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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moldavian Revolution of 1848</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1848)" title="الثورة المولدافية (1848) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة المولدافية (1848)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B_(1848)" title="Молдавия революцияһы (1848) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Молдавия революцияһы (1848)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1848)" title="Молдовска революция (1848) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молдовска революция (1848)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1848" title="Μολδαβική Επανάσταση του 1848 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μολδαβική Επανάσταση του 1848" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_moldava_de_1848" title="Revolución moldava de 1848 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución moldava de 1848" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1848)" title="მოლდავური რევოლუცია (1848) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლდავური რევოლუცია (1848)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1848)" title="Молдавска револуција (1848) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молдавска револуција (1848)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_de_la_1848_din_Moldova" title="Revoluția de la 1848 din Moldova – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția de la 1848 din Moldova" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1848_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Молдавская революция 1848 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молдавская революция 1848 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_1848" title="Молдавська революція 1848 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молдавська революція 1848" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6895752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Moldavian Revolution of 1848</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> and the national awakening of Romania</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 April – 7 July 1848</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/45px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolutionary</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Revolution suppressed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a> deposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Alexandru_Ghica" title="Grigore Alexandru Ghica">Grigore Alexandru Ghica</a> installed on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">throne</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionaries">Revolutionaries</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romanian liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalists</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/45px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri" title="Vasile Alecsandri">Vasile Alecsandri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ionescu_de_la_Brad" title="Ion Ionescu de la Brad">Ion Ionescu</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/45px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg/45px-Flag_of_Moldavia_in_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Alexandru_Ghica" title="Grigore Alexandru Ghica">Grigore Alexandru Ghica</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Duhamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Duhamel (page does not exist)">Alexander Duhamel</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of <span class="fn org label">Romania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Romania">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Banat in the Middle Ages">Banat in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Times</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Temesvar">Eyalet of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1848 Moldavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">1848 Wallachian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Revolution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">Romania since 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Romania">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Romania" title="Template talk:History of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Moldavian Revolution of 1848</b> is the name used for the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalist</a> movement inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> in the principality of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. Initially seeking accommodation within the political framework defined by the <i><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a></i>, it eventually rejected it as imposed by foreign powers (the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) and called for more thorough political reforms. Led by a group of young <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>, the movement was mostly limited to petitioning and constitutional projects, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">successful uprising</a> taking place later that year in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, and it was quickly suppressed. This was despite the fact that the Moldavian revolutionaries were more moderate and willing to compromise in their demands for reforms than their Wallachian counterparts, as Moldavian political and social life continued to be dominated by a landed, conservative aristocracy, with the middle class still embryonic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Moldavia the <i><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a></i>, from whose lower ranks the revolutionaries would be drawn, had come into sharp conflict with Prince <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a>, objecting to his authoritarianism and failure to consult them, with some desiring the throne for themselves. They denounced him to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, forming plots in the general assembly, but as they were internally divided and lacked popular support, Sturdza remained unconcerned at these flare-ups.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peasantry was also aggrieved, and between 1846 and 1848 opposition to Sturdza intensified. The commercial and industrial associations of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Iaşi</a> (the capital city) in 1846 protested against the prince's plan to raise taxes again; in several rural areas small and middle-size landlords objected to paying additional taxes; and the summer of 1847 saw sharp contests in several <i><a href="/wiki/Jude%C5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeţ">judeţe</a></i> by liberal <i>boyars</i> for seats in the general assembly. Peasants in Moldavia and Wallachia refused to perform labour services, with violence and flight abroad increasing in autumn 1847 and the next spring. Eager for change, intellectuals were roused by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where a number of them were studying.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_events">Course of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iași"><span id="Ia.C8.99i"></span>Iași</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iași"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG/220px-Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG/330px-Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG/440px-Hotel_Petersburg_placa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist-era</a> plaque marking the site of the Petersburg Hotel, where an assembly on 8 April met and drew up a petition for Prince <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moldavian revolutionaries arrived in Iaşi after violence had broken out in Wallachia. On 8 April 1848, a few great <i>boyars</i> opposed to Sturdza, younger liberal <i>boyars</i>, and representatives of the middle class and other urban classes, perhaps a thousand in all, met in the Hotel Petersburg to decide on a course of action. This meeting was the culmination of several weeks of small private gatherings and several public manifestos denouncing despotism, all occasioned by news of the events in Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Moderates prevailed, persuading the gathering to support a petition to the prince setting forth all their grievances and proposing suitable reforms. They also agreed to dissolve their assembly and all other associations right after delivering the petition. Such caution seems principally to have been inspired by fear that the urban lower classes and peasantry would push the protest movement to extremes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitch237_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch237-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A committee chaired by the poet <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri" title="Vasile Alecsandri">Vasile Alecsandri</a> drew up <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ro:Peti%C8%9Bia-proclama%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_numele_tuturor_st%C4%83rilor_Moldovei" class="extiw" title="wikisource:ro:Petiția-proclamație în numele tuturor stărilor Moldovei">Petiţia-proclamaţie</a></i> ("The Petition-Proclamation") addressed to the general population and to the prince. Their overall objective was to install a moderate liberal political regime and to stimulate economic development. Strict adherence to the law by officials as well as citizens was set down as a basic principle of government—unmistakably a reference to the corruption and arbitrariness of Sturdza's authoritarian regime. Rules were then outlined for electing a new, more representative assembly with increased powers, including the right to make proposals to the prince on all matters affecting the general welfare and to examine all government ordinances concerning public affairs and judicial administration before they were put into effect. They urged the creation of a national bank "to facilitate commerce" and the abolition of all tariffs "harmful to agriculture and commerce", also making a general plea for an improvement in peasants' relations with landlords and the state. While committed to reform and good institutions, they did not intend to overturn the country's existing political and social structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitch237_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch237-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturdza received the petition-proclamation on 9 April and agreed to 33 of its 35 points, rejecting those that concerned dissolution of the general assembly and the formation of a national guard, also, it appears, objecting to the abolition of censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitch237_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch237-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To his surprise, the movement leaders demanded acceptance of the entire petition. Sturdza withdrew to the army barracks and that evening took steps to crush the opposition. Several people were killed in brief fighting, and some 300 were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitch238_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who fled, either to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, were Alecsandri and the young officer <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a>, who would come to rule the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a> in the 1860s. Sturdza, now bent on permanently halting all dissent, made anyone even suspected of opposition subject to arrest, imposed strict censorship, and had students returning from France stopped at the border and interrogated before being allowed to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intellect_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intellect-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moldavian movement and its Wallachian counterpart alarmed Russia, which in late March had warned Sturdza and Prince <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Bibescu" title="Gheorghe Bibescu">Gheorghe Bibescu</a> that armies would be sent across the <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> if changes were pondered in the Organic Statute system. The threat emboldened Sturdza to resist the liberals' demands. In April, after the Iaşi petitioners were scattered, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas</a> sent an aide, General Alexander Duhamel, to investigate the situation; in Iaşi he urged the prince to make a few modest concessions to defuse the situation, but the latter rejected any move toward "liberalism".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cernăuți"><span id="Cern.C4.83u.C8.9Bi"></span>Cernăuți</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cernăuți"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meeting in <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Cernăuţi</a>, Bukovina, Moldavian liberals formed <i>Comitetul Revoluţionar Moldovean</i> (the Moldavian Revolutionary Committee) and commissioned <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> to draw up a new statement of principles, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorin%C5%A3ele_partidei_na%C5%A3ionale_din_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorinţele partidei naţionale din Moldova (page does not exist)">Dorinţele partidei naţionale din Moldova</a></i> ("The Wishes of the National Party in Moldavia"), published in August. More liberal than the 9 April petition, it called for an elected assembly with extensive powers, including the right to initiate legislation, and expanded the local autonomy of <i><a href="/wiki/Jude%C5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeţ">judeţe</a></i>, cities and rural communes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitch238_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intellect_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intellect-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kogalniceanu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kogalniceanu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kogălniceanu also drafted a constitution, <i>Proiectul de Constituţie</i>, which rendered the legislature the dominant branch of government, allowing it to vote taxes, draw up the annual state budget, stimulate agriculture, industry and commerce, reform laws, elect the prince, and choose the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> and bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a>. Kogălniceanu, a future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister of Romania</a>, proposed that all orders of society be represented in the assembly, without calling for universal suffrage. Instead he proposed the creation of electoral college, giving the upper classes predominant power. Like most of his colleagues, he felt obliged to remain mindful of his era's social and political realities by recognizing the <i>boyars'</i> continued leading role and limiting the participation of peasants due to their lack of education and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitch238_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 July Russian troops entered Moldavia in order to prevent the establishment of a revolutionary government similar to that in Bucharest,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not cross into Wallachia until 27 September. Military administration lasted until 1 May 1849, when the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Balta_Liman" title="Convention of Balta Liman">Convention of Balta Liman</a> was signed with the Ottoman government and restored joint Russo-Turkish control over the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The powers installed <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Alexandru_Ghica" title="Grigore Alexandru Ghica">Grigore Alexandru Ghica</a> as the new prince of Moldavia in 1849; he was close to the reformers and in 1848 supported their liberal programme. The selection was mainly due to Ottoman grand vizier Reshid pasha, who was impressed with Ghica's moderate liberalism, which he believed would promote a stable administration after the preceding year's turbulence. Remaining sympathetic to the liberal agenda, he not only allowed a number of revolutionaries to return home, but brought many of them into his administration, including Kogălniceanu, Alecsandri and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Ionescu_de_la_Brad" title="Ion Ionescu de la Brad">Ion Ionescu de la Brad</a>. He introduced important administrative reforms and promoted economic development and education, but eventually lost sympathy from the revolutionary leaders for failing to change the peasantry's status or broaden middle- and lower-class participation in political life.<sup id="cite_ref-Kogalniceanu_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kogalniceanu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioana Ursu, "J. A. Vaillant, un prieten al poporului român", in <i>Magazin Istoric</i>, July 1977, p.14-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitch237-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitch237_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitch237_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitch237_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Cătălin Turliuc, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziarullumina.ro/articol.php?wid=0&actual=0&editia=503&fsize=1&duminica=1&test=test&article=7623&editia=510&title=160%20de%20ani%20de%20la%20„primăvara%20popoarelor“">"160 de ani de la 'primăvara popoarelor'" ("160 Years Since the 'Springtime of Nations'")</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Lumina de Duminică</i>, 23 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Căzănişteanu, C.; Berindei, D.; Florescu, M.; Niculae, V. <i>Revoluţia română din 1848</i>. Bucharest : Editura Politică, 1969, p.109-149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitch238-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitch238_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitch238_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitch238_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.237-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intellect-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intellect_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intellect_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Dan A. Lăzărescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current6/mi10.htm">"1848: Revoluţia intelectualilor" ("1848: the Intellectuals' Revolution")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521064925/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current6/mi10.htm">Archived</a> 2007-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Magazin Istoric</i>, June 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Matei and Băluţă Dumitru-Golfin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gds.ro/Cultura/2008-01-19/Ascensiunea+si+caderea+lui+Alexandru+Ioan+Cuza">"Ascensiunea şi căderea lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza" ("The Rise and Fall of Alexander John Cuza")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213193446/http://www.gds.ro/Cultura/2008-01-19/Ascensiunea+si+caderea+lui+Alexandru+Ioan+Cuza">Archived</a> 2012-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Gazeta de Sud</i>, 19 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kogalniceanu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kogalniceanu_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kogalniceanu_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/ip/kolganic.htm">"Mihail Kogălniceanu"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040103124340/http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/ip/kolganic.htm">Archived</a> 2004-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiou.edu/~chastain/index.htm"><i>Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623121110/http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/index.htm">Archived</a> 2007-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Neagu Djuvara</a>, <i>Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne</i> ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchins, p.276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ghika, Grégoire", in <i>Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours</i>, Tome 20, Firmin Didot, Paris, 1857, p.394</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Keith Hitchins</a>, <i>The Romanians, 1774–1866</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Fleet_mutiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Fleet mutiny (page does not exist)">Romanian Fleet mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Romanian_typographers%27_strike" title="1918 Romanian typographers' strike">1918 Bucharest strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotyn_Uprising" title="Khotyn Uprising">Khotyn Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Ainutul_S%C4%83rii_revolt" title="Ținutul Sării revolt">Ținutul Sării revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bender_Uprising" title="Bender Uprising">Bender Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Romanian_general_strike" title="1920 Romanian general strike">1920 Romanian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarbunary_Uprising" title="Tatarbunary Uprising">Tatarbunary Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupeni_strike_of_1929" title="Lupeni strike of 1929">Lupeni strike of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933" title="Grivița strike of 1933">Grivița strike of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghime%C8%99_Valley_peasant_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghimeș Valley peasant revolt (page does not exist)">Ghimeș Valley peasant revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaire rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_student_movement_of_1956" title="Bucharest student movement of 1956">Bucharest student movement of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara_student_movement_of_1956" title="Timișoara student movement of 1956">Timișoara student movement of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brașov Rebellion">Brașov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">1989 Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_clashes_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș">1990 ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaniad" title="Golaniad">Golaniad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Flowers_(event)" title="Bridge of Flowers (event)">Bridge of Flowers demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineriad" title="Mineriad">Mineriads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1990_Mineriad" title="January 1990 Mineriad">January 1990 Mineriad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1990_Mineriad" title="February 1990 Mineriad">February 1990 Mineriad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1990_Mineriad" title="June 1990 Mineriad">June 1990 Mineriad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1991_Mineriad" title="September 1991 Mineriad">September 1991 Mineriad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1999_Mineriad" title="January 1999 Mineriad">January 1999 Mineriad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1999_Mineriad" title="February 1999 Mineriad">February 1999 Mineriad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_H%C4%83d%C4%83reni_riots" title="1993 Hădăreni riots">1993 Hădăreni riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ferentari_riot" title="2006 Ferentari riot">2006 Ferentari riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932015_unrest_in_Romania" title="2012–2015 unrest in Romania">2012–2015 unrest in Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Romanian_protests" title="2012 Romanian protests">2012 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932014_Romanian_protests_against_shale_gas" title="2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas">2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Romanian_constitutional_crisis" title="2012 Romanian constitutional crisis">2012 Romanian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Romanian_protests_against_the_Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project">2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Romanian_protests" title="2015 Romanian protests">2015 Romanian protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–19 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_disputes_regarding_the_military_cemetery_in_Valea_Uzului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 disputes regarding the military cemetery in Valea Uzului (page does not exist)">2019 disputes regarding the military cemetery in Valea Uzului</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputele_cu_privire_la_cimitirul_militar_din_Valea_Uzului" class="extiw" title="ro:Disputele cu privire la cimitirul militar din Valea Uzului">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Ditr%C4%83u_xenophobic_incident" title="2020 Ditrău xenophobic incident">2020 Ditrău xenophobic incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Romanian_teachers%27_strike" title="2023 Romanian teachers' strike">2023 Romanian teachers' strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_nationalism" title="Template:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacology" title="Dacology">Dacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protochronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protochronism">Protochronism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/150px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/200px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldavian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Flowers_(event)" title="Bridge of Flowers (event)">Bridge of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union of Bukovina with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Party_(Romania)" title="New Generation Party (Romania)">New Generation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Identity_Bloc_in_Europe" title="National Identity Bloc in Europe">National Identity Bloc in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(2003)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (2003)">Romanian Socialist Party (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Homeland" title="Alliance for the Homeland">Alliance for the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Village_Party" title="Romanian Village Party">Romanian Village Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Romania" title="S.O.S. Romania">S.O.S. Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Bukovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Union Party (Bukovina)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-Br%C4%83tianu" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Party-Brătianu">National Liberal Party-Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Unity_Party" title="Romanian National Unity Party">Romanian National Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Labour" title="Socialist Party of Labour">Socialist Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_For_the_Country_Party" title="Everything For the Country Party">Everything For the Country Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Romania_Party" title="United Romania Party">United Romania Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Association_for_Romanian_Literature_and_the_Culture_of_the_Romanian_People" title="Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenaclul_Flac%C4%83ra" title="Cenaclul Flacăra">Cenaclul Flacăra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEntarea_Rom%C3%A2niei" title="Cîntarea României">Cîntarea României</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2nt%C4%83_cucu-n_Bucovina" title="Cântă cucu-n Bucovina">Cântă cucu-n Bucovina</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dac-am_plecat,_Ardealule,_din_tine" title="Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine">Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/De%C8%99teapt%C4%83-te,_rom%C3%A2ne!" title="Deșteaptă-te, române!">Deșteaptă-te, române!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Doamne,_ocrote%C8%99te-i_pe_rom%C3%A2ni" title="Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români">Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Drum_bun" title="Drum bun">Drum bun</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hora_Unirii" title="Hora Unirii">Hora Unirii</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pe-al_nostru_steag_e_scris_Unire" title="Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire">Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pui_de_lei" title="Pui de lei">Pui de lei</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trece%C8%9Bi,_batalioane_rom%C3%A2ne,_Carpa%C8%9Bii" title="Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații">Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trei_culori" title="Trei culori">Trei culori</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bessarabia,_Romanian_land" title="Bessarabia, Romanian land">Bessarabia, Romanian land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)" title="Doina (Eminescu)">Doina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Petrescu-Comnen" title="Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen">Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization of Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Anti-Romanian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_question" title="Bessarabian question">Bessarabian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification of Moldova and Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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