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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esh (letter)</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Esh_(letter)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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For the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a>. For the letter esh 𐑇 in the Deseret alphabet, see <a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret alphabet</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">ezh</a>, the letter's voiced counterpart; the letter ſ (<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">the "long s"</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral symbol</a> (∫); or the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> (Σ).</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Esh_(letter)" title="Special:EditPage/Esh (letter)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Esh%22+letter">"Esh" letter</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Esh%22+letter+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Esh%22+letter&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Esh%22+letter+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Esh%22+letter">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Esh%22+letter&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Esh</b> (<a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Majuscule" title="Letter case">majuscule</a>: <b>Ʃ</b> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> U+01A9, <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">minuscule</a>: <b>ʃ</b> Unicode U+0283) is a character used in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> (English <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span>, as in <i>"ship"</i>). </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">Esh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal">Ʃ ʃ</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">(<a href="/wiki/%C6%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʃ">See below</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_Esh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="S in the forms of cursive writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Latin_letter_Esh.svg/200px-Latin_letter_Esh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Latin_letter_Esh.svg/300px-Latin_letter_Esh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Latin_letter_Esh.svg/400px-Latin_letter_Esh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>]<br><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+01A9, U+0283</code></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa32.png?719d1" height="38" title="Aa32" alt="Aa32"></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M40.png?36181" height="38" title="M40" alt="M40"></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamash.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Sinaitic Shin"><img alt="Proto-Sinaitic Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shamash.svg/20px-Shamash.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shamash.svg/30px-Shamash.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shamash.svg/40px-Shamash.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="405"></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Sinaitic Shin"><img alt="Proto-Sinaitic Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Sin"><img alt="Phoenician Sin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/30px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85"></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Caanite Shin"><img alt="Proto-Caanite Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg/20px-Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg/30px-Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg/40px-Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360"></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ σ ς</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">ς</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">𐌔</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S s</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">S ſ</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ʃ ʃ</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data">1847 to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1190286162">.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em ul,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li{min-width:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{min-width:2.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd ul{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;min-width:1.57em;padding:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dzwe" title="Dzwe">Ꚃ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ѕ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shcha" title="Shcha">Щ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_(Cyrillic)" title="The (Cyrillic)">Ҫ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Sje" title="Komi Sje">Ԍ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ש</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ش</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ܫ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sh%C4%ABn/s%C4%ABn" title="Shin (letter)">س</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ࠔ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">𐎘</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">𐡔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aawt" title="Śawt">ሠ</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ս">Ս</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ս">ս</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Consonants" title="Devanagari">श</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Consonants" title="Devanagari">स</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script#Consonants" title="Gujarati script">શ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script#Consonants" title="Gujarati script">સ</a></li></ul></div> <p>Disputed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">ㅆ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variations</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/%C6%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʃ">See below</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#S" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">s(x)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-Right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Form,_usage,_and_history"><span id="Form.2C_usage.2C_and_history"></span>Form, usage, and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esh_(letter)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Form, usage, and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Its lowercase form <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃ⟩</span> is similar to an <a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral sign</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃ⟩</span> or a <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span> with an extra leftward hook at the bottom; in 1928 the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Alphabet" title="Africa Alphabet">Africa Alphabet</a> borrowed the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> for the uppercase form <span class="nowrap">⟨Ʃ⟩</span>. The lowercase form was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pitman" title="Isaac Pitman">Isaac Pitman</a> in his 1847 Phonotypic Alphabet to represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative (English <i>sh</i>). It is today used in the alphabets of some African languages,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. </p><p>The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) uses <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0283</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʃ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH</span> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant</a>. Related <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">obsolete IPA characters</a> include <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01AA</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ƪ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER REVERSED ESH LOOP</span>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0285</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʅ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER SQUAT REVERSED ESH</span>, and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0286</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʆ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH CURL</span>. </p><p><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB4D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭍ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER BASELINE ESH</span> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> phonetic transcription system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variations of esh are used for other phonetic transcription:<sup id="cite_ref-L204132_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L204132-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">ᶋ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Hook_(diacritic)" title="Hook (diacritic)">ᶘ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts" title="Unicode subscripts and superscripts"><sup>ʃ</sup></a>⟩</span>. </p><p><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DF0B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝼋</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH DOUBLE BAR</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DF0C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝼌</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH DOUBLE BAR AND CURL</span> are used as <a href="/wiki/Click_letter" title="Click letter">click letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L220115_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220115-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L221021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L221021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esh_(letter)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%E2%88%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="∫">∫</a>⟩ (integral symbol)</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.</span></a>⟩ (the archaic 'long s' letterform)</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">σ</a>⟩ (the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter 'sigma')</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a>⟩ (the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a> letter 'sha')</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a>⟩ (S with caron)</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%9E" title="Ş">Ş</a>⟩ (S-cedilla)</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ഽ">ഽ</a>⟩ (Praslesham)</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a>⟩ (a Polish digraph)</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a>⟩ (an English and Albanian digraph)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#S" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Latin-script S-based digraphs</a> (including the Italian ⟨sc⟩, English ⟨sh⟩, and Norwegian and Faroese ⟨sk⟩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs#S" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Latin-script S-based trigraphs</a> (including German ⟨sch⟩ and Italian ⟨sci⟩)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esh_(letter)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEversonDicklbergerPentzlinWandl-Vogt2011" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F11-202%3A+Revised+proposal+to+encode+%22Teuthonista%22+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dicklberger%2C+Alois&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Wandl-Vogt%2C+Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsh+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L204132-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L204132_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2004" class="citation web cs1">Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-132+Proposal+to+add+additional+phonetic+characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsh+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L220115-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L220115_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSands2020" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20115r-click-letters.pdf">"L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-115R%3A+Unicode+request+for+additional+phonetic+click+letters&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft.au=Sands%2C+Bonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20115r-click-letters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsh+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L221021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L221021_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf">"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F21-021%3A+Reference+doc+numbers+for+L2%2F20-266R+%22Consolidated+code+chart+of+proposed+phonetic+characters%22+and+IPA+etc.+code+point+and+name+changes&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2021%2F21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsh+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esh_(letter)&oldid=1254549719">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esh_(letter)&oldid=1254549719</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Esh_(letter)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="DerSpezialist" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1730387038"> <span>Last edited on 31 October 2024, at 15:03</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ech" title="Ech – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ech" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh_(lletra)" title="Esh (lletra) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esh (lletra)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh" title="Esh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Esh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh" title="Esh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Do_(litero)" title="Eŝo (litero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŝo (litero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Эш (буква) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эш (буква)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%88_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Еш (літера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еш (літера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A9" title="Ʃ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ʃ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul 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