidak terjadi secara kebetulan, karena proses ini bergantung pada banyak produk gen yang saling berinteraksi secara spesifik satu sama lain untuk mencapai keadaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetensi_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetensi alami (halaman belum tersedia)">kompetensi alami</a> untuk melakukan proses kompleks ini.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transformasi merupakan cara umum untuk memindahkan DNA di antara prokariota.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_gen_horizontal">Transfer gen horizontal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Transfer gen horizontal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transfer gen horizontal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">Transfer gen horizontal</a></div> <p>Secara tradisional, nenek moyang organisme hidup direkonstruksi dari morfologi, tetapi semakin dilengkapi dengan <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetika</a>, yaitu rekonstruksi filogeni dengan membandingkan urutan genetik (DNA). Perbandingan urutan menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">transfer gen horizontal</a> (HGT) terkini berlangsung di antara beragam spesies, termasuk melintasi batas-batas "domain" filogenetika. Dengan demikian, penentuan sejarah filogenetika suatu spesies tidak dapat dilakukan secara meyakinkan dengan menentukan pohon evolusi untuk gen tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahli biologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gogarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gogarten (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Gogarten</a> menyarankan "metafora asli untuk sebuah pohon tidak lagi sesuai dengan data dari penelitian genom terbaru," sehingga "ahli biologi (harus) menggunakan metafora <a href="/wiki/Mosaikisme" title="Mosaikisme">mosaikisme</a> untuk menjelaskan berbagai sejarah yang tergabung dalam genom suatu individu dan menggunakan metafora jejaring untuk menggambarkan kekayaan pertukaran dan efek kooperatif HGT di antara mikrob."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_depan_kehidupan_(kloning_dan_organisme_sintetis)"><span id="Masa_depan_kehidupan_.28kloning_dan_organisme_sintetis.29"></span>Masa depan kehidupan (kloning dan organisme sintetis)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Masa depan kehidupan (kloning dan organisme sintetis)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masa depan kehidupan (kloning dan organisme sintetis)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a> modern menantang konsep tradisional organisme dan spesies. <a href="/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning">Kloning</a> merupakan proses penciptaan organisme multiseluler baru, yang identik secara genetis dengan yang lain, yang berpotensi menciptakan spesies organisme yang sama sekali baru. Kloning pun menjadi subjek dari banyak perdebatan etis. </p><p>Pada tahun 2008, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_J._Craig_Venter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut J. Craig Venter (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut J. Craig Venter</a> menyusun genom bakteri sintetis, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycoplasma_genitalium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycoplasma genitalium (halaman belum tersedia)">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></i>, dengan rekombinasi khamir menggunakan 25 fragmen DNA yang tumpang tindih dalam satu langkah. Penggunaan rekombinasi khamir sangat menyederhanakan perakitan molekul DNA besar, baik dari fragmen sintetik maupun alami.<sup id="cite_ref-Venter_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perusahaan lain, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_Genomics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synthetic Genomics (halaman belum tersedia)">Synthetic Genomics</a>, dibentuk untuk memanfaatkan penggunaan komersial dari genom yang dirancang secara khusus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_hidup&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mosbysdictionary0000unse_c7k9"><i>Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions</i></a> (edisi ke-10). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. 2017. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mosbysdictionary0000unse_c7k9/page/1281">1281</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780323222051" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780323222051">9780323222051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosby%27s+Dictionary+of+Medicine%2C+Nursing+and+Health+Professions&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=1281&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780323222051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmosbysdictionary0000unse_c7k9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hine, RS. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse_t7m3"><i>A dictionary of biology</i></a> (edisi ke-6th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse_t7m3/page/461">461</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-920462-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-920462-5">978-0-19-920462-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+biology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=461&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920462-5&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.aufirst=RS.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofbiol0000unse_t7m3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cavaliersmith1987-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cavaliersmith1987_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith T. (1987). "The origin of eukaryotic and archaebacterial cells". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>503</b> (1): 17–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.503...17C">1987NYASA.503...17C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3113314">3113314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+eukaryotic+and+archaebacterial+cells&rft.volume=503&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-54&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3113314&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.503...17C&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsen2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larsen2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larsen2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brendan B. Larsen; Elizabeth C. Miller; Matthew K. Rhodes; John J. Wiens (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Larsen_et_al_QRB_2017.pdf">"Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Distributed:The Number of Species on Earth and the New Pie of Life"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>92</b> (3): 230. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805225333/http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Larsen_et_al_QRB_2017.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Inordinate+Fondness+Multiplied+and+Distributed%3AThe+Number+of+Species+on+Earth+and+the+New+Pie+of+Life&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=230&rft.date=2017-09&rft.au=Brendan+B.+Larsen&rft.au=Elizabeth+C.+Miller&rft.au=Matthew+K.+Rhodes&rft.au=John+J.+Wiens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wienslab.com%2FPublications_files%2FLarsen_et_al_QRB_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anderson, Alyssa M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C24&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018&q=Anderson+%22Describing+the+undiscovered%22&btnG=">"Describing the Undiscovered"</a>. <i>Chironomus: Journal of Chironomidae Research</i> (31): 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5324%2Fcjcr.v0i31.2887">10.5324/cjcr.v0i31.2887</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403040653/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C24&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018&q=Anderson%2B%22Describing%2Bthe%2Bundiscovered%22&btnG=">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chironomus%3A+Journal+of+Chironomidae+Research&rft.atitle=Describing+the+Undiscovered&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5324%2Fcjcr.v0i31.2887&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alyssa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C24%26as_ylo%3D2018%26as_yhi%3D2018%26q%3DAnderson%2B%2522Describing%2Bthe%2Bundiscovered%2522%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book-Biology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book-Biology_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare – common differences</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-63380-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-412-63380-5">978-0-412-63380-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare+%E2%80%93+common+differences&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-412-63380-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110%26lpg%3DPA110%26dq%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S.C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. Yale University Press. hlm. preface x. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-08469-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-300-08469-6">978-0-300-08469-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521234248/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.pages=preface+x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+S.C.&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26q%3D99%2520percent%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D99%2520percent%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">"Prehistory's Brilliant Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229225657/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prehistory%27s+Brilliant+Future&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.aulast=Novacek&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weissetal-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weissetal_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Weiss, Madeline C.; Sousa, Filipa L.; Mrnjavac, Natalia; Neukirchen, Sinje; Roettger, Mayo; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Martin, William F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018153355/https://zenodo.org/record/3451085">"The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor"</a>. <i>Nature Microbiology</i>. <b>1</b> (9): 16116. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2016.116">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27562259">27562259</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3451085">versi asli</a> tanggal 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+physiology+and+habitat+of+the+last+universal+common+ancestor&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=16116&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2016.116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27562259&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Madeline+C.&rft.au=Sousa%2C+Filipa+L.&rft.au=Mrnjavac%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Neukirchen%2C+Sinje&rft.au=Roettger%2C+Mayo&rft.au=Nelson-Sathi%2C+Shijulal&rft.au=Martin%2C+William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3451085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160725-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160725_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Wade, Nicholas</a> (25 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728053822/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+Luca%2C+the+Ancestor+of+All+Living+Things&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fscience%2Flast-universal-ancestor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o)/rganon"><span lang="grc">ὄργανον</span></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Liddell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Liddell (halaman belum tersedia)">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Scott_(philologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Scott (philologist) (halaman belum tersedia)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Greek–English Lexicon (halaman belum tersedia)">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=organism&allowed_in_frame=0">"organism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061710/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=organism&allowed_in_frame=0">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=organism&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dorganism%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant I., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critique of Judgment (halaman belum tersedia)">Critique of Judgment</a>: §64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"organism". <i>Chambers 21st Century Dictionary</i> (edisi ke-online). 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=organism&rft.btitle=Chambers+21st+Century+Dictionary&rft.edition=online&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-organism" class="citation encyclopaedia"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=organism">"organism"<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu langganan berbayar"><img alt="Perlu langganan berbayar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/9px-Lock-red-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/14px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/18px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (edisi ke-Online). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=organism&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3Dorganism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:OEDsub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:OEDsub (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:OEDsub</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kelly, Kevin (1994). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell"><i>Out of control: the new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Boston: Addison-Wesley. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-201-48340-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-201-48340-6">978-0-201-48340-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+control%3A+the+new+biology+of+machines%2C+social+systems+and+the+economic+world&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-48340-6&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutofcontrolnewb00kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dupré, J. 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(2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5w9oPfm4a?url=http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">"Uprooting the tree of life"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, <b>282</b> (6): 90–95, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SciAm.282b..90D">2000SciAm.282b..90D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90">10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710791">10710791</a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 31 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Uprooting+the+tree+of+life&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=90-95&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10710791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SciAm.282b..90D&rft.aulast=Doolittle&rft.aufirst=W.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshiva.msu.montana.edu%2Fcourses%2Fmb437_537_2005_fall%2Fdocs%2Fuprooting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlansdorffXuLabedan2008" class="citation">Glansdorff, N.; Xu, Y; Labedan, B. (2008), "The Last Universal Common Ancestor: Emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_Direct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biology Direct (halaman belum tersedia)">Biology Direct</a></i>, <b>3</b>: 29, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-3-29">10.1186/1745-6150-3-29</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2478661">2478661</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613974">18613974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Direct&rft.atitle=The+Last+Universal+Common+Ancestor%3A+Emergence%2C+constitution+and+genetic+legacy+of+an+elusive+forerunner&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2478661&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18613974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1745-6150-3-29&rft.aulast=Glansdorff&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Y&rft.au=Labedan%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yoko Ohtomo; Takeshi Kakegawa; Akizumi Ishida; Toshiro Nagase; Minik T. Rosing (8 December 2013). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 25–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7...25O">2014NatGe...7...25O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2025">10.1038/ngeo2025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+biogenic+graphite+in+early+Archaean+Isua+metasedimentary+rocks&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-28&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatGe...7...25O&rft.au=Yoko+Ohtomo&rft.au=Takeshi+Kakegawa&rft.au=Akizumi+Ishida&rft.au=Toshiro+Nagase&rft.au=Minik+T.+Rosing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20131113-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20131113_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629230719/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Oldest+fossil+found%3A+Meet+your+microbial+mom&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20131113%2FDAA1VSC01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AST-20131108-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AST-20131108_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2004_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 7 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Uprooting+the+tree+of+life&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=90-95&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10710791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SciAm.282b..90D&rft.aulast=Doolittle&rft.aufirst=W.+Ford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshiva.msu.montana.edu%2Fcourses%2Fmb437_537_2004_fall%2Fdocs%2Fuprooting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theo-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theo_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald2010" class="citation">Theobald, Douglas L. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Microbiol&rft.atitle=The+physiology+and+habitat+of+the+last+universal+common+ancestor&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=16116&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FNMICROBIOL.2016.116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27562259&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Sousa%2C+FL&rft.au=Mrnjavac%2C+N&rft.au=Neukirchen%2C+S&rft.au=Roettger%2C+M&rft.au=Nelson-Sathi%2C+S&rft.au=Martin%2C+WF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3451085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gogarten, JP; Deamer, D (Nov 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895471">"Is LUCA a thermophilic progenitor?"</a>. <i>Nat Microbiol</i>. <b>1</b> (12): 16229. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2016.229">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27886195">27886195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403040656/https://zenodo.org/record/895471">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Microbiol</i>. <b>158</b> (10): 767–778. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resmic.2007.09.004">10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17997281">17997281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Res.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Natural+genetic+transformation%3A+prevalence%2C+mechanisms+and+function&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=767-778&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resmic.2007.09.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17997281&rft.au=Johnsborg+O&rft.au=Eldholm+V&rft.au=H%C3%A5varstein+LS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma State – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990220101406/http://opbs.okstate.edu/%7Emelcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html">Horizontal Gene Transfer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Peter Gogarten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1">"Horizontal Gene Transfer – A New Paradigm for Biology"</a>. esalenctr.org. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horizontal+Gene+Transfer+%E2%80%93+A+New+Paradigm+for+Biology&rft.pub=esalenctr.org&rft.au=Peter+Gogarten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esalenctr.org%2Fdisplay%2Fconfpage.cfm%3Fconfid%3D10%26pageid%3D105%26pgtype%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMakhluk+hidup" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venter-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venter_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gibsona, Daniel G.; Benders, Gwynedd A.; Axelroda, Kevin C.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600582">"One-step assembly in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments to form a complete synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium genome"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>105</b> (51): 20404–20409. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10520404G">2008PNAS..10520404G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0811011106">10.1073/pnas.0811011106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600582">2600582</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" 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biologis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a> > <a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Bioma</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> > <a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> > <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organisme</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">Sistem organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">Jaringan</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">Sel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Organel</a> > <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perakitan_makromolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perakitan makromolekul (halaman belum tersedia)">Perakitan makromolekul</a> > <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">Makromolekul</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekul</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ekologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ekologi" title="Templat:Ekologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">Relung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_nutrien" title="Daur nutrien">Daur nutrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_biogeokimia" title="Daur biogeokimia">Daur biogeokimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Ekologi populasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_komunitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekologi komunitas">Ekologi komunitas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ekosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ekosistem (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ekosistem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Bioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka pendek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsaan" title="Pemangsaan">Pemangsaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanibalisme" title="Kanibalisme">Kanibalisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Penyerbukan">Penyerbukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka panjang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">Simbiosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">Mutualisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komensalisme" title="Komensalisme">Komensalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">Parasitisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetisi_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetisi (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompetisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosimbion" title="Endosimbion">Endosimbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaring-jaring_makanan" title="Jaring-jaring makanan">Jaring-jaring makanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">Rantai makanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingkatan_trofik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingkatan trofik (halaman belum tersedia)">Tingkatan trofik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piramida_ekologi" title="Piramida ekologi">Piramida ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_energi" title="Aliran energi">Aliran energi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peranan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">Autotrof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">Heterotrof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa" title="Pemangsa">Pemangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa_puncak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemangsa puncak">Pemangsa puncak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">Herbivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">Karnivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivor" title="Omnivor">Omnivor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengurai">Pengurai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detritivor" title="Detritivor">Detritivor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peran sebagai spesies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_spesies" title="Distribusi spesies">Distribusi spesies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribumi_(ekologi)" title="Pribumi (ekologi)">Spesies asli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_pendatang" title="Spesies pendatang">Spesies pendatang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jenis_asing_invasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenis asing invasif">Spesies invasif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme">Endemik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_kosmopolitan" title="Distribusi kosmopolitan">Kosmopolitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesies_dasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spesies dasar (halaman belum tersedia)">Spesies dasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_kunci" title="Spesies kunci">Spesies kunci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindikator" title="Bioindikator">Spesies indikator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ruang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ruang (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ruang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_lanskap" title="Ekologi lanskap">Ekologi lanskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoton" title="Ekoton">Ekoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekotipe" title="Ekotipe">Ekotipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_habitat" title="Fragmentasi habitat">Fragmentasi habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi_pulau" title="Biogeografi pulau">Biogeografi pulau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekologi" 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