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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">20th-century British Labour Member of Parliament</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ian Mikardo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bow and Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Bow and Poplar</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)">Bethnal Green and Bow</a> (1974–1983)</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Poplar</a> (1964–1974)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 October 1964 – 18 May 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Key" title="Charles Key">Charles Key</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gordon_(politician)" title="Mildred Gordon (politician)">Mildred Gordon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Reading_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Reading_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading South (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading South</a> (1950–1955)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 July 1945 – 18 September 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bakewell_Howitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Bakewell Howitt">Alfred Bakewell Howitt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Emery" title="Peter Emery">Peter Emery</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-07-09</span>)</span>9 July 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 May 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-05-06)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stepping_Hill_Hospital" title="Stepping Hill Hospital">Stepping Hill Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Rosetsky (1907–1994)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Mik</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ian Mikardo</b> (9 July 1908 – 6 May 1993), commonly known as <b>Mik</b>, was a British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Member of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ardent socialist and a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a>, he remained a <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbencher</a> throughout his four decades in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. He was a member of <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee of the Labour Party</a> in 1950–59 and 1960–78, and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Labour Party">Chairman of the Labour Party</a> in 1970–1971. He was also chairman of the International Committee of the Labour Party in 1973–78,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> (1978–1983) and honorary president (1983–1993).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikardo was a Labour Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Reading_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading</a> 1945–50, <a href="/wiki/Reading_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading South (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading South</a> 1950–55, <a href="/wiki/Reading_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading</a> 1955–59, <a href="/wiki/Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Poplar</a> 1964–74, <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)">Bethnal Green and Bow</a> 1974–83 and <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bow and Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Bow and Poplar</a> 1983–87. He was Chairman of the House of Commons Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, 1966–70. He issued many pamphlets, the most famous were <i><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(pamphlet)" title="Keep Left (pamphlet)">Keep Left</a></i> (1947) and <i>Keeping Left</i> with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Dick Crossman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo_Richardson" title="Jo Richardson">Jo Richardson</a>, 1950. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian essayist</a>, a staunch friend of Israel, as well as friend and mentor to many in the Labour movement, where he made a great impact. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His parents were <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> Empire. His mother, Bluma 'Bloomah' (died 1961 in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>) came from a town called <a href="/wiki/Yampil,_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Yampil, Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Yampil, Khmelnytskyi Oblast</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Volyn">Volyn</a> region, of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Moshe" title="Moshe">Moshe</a> 'Morris' (died 1940 in Hampshire) came from <a href="/wiki/Kutno" title="Kutno">Kutno</a>, a textile-manufacturing town west of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came to East End of London separately around 1900 and married some years later. They worked as tailors and in 1907 moved to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> where they were employed repairing uniforms for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Mikardo was born there in 1908. He had two brothers, Sidney Mikardo (1915-1999) and Norman Mikardo. His brother (Neville) Norman Mikardo (1924–2004), a mechanical engineer, was a Labour Party councillor for <a href="/wiki/Tokyngton" title="Tokyngton">Tokyngton</a> Ward of <a href="/wiki/Brent_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Brent South">Brent South</a>, from 1978–82.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His niece Barbara Tayler (1931–2011) was a publisher, writer and political activist. Mikardo became a surrogate father to her after her father died when she was two years old.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he began school-aged three, his lack of English words made him the butt of jokes. His parents spoke <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eastlondonhistory1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastlondonhistory1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended The Old Beneficiary School<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as "The Old Benny", in <a href="/wiki/Portsea,_Portsmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsea, Portsmouth">Portsea, Portsmouth</a>, and the Omega Street School in Portsmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, he came top in Portsmouth's pass-list for the <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven-plus exam">11-plus</a>, and went to Portsmouth Southern Grammar School for Boys.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the age of eleven he also attended Aria College, a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbinical</a> seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-independent1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the life of a cleric was not for him and he transferred to Portsmouth Grammar School. At this time he followed <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth FC">Portsmouth FC</a> and he had an encyclopedic knowledge of all their matches.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eastlondonhistory1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastlondonhistory1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerned by injustice and inequality from boyhood, Mikardo was influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> in his teens. He attended political lectures at various clubs and societies in London in the 1920s, principally amongst the Jewish community. He joined both the Labour Party and <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poale Zion (Great Britain)">Poale Zion</a>, the Zionist workers' movement affiliated to the Labour Party. He was already a Zionist, and had given his first public speech at a meeting of the Portsmouth Zionist Society in 1922, aged 13.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving school, Mikardo settled in <a href="/wiki/Stepney" title="Stepney">Stepney</a>, where he had a variety of jobs. In 1930 he met Mary (b. 1907), the daughter of Benjamin Rosetsky. They married at Mile End and Bow District synagogue on 3 January 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mary joined the Labour Party and Poale Zion. They had two daughters by 1936. Mary suffered a heart attack in 1959 which was progressively disabling.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> in 1994, a few months after him. </p><p>He studied <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>, but was sceptical and developed his own theories. He became a freelance management consultant and during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, worked on increasing efficiency in aircraft and armaments manufacturing, principally at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Berkshire_Aviation" title="Museum of Berkshire Aviation">Woodley Aerodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>. He was treasurer of the World Airways Joint Committee of <a href="/wiki/National_Air_Communications" title="National Air Communications">National Air Communications</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliament_and_the_Labour_Party">Parliament and the Labour Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parliament and the Labour Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After settling in Reading at the end of the war he was selected by the local <a href="/wiki/Constituency_Labour_Party" title="Constituency Labour Party">Constituency Labour Party</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austen_Albu" title="Austen Albu">Austen Albu</a>. On every topic, the National Health Service, education, social deprivation, nationalisation or socialism, he was seen as an inspiration to others. Mik, as he introduced himself, showed he had planned where he was going and the constituency members wanted to go with him. His integrity was obvious and beguiling, quite rare amongst professional politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-independent1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected Member of Parliament for Reading constituency overturning a large <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> majority. Labour's effective <a href="/wiki/Get_out_the_vote" title="Get out the vote">get out the vote</a> campaign used in this election was universally adopted and came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Get_out_the_vote#Reading_system" title="Get out the vote">Reading system</a>. He held Reading, which became a highly marginal seat, until the <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 general election</a> when he was ousted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Emery" title="Peter Emery">Peter Emery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Supervisory_Staffs,_Executives_and_Technicians" title="Association of Supervisory Staffs, Executives and Technicians">Association of Supervisory Staffs, Executives and Technicians</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Scientific,_Technical_and_Managerial_Staffs" title="Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs">Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Science_and_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing Science and Finance">Manufacturing Science and Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a>. Ian Mikardo Way, a road in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Caversham" title="Lower Caversham">Lower Caversham</a>, Reading, commemorates his role as the town's MP.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikardo was a member of the left-wing of the Labour Party throughout his political career, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i>. In the post-war period, the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> was at the heart of Labour and social democratic thinking, and Mikardo contributed to the New Fabian Essays of 1952, edited by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>. These helped to reinvigorate the debate on the left after the fall of the Attlee government. Other contributors included <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikardo's secretary at the time was <a href="/wiki/Jo_Richardson" title="Jo Richardson">Jo Richardson</a> (1923–94) who began her political career working for him and later became a Member of Parliament herself. She co-ordinated the 'Keep Left Group' and went on to become the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune Group">Tribune Group</a>. In 1951 Richardson was elected to <a href="/wiki/Hornsey" title="Hornsey">Hornsey</a> <a href="/wiki/Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough Council">Borough Council</a> and became the full-time secretary and working partner of Mikardo in his business, which involved trade with eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1958 Mikardo joined <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Swingler" title="Stephen Swingler">Stephen Swingler</a>, Richardson, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Davies,_Baron_Davies_of_Leek" title="Harold Davies, Baron Davies of Leek">Harold Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konni_Zilliacus" title="Konni Zilliacus">Konni Zilliacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Monslow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Monslow">Walter Monslow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Silverman" title="Sydney Silverman">Sydney Silverman</a>, to form Victory for Socialism (VFS), which was co-ordinated by Richardson.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikardo was defeated in his Reading seat in 1959 but won Poplar in the General Election of 1964, representing the area of London where his parents had first settled. As the constituencies were reorganised over time, he went on to represent <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)">Bethnal Green and Bow</a> from 1974 until 1983 and the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bow and Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Bow and Poplar</a> from 1983 until his retirement from Parliament in 1987. Mikardo served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee of the Labour Party</a> from 1950–59 and 1960–78. He was also chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">Select Committee</a> on Nationalised Industries 1966–70 and Chairman of the Labour Party 1970–71. </p><p>In February 1973 Mikardo joined <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, Shadow Foreign Secretary, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_McNally,_Baron_McNally" title="Tom McNally, Baron McNally">Tom McNally</a>, Secretary, International Department in an official Labour Party delegation visiting the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 March 1974 Mikardo, having already served as Chairman of the Labour Party, was elected chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party, defeating a candidate from the right of the party, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bottomley" title="Arthur Bottomley">Arthur Bottomley</a>, by 99–85 votes. A necessarily anonymous and discerning experienced clerk of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> remarked 'Ian Mikardo was simply the most skillful operator in committee that any of us ever saw.'<sup id="cite_ref-independent1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Parliament, he was known as the Commons' <a href="/wiki/Bookmaker" title="Bookmaker">bookmaker</a>, willing to take bets on all manner of political events. </p><p>In 1981, he was made chairman of the anti-nuclear <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Defence_Study_Group" title="Labour Party Defence Study Group">Labour Party Defence Study Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers2011b_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers2011b-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keep_Left_and_Keeping_Left">Keep Left and Keeping Left</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keep Left and Keeping Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1947 a small number of the 'King's Speech dissenters' in the Labour Party formed the 'Keep Left' group and met on a regular basis during that year. Along with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konni_Zilliacus" title="Konni Zilliacus">Konni Zilliacus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikardo published <a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(pamphlet)" title="Keep Left (pamphlet)">a pamphlet of the same name</a> in May 1947 in which the authors criticized the United States <a href="/wiki/Cold_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war">cold war</a> policies and urged a closer relationship with Europe in order to create a "Third Force" in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> and the formation of a <a href="/wiki/European_Security_Treaty" title="European Security Treaty">European Security Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of office of <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>'s Labour government, the Keep Left group attempted, through discussion and pamphlets, to produce practical proposals informed by socialist values. The group survived until April 1951. After that month's ministerial resignations it became one element within the much larger <a href="/wiki/Bevanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bevanite">Bevanite</a> faction. </p><p>Keep Left's concern was with modernisation and socialist ethics. This was evident in <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson's</a> governments in the 1960s. Such sentiments contributed to ministerial conflicts with the trade unions over <a href="/wiki/Incomes_policy" title="Incomes policy">incomes policy</a> and most thoroughly over <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle's</a> proposals for trade union reform. The vision of a more rational and ethical society discussed by a group of talented young politicians two decades earlier was at odds with sentiments deeply rooted in their party.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddnb1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddnb1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikardo_Committee_on_the_Docks">Mikardo Committee on the Docks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mikardo Committee on the Docks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mikardo Committee on the docks was set up by the Labour Party. Mikardo served on it, along with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham_(politician)" title="Andrew Cunningham (politician)">Andrew Cunningham</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/General,_Municipal,_Boilermakers_and_Allied_Trade_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union">General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union</a> (GMB) in north-east England, <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(Coventry_North_East_MP)" title="John Hughes (Coventry North East MP)">John Hughes</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin College, Oxford">Ruskin College, Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Jack Jones (trade unionist)">Jack Jones</a>, later general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport and General Workers Union">Transport and General Workers Union</a> then directly responsible for <a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">dockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Montague,_Baron_Montague_of_Oxford" title="Michael Montague, Baron Montague of Oxford">Michael Montague</a>, later of the <a href="/wiki/English_Tourist_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="English Tourist Board">English Tourist Board</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Peter Shore</a> MP. </p><p>A report in March 1965 exposed the problems of the docks industry. It recommended total restructuring of the docks under public ownership and with a system of decentralisation and workers' participation in management wider than for any other industry. The 1966 Labour Cabinet accepted the report. <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a> fought hard for it against ministerial resistance. However, the Labour government was unable to produce the Ports Bill<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the last session of that parliament. The Bill when it came was a disappointment it was a long way short of implementing the proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-independent1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had the committee's proposals been put into practice, the seamen's strike and <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Seamen#The_Growth_of_Dissent_and_the_Seamen.27s_Strike_of_1966" title="National Union of Seamen">its crippling effect on the economy</a> might have been avoided. Sourness was created in the Labour movement by suggestions of 'Reds under the bed'. It created the conditions for <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">Labour's defeat in 1970</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reselection_of_MPs">Reselection of MPs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reselection of MPs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the debates about reselection of MPs in the Labour Party in the late 1970s, he put forward the "Mikardo position", an attempted compromise which was adopted by the Labour Party conference in 1978. However this was overturned at the 1979 conference, which adopted full mandatory reselection of MPs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Belgrano_Enquiry_-_Parliamentary_Select_Committee">The Belgrano Enquiry - Parliamentary Select Committee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Belgrano Enquiry - Parliamentary Select Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikardo outlined in the House of Commons attempts by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">Parliamentary Select Committee</a>, of which he was a member, to find the truth about the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_General_Belgrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of General Belgrano">sinking of <i>General Belgrano</i></a> during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Foreign Affairs Select Committee">Foreign Affairs Select Committee</a>'s minority report was published in 1984. Mikardo complained that dogmatic views were being expressed. He stated that he had spent months going through all the evidence, but still could not make up his mind about the truth. He complained that other members who had not looked at all the evidence could not be so sure and dogmatic. He complained that information was being withheld and this would devalue its work and its report. Mikardo accused the government of lying to the House, to the Select Committee and to the country. This followed revelations from the trial of <a href="/wiki/Clive_Ponting" title="Clive Ponting">Clive Ponting</a>. He also stated that a civil servant had advised Ministers to deceive the Select Committee by withholding information. Mikardo quoted one of the reasons given for withholding, namely that the rules of engagement would have to be paraphrased considerably or they would be almost incomprehensible to the layman. Mikardo stated that the rules had been given to the War Cabinet whose members were all laymen and the rules had been fully understood by them. The Secretary of State subsequently agreed that it was nonsense and he had now given the rules to the Select Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikardo stated that a number of people had said that they could not understand why the Government had prosecuted Clive Ponting (who had been acquitted). Mikardo stated that the government's lying to the House of Commons was in the national interest. He stated that they wanted to protect themselves against criticism from the Select Committee, and others, and to be able to say that, however reprehensible, it was done in the national interest. Mikardo stated that the acquittal of Ponting got rid of that. Twelve British citizens had dismissed the judge's opinion, shared by the prime minister and some of her ministers, that the national interest is whatever the government of the day want to do. Mikardo stated: "<i>That is a monstrous doctrine because it confers on a Government a cachet of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>. I do not doubt that all Governments do what they judge to be in the national interest, but no Government have the right to assume that their judgment can never be wrong. No Government should assume that they can never be wrong and that what they do cannot sometimes, therefore, vary from the national interest. As has been said, that is the cherished doctrine of <a href="/wiki/General_Pinochet" class="mw-redirect" title="General Pinochet">General Pinochet</a> and of <a href="/wiki/General_Jaruzelski" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jaruzelski">General Jaruzelski</a>. It is the codex of all courts in police states. Before the time of our present Prime Minister and Mr Justice McCowan, that doctrine was unheard of in our country.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Browne (MP for Winchester) asked: "What greater test can any Government face than to fight a military campaign and have a disloyal adviser in a key area of defence? I am reminded of the betrayal of the Spartans at Thermopylae to the Persians. In what other country would the Government have to balance disclosure against national security in such a blaze of examination, comment and publicity?" </p><p>Mikardo responded: "The United States." </p><p>Browne: "No, not the President." </p><p>Mikardo: "Yes." (Sinking of the General Belgrano, Hansard, 18 February 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also: <a href="/wiki/ARA_General_Belgrano#Controversy_over_the_sinking" title="ARA General Belgrano">ARA General Belgrano: Controversy over the sinking</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poale_Zion_of_Britain_and_the_Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">Poale Zion of Britain and the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poale Zion of Britain and the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikardo and his wife were immersed in Jewish causes and help for Israel, which they often visited. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Mapam" title="Mapam">Mapam</a>, the Israeli United Workers' Party, and abhorred gratuitous provocation of the Palestinian Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances include: </p> <ul><li>7 March 1948: At the opening of the annual conference of the <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a> of Great Britain, Mikardo revealed that a vote of "no-confidence" would be sought against the government by some members of the British Labour Party when the bill to terminate the Palestine Mandate had its second reading in the House of Commons.</li> <li>21 July 1950: Mikardo asked in Parliament that the British Government's policy on providing arms to Egypt be revised. Mikardo pointed out that arms shipments to Egypt were premised on their use in collective defence and that Egypt had made it very clear that it would not join the collective effort on Korea. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Younger" title="Kenneth Younger">Kenneth Younger</a>, the government spokesman on foreign affairs, declared that the government was not contemplating changing its policy of supplying arms to Egypt.</li> <li>16 January 1951: Mikardo commented on an article he had written which included a suggestion for Britain to have a military base in Israel.</li> <li>11 July 1952: Labour Party leaders praised the courage and enthusiasm of the new State of Israel and said that it would overcome the great odds which it faces. They were speaking at a reception given by Labour MPs in honour of a <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> delegation of 62 American and Canadian Jews en route to Israel. They stressed the close relations between the Israeli and British Labour movements. Speakers included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a>, treasurer of the British Labour Party, Glenville Hall, chairman of its Parliamentary caucus, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Bacon,_Baroness_Bacon" title="Alice Bacon, Baroness Bacon">Alice Bacon</a>, former party chair and Ian Mikardo.</li> <li>1953: Mikardo questioned Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill on anti-Jewish discrimination at the <a href="/wiki/Mid_Ocean_Club" title="Mid Ocean Club">Mid Ocean Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books,_journals,_pamphlets,_and_articles"><span id="Books.2C_journals.2C_pamphlets.2C_and_articles"></span>Books, journals, pamphlets, and articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books, journals, pamphlets, and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Centralised Control of Industry, pamphlet, 1944 Advocating the extension into peacetime of wartime control of industry</li> <li>Keep Left (1947), Keeping Left (1950) Group of members of parliament, Michael Foot, Ian Mikardo, Richard Crossman</li> <li>The Problems of Nationalization (Current affairs) (1948)</li> <li>The Second Five Years – Pamphlet, 1948 Sets out a radical programme for the second post-war Labour Administration.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:rot605tih">Consultation or joint management?</a> book, 1949, contribution to the discussion of industrial democracy by J M Chalmers, Mikardo, G D H Cole</li> <li>Tribune No 723 January 12–25, 1951, Mikardo, Michael Foot, Evelyn Anderson. Ronald Searle</li> <li>It's a Mugs Game, Pamphlet, 1951 The bookmaker's trade.</li> <li>It Need Not Happen, The Alternative to German Rearmament Barbara Castle, Richard Crossman, Tom Driberg, Mikardo, Harold Wilson, Aneurin Bevan, book 1951</li> <li>The Immigration Story - What we are doing in Israel, Mikardo, 1953</li> <li>Electioneering in Labour marginal constituencies, Mikardo, 1955</li> <li>The Labour case Choice for Britain series, paperback, 1950, Herbert Morrison, Mikardo (author)</li> <li>Labour: party or puppet? Frank Allaun, Mikardo, Jim Sillars, book 1972</li> <li>New Fabian Essays by Ed. R H S Crossman</li> <li>Esprit, 1952. Contient entre autres : Il est temps encore, par l'equipe de Esprit. Sur la route vietnamienne, par Paul Mus. L'Experience Travailliste :Socialisme et travaillisme, par François Sellier. Necessites economiques, Mikardo et al.</li> <li>La Tribune des Peuples, No 4 1953. Contient entre autres : Il faut gagner la paix, par Aneurin Bevan (13p) Réflexions sur la décadence du capitalisme français, par Alfred Sauvy (14p) Le dilemme du Parti travailliste anglais, K. Martin, Mikardo et al.</li> <li>Private Eye No.321: 5 April 1974 Article</li> <li>Sense about defence: the report of the Labour Party Defence Study Group</li> <li>Back-bencher - Ian Mikardo, Book, 1988 (Autobiography)</li> <li>Docklands Redevelopment: How They Got It Wrong, Ian Mikardo, 1990</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikardo died, age 84, on 6 May 1993 from a stroke, whilst being treated for <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stepping_Hill_Hospital" title="Stepping Hill Hospital">Stepping Hill Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. He was survived by his wife Mary and daughters Ruth and Judy. </p><p>Ian Mikardo High School in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a> is named after him. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ian+Mikardo+Way,+Reading/@51.4676182,-0.9541093,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48769b2a20d967c9:0x544b982e3004a726!8m2!3d51.4676149!4d-0.9519206">Ian Mikardo Way</a>, Caversham, Reading is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_responses_to_the_anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="British responses to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">British responses to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/52289">"Tam Dalyell: <i>Mikardo, Ian (1908–1993)</i>"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123408/https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52289">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tam+Dalyell%3A+Mikardo%2C+Ian+%281908%E2%80%931993%29&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%2C+Oxford+University+Press%2C+2004%3B+online+edn%2C+May+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F52289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/11/obituaries/ian-mikardo-84-dies-led-british-labor-party.html">"The New York Times: <i>Ian Mikardo, 84, Dies - Led British Labor Party</i> 11 May 1993 Accessed 21 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123358/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/11/obituaries/ian-mikardo-84-dies-led-british-labor-party.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times%3A+Ian+Mikardo%2C+84%2C+Dies+-+Led+British+Labor+Party+11+May+1993+Accessed+21+August+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F11%2Fobituaries%2Fian-mikardo-84-dies-led-british-labor-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://democracy.brent.gov.uk/Data/Council/20040628/Agenda/cm28jne.pdf">"Brent Council Meeting noting the death of Norman Mikado, 2004, Accessed 22 August 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605042308/http://democracy.brent.gov.uk/Data/Council/20040628/Agenda/cm28jne.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brent+Council+Meeting+noting+the+death+of+Norman+Mikado%2C+2004%2C+Accessed+22+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemocracy.brent.gov.uk%2FData%2FCouncil%2F20040628%2FAgenda%2Fcm28jne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/jan/31/barbara-tayler">"Barbara Tayler obituary in the Guardian 31 January 2012 Accessed 22 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123400/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/jan/31/barbara-tayler">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbara+Tayler+obituary+in+the+Guardian+31+January+2012+Accessed+22+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2012%2Fjan%2F31%2Fbarbara-tayler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastlondonhistory1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eastlondonhistory1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastlondonhistory1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eastlondonhistory.com/2011/06/16/ian-mikardo-east-end-mp/">"Ian Mikardo, East End MP, obituary at East London History Site, c2012 Accessed 22 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123358/http://eastlondonhistory.com/2011/06/16/ian-mikardo-east-end-mp/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Mikardo%2C+East+End+MP%2C+obituary+at+East+London+History+Site%2C+c2012+Accessed+22+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feastlondonhistory.com%2F2011%2F06%2F16%2Fian-mikardo-east-end-mp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernghostsociety.co.uk/past-ghost-hunts/ghost-hunt-old-beneficiary-school.html">Old Beneficiary School Ghost Hunt Investigation- Portsmouth Hampshire, Accessed 22 August 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114515/http://southernghostsociety.co.uk/past-ghost-hunts/ghost-hunt-old-beneficiary-school.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernghostsociety.co.uk/ghost-hunt-gallery.asp?ghost-hunt=The%20Old%20">Beneficiary Ghost Hunt Gallery Accessed 22 August 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celiaclark.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=50">Omega Street School, 1881, Now used as an art school, Accessed 22 August 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121012/http://www.celiaclark.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=50">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/others/sgs/index.htm">Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth – (The Former) Southern Grammar School, Accessed 22 August 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501115200/http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/others/sgs/index.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ian-mikardo-2321404.html">"Obituary: Ian Mikardo <i>The Independent</i> 7 May 1993 Accessed 22 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911103721/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ian-mikardo-2321404.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary%3A+Ian+Mikardo+The+Independent+7+May+1993+Accessed+22+August+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-ian-mikardo-2321404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1116,00.html">"Has anybody actually seen a person with a sandwich board proclaiming: 'The end of the world is nigh'? The Guardian - undated Accessed 22 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123401/https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1116,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+anybody+actually+seen+a+person+with+a+sandwich+board+proclaiming%3A+%27The+end+of+the+world+is+nigh%27%3F+The+Guardian+-+undated+Accessed+22+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.com%2Fnotesandqueries%2Fquery%2F0%2C%2C-1116%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/london/EE_mile-end-bow_utd/index.htm">"Mile End & Bow District Synagogue Records, Accessed 23 August 2013"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123401/https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/london/EE_mile-end-bow_utd/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mile+End+%26+Bow+District+Synagogue+Records%2C+Accessed+23+August+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fjcr-uk%2Flondon%2FEE_mile-end-bow_utd%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalnoisephotography.co.uk/2013/05/15/former-miles-aircraft-factory-woodley/">Former Miles Aircraft Factory, Woodley Accessed 23 August 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streetmap.co.uk/street/IAN_MIKARDO_WAY_in_CAVERSHAM_in_READING_in_RG4_583010_285944.htm">"Ian Mikardo Way in Caversham, Reading, Accessed 24 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513063655/http://streetmap.co.uk/street/IAN_MIKARDO_WAY_in_CAVERSHAM_in_READING_in_RG4_583010_285944.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Mikardo+Way+in+Caversham%2C+Reading%2C+Accessed+24+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streetmap.co.uk%2Fstreet%2FIAN_MIKARDO_WAY_in_CAVERSHAM_in_READING_in_RG4_583010_285944.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/aug/13/thinktanks.uk">"The Fabian Society: a brief history, The Guardian, Accessed 23 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208105946/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/aug/13/thinktanks.uk">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fabian+Society%3A+a+brief+history%2C+The+Guardian%2C+Accessed+23+August+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2001%2Faug%2F13%2Fthinktanks.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jo-richardson-1391377.html">"Jo Richardson Obituary, The Independent 2 February 1994, accessed 23 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113124458/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jo-richardson-1391377.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jo+Richardson+Obituary%2C+The+Independent+2+February+1994%2C+accessed+23+August+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-jo-richardson-1391377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20141008043847/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/jorich.html">Jo Richardson – Archives Hub, accessed 23 August 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cache1.asset-cache.net/gc/3378301-7th-february-1973-a-british-labour-party-gettyimages.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=Fmcgg%2BDW9I5P1Wlo38MMeyi5u0mHXlfklordVdH9ToCr2ia2Xzq7ufxK5B6YYBke">"Far East Delegation 1973, accessed 23 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195342/http://cache1.asset-cache.net/gc/3378301-7th-february-1973-a-british-labour-party-gettyimages.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=Fmcgg%2BDW9I5P1Wlo38MMeyi5u0mHXlfklordVdH9ToCr2ia2Xzq7ufxK5B6YYBke">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Far+East+Delegation+1973%2C+accessed+23+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcache1.asset-cache.net%2Fgc%2F3378301-7th-february-1973-a-british-labour-party-gettyimages.jpg%3Fv%3D1%26c%3DIWSAsset%26k%3D2%26d%3DFmcgg%252BDW9I5P1Wlo38MMeyi5u0mHXlfklordVdH9ToCr2ia2Xzq7ufxK5B6YYBke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers2011b-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2011b_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhiannon_Vickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Rhiannon Vickers (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_YCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156"><i>The Labour Party and the World - Volume 2: Labour's Foreign Policy since 1951</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-595-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-595-3"><bdi>978-1-84779-595-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704123919/https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_YCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Party+and+the+World+-+Volume+2%3A+Labour%27s+Foreign+Policy+since+1951&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-595-3&rft.au=Rhiannon+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPC_YCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUzilliacus.htm">Konni Zilliacus Biography Accessed 23 August 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614194318/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUzilliacus.htm">Archived</a> 14 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bus.lsbu.ac.uk/resources/CIBS/european-institute-papers/papers2/498.PDF">1947 pamphlet, accessed 23 August 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmikardo.htm">Ian Mikardo Biography, Accessed 24 August 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163138/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmikardo.htm">Archived</a> 20 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxforddnb1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxforddnb1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/theme-print.jsp?articleid=92511">Oxford DNB article: Keep Left 2013-05, accessed 23 August 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pla.co.uk/Port-of-London-Act-1968">"Port of London Act 1968, accessed 24 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416054717/http://www.pla.co.uk/Port-of-London-Act-1968">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+of+London+Act+1968%2C+accessed+24+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pla.co.uk%2FPort-of-London-Act-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belgranoinquiry.com/sound-archive/ian-mikado-mp-foiled-attempts-to-find-the-truth">"Ian Mikardo - <i>Foiled attempts to find the truth</i> Accessed 20 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331184911/http://belgranoinquiry.com/sound-archive/ian-mikado-mp-foiled-attempts-to-find-the-truth">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Mikardo+-+Foiled+attempts+to+find+the+truth+Accessed+20+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelgranoinquiry.com%2Fsound-archive%2Fian-mikado-mp-foiled-attempts-to-find-the-truth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansard-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/feb/18/sinking-of-the-general-belgrano#column_795">"Hansard, accessed 24 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819144334/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/feb/18/sinking-of-the-general-belgrano#column_795">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansard%2C+accessed+24+August+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1985%2Ffeb%2F18%2Fsinking-of-the-general-belgrano%23column_795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1953/06/25/archive/churchill-exonerates-bermuda-club-says-it-doesnt-bar-jews">"Club says it doesn't bar Jews, accessed 24 August 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222161543/http://www.jta.org/1953/06/25/archive/churchill-exonerates-bermuda-club-says-it-doesnt-bar-jews">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+says+it+doesn%27t+bar+Jews%2C+accessed+24+August+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1953%2F06%2F25%2Farchive%2Fchurchill-exonerates-bermuda-club-says-it-doesnt-bar-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1953/06/18/archive/president-of-bermuda-club-denies-barring-jews-from-member-ship">"Club President denies excluding Jews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163048/http://www.jta.org/1953/06/18/archive/president-of-bermuda-club-denies-barring-jews-from-member-ship">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+President+denies+excluding+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1953%2F06%2F18%2Farchive%2Fpresident-of-bermuda-club-denies-barring-jews-from-member-ship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Mikardo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Mikardo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-ian-mikardo">contributions in Parliament by Ian Mikardo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=l2Mbz55cMFc">short ITV news feature on Mikardo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/political-voices-ian-mikardo.html">An interview with Ian Mikardo, 1990</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bakewell_Howitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Bakewell Howitt">Alfred Bakewell Howitt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Reading_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a>–<a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Reading_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading South (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading South</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a>–<a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Reading_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reading (UK Parliament constituency)">Reading</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a>–<a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Emery" title="Peter Emery">Peter Emery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Key" title="Charles Key">Charles Key</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Poplar</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a> – <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">Feb 1974</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)">Bethnal Green and Bow</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">Feb 1974</a> – <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_Poplar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bow and Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)">Bow and Poplar</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a>–<a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gordon_(politician)" title="Mildred Gordon (politician)">Mildred Gordon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Davies">Emil Davies</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> </b><br />1947–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Diamond,_Baron_Diamond" title="Jack Diamond, Baron Diamond">Jack Diamond</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Douglas Houghton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party">Chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party</a> </b><br />1970–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cledwyn Hughes">Cledwyn Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Skeffington" title="Arthur Skeffington">Arthur Skeffington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">Chair of the Labour Party NEC</a> </b><br />1970–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Trade union offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Union founded</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Scientific,_Technical_and_Managerial_Staffs" title="Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs">Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs</a> </b><br />1969–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Len Wells</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">Abortion in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_Shooting_or_Stabbing_Act_1803" title="Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803">Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1828" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1828">Offences Against the Person Act 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1837" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1837">Offences Against the Person Act 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_Life_(Preservation)_Act_1929" title="Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929">Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1945" title="Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945">Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">Abortion Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_1990" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990">Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Executive_Formation_etc)_Act_2019" title="Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019">Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_(organisation)" title="Abortion Rights (organisation)">Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pregnancy_Advisory_Service" title="British Pregnancy Advisory Service">British Pregnancy Advisory Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSI_Reproductive_Choices" title="MSI Reproductive Choices">Marie Stopes International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">National Council for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Association" title="Family Planning Association">Family Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Supporter" title="Sister Supporter">Sister Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Off_Scotland" title="Back Off Scotland">Back Off Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Support_Network" title="Abortion Support Network">Abortion Support Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Chance" title="Janet Chance">Janet Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Jenkins" title="Alice Jenkins">Alice Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Frida Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGillivray" title="Ian MacGillivray">Ian MacGillivray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Baird" title="Dugald Baird">Dugald Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Vernon_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Vernon Hubble">Douglas Vernon Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cole_(sexologist)" title="Martin Cole (sexologist)">Martin Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Houghton" title="Vera Houghton">Vera Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Houghton">Douglas Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Munday" title="Diane Munday">Diane Munday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Simms" title="Madeleine Simms">Madeleine Simms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lafitte" title="François Lafitte">François Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paintin" title="David Paintin">David Paintin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Neustatter" title="Walter L. Neustatter">Walter L. Neustatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Eliot Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Silkin" title="Samuel Silkin">Samuel Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Potts" title="Malcolm Potts">Malcolm Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Deys" title="Caroline Deys">Caroline Deys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Glanville Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggory" title="Peter Diggory">Peter Diggory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winstanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Winstanley">Michael Winstanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunwoody" title="John Dunwoody">John Dunwoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Dunwoody" title="Gwyneth Dunwoody">Gwyneth Dunwoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(politician)" title="Peter Jackson (politician)">Peter Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Short" title="Renée Short">Renée Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sinclair_(politician)" title="George Sinclair (politician)">George Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ian Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marks_(doctor)" title="John Marks (doctor)">John Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Richardson" title="Jo Richardson">Jo Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Furedi" title="Ann Furedi">Ann Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hewson" title="Barbara Hewson">Barbara Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lo" title="Anna Lo">Anna Lo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Unborn_Children" title="Society for the Protection of Unborn Children">Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Action,_Research_and_Education" title="Christian Action, Research and Education">Christian Action, Research and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(UK_organisation)" title="Life (UK organisation)">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Both_Lives_Matter" title="Both Lives Matter">Both Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProLife_Alliance" title="ProLife Alliance">ProLife Alliance</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleck_Bourne" title="Aleck Bourne">Aleck Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bowman" title="Phyllis Bowman">Phyllis Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Braine" title="Bernard Braine">Bernard Braine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(British_politician)" title="James Dunn (British politician)">James Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Knight" title="Jill Knight">Jill Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mahon" title="Simon Mahon">Simon Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">Norman St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dempsey_(Scottish_politician)" title="James Dempsey (Scottish politician)">James Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_White_(Scottish_politician)" title="James White (Scottish politician)">James White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Campbell_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Campbell (Scottish politician)">Ian Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corrie" title="John Corrie">John Corrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Benyon" title="Bill Benyon">Bill Benyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Michael Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alton" title="David Alton">David Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gillick" title="Victoria Gillick">Victoria Gillick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Scarisbrick" title="Jack Scarisbrick">Jack Scarisbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_Scarisbrick" title="Nuala Scarisbrick">Nuala Scarisbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Benton" title="Joe Benton">Joe Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dobbin" title="Jim Dobbin">Jim Dobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Dorries" title="Nadine Dorries">Nadine Dorries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Flello" title="Rob Flello">Rob Flello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Jepson" title="Joanna Jepson">Joanna Jepson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Crowter" title="Heidi Crowter">Heidi Crowter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Study_of_Sex_Psychology" title="British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology">British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Sexual_Reform" title="World League for Sexual Reform">World League for Sexual Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Population_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Population Fund">UN Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Abortion in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36761249">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/244146/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhTjWPXg4b4kxKpKrKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr89000943">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007290182405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/9xZ6iETD">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/187521174">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g3171x">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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