Shakeup in the Republics

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id="NavAnchorByYear1991">1991</div></a> </div> <div id="homeNavByYear" class="rightElementsYear homeNav" style="display: none"> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1917" class="homeNavElement"> Bolsheviks Seize Power </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1921" class="homeNavElement"> Kronstadt Uprising </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1924" class="homeNavElement"> Death of Lenin </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1929" class="homeNavElement"> Collectivization </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1934" class="homeNavElement"> Soviet Champagne </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1936" class="homeNavElement"> Year of the Stakhanovite </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1939" class="homeNavElement"> Great Fergana Canal </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1943" class="homeNavElement"> Orthodox Patriarch Appointed </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1947" class="homeNavElement"> End of Rationing </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1954" class="homeNavElement"> Virgin Lands Campaign </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1956" class="homeNavElement"> Khrushchev's Secret Speech </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1961" class="homeNavElement"> First Cosmonaut </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1968" class="homeNavElement"> Crisis in Czechoslovakia </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1973" class="homeNavElement"> Seventeen Moments in Spring </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1980" class="homeNavElement"> Moscow Doesn't Believe in Tears </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1985" class="homeNavElement"> Meltdown in Chernobyl </div> <div id="YearNavItemSubject1991" class="homeNavElement"> End of the Soviet Union </div> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1917" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1917:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1917', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1917)</div></a> <div class="marker">Events</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917february&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">February Revolution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917formsoviets&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Formation of the Soviets</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917april&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">April Crisis</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917armyrevolt&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Revolution in the Army</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917july&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">July Days</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917kornilov&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Kornilov Affair</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917october&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Bolsheviks Seize Power</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917government&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">First Bolshevik Decrees</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917uchredilka&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Constituent Assembly</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917brest&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Treaty of Brest Litovsk</div></a> <div class="marker" style="margin-top: 10px">Four kinds of states</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917party&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Communist Party Building</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917vsnkh&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Economic Apparatus</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917soviets&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Building the Soviets</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Red Guard into Army</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917security&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">State Security</div></a> <div class="marker" style="margin-top: 10px">Disintegration of the old society</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917deurbanization&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Depopulation of the Cities</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917food&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Food Supply</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917church&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Conflict with the Church</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917oldculture&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Death of the Old Culture</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917opposition&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Destruction of the Left</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917empire&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">The Empire Falls</div></a> <div class="marker" style="margin-top: 10px">Creation of a new society</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917calendar&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">New Letters and Dates</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917newculture&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Culture and Revolution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917woman&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">The New Woman</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917workers&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Workers Organization</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917peasants&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Peasant Revolution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917media&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Organs of the Press</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917youth&Year=1917"><div style="margin-left: 10px">Raising Socialist Youth</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1921" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1921:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1921', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1921)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921comintern&Year=1921"><div>Comintern</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921church&Year=1921"><div>Confiscating Church Gold</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921blok&Year=1921"><div>Death of a Poet</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921electric&Year=1921"><div>Electrification Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921famine&Year=1921"><div>Famine of 1921-22</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921bezprizornye&Year=1921"><div>Homeless Children</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921kronshtadt&Year=1921"><div>Kronstadt Uprising</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921labor&Year=1921"><div>Militarization of Labor</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921muslim&Year=1921"><div>The Muslim East</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921nep&Year=1921"><div>The New Economic Policy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921tambov&Year=1921"><div>The Antonov Rebellion</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921rosta&Year=1921"><div>ROSTA Windows Close</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921tenth&Year=1921"><div>Tenth Party Congress</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921trade&Year=1921"><div>Trade Pacts with the West</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921transcaucasia&Year=1921"><div>Transcaucasia</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921worker&Year=1921"><div>Workers' Opposition</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1924" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1924:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1924', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1924)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924antireligion&Year=1924"><div>Antireligious Propaganda</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924chervontsy&Year=1924"><div>Chervontsy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924death&Year=1924"><div>Death of Lenin</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924industry&Year=1924"><div>Industrialization Debate</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924prizyv&Year=1924"><div>Lenin Enrollment</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924succession&Year=1924"><div>Lenin's Succession</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924living&Year=1924"><div>Living Church</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924nepmen&Year=1924"><div>Nepmen</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924smychka&Year=1924"><div>Scissors Crisis</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924kino&Year=1924"><div>Socialist Cinema</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924legality&Year=1924"><div>Socialist Legality</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924union&Year=1924"><div>Union Treaty</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924clubs&Year=1924"><div>Workers' Clubs</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924komsomol&Year=1924"><div>Young Communists</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1929" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1929:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1929', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1929)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929railway&Year=1929"><div>Chinese Railway Incident</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929religion&Year=1929"><div>Churches Closed</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929collectivization&Year=1929"><div>Collectivization</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929magnitogorsk&Year=1929"><div>Magnetic Mountain</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929bathhouse&Year=1929"><div>Maiakovskii's Bathhouse</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929sovietization&Year=1929"><div>Making Central Asia Soviet</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929byt&Year=1929"><div>New Way of Life</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929prolet&Year=1929"><div>Proletarian Writers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929udarnik&Year=1929"><div>Shock Workers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929perelom&Year=1929"><div>Year of Great Change</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1934" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1934:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1934', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1934)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934politburo&Year=1934"><div>All Stalin's Men</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934birobidzhan&Year=1934"><div>Birobidzhan</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934kirov&Year=1934"><div>The Kirov Affair</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934metro&Year=1934"><div>The Moscow Metro</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934pavlik&Year=1934"><div>Pavlik Morozov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934fizkultura&Year=1934"><div>Physical Culture</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934film&Year=1934"><div>Popular Film Industry</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934congress&Year=1934"><div>Seventeenth Party Congress</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934socrealism&Year=1934"><div>Socialist Realism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934champagne&Year=1934"><div>Soviet Champagne</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934writers&Year=1934"><div>Writers' Congress</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1936" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1936:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1936', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1936)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936children&Year=1936"><div>Childhood under Stalin</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936ethnic&Year=1936"><div>Creation of the Ethnic Republics</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936abortion&Year=1936"><div>Abolition of Legal Abortion</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936terror&Year=1936"><div>The Great Terror</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936pilots&Year=1936"><div>Pilots and Explorers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936popular&Year=1936"><div>Popular Front</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936moscow&Year=1936"><div>Rebuilding of Moscow</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936cossacks&Year=1936"><div>Rehabilitation of Cossack Divisions</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936kolkhoz&Year=1936"><div>Second Kolkhoz Charter</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936constitution&Year=1936"><div>Stalin Constitution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936opera&Year=1936"><div>Upheaval in the Opera</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936stakhanov&Year=1936"><div>Year of the Stakhanovite</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1939" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1939:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1939', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1939)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939gerasimov&Year=1939"><div>Aleksandr Gerasimov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939vdnkh&Year=1939"><div>All-Union Agricultural Exhibition</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939personality&Year=1939"><div>Cult of Personality</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939fergana&Year=1939"><div>Great Fergana Canal</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939discipline&Year=1939"><div>Labor Discipline</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939census&Year=1939"><div>The Lost Census</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939patriotism&Year=1939"><div>The New Patriotism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939annex&Year=1939"><div>Soviet Territorial Annexations</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939tractor&Year=1939"><div>Tractor Drivers</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1943" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1943:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1943', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1943)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943leningrad&Year=1943"><div>900 Days</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943kursk&Year=1943"><div>Battle of Kursk</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943ivan&Year=1943"><div>The Cult of Leadership</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943deport&Year=1943"><div>Deportation of Minorities</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943comintern&Year=1943"><div>End of the Comintern</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943tradition&Year=1943"><div>Epaulettes Back on Uniforms</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943holocaust&Year=1943"><div>Holocaust</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943katyn&Year=1943"><div>Katyn Forest Massacre</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943romance&Year=1943"><div>Love and Romance in War</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943patriarch&Year=1943"><div>Orthodox Patriarch Appointed</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943stalingrad&Year=1943"><div>The Nazi Tide Stops</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943anthem&Year=1943"><div>New National Anthem</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943partisans&Year=1943"><div>Partisans in the Forest</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943alliance&Year=1943"><div>The Strange Alliance</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943vlasov&Year=1943"><div>The Vlasov Movement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943evacuation&Year=1943"><div>Wartime Evacuation</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943film&Year=1943"><div>Women in War Films </div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1947" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1947:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1947', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1947)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947cars&Year=1947"><div>Cars for Comrades</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947coldwar&Year=1947"><div>Cold War</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947cominform&Year=1947"><div>Cominform and the Soviet Bloc</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947moscow&Year=1947"><div>Eight-Hundred Years of Moscow</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947ration&Year=1947"><div>End of Rationing</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947estonia&Year=1947"><div>Estonia Sings</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947famine&Year=1947"><div>Famine of 1946-1947</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947lysenko&Year=1947"><div>Triumph of T. D. Lysenko</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947school&Year=1947"><div>The New Curriculum</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947ukraine&Year=1947"><div>Ukraine after the War</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947veterans&Year=1947"><div>Veterans Return</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947xenophobia&Year=1947"><div>Xenophobia</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947laktionov&Year=1947"><div>Year of Laktionov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947zhdanov&Year=1947"><div>Zhdanov</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1954" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1954:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1954', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1954)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954crimea&Year=1954"><div>The Gift of Crimea</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954bomb&Year=1954"><div>Hydrogen Bomb</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954gulag&Year=1954"><div>Prisoners Return</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954stilyaga&Year=1954"><div>Stilyaga</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954succession&Year=1954"><div>Succession to Stalin</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954thaw&Year=1954"><div>The Thaw</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954tselina&Year=1954"><div>Virgin Lands Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954women&Year=1954"><div>What's a Woman to Think?</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1956" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1956:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1956', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1956)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956akademgorodok&Year=1956"><div>Akademgorodok</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956antiparty&Year=1956"><div>The Anti-Party Group</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956dachas&Year=1956"><div>Dachas</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956hungary&Year=1956"><div>Hungarian Crisis</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956festival&Year=1956"><div>International Youth Festival</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956secret&Year=1956"><div>Khrushchev's Secret Speech</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956labor&Year=1956"><div>Labor Reforms</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956sputnik&Year=1956"><div>Launch of Sputnik</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956literature&Year=1956"><div>Literary Life at a Crossroads</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956luzhniki&Year=1956"><div>The Palace of Sport</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956repeal&Year=1956"><div>Repealing the Ban on Abortion</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956cranes&Year=1956"><div>War Films</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1961" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1961:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1961', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1961)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961parasite&Year=1961"><div>Anti-Parasite Law</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961antireligion&Year=1961"><div>Fight Against Superstition</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961bratsk&Year=1961"><div>Bratsk</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961okudzhava&Year=1961"><div>Bulat Okudzhava</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961corn&Year=1961"><div>Corn Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961gagarin&Year=1961"><div>First Cosmonaut</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961khrushcharts&Year=1961"><div>Khrushchev on the Arts</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961khrushcheby&Year=1961"><div>The Khrushchev Slums</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961field&Year=1961"><div>Moral Code of the Builder of Communism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961novocherkassk&Year=1961"><div>Novocherkassk Massacre</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961poets&Year=1961"><div>Thaw Poets</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1968" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1968:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1968', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1968)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968china&Year=1968"><div>The Chinese Border</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&Year=1968"><div>Crisis in Czechoslovakia</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968burden&Year=1968"><div>The Double Burden</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968generation&Year=1968"><div>Generation Gap</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968homelands&Year=1968"><div>Exiled Peoples Return</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968limit&Year=1968"><div>The Limits of Expression</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968economy&Year=1968"><div>The Responsive Economy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968village&Year=1968"><div>The Russian Village</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968strugatsky&Year=1968"><div>Strugatsky Brothers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968thirdworld&Year=1968"><div>Third World Friendships</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968cities&Year=1968"><div>Tol'iatti</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1973" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1973:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1973', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1973)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973dissidents&Year=1973"><div>The Dissident Movement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973pessimism&Year=1973"><div>The Pessimistic Citizen</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973rock&Year=1973"><div>Rock Goes Russian</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973seventeen&Year=1973"><div>Seventeen Moments in Spring</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973"><div>Shakeup in the Republics</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973snowball&Year=1973"><div>Snowball-Berry Red</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973consumer&Year=1973"><div>Soviet Consumerism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973kvn&Year=1973"><div>KVN Canceled</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1980" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1980:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1980', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1980)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980bam&Year=1980"><div>BAM</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980brezhnev&Year=1980"><div>Our Little Father</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980baikal&Year=1980"><div>Cleaning up Baikal</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980vysotsky&Year=1980"><div>Vladimir Vysotsky</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980sblizhenie&Year=1980"><div>Drawing Together</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980village&Year=1980"><div>The Dying Russian Village</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980glazunov&Year=1980"><div>Il'ia Glazunov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980afghanistan&Year=1980"><div>Invasion of Afghanistan</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980moscow&Year=1980"><div>Moscow Doesn't Believe in Tears</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980olympics&Year=1980"><div>Moscow Olympics</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980sakharov&Year=1980"><div>Sakharov Exiled</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980census&Year=1980"><div>Sixth All-Union Census</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980solidarity&Year=1980"><div>Solidarity in Poland</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980underground&Year=1980"><div>Underground Economy</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1985" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1985:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1985', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1985)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985afghans&Year=1985"><div>The Afghans</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985drylaw&Year=1985"><div>Anti-Alcohol Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985coops&Year=1985"><div>Cooperatives</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985aral&Year=1985"><div>Desiccation of the Aral Sea</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985female&Year=1985"><div>Female Sexuality</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985national&Year=1985"><div>Gorbachev and Nationalism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985liubers&Year=1985"><div>The Guys from Liubers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985tusovka&Year=1985"><div>The Leningrad Rock Scene</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985movies&Year=1985"><div>The Lost Movies</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985chernobyl&Year=1985"><div>Meltdown in Chernobyl</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985perestroika&Year=1985"><div>Perestroika and Glasnost</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985youth&Year=1985"><div>Turbulent Youth</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByYear1991" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">1991:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1991', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1991)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991warsaw&Year=1991"><div>Warsaw Pact Dissolves</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991baltic&Year=1991"><div>Baltic Independence</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991yeltsin&Year=1991"><div>Eltsin and Russian Sovereignty</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991fivehundred&Year=1991"><div>500 Days</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991shevardnadze&Year=1991"><div>Shevarnadze Resigns</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991miners&Year=1991"><div>Miners' Strike of 1991</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991"><div>March Referendum</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991nineplus&Year=1991"><div>Nine Plus One Agreement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991august&Year=1991"><div>The August Coup</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991end&Year=1991"><div>End of the Soviet Union</div></a> </div> <div id="actualYear" class="rightElementsYear txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: block"> <div class="subNavTitle">1973:</div> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=musicbox&show=byYear&year=1973', 'musicbox', 'scrollbars=no,resizable=no,width=260,height=100')" alt="Play a Music Clip From This Event Year"><div class="musicBox">Music box (1973)</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973dissidents&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>The Dissident Movement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973pessimism&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>The Pessimistic Citizen</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973rock&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>Rock Goes Russian</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div class="txtc00">Shakeup in the Republics</div></a><a href="index.php?page=subject&show=maps&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div class="subNav">locations</div></a> <div style="height:5px;"></div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973seventeen&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>Seventeen Moments in Spring</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973snowball&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>Snowball-Berry Red</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973consumer&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>Soviet Consumerism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973kvn&Year=1973&navi=byYear"><div>KVN Canceled</div></a> </div> </div>  <div id="navElementsHintByTheme" class="txt11" style="display: block;"> <i>Click on a theme to display a list of subjects for that theme</i> </div> <div id="navElementsBoxByTheme" class="clearfix" style="display: block;"> <div class="leftElements"> <a onclick="activateTheme('436974696573')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('436974696573')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('436974696573')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme436974696573">Cities</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('436f6d6d756e697374205061727479')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('436f6d6d756e697374205061727479')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('436f6d6d756e697374205061727479')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme436f6d6d756e697374205061727479">Communist Party</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('436f756e74727973696465')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('436f756e74727973696465')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('436f756e74727973696465')"><div class="anchorsTheme" 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id="NavAnchorByTheme47656e646572">Gender</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('496e7465726e6174696f6e616c')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('496e7465726e6174696f6e616c')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('496e7465726e6174696f6e616c')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme496e7465726e6174696f6e616c">International</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('4c6177202620536f6369657479')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('4c6177202620536f6369657479')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('4c6177202620536f6369657479')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme4c6177202620536f6369657479">Law & Society</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('4c697465726174757265')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('4c697465726174757265')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('4c697465726174757265')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme4c697465726174757265">Literature</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('4d696c6974617279')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('4d696c6974617279')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('4d696c6974617279')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme4d696c6974617279">Military</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('4e6174696f6e616c6974696573')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('4e6174696f6e616c6974696573')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('4e6174696f6e616c6974696573')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme4e6174696f6e616c6974696573">Nationalities</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('4f70706f736974696f6e')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('4f70706f736974696f6e')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('4f70706f736974696f6e')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme4f70706f736974696f6e">Opposition</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('50726f706167616e6461')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('50726f706167616e6461')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('50726f706167616e6461')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme50726f706167616e6461">Propaganda</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('52656c6967696f6e')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('52656c6967696f6e')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('52656c6967696f6e')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme52656c6967696f6e">Religion</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('536369656e63652026204e6174757265')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('536369656e63652026204e6174757265')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('536369656e63652026204e6174757265')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme536369656e63652026204e6174757265">Science & Nature</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('576f726b657273')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('576f726b657273')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('576f726b657273')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme576f726b657273">Workers</div></a> <a onclick="activateTheme('596f757468')" onmouseover="activateSelectedSubjectT('596f757468')" onmouseout="deactivateSelectedSubjectT('596f757468')"><div class="anchorsTheme" id="NavAnchorByTheme596f757468">Youth</div></a> </div> <div id="homeNavByTheme" class="rightElementsTheme homeNav" style="display: none"> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem436974696573" class="homeNavElement"> Depopulation of the Cities </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem436f6d6d756e697374205061727479" class="homeNavElement"> Formation of the Soviets </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem436f756e74727973696465" class="homeNavElement"> Peasant Revolution </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem45636f6e6f6d696373" class="homeNavElement"> Economic Apparatus </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem46696c6d" class="homeNavElement"> Socialist Cinema </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem46696e652041727473" class="homeNavElement"> Death of the Old Culture </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem47656e646572" class="homeNavElement"> The New Woman </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem496e7465726e6174696f6e616c" class="homeNavElement"> Treaty of Brest Litovsk </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem4c6177202620536f6369657479" class="homeNavElement"> State Security </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem4c697465726174757265" class="homeNavElement"> Death of a Poet </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem4d696c6974617279" class="homeNavElement"> Red Guard into Army </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem4e6174696f6e616c6974696573" class="homeNavElement"> The Empire Falls </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem4f70706f736974696f6e" class="homeNavElement"> Destruction of the Left </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem50726f706167616e6461" class="homeNavElement"> Organs of the Press </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem52656c6967696f6e" class="homeNavElement"> New Letters and Dates </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem536369656e63652026204e6174757265" class="homeNavElement"> Electrification Campaign </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem576f726b657273" class="homeNavElement"> Workers Organization </div> <div id="ThemeSubjectItem596f757468" class="homeNavElement"> Raising Socialist Youth </div> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme436974696573" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Cities:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917deurbanization&Year=1917&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Depopulation of the Cities</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917food&Year=1917&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Food Supply</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924nepmen&Year=1924&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Nepmen</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929byt&Year=1929&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: New Way of Life</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934metro&Year=1934&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: The Moscow Metro</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936moscow&Year=1936&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Rebuilding of Moscow</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943leningrad&Year=1943&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: 900 Days</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943stalingrad&Year=1943&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: The Nazi Tide Stops</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947moscow&Year=1947&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Eight-Hundred Years of Moscow</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956akademgorodok&Year=1956&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Akademgorodok</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961khrushcheby&Year=1961&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: The Khrushchev Slums</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968cities&Year=1968&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: Tol'iatti</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973pessimism&Year=1973&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: The Pessimistic Citizen</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980olympics&Year=1980&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Moscow Olympics</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985liubers&Year=1985&Theme=436974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: The Guys from Liubers</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme436f6d6d756e697374205061727479" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Communist Party:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917formsoviets&Year=1917&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Formation of the Soviets</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917party&Year=1917&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Communist Party Building</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921tenth&Year=1921&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Tenth Party Congress</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924prizyv&Year=1924&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Lenin Enrollment</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924succession&Year=1924&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Lenin's Succession</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934congress&Year=1934&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Seventeenth Party Congress</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934politburo&Year=1934&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: All Stalin's Men</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936terror&Year=1936&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: The Great Terror</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939personality&Year=1939&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Cult of Personality</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943comintern&Year=1943&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: End of the Comintern</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947zhdanov&Year=1947&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Zhdanov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954succession&Year=1954&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: Succession to Stalin</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956secret&Year=1956&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Khrushchev's Secret Speech</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980brezhnev&Year=1980&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Our Little Father</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985perestroika&Year=1985&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Perestroika and Glasnost</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991august&Year=1991&Theme=436f6d6d756e697374205061727479&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: The August Coup</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme436f756e74727973696465" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Countryside:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917peasants&Year=1917&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Peasant Revolution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921famine&Year=1921&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Famine of 1921-22</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921tambov&Year=1921&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: The Antonov Rebellion</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924smychka&Year=1924&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Scissors Crisis</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929collectivization&Year=1929&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Collectivization</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936kolkhoz&Year=1936&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Second Kolkhoz Charter</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939vdnkh&Year=1939&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: All-Union Agricultural Exhibition</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943partisans&Year=1943&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Partisans in the Forest</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947famine&Year=1947&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Famine of 1946-1947</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954tselina&Year=1954&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: Virgin Lands Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956dachas&Year=1956&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Dachas</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961corn&Year=1961&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Corn Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968village&Year=1968&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: The Russian Village</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980village&Year=1980&Theme=436f756e74727973696465&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: The Dying Russian Village</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme45636f6e6f6d696373" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Economics:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917vsnkh&Year=1917&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Economic Apparatus</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921nep&Year=1921&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: The New Economic Policy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924chervontsy&Year=1924&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Chervontsy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929perelom&Year=1929&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Year of Great Change</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934champagne&Year=1934&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Soviet Champagne</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943evacuation&Year=1943&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Wartime Evacuation</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947ration&Year=1947&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: End of Rationing</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961bratsk&Year=1961&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Bratsk</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968economy&Year=1968&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: The Responsive Economy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973consumer&Year=1973&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: Soviet Consumerism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980underground&Year=1980&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Underground Economy</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985coops&Year=1985&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Cooperatives</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991fivehundred&Year=1991&Theme=45636f6e6f6d696373&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: 500 Days</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme46696c6d" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Film:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924kino&Year=1924&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Socialist Cinema</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934film&Year=1934&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Popular Film Industry</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939tractor&Year=1939&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Tractor Drivers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943film&Year=1943&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Women in War Films </div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956cranes&Year=1956&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: War Films</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968limit&Year=1968&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: The Limits of Expression</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973snowball&Year=1973&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: Snowball-Berry Red</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980moscow&Year=1980&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Moscow Doesn't Believe in Tears</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985movies&Year=1985&Theme=46696c6d&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: The Lost Movies</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme46696e652041727473" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Fine Arts:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917oldculture&Year=1917&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Death of the Old Culture</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921rosta&Year=1921&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: ROSTA Windows Close</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929bathhouse&Year=1929&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Maiakovskii's Bathhouse</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934socrealism&Year=1934&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Socialist Realism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936opera&Year=1936&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Upheaval in the Opera</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939gerasimov&Year=1939&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Aleksandr Gerasimov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943anthem&Year=1943&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: New National Anthem</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947laktionov&Year=1947&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Year of Laktionov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961khrushcharts&Year=1961&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Khrushchev on the Arts</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973kvn&Year=1973&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: KVN Canceled</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980glazunov&Year=1980&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Il'ia Glazunov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985tusovka&Year=1985&Theme=46696e652041727473&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: The Leningrad Rock Scene</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme47656e646572" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Gender:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917woman&Year=1917&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: The New Woman</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936abortion&Year=1936&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Abolition of Legal Abortion</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943romance&Year=1943&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Love and Romance in War</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954women&Year=1954&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: What's a Woman to Think?</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956repeal&Year=1956&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Repealing the Ban on Abortion</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961field&Year=1961&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Moral Code of the Builder of Communism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968burden&Year=1968&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: The Double Burden</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980moscow&Year=1980&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Moscow Doesn't Believe in Tears</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985female&Year=1985&Theme=47656e646572&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Female Sexuality</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme496e7465726e6174696f6e616c" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">International:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917brest&Year=1917&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Treaty of Brest Litovsk</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921comintern&Year=1921&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Comintern</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921trade&Year=1921&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Trade Pacts with the West</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936popular&Year=1936&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Popular Front</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939annex&Year=1939&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Soviet Territorial Annexations</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943alliance&Year=1943&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: The Strange Alliance</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947coldwar&Year=1947&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Cold War</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947cominform&Year=1947&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Cominform and the Soviet Bloc</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956hungary&Year=1956&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Hungarian Crisis</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&Year=1968&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: Crisis in Czechoslovakia</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968thirdworld&Year=1968&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: Third World Friendships</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980solidarity&Year=1980&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Solidarity in Poland</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991warsaw&Year=1991&Theme=496e7465726e6174696f6e616c&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: Warsaw Pact Dissolves</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme4c6177202620536f6369657479" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Law & Society:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917security&Year=1917&Theme=4c6177202620536f6369657479&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: State Security</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924legality&Year=1924&Theme=4c6177202620536f6369657479&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Socialist Legality</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936constitution&Year=1936&Theme=4c6177202620536f6369657479&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Stalin Constitution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939discipline&Year=1939&Theme=4c6177202620536f6369657479&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Labor Discipline</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954gulag&Year=1954&Theme=4c6177202620536f6369657479&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: Prisoners Return</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961parasite&Year=1961&Theme=4c6177202620536f6369657479&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Anti-Parasite Law</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme4c697465726174757265" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Literature:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921blok&Year=1921&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Death of a Poet</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929prolet&Year=1929&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Proletarian Writers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934writers&Year=1934&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Writers' Congress</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954thaw&Year=1954&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: The Thaw</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956literature&Year=1956&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Literary Life at a Crossroads</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961poets&Year=1961&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Thaw Poets</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968strugatsky&Year=1968&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: Strugatsky Brothers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980vysotsky&Year=1980&Theme=4c697465726174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Vladimir Vysotsky</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme4d696c6974617279" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Military:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Red Guard into Army</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917armyrevolt&Year=1917&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Revolution in the Army</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921kronshtadt&Year=1921&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Kronstadt Uprising</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929railway&Year=1929&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Chinese Railway Incident</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936cossacks&Year=1936&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Rehabilitation of Cossack Divisions</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943kursk&Year=1943&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Battle of Kursk</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943tradition&Year=1943&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Epaulettes Back on Uniforms</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947veterans&Year=1947&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Veterans Return</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954bomb&Year=1954&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: Hydrogen Bomb</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968china&Year=1968&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: The Chinese Border</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980afghanistan&Year=1980&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Invasion of Afghanistan</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985afghans&Year=1985&Theme=4d696c6974617279&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: The Afghans</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme4e6174696f6e616c6974696573" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Nationalities:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917empire&Year=1917&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: The Empire Falls</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921muslim&Year=1921&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: The Muslim East</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921transcaucasia&Year=1921&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Transcaucasia</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924union&Year=1924&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Union Treaty</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929sovietization&Year=1929&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Making Central Asia Soviet</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934birobidzhan&Year=1934&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Birobidzhan</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936ethnic&Year=1936&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Creation of the Ethnic Republics</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939fergana&Year=1939&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Great Fergana Canal</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943deport&Year=1943&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Deportation of Minorities</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943holocaust&Year=1943&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Holocaust</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947estonia&Year=1947&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Estonia Sings</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954crimea&Year=1954&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: The Gift of Crimea</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968homelands&Year=1968&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: Exiled Peoples Return</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: Shakeup in the Republics</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980sblizhenie&Year=1980&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Drawing Together</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985national&Year=1985&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Gorbachev and Nationalism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991baltic&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: Baltic Independence</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: March Referendum</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991nineplus&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: Nine Plus One Agreement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991yeltsin&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: Eltsin and Russian Sovereignty</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme4f70706f736974696f6e" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Opposition:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917opposition&Year=1917&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Destruction of the Left</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921kronshtadt&Year=1921&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Kronstadt Uprising</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921worker&Year=1921&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Workers' Opposition</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934kirov&Year=1934&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: The Kirov Affair</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936terror&Year=1936&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: The Great Terror</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943vlasov&Year=1943&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: The Vlasov Movement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947ukraine&Year=1947&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Ukraine after the War</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956antiparty&Year=1956&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: The Anti-Party Group</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961okudzhava&Year=1961&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Bulat Okudzhava</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973dissidents&Year=1973&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: The Dissident Movement</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980sakharov&Year=1980&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Sakharov Exiled</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991august&Year=1991&Theme=4f70706f736974696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: The August Coup</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme50726f706167616e6461" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Propaganda:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917media&Year=1917&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Organs of the Press</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917newculture&Year=1917&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Culture and Revolution</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924death&Year=1924&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Death of Lenin</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929udarnik&Year=1929&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Shock Workers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934pavlik&Year=1934&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Pavlik Morozov</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939patriotism&Year=1939&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: The New Patriotism</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943ivan&Year=1943&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: The Cult of Leadership</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947xenophobia&Year=1947&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Xenophobia</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956luzhniki&Year=1956&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: The Palace of Sport</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961gagarin&Year=1961&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: First Cosmonaut</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973seventeen&Year=1973&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: Seventeen Moments in Spring</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980bam&Year=1980&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: BAM</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985drylaw&Year=1985&Theme=50726f706167616e6461&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Anti-Alcohol Campaign</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme52656c6967696f6e" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Religion:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917calendar&Year=1917&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: New Letters and Dates</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917church&Year=1917&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Conflict with the Church</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921church&Year=1921&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Confiscating Church Gold</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921muslim&Year=1921&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: The Muslim East</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924antireligion&Year=1924&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Antireligious Propaganda</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924living&Year=1924&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Living Church</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929religion&Year=1929&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Churches Closed</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934birobidzhan&Year=1934&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Birobidzhan</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939census&Year=1939&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: The Lost Census</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1943patriarch&Year=1943&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1943: Orthodox Patriarch Appointed</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961antireligion&Year=1961&Theme=52656c6967696f6e&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Fight Against Superstition</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme536369656e63652026204e6174757265" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Science & Nature:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921electric&Year=1921&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Electrification Campaign</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929magnitogorsk&Year=1929&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Magnetic Mountain</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936pilots&Year=1936&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Pilots and Explorers</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947lysenko&Year=1947&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Triumph of T. D. Lysenko</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954bomb&Year=1954&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: Hydrogen Bomb</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956sputnik&Year=1956&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Launch of Sputnik</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961gagarin&Year=1961&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: First Cosmonaut</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1980baikal&Year=1980&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1980: Cleaning up Baikal</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985aral&Year=1985&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Desiccation of the Aral Sea</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985chernobyl&Year=1985&Theme=536369656e63652026204e6174757265&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Meltdown in Chernobyl</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme576f726b657273" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Workers:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917workers&Year=1917&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Workers Organization</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921labor&Year=1921&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Militarization of Labor</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924industry&Year=1924&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Industrialization Debate</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1929magnitogorsk&Year=1929&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1929: Magnetic Mountain</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936stakhanov&Year=1936&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Year of the Stakhanovite</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1939discipline&Year=1939&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1939: Labor Discipline</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947cars&Year=1947&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: Cars for Comrades</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956labor&Year=1956&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: Labor Reforms</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961novocherkassk&Year=1961&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Novocherkassk Massacre</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991miners&Year=1991&Theme=576f726b657273&navi=byTheme"><div>1991: Miners' Strike of 1991</div></a> </div> <div id="NavContentByTheme596f757468" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: none"> <div class="subNavTitle">Youth:</div> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917youth&Year=1917&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1917: Raising Socialist Youth</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1921bezprizornye&Year=1921&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1921: Homeless Children</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924clubs&Year=1924&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Workers' Clubs</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1924komsomol&Year=1924&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1924: Young Communists</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1934fizkultura&Year=1934&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1934: Physical Culture</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1936children&Year=1936&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1936: Childhood under Stalin</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1947school&Year=1947&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1947: The New Curriculum</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1954stilyaga&Year=1954&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1954: Stilyaga</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1956festival&Year=1956&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1956: International Youth Festival</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1961poets&Year=1961&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1961: Thaw Poets</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1968generation&Year=1968&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1968: Generation Gap</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973rock&Year=1973&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1973: Rock Goes Russian</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1985youth&Year=1985&Theme=596f757468&navi=byTheme"><div>1985: Turbulent Youth</div></a> </div> <div id="actualTheme" class="rightElementsTheme txt11 txt666 bold" style="display: block"> <div class="subNavTitle"> :</div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="centerColumn"> <div id="content"> <div class="deviderLineThickBlack"></div> <div id="topContentTitle"> <h1><span class="txtc00">1973:</span> <span class="txt333">Shakeup in the Republics</span></h1> <h2>Shakeup of the Republic Leaderships</h2> <a href="javascript: MM_openBrWindow('index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973&Theme=Nationalities&navi=byTheme&print=1', 'PrintWindow','scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=550,height=600')"><div class="printLink">Print</div></a> <a href="index.php?page=syllabus&action=add"><div class="addToSyllabusLink">Add to Syllabus</div></a> </div> <div class="deviderLineThinBlack"></div> <div id="mainContentText"> <i>Subject essay: Lewis Siegelbaum</i><p>One of the chief features of the Soviet Union's political history in the post-Stalin era was the longevity in office of the republics' party leadership. Under both Khrushchev and Brezhnev, republic party elites enjoyed broad, discretionary power, limited only by the necessity of maintaining (or at least appearing to maintain) economic growth and avoiding an excess of ethnic-based nationalism. This power was exercised via the establishment of complex patron-client relations that often resembled national "mafias" replete with bribe-taking and payoffs.<p>Power was distributed in republics along ethnic lines. The First Secretary of Republic Party was typically a member of the majority nationality, and master of the semi-legal economic network. His deputy, usually a Russian or Ukrainian, controlled nomenklatura appointment and ensured that the proper subordination to Moscow was maintained. In Uzbekistan, Sharaf Rashidov presided over the party and the republic's vast holdings of raw cotton from 1959 until his death in 1983; in Kazakhstan, Dinamukhammed Kunaev headed the party from 1964 until 1986, and in Kyrgyzstan, Turdakun Uzubaliev ruled for 24 years, from 1961 to 1985. The Central Asian republics were not unusual in this respect. In the Soviet west, Moldavia had the same party leader from 1961 to 1980, Estonia from 1950 to 1978, and Belorussia from 1965 to 1983. In each case, as well as others, party bosses manipulated national symbols, promoted their "own" people, and permitted a vast amount of economic activity "on the side."<p>At least until the late 1960s, the situation in the Transcaucasian republics was much the same. But, determined to break through the web of corruption and mutual protection in the region, the Brezhnev administration brought in new personnel to clean house. In July 1969, Geidar Aliev, a career KGB officer, replaced Veli Akhundov as first secretary of the Azerbaijani party. Three years later, Eduard Shevardnadze, head of the Georgian security forces, replaced Vasilii Mzhavanadze who had "served" as first secretary of the republic's party organization since 1953. Mzhavanadze's entire retinue of party and state officials was also removed and details of their corrupt practices were published in the February 28, 1973 issue of the newspaper Zaria Vostoka (Dawn of the East). In Armenia, Russians were assigned to the positions of second party secretary and head of the republic's KGB in 1972, laying the groundwork for the appointment in November 1974 of Karen Demirchian, an Armenian engineer educated outside of Armenia, as party chief. Coinciding with these changes of leading personnel, P. I. Shelest, first secretary of the Ukrainian party since 1963, was dismissed in 1972 not for engaging in corruption, but for permitting what central authorities considered an excess of Ukrainianization in party appointments and the educational system.<p>Despite these shake-ups, the informal, ethnically-based networks that were deeply involved in the underground economy persisted. They constituted an effective form of national resistance to centrally mandated rules of doing business in the Soviet Union. </div> </div> </div>  <div id="rightColumn"> <div class="deviderLineThickBlack"></div> <div class="imgHeadRight" style="background: url(/web/20110613181224im_/http://www.soviethistory.org/images/Thumbs/white.gif)"></div> <div class="deviderLineThinBlack"></div> <div class="rigthColumnContent" id="rigthColumnContent"> <div class="linkBlock"> <h3>Text</h3> <hr> <ul> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973shakeup2&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">Personnel Changes in Georgia</a><br> </li> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973shakeup3&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">More Personnel Changes in Georgia</a><br> </li> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973shakeup1&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">Dawn of the East Uncovers Georgian Corruption</a><br> </li> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973georgia1&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">Ideological Aberrations in Georgia</a><br> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="linkBlock"> <h3>Related Text</h3> <hr> <ul> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973simis1&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">The Corrupt Society</a><br> </li> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973armenia1&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">Ideological Work in Armenia</a><br> </li> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=19173azer1&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">Azerbaijan: Corruption and Creeping Nationalism</a><br> </li> <li> <a href="index.php?page=article&ArticleID=1973turkm1&SubjectID=1973shakeup&Year=1973">Turkmenia: the Persistence of National Culture</a><br> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="footer"><p> Copyright 2011 <span class="utilDelim">|</span> <a href="index.php?page=aboutus">About Us</a> <span class="utilDelim">|</span> <a href="index.php?page=privacy">Privacy and Copyright Policy</a> <span class="utilDelim">|</span> <a href="index.php?page=contact">Contact Us</a> </p></div>  <script type="text/javascript">  </script> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> </body> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20110613181224js_/http://www.soviethistory.org/structure/js/new.js"></script> </html>

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Shakeup in the Republics