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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fonts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partícules_d'alfa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partícules_d'alfa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Partícules d'alfa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partícules_d'alfa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raig_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raig_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Raig X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raig_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments_específics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments_específics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instruments específics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments_específics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Galeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Espectròmetre de rajos X de partícules alfa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 13 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphapartikel-R%C3%B6ntgenspektrometer" title="Alphapartikel-Röntgenspektrometer - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alphapartikel-Röntgenspektrometer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrom%C3%A8tre_%C3%A0_particules_alpha_et_%C3%A0_rayons_X" title="Spectromètre à particules alpha et à rayons X - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectromètre à particules alpha et à rayons X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Particle_X-Ray_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3X%E7%B7%9A%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E8%A8%88" title="ΑプロトンX線分光計 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ΑプロトンX線分光計" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8C%8C_%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90_X%EC%84%A0_%EB%B6%84%EA%B4%91%EA%B8%B0" title="알파 입자 X선 분광기 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알파 입자 X선 분광기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectr%C3%B4metro_de_raios_X_de_part%C3%ADculas_alfa" title="Espectrômetro de raios X de partículas alfa - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectrômetro de raios X de partículas alfa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/APXS" title="APXS - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="APXS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆல்பாத் துகள் எக்சுக்கதிர் கதிர்நிரல் அளவி - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பாத் துகள் எக்சுக்கதிர் கதிர்நிரல் அளவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/APXS" title="APXS - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="APXS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_zarrachalar_rentgen_spektrometri" title="Alfa zarrachalar rentgen spektrometri - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfa zarrachalar rentgen spektrometri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E4%BB%AA" title="阿尔法粒子X射线光谱仪 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔法粒子X射线光谱仪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q903245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>APXS és també una abreviatura per eina d'extensió de l'apatxe, una extensió per servidors de web de l'apatxe.</i></dd></dl> <table style="width:300px; margin-bottom: 10px;" class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="background-color: #316384;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg/139px-MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg/209px-MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg/278px-MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png/163px-Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png/244px-Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png/325px-Back_of_Sojourner_and_its_Alpha_Proton_X-Ray_Spectrometer.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_(APXS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_%28APXS%29.jpg/139px-MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_%28APXS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_%28APXS%29.jpg/209px-MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_%28APXS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_%28APXS%29.jpg/278px-MSL_-_Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_%28APXS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="265" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Espectròmetre de raigs X de partícules alfa (a dalt a l'esquerra), APXS a la part posterior de l'<a href="/wiki/Sojourner" title="Sojourner"><i>explorador Sojourner</i></a> (<i>a la dreta</i>), espectròmetre de raigs X de partícules alfa d'MSL de la <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></i>, amb una regla (a la part inferior esquerra). </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un <b>espectròmetre de rajos X de partícules alfa</b> (o <b>APXS</b> per les seves sigles en anglès: alpha particle X-ray spectrometer) és un <a href="/wiki/Espectr%C3%B2metre" title="Espectròmetre">espectròmetre</a> que analitza la composició d'elements químics d'una mostra de les partícules alfa disperses i els rajos X fluorescents després de la mostra s'irradia amb <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partícula alfa">partícules d'alfa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_X" title="Radiació X">rajos X</a> de fonts radioactives.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest mètode d'anàlisi de la composició elemental d'una mostra s'utilitza més sovint en missions espacials, que requereixen poc pes, mida reduïda i un mínim consum d'energia. Altres mètodes (per exemple, <a href="/wiki/Espectrometria_de_masses" title="Espectrometria de masses">espectrometria de masses</a>) són més ràpids i no requereixen l'ús de materials radioactius, sinó que requereixen equips més grans amb requisits d'energia menys modests. Una variació és l'<b>espectròmetre de raigs X de protons alfa</b>, com en la <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">missió Pathfinder</a>, que també detecta <a href="/wiki/Protons" class="mw-redirect" title="Protons">protons</a>. </p><p>Al llarg dels anys, s'han volat diverses versions modificades d'aquest tipus d'instruments com APS (sense espectròmetre de raigs X) o APXS: <a href="/wiki/Programa_Surveyor" title="Programa Surveyor">Surveyor 5-7</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Programa_Fobos" title="Programa Fobos">Fobos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phobos_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phobos-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Philae_(m%C3%B2dul_de_descens)" title="Philae (mòdul de descens)">mòdul d'aterratge Philae al cometa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philae-jgu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philae-jgu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philae_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els dispositius APS / APXS s'inclouran en diverses missions properes, inclosa l'<a href="/wiki/Astrom%C3%B2bil_lunar" title="Astromòbil lunar">astromòbil lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonts">Fonts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Fonts"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diverses formes de radiació s'utilitzen en l'APXS. Inclouen <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcules_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partícules alfa">partícules alfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó">protons</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_X" title="Radiació X">raigs X</a>. Les partícules alfa, els protons i els raigs X s'emeten durant la desintegració radioactiva d'àtoms inestables. Una font comuna de <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partícula alfa">partícules d'alfa</a> és <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2tops_del_curi" title="Isòtops del curi">curi-244</a>. Emet partícules amb una energia de 5,8 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a>. S'emeten raigs X de 14 i 18 keV en la descomposició del <a href="/wiki/Plutoni-240" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutoni-240">plutoni-240</a>. La càrrega útil d'Athena dels Mars Exploration Rovers utilitzen curi-244 amb una potència d'uns 30 <a href="/wiki/Curie" class="mw-disambig" title="Curie">mil·licuries</a> (1.1 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" class="mw-disambig" title="Becquerel">GBq</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partícules_d'alfa"><span id="Part.C3.ADcules_d.27alfa"></span>Partícules d'alfa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Partícules d'alfa"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Pathfinder01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pathfinder01.jpg/220px-Pathfinder01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pathfinder01.jpg/330px-Pathfinder01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pathfinder01.jpg/440px-Pathfinder01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner" title="Sojourner">Sojourner</a></i> pren la seva mesura APXS de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roca_Yogi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roca Yogi (encara no existeix)">roca Yogi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Algunes de les partícules alfa d'una energia definida es retrodispersen al detector si col·lideixen amb un nucli atòmic. Les lleis físiques per a la retrodispersió de Rutherford en un angle proper a 180° són la <a href="/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3_de_l%27energia" title="Conservació de l'energia">conservació de l'energia</a> i conservació del <a href="/wiki/Quantitat_de_moviment" title="Quantitat de moviment">moment lineal.</a> Això el fa possible per calcular la massa del nucli copejat per la partícula d'alfa. </p><p>Els elements lleugers absorbeixen més energia de la partícula alfa, mentre que les partícules alfa es reflecteixen en nuclis gruixuts gairebé amb la mateixa energia. L'espectre energètic de la partícula alfa dispersa mostra pics del 25% fins a gairebé el 100% de les partícules alfa inicials. Aquest espectre permet determinar la composició de la mostra, especialment per als elements més lleugers. La baixa taxa de retrodispersió fa que sigui necessària una irradiació perllongada, aproximadament 10 hores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protons">Protons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Protons"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algunes de les partícules alfa són absorbides pels nuclis atòmics. El procés [alfa, protó] produeix protons d'una energia definida que es detecten. El <a href="/wiki/Sodi" title="Sodi">sodi</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi">magnesi</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Silici" title="Silici">silici</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> poden ser detectats per aquest mètode. Aquest mètode només es va utilitzar en el Mars Pathfinder APXS. Per als <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> el detector de protons va ser reemplaçat per un segon sensor de partícules alfa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raig_X">Raig X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Raig X"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les partícules alfa també són capaços d'expulsar electrons de la capa interior (capa K i L) d'un àtom. Aquestes vacants s'omplen amb electrons procedents de les capes exteriors, que donen lloc a l'emissió d'un raig X característic. Aquest procés es denomina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emissi%C3%B3_de_raigs_X_indu%C3%AFt_per_part%C3%ADcules&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emissió de raigs X induït per partícules (encara no existeix)">emissió de raigs X induït per partícules</a> i és relativament fàcil de detectar i té la millor sensibilitat i resolució per als elements més pesants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_específics"><span id="Instruments_espec.C3.ADfics"></span>Instruments específics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Instruments específics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Alfa-X</i>, pel mòdul de descens DAS a Fobos 1 i Fobos 2.<sup id="cite_ref-phobos_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phobos-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>ALPHA</i>, per als mòduls d'aterratge Mars 96. Col·laboració entre Alemanya, Rússia, i EUA.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Espectròmetre de rajos x de protons alfa</i>, per al <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Institut_Max_Planck" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Max Planck">Institut Max Planck</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Chicago" title="Universitat de Chicago">Universitat de Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mpf_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpf-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Espectròmetre de rajos x de partícules alfa</i>, per l'Spirit  (MER-A) i <i>Opportunity</i> (MER-B) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Exploration_Rovers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Exploration Rovers (encara no existeix)">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpl-apxs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-apxs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Espectròmetre de rajos X de partícules alfa</i>, per la Curiosity (MSL). L'investigador principal de l'APXS de la Curiosity és Ralf Gellert, físic de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitat_de_Guelph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitat de Guelph (encara no existeix)">Universitat de Guelph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a>. Va ser desenvolupat i finançat per l'<a href="/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Espacial_Canadenca" class="mw-redirect" title="Agència Espacial Canadenca">Agència Espacial Canadenca</a>, amb operacions també recolzades per l'administració espacial de Guelph i dels Estats Units.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Espectròmetre de rajos X de partícules alfa</i>, per <a href="/wiki/Philae_(m%C3%B2dul_de_descens)" title="Philae (mòdul de descens)">Philae</a>, pel mòdul d'aterratge de l'<a href="/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Espacial_Europea" title="Agència Espacial Europea">Agència Espacial Europea</a> unit a la <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(nau_espacial)" title="Rosetta (nau espacial)"><i>Rosetta</i></a>, per estudiar el cometa <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="mw-redirect" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philae-jgu_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philae-jgu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeria">Galeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Galeria"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart – netejada amb l'"Eina d'eliminació de pols" (17 d'agost de 2014)."><img alt="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart – netejada amb l'"Eina d'eliminació de pols" (17 d'agost de 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg/120px-PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg/180px-PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg/240px-PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roca "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Llista_de_roques_a_Mart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llista de roques a Mart (encara no existeix)">Bonanza King</a>" a Mart – netejada amb l'"<a href="/wiki/Curiosity#Dust_Removal_Tool" title="Curiosity">Eina d'eliminació de pols</a>" (17 d'agost de 2014).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart - desempolsada i inicialment perforada (11 de setembre de 2014)."><img alt="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart - desempolsada i inicialment perforada (11 de setembre de 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg/120px-PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg/180px-PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg/240px-PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roca "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Llista_de_roques_a_Mart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llista de roques a Mart (encara no existeix)">Bonanza King</a>" a Mart - <a href="/wiki/Fitxer:PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg" title="Fitxer:PIA18602-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-20140817.jpg">desempolsada</a> i inicialment perforada (11 de setembre de 2014).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart - la perforació es va aturar a causa de la roca solta (11 de setembre de 2014)."><img alt="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart - la perforació es va aturar a causa de la roca solta (11 de setembre de 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg/120px-PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg/180px-PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg/240px-PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roca "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Llista_de_roques_a_Mart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llista de roques a Mart (encara no existeix)">Bonanza King</a>" a Mart - la perforació es va aturar a causa de la roca solta (11 de setembre de 2014).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart - anàlisi APXS (rover Curiosity, 11 de setembre de 2014)."><img alt="Roca "Bonanza King" a Mart - anàlisi APXS (rover Curiosity, 11 de setembre de 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png/120px-PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png/180px-PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png/240px-PIA18479-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-APXS-Graph-20140911.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roca "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Llista_de_roques_a_Mart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llista de roques a Mart (encara no existeix)">Bonanza King</a>" a Mart - <a href="/wiki/APXS" class="mw-redirect" title="APXS">anàlisi APXS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">rover Curiosity</a>, 11 de setembre de 2014).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Economou, T.E.; Turkevich, A.L.; Sowinski, K.P.; Patterson, J.H.; Franzgrote, E.J. «The Alpha-Scattering Technique of Chemical Analysis». <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, 75, 32, 1970, pàg. 6514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JGR....75.6514E">1970JGR....75.6514E</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJB075i032p06514">10.1029/JB075i032p06514</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Patterson, J.H.; Franzgrote, E.J.; Turkevich, A.L.; Anderson, W.A.; Economou, T.E. «Alpha-scattering experiment on Surveyor 7 - Comparison with Surveyors 5 and 6». <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, 74, 25, 1969, pàg. 6120–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969JGR....74.6120P">1969JGR....74.6120P</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJB074i025p06120">10.1029/JB074i025p06120</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">R. Rieder; H. Wänke; T. Economou; A. Turkevich «Determination of the chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks:The alpha proton X ray spectrometer». <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, 102, E2, 1997, pàg. 4027–4044. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...102.4027R">1997JGR...102.4027R</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F96JE03918">10.1029/96JE03918</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Rieder, R.; Wanke, H.; Economou, T. «An Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer for Mars-96 and Mars Pathfinder». <i>American Astronomical Society</i>, 28, 1997, pàg. 1062. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996DPS....28.0221R">1996DPS....28.0221R</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">R. Rieder; R. Gellert; J. Brückner; G. Klingelhöfer; G. Dreibus «The new Athena alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers». <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, 108, E12, 2003, pàg. 8066. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.8066R">2003JGRE..108.8066R</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002150">10.1029/2003JE002150</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phobos-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-phobos_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-phobos_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHovestadtAndreichikovBrucknerEconomou1988"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hovestadt</span>, D.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Andreichikov</span>, B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bruckner</span>, J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Economou</span>, T.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Klecker</span>, B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kunneth</span>, E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Laeverenz</span>, P.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mukhin</span>, L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Prilutskii</span>, A. «In-Situ Measurement of the Surface Composition of the Mars Moon Phobos: The Alpha-X Experiment on the Phobos Mission». <i>Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference</i>, 19, 1988, pàg. 511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988LPI....19..511H">1988LPI....19..511H</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philae-jgu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-philae-jgu_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-philae-jgu_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uni-mainz.de/">http://www.uni-mainz.de/</a>, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mainz.de/presse/17491_ENG_HTML.php">Alpha particle x-ray spectrometer developed in Mainz to be used on comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827144703/http://www.uni-mainz.de/presse/17491_ENG_HTML.php">Arxivat</a> 2021-08-27 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 10 April 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philae-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Philae_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-006C-03">Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) - Mission Name: Philae</a>».  <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, 26-08-2014.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015032050/http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Aug30_2010">Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised</a>». <i>isro.gov.in</i>.  <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>, 30-08-2010. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Aug30_2010">original</a> el 2012-10-15. [Consulta: 7 agost 2012].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">unknown. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athena.cornell.edu/pdf/tb_apxs.pdf">Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) (2 pages)</a>».</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/phobosQL.html">JPL QuickLook - Phobos 1, 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iki.rssi.ru/mars96/08_mars_e.htm#%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A4%D0%90">SMALL AUTONOMOUS STATIONS - Mars 96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpf-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mpf_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/sci_desc.html">Mars Pathfinder Instrument Descriptions - NASA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_apxs.html">ATHENA - Cornell University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl-apxs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jpl-apxs_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130221304/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_instru_apxs.html">Mars Exploration Rovers: Spacecraft: Surface Operations: Instruments: Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)</a>».  <a href="/wiki/NASA_JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA JPL">NASA JPL</a>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_instru_apxs.html">original</a> el 2010-11-30. [Consulta: 26 desembre 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173751/http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/APXS/">NASA - Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/APXS/">original</a> el 2011-07-20. [Consulta: 26 desembre 2017].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_rajos_X_de_part%C3%ADcules_alfa&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>H. Wänke; J. Brückner; G. Dreibus; R. Rieder; Jo. Ryabchikov (2001). "Composició química de Roques i Terres al Pathfinder Lloc".<a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1023/A:1011961725645" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1023/A:1011961725645">10.1023/A:1011961725645</a>. (1/4): 317–330. doi:10.1023/Un:1011961725645. </li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espectròmetre_de_rajos_X_de_partícules_alfa&oldid=33944111">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espectròmetre_de_rajos_X_de_partícules_alfa&oldid=33944111</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Instruments_espacials" title="Categoria:Instruments espacials">Instruments espacials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Espectrosc%C3%B2pia" title="Categoria:Espectroscòpia">Espectroscòpia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_refer%C3%A8ncies_sense_format" title="Categoria:Articles amb referències sense format">Articles amb referències sense format</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_la_plantilla_Webarchive_amb_enlla%C3%A7_wayback" title="Categoria:Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback">Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 16 set 2024 a les 15:09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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