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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_in_oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_in_oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Formation in oceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_in_oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_in_freshwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_in_freshwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Formation in freshwater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_in_freshwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_on_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_on_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Life on islands </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_on_islands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life on islands subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_on_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endemism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Endemism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dispersal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_on_island_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_on_island_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Evolution on island groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_on_island_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_island_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_island_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 The island rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_island_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin,_the_Galápagos,_and_natural_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin,_the_Galápagos,_and_natural_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Darwin, the Galápagos, and natural selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin,_the_Galápagos,_and_natural_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans_and_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans_and_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Humans and islands </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humans_and_islands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humans and islands subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humans_and_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 History of exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Island_nations_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Island_nations_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Island nations and territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Island_nations_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Threats to islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Artificial islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Island</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 195 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-195" aria-hidden="true" > 195 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insel" title="Insel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Insel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B5" title="ደሴት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደሴት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Адгьылбжьаха – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адгьылбжьаха" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="جزيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla" title="Isla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%99%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܓܙܪܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܙܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisii" title="Nisii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nisii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla" title="Islla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypa%27%C5%A9" title="Ypa'ũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ypa'ũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آدا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آدا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa" title="Nusa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nusa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="দ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3-s%C5%AB" title="Tó-sū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tó-sū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Утрау – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Утрау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Востраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Востраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Востраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Востраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="दीप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दीप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla" title="Isla – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isla" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Остров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Остров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insl" title="Insl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Insl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrvo" title="Ostrvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ostrvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enezenn" title="Enezenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Арал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa" title="Illa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Утрав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Утрав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrov" title="Ostrov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ostrov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitsuwa" title="Chitsuwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitsuwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhoska" title="Nkhoska – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nkhoska" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys" title="Ynys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="جزيرة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جزيرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Eiland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insel" title="Insel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Insel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar" title="Saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Νησί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νησί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E%E1%B9%A1la" title="Îṡla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Îṡla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla" title="Isla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulo" title="Insulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uharte" title="Uharte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uharte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="جزیره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyggj" title="Oyggj – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oyggj" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele" title="Île – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil%C3%A2n" title="Eilân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eilân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n" title="Oileán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellan" title="Ellan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean" title="Eilean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eilean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa" title="Illa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="ГӀайре – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀайре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6" title="島 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="島" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%AC" title="섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokupuni" title="Mokupuni – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokupuni" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupa" title="Kupa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kupa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok" title="Otok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulo" title="Insulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Insulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla" title="Isla – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isla" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau" title="Pulau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insul" title="Insul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Insul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qikiqtaq" title="Qikiqtaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qikiqtaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiqithi" title="Isiqithi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isiqithi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyja" title="Eyja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eyja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola" title="Isola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99" title="אי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA" title="ದ್ವೀಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ವೀಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Айрымкан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Айрымкан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Арал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enys" title="Enys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Enys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa" title="Kisiwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisiwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96" title="Ді – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ді" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il" title="Il – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Il" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zil" title="Zil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girav" title="Girav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Girav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Арал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ошмаоты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ошмаоты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola" title="Isola – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Isola" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izla" title="Izla – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Izla" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0" title="ເກາະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເກາະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala" title="Sala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insel" title="Insel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Insel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala" title="Sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilandj" title="Eilandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eilandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esanga" title="Esanga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Esanga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola" title="Isola – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Isola" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/daplu" title="daplu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="daplu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isula" title="Isula – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sziget" title="Sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Остров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Остров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosy" title="Nosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ദ്വീപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്വീപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="बेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კოკი (გეოგრაფია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოკი (გეოგრაფია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="جزيره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="جزیره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جزیره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau" title="Pulau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau" title="Pulau – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pulau" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Dō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha" title="Ilha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ilha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цёнга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Цёнга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Арал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1)" title="ကျွန်း (ကုန်းမြေ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွန်း (ကုန်းမြေ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanuyanu" title="Yanuyanu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yanuyanu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilaand" title="Eilaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eilaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="द्वीप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="द्वीप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6" title="島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isula" title="Isula – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Isula" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="ГӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilun" title="Eilun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eilun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailen" title="Ailen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ailen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98y" title="Øy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98y" title="Øy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele" title="Île – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Île" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa" title="Illa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Отро – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Отро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orol" title="Orol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81" title="جزیرہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla" title="Isla – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Isla" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="ټاپو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټاپو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87" title="កោះ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោះ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailan" title="Ailan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ailan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insel" title="Insel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Insel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa" title="Wyspa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha" title="Ilha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insul%C4%83" title="Insulă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvip" title="Dvip – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Dvip" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat%27a" title="Wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Остров – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Остров" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Остров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Арыы (география) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арыы (география)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/subal" title="subal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="subal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BBa" title="Zûa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Zûa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailound" title="Ailound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ailound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehlakehlake" title="Sehlakehlake – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sehlakehlake" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishulli" title="Ishulli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ishulli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csula" title="Ìsula – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ìsula" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="දූපත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දූපත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="ٻيٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻيٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrov" title="Ostrov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ostrov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok" title="Otok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa" title="Wyspa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wyspa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw-badeed" title="Aw-badeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aw-badeed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95" title="دوورگە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Острво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Острво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrvo" title="Ostrvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ostrvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saari" title="Saari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96_(landomr%C3%A5de)" title="Ö (landområde) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ö (landområde)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo" title="Pulo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegzirt" title="Tegzirt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tegzirt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Утрау – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Утрау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="ద్వీపం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్వీపం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Island_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Island (disambiguation)">Island (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A satellite view of the Hawaiian islands, with the top of the image being North. There are few if any clouds, and most of the image is the seawater swirling in the wind, surrounding the islands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg/323px-Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg" decoding="async" width="323" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg/485px-Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg/646px-Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, a major archipelago in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> An island or isle is a piece of land, distinct from a continent, completely surrounded by water. There are continental islands, which were formed by being split from a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, and oceanic islands, which have never been part of a continent. Oceanic islands can be formed from <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> activity, grow into <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> from <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, and form from <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> along shorelines, creating <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River islands</a> can also form from sediment and debris in rivers. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial islands</a> are those made by humans, including small rocky outcroppings built out of lagoons and large-scale <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> projects used for development. Islands are host to diverse <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> life. Oceanic islands have the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> as a natural barrier to the introduction of new species, causing the species that do reach the island to evolve in isolation. Continental islands share animal and plant life with the continent they split from. Depending on how long ago the continental island formed, the life on that island may have diverged greatly from the mainland due to <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. Humans have lived on and traveled between islands for thousands of years at a minimum. Some islands became host to humans due to a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> or a continental island splitting from the mainland. Today, up to 10% of the world's population lives on islands. Islands are popular targets for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> due to their perceived natural beauty, isolation, and unique cultures. Islands became the target of <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> by Europeans, resulting in the majority of islands in the Pacific being put under European control. <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a> has resulted in some but not all island nations becoming <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governing</a>, with lasting effects related to <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Islands and <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island countries</a> are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> threatens to submerge nations such as <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> completely. Increases in the frequency and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> can cause widespread destruction of infrastructure and animal habitats. Species that live exclusively on islands are some of those most threatened by <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides that is distinct from a continent.<a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a> There is no standard of size that distinguishes islands and <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>. Continents have an accepted geological definition – they are the largest <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmass</a> of a particular <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">tectonic plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a> Islands can occur in any body of water, including <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">seas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Low-tide_elevation" title="Low-tide elevation">Low-tide elevations</a>, areas of land that are not above the surface during a <a href="/wiki/Tide#Characteristics" title="Tide">high tide</a>, are generally not considered islands.<a href="#cite_note-:21-4">[4]</a> Islands that have been bridged or otherwise joined to a mainland with land reclamation are sometimes considered "de-islanded", but not in every case.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word island derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iland" class="extiw" title="wikt:iland">iland</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> igland (from ig or ieg, similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and <a href="/wiki/-land" class="mw-redirect" title="-land">-land</a> carrying its contemporary meaning. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> ieg is actually a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> ö and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Aue, and more distantly related to Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aqua" class="extiw" title="wikt:aqua">aqua</a> (water).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a> caused by an association with the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> loanword isle, which itself comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word insula.<a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing the movement of continental plates causing the growth and weathering of an island chain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg/303px-Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg/455px-Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg/606px-Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8449" data-file-height="4478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geology)" title="Cross section (geology)">Cross section</a> through Earth at the Hawaii hotspot. <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">Magma</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> rises into the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, creating a chain of volcanoes as the lithosphere moves over the hotspot.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_in_oceans">Formation in oceans</h3></div> Islands often are found in <a href="/wiki/Archipelagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archipelagos">archipelagos</a> or island chains, which are collections of islands. These chains are thought to form from <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">volcanic hotspots</a>, areas of the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is hotter than the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> These hotspots would give rise to <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">volcanoes</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> would form the rock the islands are made of.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> For some islands, the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">movement of tectonic plates</a> above stationary hotspots would form islands in a linear chain, with the islands further away from the hotspot being progressively older and more <a href="/wiki/Eroded" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroded">eroded</a>, before disappearing under the sea entirely.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> An example is the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> with the oldest island being 25 million years old, and the youngest, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a>, still being an <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active volcano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> However, not all island chains are formed this way. Some may be formed all at once by fractures in the tectonic plates themselves, simultaneously creating multiple islands. One supporting piece of evidence is that of the <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a>, which are all estimated to be 8 million years old, rather than being different ages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg/511px-On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg" decoding="async" width="511" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg/767px-On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg/1022px-On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3745" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Map from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s 1842 <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a> showing the world's major groups of atolls and coral reefs</figcaption></figure> Other island chains form due to being separated from existing continents. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> may have been separated from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a>, a phenomenon where new <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> is formed, pushing away older crust.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Islands sitting on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> may be called continental islands.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> Other islands, like those that make up <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, are what remains of continents that shrank and sunk beneath the sea.<a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> It was estimated that <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, the continent-like area of crust that New Zealand sits on, has had 93% of its original surface area submerged.<a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> Some islands are formed when <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a> grow on volcanic islands that have submerged beneath the surface.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> When these <a href="/wiki/Coral_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral islands">coral islands</a> encircle a central <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>, the island is known as an <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The formation of reefs and islands related to those reefs is aided by the buildup of sediment in shallow patches of water. In some cases, tectonic movements lifting a reef out of the water by as little as 1 meter can cause sediment to accumulate and an island to form.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA-_Outer_Banks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An overhead image of a long and thin barrier island." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NOAA-_Outer_Banks.jpg/221px-NOAA-_Outer_Banks.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NOAA-_Outer_Banks.jpg/333px-NOAA-_Outer_Banks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/NOAA-_Outer_Banks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A barrier island in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> off the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Barrier_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier islands">Barrier islands</a> are long, sandy bars that form along shorelines due to the deposition of sediment by <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a>. These islands erode and grow as the wind and waves shift. Barrier islands have the effect of protecting coastal areas from <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">severe weather</a> because they absorb some of the energy of large waves before they can reach the shore.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_in_freshwater">Formation in freshwater</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial island">fluvial island</a> is an island that forms from the <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> of debris in rivers; almost all rivers have some form of fluvial islands.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> These islands may only be a few meters high, and are usually temporary. Changes in the flow speed, water level, and sediment content of the river may effect the rate of fluvial island formation and depletion.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> Permanent river islands also exist, the largest of which (that is completely inland) is <a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a> of Brazil, which has a maximum width of 55 kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes">Lakes</a> form for a variety of reasons, including <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">glaciers</a>, plate tectonics, and volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_island" title="Lake island">Lake islands</a> can form as part of these processes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_on_islands">Life on islands</h2></div> The field of <a href="/wiki/Insular_biogeography" title="Insular biogeography">insular biogeography</a> studies the ecological processes that take place on islands, with a focus on what factors effect the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">richness</a> of species. Scientists often study islands as an isolated <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a> of how the process of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> takes place.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_ecology" title="Island ecology">Island ecology</a> studies organisms on islands and their environment. It has yielded important insights for its parent field of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> since the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endemism">Endemism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_(Spheniscus_mendiculus)_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29_male.jpg/220px-Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29_male.jpg/330px-Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29_male.jpg/440px-Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_penguin" title="Galapagos penguin">Galapagos penguin</a> is endemic to the Galápagos Islands.</figcaption></figure> In biology, endemism is defined as the phenomenon where species or genus is only found in a certain geographical area. Islands isolate land organisms from others with water, and isolate aquatic organisms living on them with land.<a href="#cite_note-:27-20">[20]</a> Island ecosystems have the highest rates of endemism globally. This means that islands contribute heavily to global <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Areas with high lives of biodiversity are a priority target of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> efforts, to prevent the extinction of these species.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Despite high levels of endemism, the total <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a>, the total number of unique species in a region, is lower on islands than on mainlands.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The level of species richness on islands is proportional to the area of that island, a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Species-area_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Species-area relationship">species-area relationship</a>. This is because larger areas have more resources and thus can support more organisms. Populations with a higher <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> also have more <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, which promotes <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersal">Dispersal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orange bat hanging upside down from a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg/220px-Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg/330px-Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg/440px-Pteropus_seychellensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seychelles_fruit_bat" title="Seychelles fruit bat">Seychelles fruit bat</a> has a major role in distributing the seeds of trees between islands, a form of oceanic dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> Oceanic islands, ones that have never been connected to shore, are only populated by life that can cross the sea. This means that any animals present on the island had to have flown there, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</a>, were carried by such animals, or were carried in a sea current in what is known as a "rafting event". This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal" title="Oceanic dispersal">oceanic dispersal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-25">[25]</a> Tropical storms have the capacity to transport species over great distances.<a href="#cite_note-:23-26">[26]</a> Animals like tortoises can live for weeks without food or water, and are able to survive floating on debris in the sea.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> One case study showed that in 1995, fifteen <a href="/wiki/Iguanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanas">iguanas</a> survived a 300 km journey to <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, an island which no iguana had lived on previously. They survived floating on a mass of uprooted trees from a storm.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Plant species are thought to be able to travel great distances of ocean. New Zealand and Australia share 200 native plant species, despite being separated by 1500 km.<a href="#cite_note-:28-25">[25]</a> Continental islands, islands that were at one point connected to a continent, are expected to share a common history of plant and animal life up until the point that the island broke away from the continent.<a href="#cite_note-:28-25">[25]</a> For example, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> on an island surrounded by ocean would indicate that it once was attached to a continent, since these fish cannot traverse the ocean on their own.<a href="#cite_note-:27-20">[20]</a> Over the course of time, evolution and extinction changes the nature of animal life on a continental island, but only once it splits from the mainland. An example is that of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern beech">southern beech</a>, a tree that is present in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South American, and New Guinea, places that today are geographically distant. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that these landmasses were once all part of the continent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> and separated by tectonic drift. However, there are competing theories that suggest this species may have reached faraway places by way of oceanic dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-:28-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_on_island_groups">Evolution on island groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finchadaptiveradiation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Finchadaptiveradiation.png/220px-Finchadaptiveradiation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Finchadaptiveradiation.png/330px-Finchadaptiveradiation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Finchadaptiveradiation.png/440px-Finchadaptiveradiation.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a> of finch A (<a href="/wiki/Geospiza_magnirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospiza magnirostris">Geospiza magnirostris</a>) into three other species of finches on the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>. Due to the absence of other birds, <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> adapted to new niches. Their seed-eating beaks evolved to handle foods such as nuts, fruits, and insects.</figcaption></figure> Species that colonize island archipelagos exhibit a specific property known as <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a>. In this process, a species that arrives on a group of islands rapidly becomes more diverse over time, splitting off into new species or subspecies. A species that reaches an island ecosystem may face little competition for resources, or may find that the resources that they found in their previous habitat are not available. These factors together result in individual evolutionary branches with different means of survival.<a href="#cite_note-:29-29">[29]</a> The classical example of this is <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a>, a group of up to fifteen <a href="/wiki/Tanager" title="Tanager">tanager</a> species that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> These birds evolved different <a href="/wiki/Beaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaks">beaks</a> in order to eat different kinds of food available on the islands. The <a href="/wiki/Large_ground_finch" title="Large ground finch">large ground finch</a> has a large bill used to crack seeds and eat fruit. The <a href="/wiki/Genovesa_cactus_finch" title="Genovesa cactus finch">Genovesa cactus finch</a> prefers <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a> as a food source, and has a beak adapted for removing pulp and flowers from cacti. The <a href="/wiki/Green_warbler-finch" title="Green warbler-finch">green warbler-finch</a> (in the habit of true <a href="/wiki/Warbler" title="Warbler">warbler</a> species) consumes spiders and insects that live on plants.<a href="#cite_note-:29-29">[29]</a> Other examples of this phenomenon exist worldwide, including in Hawaii and Madagascar, and are not limited to island ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:29-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_island_rule">The island rule</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A plaster and wax model of a large bird with a beak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg/220px-Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg/330px-Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg/440px-Dronte_dodo_Raphus_cucullatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>The extinct <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">Dodo</a> is an example of island gigantism.</figcaption></figure> Species endemic to islands show a common evolutionary trajectory. <a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_rule" title="Foster's rule">Foster's rule</a> (also known as the island rule), states that small mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a> evolve to become larger, known as <a href="/wiki/Island_gigantism" title="Island gigantism">island gigantism</a>. One such example is the <a href="/wiki/Giant_tortoise" title="Giant tortoise">giant tortoise</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, though it is unknown if it grew in size before or after reaching the island. Larger animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a> tend to become smaller, such as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">pygmy hippopotamus</a>. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">insular dwarfism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:30-31">[31]</a> In the case of smaller animals, it has been hypothesized that animals on islands may have fewer <a href="/wiki/Predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Predators">predators</a> and competitors, resulting in selection pressure towards larger animals. Larger animals may exhaust food resources quickly due to their size, causing <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> in their young, resulting in a selection pressure for smaller animals that require less food. Having fewer predators would mean these animals did not need not be large to survive.<a href="#cite_note-:30-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin,_the_Galápagos,_and_natural_selection">Darwin, the Galápagos, and natural selection</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> formulated the theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> through the study of island ecology.<a href="#cite_note-:27-20">[20]</a> The species he observed on the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, including tanager birds, contributed to his understanding of how evolution works.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He first traveled to the islands as a <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> in 1835, as part of a five-year <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigation</a> of Earth. He wrote that "the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a different set of beings".<a href="#cite_note-:22-33">[33]</a> Through the study of the finches and other animals he realized that organisms survive by changing to adapt to their habitat.<a href="#cite_note-:22-33">[33]</a> It would be over twenty years before he published his theories in <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:31-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humans_and_islands">Humans and islands</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_exploration">History of exploration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sea#Humans_and_the_sea" title="Sea">Sea § Humans and the sea</a></div> The first evidence of humans colonizing islands probably occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era, 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Reaching the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian islands">Indonesian islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> would have required crossing distances of water of at least 29 km (18 mi).<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> Some islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, were probably connected to the mainland with a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> that allowed humans to colonize it before it became an island.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/343px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="343" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/515px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/686px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Chronological dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> The first people to <a href="/wiki/Colonize" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonize">colonize</a> distant oceanic islands were the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-37">[37]</a> Many of the previous island settlements required traveling distances of less than 100 km (62 mi), whereas Polynesians may have traveled 2,000–3,200 km (1,200–2,000 mi) to settle islands such as <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> They would send navigators to sail the ocean without the aid of <a href="/wiki/Navigational_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigational instruments">navigational instruments</a> to discover new islands for settlement.<a href="#cite_note-:10-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-38">[38]</a> Between 1100 and 800 BC, Polynesians sailed East from <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and reached the islands that make up the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The furthest extent of this migration would be <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in the East, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in the South, with New Zealand's first settlements between 1250 and 1300.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Historians have sought to understand why some remote islands have always been uninhabited, while others, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, have long been populated by humans.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> Generally, larger islands are more likely to be able to sustain humans and thus are more likely to have been settled. Small islands that cannot sustain populations on their own can still be habitable if they are within a "commuting" distance to an island that has enough resources to be sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> The presence of an island is marked by <a href="/wiki/Seabirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabirds">seabirds</a>, differences in cloud and weather patterns, as well as changes in the direction of waves.<a href="#cite_note-:20-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-37">[37]</a> It is also possible for human populations to have gone extinct on islands, evidenced by explorers finding islands that show evidence of habitation but no life.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> Not all islands were or are inhabited by maritime cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> In the past, some societies were found to have lost their seafaring ability over time, such as the case of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, which were occupied by an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> since the island's first discovery in the first century until being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in 1496.<a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> It has been hypothesized that since the inhabitants had little incentive for <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and had little to any contact with the mainland, they had no need for boats.<a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> The motivation for island exploration has been the subject of research and debate. Some early historians previously argued that early island colonization was unintentional, perhaps by a raft being swept out to sea.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Others compare the motivations of Polynesian and similar explorers with those of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, the explorer who sailed westward over the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in search of an alternate route to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> These historians theorize that successful explorers were rewarded with recognition and wealth, leading others to attempt possibly dangerous expeditions to discover more islands, usually with poor results.<a href="#cite_note-:9-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3></div> About 10% of the world's population lives on islands.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> The study of the culture of islands is known as <a href="/wiki/Island_studies" title="Island studies">island studies</a>. The interest in the study of islands is due to their unique cultures and natural environments that differ from mainland cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> This is for a few reasons: First, the obvious political and geographic isolation from mainland cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> Second, unique restraints on resources and ecology creating marine-focused cultures with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> and sailing.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> Third, a lasting historical and political significance of islands.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breadfruit_(Artocarpus_altilis),_Malaysia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three green fruits with many small dimples hanging from a tree. It is a bright and sunny day." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Breadfruit_%28Artocarpus_altilis%29%2C_Malaysia.JPG/220px-Breadfruit_%28Artocarpus_altilis%29%2C_Malaysia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Breadfruit_%28Artocarpus_altilis%29%2C_Malaysia.JPG/330px-Breadfruit_%28Artocarpus_altilis%29%2C_Malaysia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Breadfruit_%28Artocarpus_altilis%29%2C_Malaysia.JPG/440px-Breadfruit_%28Artocarpus_altilis%29%2C_Malaysia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A breadfruit tree in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, used in Polynesia for making an edible breadfruit paste.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orderly square of green leafy plants in the sun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg/220px-Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg/330px-Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg/440px-Cultivated_Colocasia_esculenta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Cultivated taro plants, a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> for many island cultures.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet">Diet</h4></div> The Polynesian diet got most of its protein from fishing.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Polynesians were known to fish close to shore, as well as in deep water. It was reported that <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui people</a> were known to fish as far as 500 km (310 mi) from shore at coral reefs.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">net</a> fishing were all used,<a href="#cite_note-:25-46">[46]</a> to catch <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stingrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Stingrays">stingrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a> Island cultures also cultivate native and non-native crops.<a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> Polynesians grew the native <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and other fruits and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Different island climates made different resources more important, such as the Hawaiian islands being home to <a href="/wiki/Irrigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated">irrigated</a> fields of taro,<a href="#cite_note-:25-46">[46]</a> whereas in some islands, like Tahiti, breadfruit was more widely cultivated and <a href="/wiki/Fermented" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented">fermented</a> in order to preserve it.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> There is archeological evidence that Canary Islanders would chew the roots of <a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a> for sustenance, a practice that wore heavily on their <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> These islanders would also grow <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and raised livestock such as <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Island_nations_and_territories">Island nations and territories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">Island country</a></div> Many island nations have little land and a restricted set of natural resources. However, these nations control some of the largest <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> in the world, deposits of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">oil deposits</a>. The natural beauty of island nations also makes them a magnet for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Islands also have geopolitical value for <a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval bases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">weapons testing</a>, and general territorial control. One such example is <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, a territory that receives substantial military expenditure and aid from France.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonization">Colonization</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaving-bikini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of several people boarding a ship carrying their belongings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leaving-bikini.jpg/220px-Leaving-bikini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leaving-bikini.jpg/330px-Leaving-bikini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leaving-bikini.jpg/440px-Leaving-bikini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Residents of <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> leaving due to nuclear testing.</figcaption></figure> Since the first discoveries of Polynesian, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesian</a>, and other islands by Westerners, these nations have been the subject of colonization.<a href="#cite_note-:14-50">[50]</a> Islands were the target of <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a>. These missionaries faced resistance, but found success when some local chiefs used European support to centralize power. Beginning in the 16th century, European states placed most of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> in under <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a> was colonized by Spain as early as 1526. It changed hands from Germany to Japan to the United States before joining the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> in 1982, maintaining a "free association" status with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> was a Spanish territory until 1898, and now is a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a> of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> era saw many island states achieve independence or some form of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-54">[54]</a> Nuclear weapons testing on the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> left many atolls destroyed or uninhabitable, causing the <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a> of people from their home islands as well as increases in cancer rates due to <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-50">[50]</a> Colonization has resulted in a decline of observance of traditional cultural practices in places such as Hawaii, where Native Hawaiians are now a minority. Cultural attitudes related to communal ownership of land as well as a lack of individualistic decision-making may make some island cultures less compatible with the global <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> economy, causing these nations to experience less economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-:13-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malapascua_(island),_Tropical_beach,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An idyllic beach scene with crystal clear water and tropical trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malapascua_%28island%29%2C_Tropical_beach%2C_Philippines.jpg/220px-Malapascua_%28island%29%2C_Tropical_beach%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malapascua_%28island%29%2C_Tropical_beach%2C_Philippines.jpg/330px-Malapascua_%28island%29%2C_Tropical_beach%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malapascua_%28island%29%2C_Tropical_beach%2C_Philippines.jpg/440px-Malapascua_%28island%29%2C_Tropical_beach%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Tourists are attracted to tropical beaches in large numbers, such as this one in <a href="/wiki/Malapascua" title="Malapascua">Malapascua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> Islands have long been a popular target for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, thanks to their unique climates, cultures, and natural beauty. However, islands may suffer from poor transportation connectivity from <a href="/wiki/Airplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Airplanes">airplanes</a> and boats and strains on infrastructure from tourist activity.<a href="#cite_note-:15-55">[55]</a> Islands in colder climates often rely on seasonal tourists seeking to enjoy nature or local cultures, and may only be one aspect of an island's economy. In contrast, tourism on tropical islands can often make up the majority of the local economy and <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>. These islands sometimes also require consistent <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> on top of tourism in order to ensure economic growth. This reliance can result in <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. During tourism downturns, these economies struggle to make up the lost inflow of cash with other industries.<a href="#cite_note-:15-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_islands">Threats to islands</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A normal city street in Puerto Rico that is completely flooded in a few feet of water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg/220px-Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg/330px-Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg/440px-Calle_Lo%C3%ADza_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_after_Hurricane_Maria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>San Juan, Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. Climate change is expected to cause more frequent inland flooding on islands.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Effects of climate change on small island countries</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> threatens human development on islands due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, more dangerous <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a>, and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> For example, in 2017 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> caused a loss of almost all the infrastructure in Dominica. Sea level rise and other climate changes can reduce freshwater reserves, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> These risks are expected to decrease the habitability of islands, especially small ones. Beyond risks to human life, plant and animal life are threatened. It has been estimated that almost 50 percent of land species threatened by <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> live on islands.<a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> In 2017, a detailed review of 1,288 islands found that they were home to 1,189 highly-threatened vertebrate species, which was 41 percent of the global figure.<a href="#cite_note-Spatz-57">[57]</a> Coral bleaching is expected to occur with more frequency, threatening marine ecosystems, some of which island economies are dependent on.<a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> Some islands that are low-lying may cease to exist given high enough amounts of sea level rise. <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> received media attention for a press conference publicizing the ongoing submerging of the island country.<a href="#cite_note-:17-58">[58]</a> Tuvalu signed a cooperation agreement with Australia agreeing to annually allow 280 of its citizens to become <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residents">permanent residents</a> of Australia. The Marshall Islands, a country of 1,156 islands, have also been identified as a country that may be existentially threatened by rising seas.<a href="#cite_note-:17-58">[58]</a> Increasing intensity of tropical storms also increases the distances and frequency with which invasive species may be transported to islands. Floodwaters from these storms may also wash plants further inland than they would travel on their own, introducing them to new habitats.<a href="#cite_note-:23-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> and trade also have introduced non-native life to islands. These processes result in an introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> to ecosystems that are especially small and fragile. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Apple_snail" title="Apple snail">apple snail</a>, initially introduced to the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> owners. It has since been transported by hurricanes across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> and neighboring islands.<a href="#cite_note-:23-26">[26]</a> These species compete for resources with native animals, and some may grow so densely that they displace other forms of existing life.<a href="#cite_note-:23-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_islands">Artificial islands</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A satellite image of an artificial island in use as an airport. Several runways are visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg/220px-Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg/330px-Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg/440px-Kansai_International_Airport_Aerial_photograph.2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> is built on an artificial island.</figcaption></figure> For hundreds of years, islands have been created through <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-59">[59]</a> One of the first recorded instances of this when people of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> created eighty such islands by piling coral and rock in the <a href="/wiki/Lau_Lagoon" title="Lau Lagoon">Lau Lagoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-59">[59]</a> One traditional way of constructing islands is with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a>. Sandbags or stones are dropped with a barge into the sea to bring the land level slightly out of the water. The island area is then filled with sand or gravel, followed by a construction of this revetment to hold it together.<a href="#cite_note-:19-60">[60]</a> Islands have also been constructed with a permanent <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caisson</a>, a steel or concrete structure built in a closed loop and then filled with sand.<a href="#cite_note-:19-60">[60]</a> Some modern islands have been constructed by pouring millions of tons of sand into the sea, such as with <a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_Island" title="The Pearl Island">Pearl Island</a> in Qatar or the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Islands" title="Palm Islands">Palm Islands</a> in Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-:18-59">[59]</a> These islands are usually created for <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a>, and are sold for private ownership or construction of housing.<a href="#cite_note-:18-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Offshore oil platforms</a> have also been described as a type of island. Some atolls have been covered in concrete to create artificial islands for military purposes, such as those created by China in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-61">[61]</a> These atolls were previously low-tide elevations, landmasses that are only above water during <a href="/wiki/Low_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Low tide">low tide</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> indicates that these islands may not have the same legal status as a naturally occurring island, and as such may not confer the same legal rights.<a href="#cite_note-:26-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Lists of islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archipelagos" title="List of archipelagos">List of archipelagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_islands" title="List of artificial islands">List of artificial islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divided_islands" title="List of divided islands">List of divided islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_islands" title="List of fictional islands">List of fictional islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_island_countries" title="List of island countries">List of island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">List of islands by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands by country">List of islands by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point" title="List of islands by highest point">List of islands by highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_name" title="List of islands by name">List of islands by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">List of islands by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density" title="List of islands by population density">List of islands by population density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_named_after_people" title="List of islands named after people">List of islands named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Island hopping">Island hopping</a> – Military strategyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">Phantom island</a> – Island recorded on maps but proven nonexistent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_island" title="Private island">Private island</a> – Island owned by a single private citizen or corporation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">Desert island</a> – Island without human residentsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a> – Island accessible by foot at low tide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_fever" title="Rock fever">Rock fever</a> – Effect on people who move to islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a> – Developing countries that are small island countries</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved March 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Island&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FIsland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045120/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/">"Continent"</a>. education.nationalgeographic.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/Continent">the original</a> on July 16, 2019. 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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