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OS command injection is also known as command injection or shell injection.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.invicti.com\/blog\/web-security\/command-injection-vulnerability\/\">Read an article that explains command injection in detail.<\/a><\/p>\n"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"How to detect command injection?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<p>Dynamic application security testing (DAST) tools are the best way to detect command injection vulnerabilities in web applications. 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id="menu-item-27218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27218"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/clp/managed-security-service-provider/">MSSP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/">Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="container flex"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-contents">Table of Contents</div> <div class="sidebar-menu"> <div class="menu-learn-sidebar-menu-container"><ul id="menu-learn-sidebar-menu" class="menu"><li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote code execution (RCE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote code execution (RCE)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='OS command injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS command injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-side request forgery (SSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-side request forgery (SSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='SQL injection (SQLi)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">SQL injection (SQLi)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-site scripting (XSS)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-site scripting (XSS)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure direct object references (IDOR)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure direct object references (IDOR)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open redirect'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open redirect</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory listing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory listing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer overflow</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session fixation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">Session fixation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">Web shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Dynamic application security testing (DAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">Dynamic application security testing (DAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Static application security testing (SAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/static-application-security-testing-sast/">Static application security testing (SAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Interactive application security testing (IAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/interactive-application-security-testing-iast/">Interactive application security testing (IAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Software composition analysis (SCA)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">Software composition analysis (SCA)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web application firewall (WAF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/">Web application firewall (WAF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web asset discovery'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-asset-discovery/">Web asset discovery</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability management'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-management/">Vulnerability management</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability assessment'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-assessment/">Vulnerability assessment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='About Invicti Learn'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">About Invicti Learn</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="sidebar-button"> </div> </aside> <main class="main entry-content col-span-9"> <h1 class="wp-block-heading">OS command injection</h1> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-1024x131.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-300x38.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-768x98.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner.webp 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-1024x131.png" height="131" width="1024" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-1024x131.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-300x38.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner-768x98.png 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153922/Learn_01_banner.png 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" class="wp-image-37076 sp-no-webp" alt="" fetchpriority="high" > </picture></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is OS command injection?</h2> <p><em>OS command injection</em> is a vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker trick an application into executing operating system (OS) commands. OS command injection is also known as <em>command injection</em> or <em>shell injection</em>.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-default" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0px"> <table class="has-text-color" style="color:var(--color-nsdark)"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Severity:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">severe</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Prevalence:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">discovered rarely</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Scope:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">may appear in all computer software</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Technical impact:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">command shell access</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Worst-case consequences:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">full system compromise</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Quick fix:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">do not call OS functions based on user input</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">How does OS command injection work?</h2> <p>Most programming languages include functions that let the developer call operating system commands. The reasons for calling operating system commands are varied, for example, to include functionality that is not available in that programming language by default, to call scripts written in other languages, and more.</p> <p>OS command injection vulnerabilities are a result of using such operating system call functions with insufficient input validation. A lack of validation enables the attacker to inject malicious commands into user input and then execute them on the host operating system.</p> <p>Command injection vulnerabilities are an appsec problem that may appear in any type of computer software, in almost every programming language, and on any platform. For example, you can get command injection vulnerabilities in embedded software in routers, web applications and APIs written in PHP, server-side scripts written in Python, mobile applications written in Java, and even in core operating system software.</p> <p>The term <em>OS command injection</em> is defined in <a href="http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/78.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CWE-78</a> as <em>improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command. </em><a href="https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Command_Injection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">OWASP</a> prefers the simpler term <em>command injection</em>. The term <em>shell injection</em> is used very rarely. Some OS command injection vulnerabilities are classified as <em>blind</em> or <em>out-of-band</em>. This means that the OS command injection attack does not result in anything being sent back or displayed immediately, and the result of the attack is, for example, sent to a server controlled by the attacker.</p> <p>Note that OS command injection is often confused with <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce">remote code execution (RCE), also known as code injection</a>. In the case of RCE, the attacker executes malicious code in the language of the application and within the application context. In the case of OS command injection, the attacker executes a malicious command in a system shell. However, some sources consider OS command injection to be a type of code injection.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Example of a command injection attack</h2> <p>Below is a simple example of PHP source code with an OS command injection vulnerability and a command injection attack vector on applications that include this code.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vulnerable code</h3> <p>The developer of a PHP application wants the user to be able to see the output of the Windows <em>ping</em> command in the web application. The user needs to input the IP address and the application sends ICMP pings to that address. The developer passes the IP address using an HTTP GET parameter and then uses it in the command line. Unfortunately, the developer trusts the user too much and does not perform input validation.</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code><?PHP <br>   $address = $_GET["address"];<br>   $output = shell_exec("ping -n 3 $address");<br>   echo "<pre>$output</pre>";<br> ?></code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The attack vector</h3> <p>The attacker abuses this script by manipulating the GET request with the following payload:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-default"><code>http://example.com/ping.php?address=8.8.8.8%26dir</code></pre> <p>The <em>shell_exec</em> function executes the following OS command: <code>ping -n 3 8.8.8.8&dir</code>. The <em>&</em> symbol in Windows separates OS commands. As a result, the vulnerable application executes an additional command (<em>dir</em>) and displays the command output (directory listing):</p> <pre class="wp-block-code language-bash is-style-default"><code>Pinging 8.8.8.8 with 32 bytes of data:<br> Reply from 8.8.8.8: bytes=32 time=30ms TTL=56<br> Reply from 8.8.8.8: bytes=32 time=35ms TTL=56<br> Reply from 8.8.8.8: bytes=32 time=35ms TTL=56<br> Ping statistics for 8.8.8.8:<br>     Packets: Sent = 3, Received = 3, Lost = 0 (0% loss),<br> Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:<br>     Minimum = 30ms, Maximum = 35ms, Average = 33ms<br> <u>Volume in drive C is OS</u><br> <u>Volume Serial Number is 1337-8055</u><br> <u>Directory of C:\Users\Noob\www</u><br> (...)</code></pre> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential consequences of an OS command injection attack</h2> <p>In the case of OS command injection vulnerabilities, the attacker is able to execute operating system commands with the privileges of the vulnerable application. This lets the attacker, for example, install a <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">reverse shell</a> and obtain cmd access with such privileges. They may then be able to escalate the attack by using other exploits, which may ultimately lead to obtaining root access and, as a result, complete control of the web server operating system.</p> <p>If successful, the attacker may follow up with one of the following common types of attacks:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/5-reasons-why-web-security-is-important-to-avoid-ransomware/">Ransomware</a> or other malware: The attacker may install a ransomware agent on the machine, which will then use other methods to spread to other assets owned by the victim.</li> <li>Cryptocurrency mining: Attackers often install cryptocurrency miners on compromised machines, which consume your runtime resources and provide funding for more malicious activities.</li> <li>Sensitive data theft: The attacker may use <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">privilege escalation</a> to access SQL database servers with sensitive user data such as credit card numbers or alternatively obtain credentials from local configuration and application files.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of known OS command injection vulnerabilities</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2021-21315 </a>in the System Information Library for Node.js (<em>npm</em> package <em>systeminformation</em>, versions before 5.3.1). If you used some functions from this library without input sanitization, an attacker would be able to <a href="https://github.com/ForbiddenProgrammer/CVE-2021-21315-PoC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">execute operating system commands</a> using your web application.</li> <li><a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2016-3714" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2016-3714</a> (<a href="https://imagetragick.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">ImageTragick</a>) in ImageMagick (versions before 7.0.1-1), which is a popular image manipulation package used by many image processing plugins, such as imagick in PHP, rmagick and paperclip in Ruby, and imagemagick in Node.js. The vulnerability allowed remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via shell metacharacters in a crafted image.</li> <li><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/cve-2014-6271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2014-6271</a> (Shellshock) in the Linux operating system <em>bash</em> command (GNU Bash version 4.3 or lower). If a bash script used unsanitized user input in OS variables, an attacker would be able to inject OS commands that would be executed while the script was assigning the OS variable.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect OS command injection vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>The best way to detect OS command injection vulnerabilities depends on whether they are already known or unknown.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If you only use commercial or open-source software and do not develop software of your own, you may find it enough to identify the exact version of the system or application that you are using. If the identified version is vulnerable to OS command injection, you can assume that you are susceptible to that OS command injection vulnerability. You can identify the version manually or use a suitable security tool, such as <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">software composition analysis (SCA)</a> software in the case of web applications or a network scanner in the case of networked systems and applications.</li> <li>If you develop your own software or want to potentially find unknown OS command injection vulnerabilities (zero-days) in known applications, you must be able to successfully exploit the OS command injection vulnerability to be certain that it exists. In such cases, you need to either perform manual penetration testing with the help of security researchers or penetration testers or use a security testing tool that can automatically exploit vulnerabilities (which is possible for web security testing only). Examples of such tools are <a href="https://www.invicti.com/">Invicti</a> and <a href="https://acunetix.com/">Acunetix by Invicti</a>. We recommend using this method even for known vulnerabilities.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent OS command injection vulnerabilities in web applications?</h2> <p>There are several methods to improve application security by preventing OS command injection attacks. The simplest and safest one is never to use calls such as <em>shell_exec</em> in PHP to execute host operating system commands. Instead, you should use the equivalent commands from the programming language. For example, if a developer wants to send mail using PHP on Linux/UNIX, they may be tempted to use the <em>mail</em> command available in the operating system. Instead, they should use the <em>mail()</em> function in PHP.</p> <p>The web server administrator may enforce this by disabling potentially dangerous functions, such as the ones causing operating system calls. For example, in the case of PHP, you can configure the <em>php.ini</em> file to block dangerous commands by adding the following line:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code language-bash is-style-default"><code>disable_functions=exec,passthru,shell_exec,system</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Using input sanitization to prevent command injection</h3> <p>The above approach may be difficult if there is no equivalent command in the programming language. For example, there is no direct way to send ICMP ping packets from PHP. In such cases, you need to apply input sanitization before you pass the value to a shell command and the safest way is to use a whitelist. For example, in the vulnerable code presented above, you could check if the <em>address</em> variable is an IP address. The result would be the following corrected code:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code><?PHP <br>   $address = filter_var($_GET["address"], FILTER_VALIDATE_IP);<br>   $output = shell_exec("ping -n 3 $address");<br>   echo "<pre>$output</pre>";<br> ?></code></pre> <p>When sanitizing, remember that dangerous user input can come from lots of places, not only from GET and POST parameters. It can also appear in HTTP headers, JSON or XML data, and any other part of an HTTP request.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Using character escaping to prevent command injection</h3> <p>In some languages, you can use character escaping to prevent command injection attacks. This means that before you send user input to the OS command, the built-in programming language function makes sure that all potentially dangerous characters are escaped.</p> <p>For example, in PHP, you could use <em>escapeshellarg</em> and <em>escapeshellcmd</em> functions. The result would be the following safe code:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code><?PHP <br>   $address = $_GET["address"];<br>   $output = shell_exec(escapeshellcmd("ping -n 3 $address"));<br>   echo "<pre>$output</pre>";<br> ?></code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Using blacklists to prevent command injection</h3> <p>We do not recommend using blacklists because attackers have many ways of bypassing them. However, if you do decide to use a blacklist, you must be aware that the attacker can use a variety of special characters to inject an arbitrary command. The simplest and most common ones are the semicolon (<em>;</em>) for Linux and the ampersand (<em>&</em>) for Windows. However, the following payloads for the vulnerable code presented above will all work and display the result of the <em>whoami </em>command:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><code>address=8.8.8.8%3Bwhoami</code> (<em>;</em> character, Linux only)</li> <li><code>address=8.8.8.8&26whoami</code> (<em>&</em> character, Windows only)</li> <li><code>address=8.8.8.8%7Cwhoami</code> (<em>|</em> character)</li> <li><code>address=invalid%7C%7Cwhoami</code> (<em>||</em> characters, the second command is executed only if the first command fails)</li> <li><code>address=8.8.8.8&26&26whoami</code> (<em>&&</em> characters)</li> <li><code>%3E(whoami)</code> (<em>></em> character, Linux only)</li> <li><code>%60whoami%60</code> (<em>`</em> character, Linux only, the result will be reported by the ping command as an error)</li> </ul> <p>Therefore, if you absolutely need to use blacklisting, you must filter or escape the following special characters:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Windows: <code>( ) < > & * ‘ | = ? ; [ ] ^ ~ ! . ” % @ / \ : + , `</code></li> <li>Linux: <code>{ } ( ) < > & * ‘ | = ? ; [ ] $ – # ~ ! . ” % / \ : + , `</code></li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="mitigate">How to mitigate OS command injection attacks?</h2> <p>Methods to mitigate OS command injection attacks will differ depending on the type of software:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>In the case of custom software, such as web applications, the only way to permanently mitigate an OS command injection vulnerability is to eliminate operating system call functions from the application code, block them on the server level or, if not possible, use whitelist-based sanitization for user input that is used in operating system call functions.</li> <li>In the case of known OS command injections in third-party software, you must check the latest security advisories for a fix and update to a non-vulnerable version.</li> </ul> <p>In the case of zero-day OS command injections in third-party software, you can apply temporary <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/">WAF (web application firewall)</a> rules for mitigation. However, this only makes the OS command injection harder to exploit and does not eliminate the problem.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_6742e7d1cd182"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is OS command injection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>OS command injection is a vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker trick an application into executing operating system commands. OS command injection is also known as command injection or shell injection.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/command-injection-vulnerability/">Read an article that explains command injection in detail.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to detect command injection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Dynamic application security testing (DAST) tools are the best way to detect command injection vulnerabilities in web applications. They provide the best coverage and some of them, like Invicti, are able to prove that the vulnerability is real and not a false positive.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">Find out more about dynamic application security testing (DAST).</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to prevent OS command injection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>The best way to prevent OS command injection is to follow secure coding practices. One of them is to use filtering for all user input and apply context-sensitive output encoding to input data controlled by the user.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/secure-coding-practices-web-applications/">Read more about fostering secure coding practices.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes ccfg-unique-d9334f-ad"><table><thead><tr><th>Classification</th><th>ID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CAPEC</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>CWE</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>WASC</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>OWASP 2021</td><td>A3</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Related blog posts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/command-injection-vulnerability/">What is the command injection vulnerability?</a></li> </ul> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p class="has-small-font-size"><em><a 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