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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cereal-based dishes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cereal-based_dishes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cereal-based dishes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cereal-based_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pilaf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Porridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casseroles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casseroles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Casseroles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casseroles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Soups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Beverages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beverages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholic_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alcoholic beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Foreign influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmen cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مطبخ تركماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ تركماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nistan_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Türkmənistan mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənistan mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="তুর্কমেনী রন্ধনশৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনী রন্ধনশৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmensk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Turkmenská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Gastronomía de Turkmenistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmena_kuirarto" title="Turkmena kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmena kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_turkm%C3%A8ne" title="Cuisine turkmène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine turkmène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="투르크메니스탄 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크메니스탄 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Turkmenistan" title="Hidangan Turkmenistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_turkmena" title="Cucina turkmena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina turkmena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="თურქმენული სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენული სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="トルクメニスタン料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメニスタン料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_do_Turquemenist%C3%A3o" title="Culinária do Turquemenistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária do Turquemenistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Туркменская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Turkmenska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmenska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmen_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Türkmen mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmen mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Туркменська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2345196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkmenistan" title="Public holidays in Turkmenistan">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" 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title="Football in Turkmenistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Turkmenistan at the Olympics">Olympic appearances</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Turkmenistan" title="National symbols of Turkmenistan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg/220px-Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg/330px-Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg/440px-Turkmen-meal-on-sachak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>A festive Turkmen luncheon laid out on a <i>sachak</i> (Turkmen tablecloth placed on the floor).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturgeon_Kebab_(2887202689).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sturgeon_Kebab_%282887202689%29.jpg/220px-Sturgeon_Kebab_%282887202689%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sturgeon_Kebab_%282887202689%29.jpg/330px-Sturgeon_Kebab_%282887202689%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sturgeon_Kebab_%282887202689%29.jpg/440px-Sturgeon_Kebab_%282887202689%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebabs</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Turkmen cuisine</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, is similar to that of the rest of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Turkmen <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">seminomadic</a> culture revolved around animal husbandry, especially sheep herding, and accordingly Turkmen cuisine is noted for its focus on meat, particularly mutton and lamb.<sup id="cite_ref-master_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-master-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source notes, </p><blockquote><p>The nomadic past has left a very noticeable trace in Turkmen cuisine - the basis of the diet is meat: lamb, meat of gazelles, non-working camels, wild fowl, chicken. Beef is consumed much less frequently because this food appeared on the table much later, Turkmens don't eat horse meat at all.<sup id="cite_ref-sokrov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokrov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Turkmen cuisine does not generally use <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> or seasonings other than salt and black pepper, and is typically cooked with large amounts of widely available <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">cottonseed oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kulinariya_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulinariya-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A description of Turkmen foods presented at an annual culinary festival included "...more than 15 kinds of soup, meat and fish delicacies, ruddy ichlekli (meat pies), appetizing gutaps with different fillings (pumpkin, spinach), crumbly pilaf, kelle bash ayak and chekdirme, whole roasted lamb, kakmach, hearty yarma, numerous salads, traditional pishme, as well as sweets..."<sup id="cite_ref-bread_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bread-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a formal ribbon-cutting ceremony for new housing, the offerings included "...all kinds of meat, poultry and fish dishes, cereals, vegetables and gourds, soups, culinary products made of dough, dairy products and drinks prepared according to ancient recipes. These include tamdyrlama, ichlekli, yarma, dograma, different kinds of pilaf, çorba, somsa, pishme, süzme, çal, agaran and much else."<sup id="cite_ref-menu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meat">Meat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shashlyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashlyk">Shashlyk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">çişlik</i>), skewered chunks of <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton, lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a>, grilled over <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> and garnished with raw sliced <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> and a special <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>-based sauce, is served in restaurants and often sold in the street. Shashlyk from pork and beef was introduced during the Russian Imperial period, and is easily found in major cities. <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebabs</a> of ground meat are commonly prepared from beef and occasionally camel. <i>Kakmach</i> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">kakmaç</i>) is preserved, dried meat prepared in individual portions or strips. <i>Kakmach</i> may be fried in fat or baked in a <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tandoor</a>, but it is traditionally dried like <a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">jerky</a> in the hot desert sun.<sup id="cite_ref-master_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-master-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kulinariya_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulinariya-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Gowurma</i> is deep-fat-fried meat in bite-sized chunks, typically cooked in a cauldron (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">gazan</i>, a large hemispherical iron pot placed over an open fire). <i>Gowurma</i> is used in various soups and can be eaten hot or cold, or put up for later use.<sup id="cite_ref-sokrov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokrov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dumplings">Dumplings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dumplings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide variety of filled pies and dumplings are available in restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Bazaars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaars">bazaars</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manti_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manti (dumpling)">Manty</a></i> are steamed dumplings filled with <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">ground meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a>. Typical fried dishes include <a href="/wiki/Samsa_(food)" title="Samsa (food)">somsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gutap (page does not exist)">gutap</a> (often filled with <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>), fitchi <i>(fitçi)</i>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">börek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ishlykly" title="Ishlykly">ichlekli</a> <i>(içlekli)</i>. These are popular with travelers and taxi drivers, as they can be eaten quickly on the run, and are often sold at roadside stands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fruit">Fruit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melons">Melons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Melons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg/220px-Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg/330px-Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg/440px-Prokudin-Gorskii-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Melon vendor from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a> (picture taken around 1905 to 1915)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the culinary arena, Turkmenistan is perhaps most famous for its <a href="/wiki/Melons" class="mw-redirect" title="Melons">melons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">gawun</i>), especially in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, where it was once the major supplier. Turkmen state-controlled media have referred to the melon as the "<a href="/wiki/Tsarina" title="Tsarina">tsarina</a> of the garden" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">царица бахчи</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-tsaritsa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsaritsa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though very few melons are exported today,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are a great source of national pride in Turkmenistan and subject of their own <a href="/wiki/Melon_Day" title="Melon Day">Melon Day</a> holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-demidov2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demidov2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkmen sources claim the country is home to up to 400 distinct varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pomegranate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Residents of <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> use <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">nar</i>) as a flavoring, often crushing for juice to be added to or mixed into dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-tours_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tours-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pumpkin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pumpkins (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">kädi</i>) are mainly used as a soup flavoring but, hollowed out, may be used as a vessel for baking casseroles or meats. Pumpkin seeds are crushed for cooking oil.<sup id="cite_ref-infoabad_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoabad-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomato">Tomato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tomato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a foreign import from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, tomatoes have become a major influence on Turkmen cuisine in the last two centuries. Tomatoes are pickled, dried, pureed, and chopped for adding to dishes, and made into tomato soup and juice.<sup id="cite_ref-tomato_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomato-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cereal-based_dishes">Cereal-based dishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cereal-based dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breads">Breads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmenistan_bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Turkmenistan_bread.jpg/186px-Turkmenistan_bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Turkmenistan_bread.jpg/279px-Turkmenistan_bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Turkmenistan_bread.jpg/372px-Turkmenistan_bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption> Turkmen bread baking in tandyr</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FriedBreadInErbent.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FriedBreadInErbent.JPG/220px-FriedBreadInErbent.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FriedBreadInErbent.JPG/330px-FriedBreadInErbent.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FriedBreadInErbent.JPG/440px-FriedBreadInErbent.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Pishme</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg/220px-Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg/330px-Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg/440px-Turkmen-girls-greeting-guests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen girls at a Novruz festival greet guests with pishme and dried fruits.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meals are almost always served with <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a>, Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a>, known locally as <i>çörek</i>. Turkmen bread is prepared differently from other breads in the region in thick, round disc-shaped loaves baked in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tamdyr</a> clay oven. Bread baked with meat inside (<i>etli çörek</i>, or "meat bread") can be consumed as a meal in itself. <i>Ýagly çörek</i> (literally "oily bread, buttery bread") is a flaky, layered type of flat bread made with <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>. Pishme (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">pişme</i>) are soft, bite-sized, sweetened, fried breads traditionally presented to arriving guests as a welcoming gesture. </p><p> Bread bears highly symbolic importance in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmen culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered highly impolite to turn a loaf of bread upside down or to mistreat bread in any way. There are many superstitions surrounding bread and its preparation. In the words of Turkmen state-controlled media,</p><blockquote><p>...the main role in the hospitality of the peoples of Central Asia is played by bread - <i>çörek</i>, which also serves as a symbol of hospitality, brotherhood, honor, hard work, prosperity, gratitude and the kindest wishes. Bread is baked in many kinds...ancient recipes have many modern variations, but the matter is not even in the ingredients themselves, which determine the softness, puffiness and taste of dough, but in the special ritual of its preparation, especially for festive meals...<sup id="cite_ref-bread_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bread-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The student of Turkmen culture Sergey Demidov wrote,</p><blockquote><p>And yet, despite the high authority of the horse, there was something even higher and more sacred in the Turkmen household, bearing the stamp of taboo from ancient times. This was the tamdyr, the oven for baking <i>çörek</i> - a symbol of life, well-being and family hearth, supported by the sanctity of bread and, perhaps, by echoes of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>-Mazdean beliefs associated with fire. Therefore, in the scale of ethical values there might have been a judgment such as: "It is better to slit a horse's throat or rob someone than to destroy a tamdyr".<sup id="cite_ref-demidov_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demidov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilaf">Pilaf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pilaf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">palaw</i>) is served at celebrations and to honored guests; one source calls it "king in Turkmen cuisine."<sup id="cite_ref-awde_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awde-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> typically cooked with chunks of <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrots">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, prepared in a large cast-iron cauldron. Different pilaf recipes may call for addition of raisins (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">kişmiş</i>), fruits, fish, and ground meat.<sup id="cite_ref-kulinariya_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulinariya-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilaf is traditionally eaten with the hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porridges">Porridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Porridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yarma (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">ýarma</i>, from the Turkmen word <i>ýarym</i> "half, split") is cracked wheat cooked in sheep fat with very small pieces of mutton mixed in for flavor. The dish is claimed to have existed for at least one thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-dastarkhan2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dastarkhan2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shule (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">şüle</i>) is a watery rice porridge with meat, sometimes served with shredded carrots.<sup id="cite_ref-dastarkhan3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dastarkhan3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorghum porridge (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">etli köje</i>) is a traditional dish for the <a href="/wiki/Novruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Novruz">Novruz</a> festival; the dish is ancient, for sorghum was introduced to the Turkmen by trade on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sachak1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachak1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casseroles">Casseroles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Casseroles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chekdirme" title="Chekdirme">Chekdirme</a> ([çekdirme] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>) is a mixture of boiled rice, fried meat, tomato, and chopped, sautéed onions, typically cooked in a cauldron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soups">Soups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Shurpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">şurpa</i>), meat boullion, is the base of most soups. The most traditional Turkmen soups are various types of unash (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">unaş</i>), made with milk and noodles or with beans and noodles. Other common soups include <i>dograma</i> (also <i>dogramaly şurpa</i>), made with diced organ meats and bread, onion, and tomato;<sup id="cite_ref-dograma_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dograma-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dumpling soup (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">etli börek şurpasy</i>); and <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a> soup (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">şurpa maş</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-sokrov_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokrov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suytlash (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">süýtlaş</i>, also <i>süýtli unaş</i> and <i>süýtli aş</i>) is a vermicelli pudding traditionally served as the second course at wedding feasts. Some variants use rice in lieu of vermicelli.<sup id="cite_ref-oneturkmen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneturkmen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though considered by some Turkmen to be a type of porridge, Turkmen cookbooks categorize it as a soup.<sup id="cite_ref-suytlash_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suytlash-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esenova-suytlash_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esenova-suytlash-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from culinary traditions of neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_(food)" title="Laghman (food)">lagman</a>, a soupy <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> noodle dish, is also common. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg/220px-Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg/330px-Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg/440px-Turkmen-brandy-bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Bottle of Turkmen brandy (cognac) bearing a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> in a military uniform.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beverages">Beverages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">çaý</i>) is the primary drink, consumed at all hours. In the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen language</a>, <i>çaý</i> (pronounced "chai") can refer either to a meal (typically breakfast) or to sitting down for a visit over tea.<sup id="cite_ref-awde_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awde-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heron_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heron-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz_Region" title="Daşoguz Region">Dashoguz region</a>, it is sometimes drunk "<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a>-style" with milk, often to disguise the salty taste of the drinking water in that area. </p><p><i>Gatyk</i>, a thick drinking <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, is often served with <a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">breakfast</a> and sometimes used as a condiment on <i>börek</i> or <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">manty</a>, replacing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>. The drink the nation is known for, however, is <i><a href="/wiki/Chal" title="Chal">çal</a></i> ("chal"), <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, which is a white sparkling beverage with a sour flavour, popular in Central Asia, particularly in Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of specific preparation requirements and its being extremely perishable, <i>çal</i> presents a great challenge for exporters to ship outside Turkmenistan or the region for foreign consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar to the Kyrgyz drink <i>shoro</i>. One source notes that Turkmens like to skim <i>agaran</i> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>) from the surface of <i>chal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcoholic_beverages">Alcoholic beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alcoholic beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">arak</i>) is the most popular alcoholic beverage, due to its relatively low cost, followed by <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">шампанское</span> <i>shampanskoye</i>). Spirits and beer were introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian imperial</a> period. Beer was introduced in the 19th century by German brewers and though not a traditional beverage is popular in urban areas. Two domestic beer brands, Berk and Zip, are produced in Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological exploration indicates viticulture in the oasis area north of the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> Mountains dates to the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE. Wheat was cultivated in the lowlands and vineyards were planted in the foothills. Wine grapes were also grown in the upper <a href="/wiki/Murghab_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab River">Murghab</a> Valley near the present-day Turkmenistan-Afghanistan border. Introduction of Islam to Central Asia did not impede continuation of wine production, in part because wine is central to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muradov_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muradov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, Turkmenistan produces over 200 different grape wines and brandies from 100 grape varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fish">Fish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fish forms part of the traditional diet of <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a> residing near the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>. The Caspian Turkmen recipes call for both grilling and frying fish, but serving with "sesame, rice, apricots, raisins, pomegranate juice."<sup id="cite_ref-dastarkhan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dastarkhan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_influences">Foreign influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Restaurants in Turkmenistan often also serve <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> fare such as <a href="/wiki/Pelmeni" title="Pelmeni">pelmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> (<i>grechka</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_roll" title="Cabbage roll">golubtsy</a>, and a wide variety of mayonnaise-based <a href="/wiki/Russian_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian salad">salads</a>. The potato and tomato, both introduced from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, are widely used in meal preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban steakhouses have appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, the capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Turkmen cities of Iran, some restaurants serve common Persian foods such as Jujeh kabab and Chelow kabab, and some shops only cook kebabs and inner organs like liver and fat, which are cooked with skewers on mangal; similar to kebab shops in other sides of Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet cuisine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBagdasarovVanukevichHudaýşukurow1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Turkmen_cuisine"><i>Tуркменская кулинария</i></a> [<i>Turkmen Cuisine</i>] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+%22Turkmenistan%22&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bagdasarov&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vanukevich%2C+A.&rft.au=Huda%C3%BD%C5%9Fukurow%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTurkmen_cuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdimuhamedow2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly</a> (2014), <i>Turkmen dastarkhan, Dishes of the national cuisine</i>, Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+dastarkhan%2C+Dishes+of+the+national+cuisine&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Turkmen+State+Publishing+Service&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Berdimuhamedow&rft.aufirst=Gurbanguly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neutrality.gov.tm/library/media/books/7c8f0405-bbe9-4cf4-a498-16731b917bd4/index.html">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neutrality.gov.tm/library/media/books/24e993bc-52c5-4fa6-aa5a-682c4c6e11e3/index.html">Volume 2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2020" class="citation cs2">Eden, Caroline (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolineeden.com/red-sands.html"><i>Red Sands</i></a>, London: Quadrille, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-787-134829" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-787-134829"><bdi>978-1-787-134829</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Sands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quadrille&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-787-134829&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolineeden.com%2Fred-sands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsenova2019" class="citation cs2">Esenova, Gyulshat (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sachakcookbook.com/"><i>Sachak, Traditional Turkmen Recipes in a Modern Kitchen</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-81405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-81405-6"><bdi>978-0-578-81405-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sachak%2C+Traditional+Turkmen+Recipes+in+a+Modern+Kitchen&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-578-81405-6&rft.aulast=Esenova&rft.aufirst=Gyulshat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsachakcookbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenkitchen.com/en/"><i>One Turkmen Kitchen</i></a>, One Turkmen Kitchen<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Turkmen+Kitchen&rft.pub=One+Turkmen+Kitchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenkitchen.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span>, website with recipes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoabad.com/517-turkmenskaja-nacionalnaja-kuhnja-i-ee-osobennosti.html"><i>Туркменская национальная кухня и ее особенности</i></a> [<i>Turkmen national cuisine and its particulars</i>] (in Russian), Infoabad, 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=Infoabad&rft.date=2021-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoabad.com%2F517-turkmenskaja-nacionalnaja-kuhnja-i-ee-osobennosti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-master-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-master_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-master_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn----7sbbhn4brhhfdm.xn--p1ai/turkmenskaya-kuhnya-osobennosti.html">"Туркменская кухня. Особенности"</a> [Turkmen cuisine. Particulars] (in Russian). Мастер & повар / Кулинарная школа<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F.+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80+%26+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80+%2F+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn----7sbbhn4brhhfdm.xn--p1ai%2Fturkmenskaya-kuhnya-osobennosti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sokrov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sokrov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sokrov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sokrov_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brsu.by/Turkmenistan/turkmenskaya-kuhnya"><i>Туркменская кухня</i></a> (in Russian), Виртуальный музей "Сокровища Туркменистана"<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brsu.by%2FTurkmenistan%2Fturkmenskaya-kuhnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulinariya-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kulinariya_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kulinariya_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kulinariya_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagdasarovVanukevichHudaýşukurow1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Turkmen_cuisine"><i>Tуркменская кулинария</i></a> [<i>Turkmen Cuisine</i>] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+%22Turkmenistan%22&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bagdasarov&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vanukevich%2C+A.&rft.au=Huda%C3%BD%C5%9Fukurow%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTurkmen_cuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bread-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bread_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bread_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/28270/mezhdunarodnyj-festival-nacionalnyh-blyud-narodov-stran-centralnoj-azii"><i>Международный фестиваль национальных блюд народов стран Центральной Азии</i></a> (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 6 August 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftdh.gov.tm%2Fru%2Fpost%2F28270%2Fmezhdunarodnyj-festival-nacionalnyh-blyud-narodov-stran-centralnoj-azii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-menu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-menu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/32427/prezident-serdar-berdymuhamedov-prinyal-uchastie-v-otkrytii-novogo-kottedzhnogo-kompleksa-v-primore"><i>Президент Сердар Бердымухамедов принял участие в открытии нового коттеджного комплекса в приморье</i></a> (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 1 August 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftdh.gov.tm%2Fru%2Fpost%2F32427%2Fprezident-serdar-berdymuhamedov-prinyal-uchastie-v-otkrytii-novogo-kottedzhnogo-kompleksa-v-primore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsaritsa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsaritsa_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/28337/4-festival-nacionalnyh-blyud-narodov-stran-centralnoj-azii-obogatil-tradicii-dobrososedskih-ugoshchenij"><i>Фестиваль национальных блюд народов стран Центральной Азии обогатил традиции добрососедских угощений</i></a> (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 13 August 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftdh.gov.tm%2Fru%2Fpost%2F28337%2F4-festival-nacionalnyh-blyud-narodov-stran-centralnoj-azii-obogatil-tradicii-dobrososedskih-ugoshchenij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPS/Pgrfa/pdf/turkmeni.pdf">Turkmenistan: Country Report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resource</a>, Leipzig, 1996, p. 6. 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(1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Turkmen_cuisine"><i>Tуркменская кулинария</i></a> [<i>Turkmen Cuisine</i>] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan", p. 90</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+%22Turkmenistan%22&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bagdasarov&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vanukevich%2C+A.&rft.au=Huda%C3%BD%C5%9Fukurow%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTurkmen_cuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esenova-suytlash-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esenova-suytlash_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsenova2019" class="citation cs2">Esenova, Gyulshat (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sachakcookbook.com/"><i>Sachak, Traditional Turkmen Recipes in a Modern Kitchen</i></a>, p. 134, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-81405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-81405-6"><bdi>978-0-578-81405-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sachak%2C+Traditional+Turkmen+Recipes+in+a+Modern+Kitchen&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-578-81405-6&rft.aulast=Esenova&rft.aufirst=Gyulshat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsachakcookbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heron-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heron_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeron2014" class="citation cs2">Heron, Joan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Chai-Budesh-Anyone-Tea-Turkmenistan/dp/1633821536"><i>Chai Budesh? Anyone for Tea?: A Peace Corps Memoir of Turkmenistan</i></a>, America Star Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1633821538" title="Special:BookSources/978-1633821538"><bdi>978-1633821538</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chai+Budesh%3F+Anyone+for+Tea%3F%3A+A+Peace+Corps+Memoir+of+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=America+Star+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1633821538&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FChai-Budesh-Anyone-Tea-Turkmenistan%2Fdp%2F1633821536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatoly Khazanov, Nomads and the outside world, Second edition, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodfind.ru/dictionary/1393/">Great Culinary Dictionary. "Chal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152555/http://foodfind.ru/dictionary/1393/">Archived</a> 2007-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Russian, retrieved April 11, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkolog.narod.ru/info/trkm-32.htm">I.Barkhanov. Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051110050616/http://turkolog.narod.ru/info/trkm-32.htm">Archived</a> 2005-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Russian, August 9, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zip.tm/biyat/index.php?lang=en">ZIP company website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hronikatm.com/2012/08/turkmenskoe-pivo/"><i>Туркменское пиво</i></a> (in Russian), Turkmen.News, 8 August 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.pub=Turkmen.News&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hronikatm.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fturkmenskoe-pivo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenexpert.tm/upload/Newsletter_rus.pdf"><i>Информационный бюллетень</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Финансирование и консультации для малого бизнеса в Туркменистане (in Russian), <a href="/wiki/EBRD" class="mw-redirect" title="EBRD">EBRD</a>, January 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.series=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=EBRD&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenexpert.tm%2Fupload%2FNewsletter_rus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muradov-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muradov_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuradov2019" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muradov, Ruslan G. (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40777975/Seven_Thousand_Years_of_Viticulture"><i>Семь тысяч лет виноградарства</i></a> [<i>Seven Thousand Years of Viticulture</i>] (in Russian), Форум плюс</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Muradov&rft.aufirst=Ruslan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40777975%2FSeven_Thousand_Years_of_Viticulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sng.today/ashkhabad/5175-v-turkmenistane-proizvodyatsya-vina-i-konyaki-200-naimenovaniy.html"><i>В Туркменистане производятся вина и коньяки 200 наименований</i></a> [<i>In Turkmenistan 200 types of wine and brandy are produced</i>] (in Russian), SNG Today, 22 November 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8+200+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pub=SNG+Today&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsng.today%2Fashkhabad%2F5175-v-turkmenistane-proizvodyatsya-vina-i-konyaki-200-naimenovaniy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dastarkhan-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dastarkhan_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdimuhamedow2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly</a> (2014), <i>Turkmen dastarkhan, Dishes of the national cuisine</i>, Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+dastarkhan%2C+Dishes+of+the+national+cuisine&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Turkmen+State+Publishing+Service&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Berdimuhamedow&rft.aufirst=Gurbanguly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neutrality.gov.tm/library/media/books/7c8f0405-bbe9-4cf4-a498-16731b917bd4/index.html">Volume 1</a>, page 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagdasarovVanukevichHudaýşukurow1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Turkmen_cuisine"><i>Tуркменская кулинария</i></a> [<i>Turkmen Cuisine</i>] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+%22Turkmenistan%22&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bagdasarov&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vanukevich%2C+A.&rft.au=Huda%C3%BD%C5%9Fukurow%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTurkmen_cuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/4790693121">Argentina Steak House</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/5527473478">Nevada Steak House</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/348381060">Alp Et Steakhouse</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=13187930&dopt=Abstract">Vopr Pitan. "Chemical composition of chal (fermented camel's milk)", 1954 Jul-Aug;13(4):41-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082342/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54?a=d&c=hdl&d=HASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11&sib=1">Martinenko, N.l., Yagodinskaya, S.G., Adhundov, A.A., Charyev, K.C. and Khumedov, O. (1977). Content of trace elements, copper, manganese, molybdenum in culture of chal and camel's milk and their clinical significance. Dairy Sci. Abst., 40(7802), p. 824</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iospress.nl/flyers_b/fl9781586034733.pdf">B. Faye and P. Esenov (eds.). Desertification Combat and Food Safety. The Added Value of Camel Producers. Volume 362 NATO Science Series: Life and Behavioural Sciences. OS Press Publication, February 2005, 240 pp., hardcover</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58603-473-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58603-473-1">1-58603-473-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407142627/http://eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav102502.shtml">Filip Noubel, "GOLDEN CENTURY OF THE TURKMENS:" A BLEAK PICTURE OF VILLAGE LIFE IN THE DESERT. EurasiaNet photo essay</a>, 25 October 2002</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese cuisine">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian cuisine">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz cuisine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory cuisine (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_cuisine" title="Christmas Island cuisine">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands cuisine (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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