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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opportunities in Madison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opportunities_in_Madison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rising_with_the_Republican_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_with_the_Republican_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rising with the Republican Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_with_the_Republican_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madison_postmaster_and_machine_politician" class="vector-toc-list-item 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to Radical supporter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Johnson_ally_to_Radical_supporter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_party_chairman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_party_chairman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>State party chairman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_party_chairman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_maneuvering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_maneuvering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Republican maneuvering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_maneuvering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaching_for_higher_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaching_for_higher_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reaching for higher office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaching_for_higher_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American lawyer and politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Elisha W. Keyes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png/220px-Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png/330px-Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png/440px-Elisha_W._Keyes_1902.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Elisha W. Keyes, c. 1902</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Madison,_Wisconsin" title="List of mayors of Madison, Wisconsin">6th and 22nd</a> Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 1886 – April 1887</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_N._Moulton" title="Hiram N. Moulton">Hiram N. Moulton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Conklin_(politician)" title="James Conklin (politician)">James Conklin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 1865 – April 1867</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_T._Leitch" title="William T. Leitch">William T. Leitch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alden_Sprague_Sanborn" title="Alden Sprague Sanborn">Alden Sprague Sanborn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Republican Party of Wisconsin</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1869–1877</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Rublee" title="Horace Rublee">Horace Rublee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Rublee" title="Horace Rublee">Horace Rublee</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane</a> 2nd district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1882 – January 1, 1883</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_K._Luse" title="Louis K. Luse">Louis K. Luse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Warner" title="Clement Warner">Clement E. Warner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin Board of Regents">University of Wisconsin Board of Regents</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1, 1877 – 1889</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1859 – January 1, 1860</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">J. W. Johnson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry M. Lewis</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Elisha William Keyes</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1828-01-23</span>)</span>January 23, 1828<br /><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont" title="Northfield, Vermont">Northfield, Vermont</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 29, 1910<span style="display:none">(1910-11-29)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hill_Cemetery_(Madison,_Wisconsin)" title="Forest Hill Cemetery (Madison, Wisconsin)">Forest Hill Cemetery</a>, <span class="nowrap">Madison, Wisconsin</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Joseph Keyes (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">lawyer, insurance salesman, judge</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elisha William Keyes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kies</i></a>; January 23, 1828 – November 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, politician, postmaster, and local judge. He was the 6th and 22nd Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, and represented <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a>. He was Postmaster of Madison from the end of the Civil War until the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. He is most known for his eight years as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Republican Party of Wisconsin</a> and his work building a Republican Party <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a>. </p><p>With the assistance of former Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a> and others, he helped establish the "Madison Regency," a powerful dispenser of <a href="/wiki/Patronage_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronage politics">political patronage</a> jobs to the Republican Party faithful. "Boss" Keyes became known as a wily political manager, and saw the state Republican party through its evolution from an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>-driven movement to its consolidation as a dominant and enduring force in Wisconsin. Although he had engineered the campaigns of many candidates, Keyes' own quests for national office were unsuccessful, often running against men he had once worked to elect. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keyes was born in <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont" title="Northfield, Vermont">Northfield, Vermont</a>, the son of Captain Joseph Keyes, a millwright and inventor. In search of water power to build a mill, Captain Keyes traveled westward to the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_River" title="Milwaukee River">Milwaukee River</a> valley in 1836 and built a frame house in Milwaukee that winter. His family arrived in June, and Elisha briefly attended a common school in the city. The family traveled westward on foot to <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson County, Wisconsin">Jefferson County</a>, carrying all their provisions with them and nearly starving along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had staked a claim in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mills,_Wisconsin" title="Lake Mills, Wisconsin">Lake Mills</a> where he would later build a sawmill. </p><p>Dissatisfied with farm life as a child, Elisha attended several terms at Beloit Seminary, where he formed his political beliefs. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> threatened to spread slavery, causing Keyes to become an abolitionist.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849 he decided to become a lawyer, and after another term at the Seminary he spent the summer working in the family's new sawmill in <a href="/wiki/Menasha,_Wisconsin" title="Menasha, Wisconsin">Menasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opportunities_in_Madison">Opportunities in Madison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opportunities in Madison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1850 he moved to Madison and began reading law at the offices of A. L. Collins & George B. Smith. In 1852 he was appointed to his first government position as a special agent of the post office by Postmaster General N. K. Hall under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>. For several months he collected money from Wisconsin and Illinois postmasters for deposit in the St. Louis sub-treasury. He also supplemented his income by selling insurance and operating a telegraph. Keyes was admitted to the bar in November 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year he became a partner at the newly-named law firm of Collins, Smith & Keyes. In two years Collins would depart for a judgeship, and the firm continued growing as Smith & Keyes before dissolving in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_politics">Early politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElishaKeyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ElishaKeyes.jpg/220px-ElishaKeyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ElishaKeyes.jpg/330px-ElishaKeyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ElishaKeyes.jpg/440px-ElishaKeyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>Elisha W. Keyes, c. 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Exposed to the heady politics of the state capital, Keyes joined the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>. In 1851 he was a strong campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Farwell" title="Leonard J. Farwell">Leonard J. Farwell</a> for governor. After Farwell's victory Keyes had hoped to be hired as the governor's private secretary, but was not successful. He reasoned that there were many poor "scalawags like myself" seeking a state job. </p><p>In October 1852 Keyes ran for <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane County</a> District Attorney despite that he had yet to be admitted to the state bar. Defeated at the Whig convention, he was invited to run for the local state assembly seat, but Keyes declined in the face of stronger Democratic opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rising_with_the_Republican_Party">Rising with the Republican Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rising with the Republican Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska bill</a> in Congress, citizens of <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a>, founded the new anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> on March 20, 1854. Three months later the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">state Republican Party</a> was formally organized at a mass convention in Madison. </p><p>Though Keyes was involved in the formation of the Dane County Republicans, he also showed support for the anti-immigrant <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing party">American "Know-Nothing" Party</a>, being vice president of the Madison chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Booth" title="Sherman Booth">Sherman Booth</a> appointed him to the Republican State Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rose through the ranks and formed alliances at party conventions, winning election as the Republican candidate for Dane County District Attorney in 1858. </p><p>Like many state Republicans, Keyes supported Sen. <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a> for president at the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 convention</a> in Chicago, but transferred support to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> after his nomination became imminent. Upon his return to Madison, he and another Republican lifted a rail from an old fence to their shoulders and marched to the capitol to demonstrate support for Lincoln "the Rail Splitter." </p><p>At the Second Congressional District Republican Convention held that summer in <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a>, Keyes led a group of young former Whigs of Dane County (including <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Journal" title="Wisconsin State Journal">Wisconsin State Journal</a></i> publishers <a href="/wiki/Horace_Rublee" title="Horace Rublee">Horace Rublee</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Atwood" title="David Atwood">David Atwood</a>) to help secure the nomination of his friend <a href="/wiki/Luther_Hanchett" title="Luther Hanchett">Luther Hanchett</a> for the U.S. Senate, despite Madison Republican <a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Abbott" title="Chauncey Abbott">Chauncey Abbott</a> having been the presumed favorite.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madison_postmaster_and_machine_politician">Madison postmaster and machine politician</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Madison postmaster and machine politician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several years it had been Keyes' goal to become Madison's first Republican postmaster. To attain this appointment Keyes and his allies persuaded Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a> not to run for the U.S. Senate in 1861, and to back Keyes' friend Judge <a href="/wiki/Timothy_O._Howe" title="Timothy O. Howe">Timothy O. Howe</a> for that seat. Following Howe's victory, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> appointed Keyes Madison Postmaster, which granted him the power to reward Republican supporters with postal jobs, and punish enemies within the party. A year later Randall was appointed by Lincoln as First Assistant Postmaster General, and with Keyes controlled jobs in more than a thousand post offices in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Derided by Democrats as the "Madison Regency," this relationship had become the dominant political machine in the state by 1864. Its operation can be typified by Randall's support of lumber baron <a href="/wiki/Philetus_Sawyer" title="Philetus Sawyer">Philetus Sawyer</a> for congress. He designated Keyes as a special agent of the post office, granting him free rail passes to visit all the postmasters in that district to instruct them to work towards Sawyer's election, which resulted in victory.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican machine also had its views trumpeted in the <i>Wisconsin State Journal</i>, thanks to editors David Atwood and Horace Rublee, who was also the state party chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madison_mayor">Madison mayor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madison mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1865 Keyes was recognized as a reliable political manager and dubbed the natural choice of the party to run for mayor of Madison. The election happened the day after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond" title="Battle of Richmond">Confederate capital</a> was captured, which dampened Democrats' enthusiasm and led to Keyes being elected the first Republican mayor of Madison. His administration presided over a local economy that boomed with the return of soldiers after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pushed for a permanent solution to Madison's muddy streets, and initiated the installation of stone gutters and paved roads. He also encouraged the city's planting of shade trees, and consented to the use of the city treasurer's office as a private library. In 1866 he successfully urged the purchase of the fire department's first steam-powered water pumper.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Johnson_ally_to_Radical_supporter">From Johnson ally to Radical supporter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From Johnson ally to Radical supporter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's assassination</a>, the succession of vice president <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> to the presidency caused a split in the Republican Party, in Wisconsin as well as nationally. Although Johnson appointed Gov. Alexander Randall <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster General of the United States">postmaster general</a>, his veto of <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> legislation caused a rift among Dane County Republicans. Keyes called a "Union meeting" to discuss the issue, where he announced his support for Johnson and his veto. Other party members saw the veto as a betrayal of Republican values, and pressed for the resignation of Sen. <a href="/wiki/James_R._Doolittle" title="James R. Doolittle">James R. Doolittle</a>, another ally of Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> gained the upper hand in Congress, Keyes kept quiet behind the scenes. Randall warned him that "I want to stand fast by you so don't embarrass me or give your enemies a chance to go to the President and have me ordered to hurt [you] without anything from you to sustain me." Keyes was conspicuously absent from <a href="/wiki/Union_Republican_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Republican Party (United States)">Union Republican</a> meetings and conferences, despite being the party chairman for their 2nd congressional district committee. Democrats claimed that Keyes nevertheless shepherded the nomination of Radical Republican <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hopkins" title="Benjamin F. Hopkins">Benjamin F. Hopkins</a> for congress. He also raised money for the party by forcing patronage appointees to contribute.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keyes attended to his duties as mayor and sought re-election in 1866. After the Democrats' favored candidate <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Mills" title="Simeon Mills">Simeon Mills</a> declined the nomination, it appeared Keyes would win unopposed. G. W. Heyer, the editor of the <i>Wisconsin Daily Democrat</i>, sought to persuade William H. Noland, a local African-American businessman, to run against Keyes as an independent. Noland declined to be part of what he saw as a Democratic ruse, but his name appeared on the ballot nevertheless. Noland declared he was a "Union man," and cast his vote for Keyes, who was re-elected 961 to 298.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_party_chairman">State party chairman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: State party chairman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As president of the state's central Grant and Colfax Club in 1868, Keyes campaigned vigorously for <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> for president. Democrats derided his efforts as an attempt to keep his job as postmaster and maintain the Republican's political machine. The election was a triumph for the party, winning five of the six congressional seats and Grant carrying the state.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority in the state legislature also meant that Doolittle's senate seat would go to a Republican in 1869. Keyes passed on candidates <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fairchild" title="Lucius Fairchild">Lucius Fairchild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_C._Washburn" title="Cadwallader C. Washburn">Cadwallader C. Washburn</a> and Rublee to support acclaimed Milwaukee lawyer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Matthew H. Carpenter</a>, who was duly elected senator by the legislature. Carpenter and congressman Hopkins helped Keyes' reappointment as postmaster by persuading Grant after the president's first meeting with Keyes did not seem promising. </p><p>Grant also appointed Horace Rublee as consul to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, leaving the chairmanship of the state party vacant. In mocking Rublee's departure, the <i>Madison Democrat</i> suggested Keyes as his "natural successor." He was elected party chairman in the Republican convention that fall. Keyes kept the party in fighting shape by making use of his allies in the railroads and the press. Leading with a sharp tongue, he became known as "Boss" Keyes. He maintained Republican domination of the state, and secured Grant's winning of Wisconsin a second time in 1872. </p><p>Despite these successes, other forces were emerging in the state party. Never a wealthy man, Keyes' influence diminished with the rise of Republicans like lumber baron Sawyer and railroad lawyer Angus Cameron, who both would become U.S. senators without his assistance. Following the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, the growth of the reformist Grange movement affected the party in ways that Keyes was reluctant to condemn. The Republicans lost the governorship to Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Taylor" title="William Robert Taylor">William Taylor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_maneuvering">Republican maneuvering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Republican maneuvering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to regain dominance, the party had to ensure Sen. Carpenter's re-election. Despite Republicans winning a majority of the legislature in 1874, a bolt occurred when they voted for senator, resulting in Carpenter losing the seat to Cameron of La Crosse. The episode led some party members such as Sawyer and Washburn to doubt Keyes' effectiveness as party chairman and called for his resignation. He considered it, but after Sen. Howe told him his exit would ensure Republican victories in the fall elections, Keyes decided to fight for his chairmanship at the next party convention. After defending his record with stirring speeches, he was re-elected 172 to 40.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although never particularly close to Grant, Keyes dutifully rallied state Republicans to vote for the president's choice as his successor, <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, at state and national conventions. When Blaine failed to win the nomination, Keyes successfully drove the party machine to give Wisconsin's electoral votes to nominee <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. Ironically, President Hayes' "Order Number 1" would crack down on federal patronage schemes and institute a merit system that would require an exam for a government job, as well as ban mandatory campaign donations from employees. These reforms took away the political tools Keyes needed to exercise power, and he resigned the party chairmanship in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin Board of Regents">University of Wisconsin Board of Regents</a> and was chairman of their executive committee. </p><p>Nevertheless, Keyes attempted to influence local politics through his position of postmaster. In 1880, he heard <a href="/wiki/Robert_La_Follette_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert La Follette Sr.">Robert La Follette Sr.</a> was attempting to run for Dane County district attorney. Keyes summoned La Follette to inform him he was not the preferred candidate and would be opposed. Despite Keyes supporting his Democratic opponent, La Follette won the election. Keyes would continue to oppose La Follette as he later became congressman, governor and senator.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaching_for_higher_office">Reaching for higher office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reaching for higher office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his resignation as party chairman, Keyes knew that to maintain his influence he would have to become a candidate for higher office himself. In early 1878 he began to let his interest in Sen. Howe's seat be known. After a Republican state legislature was secured in November, Keyes was seen as the favorite over Howe and former senator Carpenter, as long as congressman Sawyer did not attempt a bolt with the Democrats. However, Keyes no longer controlled the party machine. While he led on the first ballot, it was Carpenter who eventually prevailed in the caucus and won the seat. </p><p>Keyes next set his eyes on Sen. Angus Cameron's seat up in 1881, but his plans were foiled when Sawyer entered the contest and was elected in the state legislative caucus. As a consolation the caucus would submit Keyes' name for consideration as President <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a>'s postmaster general. Keyes' allies advised him that Sen. Carpenter was quite ill and would likely not live out his term. After Carpenter died a month later, the <i>Wisconsin State Journal</i> boomed Keyes to fill his seat, but Milwaukee Republicans rejected him in favor of the recently deposed Cameron. </p><p>Having no luck in statewide contests, Keyes successfully ran for the state assembly in 1880. His victory raised the state constitutional question of whether a legislator could also serve as postmaster. Keyes had refused to resign from the assembly. Issuing an order banning state officers from federal positions, President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> declined to reappoint Keyes postmaster. He suffered not only a loss of political influence, but also a loss of income from a job he'd held for nearly twenty years. Nevertheless, he ran for congress the following year, but failed to win the nomination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1889, Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hoard">William Hoard</a> appointed Keyes to fill the vacant seat of a municipal judge who had died. In the spring election just weeks later, Keyes was elected to serve out the rest of the term. Three years later he failed to be re-elected, and blamed the allies of La Follette for plotting his defeat. Keyes battled bitterly against the La Follette forces in the state Republican conventions of 1894 and 1896. </p><p>Now nearly 70 years old, Keyes was in financial straits. He begged the party's "Old Guard" to persuade President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> to appoint him to his old job as Madison postmaster, which was achieved on the recommendation of Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Spooner" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spooner">John C. Spooner</a>. As an acknowledgement of Keyes' decades of work for the party, he was able to finish out his years as postmaster, dying on November 29, 1910, at the age of 82. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keyes married his first wife Caroline Stevens in 1854, and she gave birth to their children Joseph, Kate and William. Mrs. Keyes died in 1865. Keyes married his second wife, Mrs. Louisa Sholes, in Dane County on December 4, 1866, and divorced her in 1882, retaining custody of their son Louis. He married his third wife, Eliza Schryver, in Dane County on June 21, 1888. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1906" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Elisha W. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdanecou02keye"><i>History of Dane County</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>: Western Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dane+County&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Western+Historical+Association&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Elisha+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofdanecou02keye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+W.+Keyes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Surviving on Swamp Bread," Wisconsin Historical Society, reprinted in <i>Wisconsin State Journal</i>, February 2, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Elisha W. Keyes, the Bismarck of Western politics," by Richard W. Hantke, <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, September 1947, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, p. 30-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Judge E. W. Keyes is 80 years old," unidentified newspaper, January 22, 1908.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Judge E. W. Keyes is 80 years old," unidentified newspaper, January 22, 1908.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nesbit, Robert C., <i>The History of Wisconsin, Volume III, 1873-1893</i>, 1985, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, p. 571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thelen, David H., "The Boss and the Upstart: Keyes and La Follette, 1880-1884," <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, winter 1963-1964, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 32-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard N. Current, <i>The History of Wisconsin, Volume II, The Civil War Era, 1848-1873</i>, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mollenhoff, David V., <i>Madison, A History of the Formative Years</i>, 1982, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mollenhoff, p. 134-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard T. Hantke, "Elisha W. Keyes and the Radical Republicans," <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, spring 1952, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, p. 204-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mollenhoff, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hantke, p. 35-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Robert M. La Follette</i>, Belle C. La Follette and Fola La Follette, 1953, Macmillan Company, pp. 47-48.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_W._Keyes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6878910">Elisha W. Keyes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Rublee" title="Horace Rublee">Horace Rublee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Republican Party of Wisconsin</a> </b><br />1869–1877 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Rublee" title="Horace Rublee">Horace Rublee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_K._Luse" title="Louis K. Luse">Louis K. Luse</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane</a> 2nd district</span> </b><br />January 1, 1882 – January 1, 1883 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Warner" title="Clement Warner">Clement E. Warner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_T._Leitch" title="William T. Leitch">William T. Leitch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></span> </b><br />April 1865 – April 1867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alden_Sprague_Sanborn" title="Alden Sprague Sanborn">Alden Sprague Sanborn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_N._Moulton" title="Hiram N. Moulton">Hiram N. Moulton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></span> </b><br />April 1886 – April 1887 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Conklin_(politician)" title="James Conklin (politician)">James Conklin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">J. W. Johnson</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane County, Wisconsin</a> </b><br />January 1, 1859 – January 1, 1860 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Henry M. Lewis</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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