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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_of_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition of forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition_of_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition of forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_and_Hessians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Hessians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British and Hessians</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" 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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of White Plains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Битка при Уайт Плейнс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Уайт Плейнс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_White_Plains" title="Slaget ved White Plains – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved White Plains" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_White_Plains" title="Schlacht von White Plains – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von White Plains" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_White_Plains" title="Bataille de White Plains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de White Plains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="화이트 플레인스 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화이트 플레인스 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_White_Plains" title="Battaglia di White Plains – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di White Plains" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="קרב וייט פליינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב וייט פליינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ホワイト・プレインズの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホワイト・プレインズの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_White_Plains" title="Slaget ved White Plains – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved White Plains" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_White_Plains" title="Bitwa pod White Plains – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod White Plains" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_White_Plains" title="Batalha de White Plains – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de White Plains" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Сражение при Уайт-Плейнсе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение при Уайт-Плейнсе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plainsin_taistelu" title="White Plainsin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="White Plainsin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8E%9F%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="白原戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白原戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_White_Plains&params=41.03_N_73.78_W_region:US-NY_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°47′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.03°N 73.78°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.03; -73.78</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1776 battle near White Plains, New York</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of White Plains</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_white_plains_historic_site_073105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Battle_of_white_plains_historic_site_073105.jpg/300px-Battle_of_white_plains_historic_site_073105.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Battle_of_white_plains_historic_site_073105.jpg/450px-Battle_of_white_plains_historic_site_073105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Battle_of_white_plains_historic_site_073105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="357" /></a></span><br />Battle of White Plains Historic Site</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>October 28, 1776</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_White_Plains&params=41.03_N_73.78_W_region:US-NY_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°47′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.03°N 73.78°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.03; -73.78</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie_(British_Army_officer)" title="Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)">Alexander Leslie</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rall" title="Johann Rall">Johann Rall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Donop" title="Carl von Donop">Carl von Donop</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Spencer" title="Joseph Spencer">Joseph Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4,000–7,500<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,100<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>48 killed</li> <li>182 wounded</li> <li>4 missing<sup id="cite_ref-D270_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D270-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>50–150+ killed</li> <li>150+ wounded</li> <li>1 missing</li> <li>16 captured<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D270_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D270-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_1775" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1775"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_1775" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1775"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_1775" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1775"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign_1776–1777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign"><span class="wrap">New York and New Jersey campaign</span></a> <br /> 1776–1777</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Kip's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Pell's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamaroneck" title="Battle of Mamaroneck">Mamaroneck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee_Historic_Park#Battle_of_Fort_Lee" title="Fort Lee Historic Park">Fort Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_of_Geary" title="Ambush of Geary">Geary Ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iron_Works_Hill" title="Battle of Iron Works Hill">Iron Works Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Delaware crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_War" title="Forage War">Forage War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Millstone" title="Battle of Millstone">Millstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of White Plains</b> took place during the <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> on October 28, 1776, near <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Following the retreat of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> northward from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> General <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a> landed troops in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>, intending to cut off Washington's escape route. Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failing to establish firm control over local high ground. Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north. </p><p>Later British movements chased Washington across <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. Washington then <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossed the Delaware</a> and surprised a brigade of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> troops in the December 26 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Plan_of_the_Operations_of_the_King%27s_Army_under_the_Command_of_General_Sr._William_Howe,_K.B._in_New_York_and_East_New_Jersey,_against_the_American_Forces_Commanded_by_General_Washington,_From_the_12th._of_October,_RMG_F0190_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_Plan_of_the_Operations_of_the_King%27s_Army_under_the_Command_of_General_Sr._William_Howe%2C_K.B._in_New_York_and_East_New_Jersey%2C_against_the_American_Forces_Commanded_by_General_Washington%2C_From_the_12th._of_October%2C_RMG_F0190_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_Plan_of_the_Operations_of_the_King%27s_Army_under_the_Command_of_General_Sr._William_Howe%2C_K.B._in_New_York_and_East_New_Jersey%2C_against_the_American_Forces_Commanded_by_General_Washington%2C_From_the_12th._of_October%2C_RMG_F0190_%28cropped%29.jpg/435px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_Plan_of_the_Operations_of_the_King%27s_Army_under_the_Command_of_General_Sr._William_Howe%2C_K.B._in_New_York_and_East_New_Jersey%2C_against_the_American_Forces_Commanded_by_General_Washington%2C_From_the_12th._of_October%2C_RMG_F0190_%28cropped%29.jpg/580px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4855" data-file-height="7166" /></a><figcaption>Military map by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Joseph_Sauthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Joseph Sauthier">Claude Joseph Sauthier</a> showing troop movements before, during, and after the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>British general <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">evacuating Boston</a> in March 1776, regrouped in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign began with an unopposed landing on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> in early July. British troops made another unopposed landing, on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, on August 22, south of the areas where General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> on August 27, General Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> was then called).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Howe followed up with a <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">landing on Manhattan</a> on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">at Harlem Heights</a>. After an abortive landing at <a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throg's Neck</a>, he landed troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">with some resistance at Pell's Point</a> on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, which was dominated by warships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe established a camp at <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a>, but advance elements of his army were near <a href="/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_York" title="Mamaroneck, New York">Mamaroneck</a>, only 7 miles (11 km) from <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a>, where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot.<sup id="cite_ref-S232_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 20, General Washington sent Colonel <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a> out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-S232_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Lord Stirling</a>, whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains. They arrived at White Plains at 9:00 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains,<sup id="cite_ref-Lengel_p.161_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lengel_p.161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> to defend <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Manhattan)" title="Fort Washington (Manhattan)">Fort Washington</a> on Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lengel_p.161_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lengel_p.161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> occupied Mamaroneck. The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under <a href="/wiki/John_Haslet" title="John Haslet">John Haslet</a>, who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded. As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Wilhelm von Knyphausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elijahmillerhouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elijahmillerhouse.JPG/170px-Elijahmillerhouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elijahmillerhouse.JPG/255px-Elijahmillerhouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elijahmillerhouse.JPG/340px-Elijahmillerhouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Miller_House" title="Elijah Miller House">Elijah Miller House</a>, which served as <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s headquarters in White Plains</figcaption></figure> <p>Washington established his headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Miller_House" title="Elijah Miller House">Elijah Miller House</a> in North White Plains on October 23,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">entrenchments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>, with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat. The American defenses were 3 miles (4.8 km) long. Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance. The hill was initially occupied by <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)#Revolutionary_War_.281775–1783.29" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company.<sup id="cite_ref-D261_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D261-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to <a href="/wiki/Scarsdale,_New_York" title="Scarsdale, New York">Scarsdale</a>, where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River. This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a>'s column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a>, and primarily <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> troops on the left under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Philip_de_Heister" title="Leopold Philip de Heister">General von Heister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_p._260_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_p._260-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_forces">Composition of forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition of forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Hessians">British and Hessians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British and Hessians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>British</b> </p><p>British troops involved included:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_Regiment_of_(Light)_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons">16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Regiment_of_Light_Dragoons_(1759)" title="17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (1759)">17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Guards_Division" title="Guards Division">Guards Brigade</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Northumberland_Fusiliers)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)">5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)">23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Regiment of Foot">27th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Regiment of Foot">28th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="35th Regiment of Foot">35th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_(Royal_Highland,_The_Black_Watch)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot">42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Regiment of Foot">49th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="52nd Regiment of Foot">52nd Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li>No.1 Company, 4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a></li> <li>No.2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery</li> <li>No.4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (specially thanked in <a href="/wiki/General_order" title="General order">general orders</a>)</li> <li>No.5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (thanked in general orders)</li> <li>No.8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (thanked in general orders)</li></ul> <p><b>Hessians</b> </p> <ul><li>Grenadier Regiment von Rahl<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americans">Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American (continental) forces in the battle included:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Spencer's Division</b> <ul><li><b>Parson's Brigade</b> under <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holden_Parsons" title="Samuel Holden Parsons">Samuel Holden Parsons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Continental_Regiment" title="10th Continental Regiment">10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Continental_Regiment" title="20th Continental Regiment">20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Continental_Regiment" title="21st Continental Regiment">21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Wadsworth's Brigade</b> under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_Wadsworth_(lawyer)" title="James Wadsworth (lawyer)">James Wadsworth</a> <ul><li>Gay's Battalion</li> <li>Douglas' Battalion</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware Regiment">Delaware Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_New_York_Regiment" title="1st New York Regiment">1st New York Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_New_York_Regiment" title="3rd New York Regiment">3rd New York Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Maryland_Regiment" title="1st Maryland Regiment">Maryland Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Connecticut_Regiment_(1775)" title="1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)">Connecticut Regiment</a></li> <li>Brook's New York Militia</li> <li>Graham's Massachusetts Militia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg/290px-White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg/435px-White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg/580px-White_Plains_Battle_Plans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>1796 map showing the strategies of the opposing armies</figcaption></figure> <p>While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Lengel_p.162_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lengel_p.162-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Connecticut_Regiment" title="2nd Connecticut Regiment">2nd Connecticut Regiment</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Spencer" title="Joseph Spencer">Joseph Spencer</a> out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the <a href="/wiki/198th_Signal_Battalion_(United_States)" title="198th Signal Battalion (United States)">1st Delaware Regiment</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a>'s brigade (<a href="/wiki/Rudolphus_Ritzema" title="Rudolphus Ritzema">Rudolphus Ritzema</a>'s <a href="/wiki/3rd_New_York_Regiment" title="3rd New York Regiment">3rd New York Regiment</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Webb_(American_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Webb (American Revolution) (page does not exist)">Charles Webb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/19th_Continental_Regiment" title="19th Continental Regiment">19th Continental Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Smallwood" title="William Smallwood">William Smallwood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1st_Maryland_Regiment" title="1st Maryland Regiment">1st Maryland Regiment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1st_New_York_Regiment" title="1st New York Regiment">1st New York Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_York_Regiment" title="2nd New York Regiment">2nd New York Regiments</a>) to reinforce Chatterton Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-D263_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners (<a href="/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York" title="Hartsdale, New York">Hartsdale, New York</a>) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rall" title="Johann Rall">Johann Rall</a> that were at the head of the British left column. When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_p._260_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_p._260-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river. This concerted defense brought the entire <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a>, which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat. The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-D263_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault. Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Donop" title="Carl von Donop">Carl von Donop</a> (consisting of the Linsing, <a href="/wiki/Duderstadt" title="Duderstadt">Mingerode</a>, Lengereck, and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center. A British column under General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie_(British_Army_officer)" title="Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)">Alexander Leslie</a> (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th foot) was to attack the right. Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross. Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted their advance. The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat. Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg/220px-WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg/330px-WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg/440px-WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a> artist rendition of General Howe, by Charles Corbutt, c. 1777</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(historian)" title="John Fortescue (historian)">John Fortescue</a>'s <i>History of the British Army</i> says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians.<sup id="cite_ref-Boatner1201_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boatner1201-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19 to 28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-Atwood75_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atwood75-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains. Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and four missing.<sup id="cite_ref-D270_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D270-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American loss is uncertain. Theodore Savas and J. David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Savas&Dameron80_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savas&Dameron80-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-RoadsVIII53_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoadsVIII53-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-D270_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D270-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two generals remained where they were for two days, while Howe reinforced the position on Chatterton Hill, and Washington organized his army for retreat into the hills. With the arrival of additional Hessian and Waldeck troops under <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland">Lord Percy</a> on October 30, Howe planned to act against the Americans the following day. However, a heavy rain fell the whole next day,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when Howe was finally prepared to act, he awoke to find that Washington had again eluded his grasp.<sup id="cite_ref-S242_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S242-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington withdrew his army into the hills to the north on the night of October 31, establishing a camp near <a href="/wiki/North_Castle,_New_York" title="North Castle, New York">North Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S242_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S242-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe chose not to follow, instead attempting without success to draw Washington out.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 5, he turned his army south to finish evicting Continental Army troops from Manhattan, a task he accomplished with the November 16 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington eventually crossed the Hudson River at <a href="/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York" title="Peekskill, New York">Peekskill</a> with most of his army, leaving <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> regiments behind to guard supply stores and important river crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, British movements chased him across New Jersey and into <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and the British established a chain of outposts across New Jersey. Washington, seeing an opportunity for a victory to boost the nation's morale, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossed the Delaware</a> and surprised Rall's troops in the December 26 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each year on or near the anniversary date, the White Plains Historical Society hosts a commemoration of the event at the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Purdy_House" title="Jacob Purdy House">Jacob Purdy House</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two ships in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> were named for the Battle of White Plains. <a href="/wiki/USS_White_Plains_(CVE-66)" title="USS White Plains (CVE-66)">CVE-66</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carrier</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/USS_White_Plains_(AFS-4)" title="USS White Plains (AFS-4)">AFS-4</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">combat stores ship</a> that was decommissioned in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some historians, the <a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a> depicted in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a>" was inspired by a real-life Hessian soldier who lost his head by cannon fire during this battle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="~ Battle of White Plains ~ 150th Anniversary Issue of 1926"><img alt="~ Battle of White Plains ~ 150th Anniversary Issue of 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg/200px-Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg/300px-Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg/400px-Battle_of_White_Plains_1926_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>~ Battle of White Plains ~</i><br />150th Anniversary <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Two_Cent_Red_Sesquicentennial_Issues_of_1926_-_1932" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Issue</a> of 1926</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_White_Plains_(CVE-66)_at_San_Diego,_8_March_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="USS White Plains (CVE-66)"><img alt="USS White Plains (CVE-66)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/USS_White_Plains_%28CVE-66%29_at_San_Diego%2C_8_March_1944.jpg/200px-USS_White_Plains_%28CVE-66%29_at_San_Diego%2C_8_March_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/USS_White_Plains_%28CVE-66%29_at_San_Diego%2C_8_March_1944.jpg/300px-USS_White_Plains_%28CVE-66%29_at_San_Diego%2C_8_March_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/USS_White_Plains_%28CVE-66%29_at_San_Diego%2C_8_March_1944.jpg/400px-USS_White_Plains_%28CVE-66%29_at_San_Diego%2C_8_March_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/USS_White_Plains_(CVE-66)" title="USS White Plains (CVE-66)">USS <i>White Plains</i> (CVE-66)</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">List of American Revolutionary War battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#British_New_York_counter-offensive" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive</a>. The 'Battle of White Plains' placed in overall sequence and strategic context.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British reports do not indicate exactly how many troops were engaged; most historians do not list specific values. Dawson estimates 7,500 (p. 269), more than one half of Howe's army. Alden estimates 4,000 (p. 273).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 269. No exact count is known for the Massachusetts militia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D270-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D270_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D270_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D270_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D270_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 270. Numbers are minimum; casualties are not known for Haslet's regiment or the Massachusetts militia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 85, 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 100, 118–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/1776_(book)" title="1776 (book)">1776</a></i>, pp. 188–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 179–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S232-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S232_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S232_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> p. 55, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> pp. 55–56, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> pp. 55–57, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lengel_p.161-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lengel_p.161_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lengel_p.161_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 252–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090919/http://parks.westchestergov.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2046&Itemid=4465">"Miller House"</a>. Westchester County Parks Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parks.westchestergov.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2046&Itemid=4465">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miller+House&rft.pub=Westchester+County+Parks+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparks.westchestergov.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D2046%26Itemid%3D4465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene52-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greene52_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D261-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D261_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 258–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> pp. 57–59, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson,_p._260-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_p._260_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_p._260_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030091400/http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/75awi.htm">"American War of Independence, 1775–1783"</a>. 2007-10-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/75awi.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+War+of+Independence%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regiments.org%2Fwars%2F18thcent%2F75awi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan, pp. 254, 256, 257, 259, 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/battle-of-white-plains/">"Battle of White Plains"</a>. <i>www.britishbattles.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925134017/https://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/battle-of-white-plains/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishbattles.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+White+Plains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishbattles.com%2Fwar-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783%2Fbattle-of-white-plains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 385–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lengel_p.162-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lengel_p.162_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D263-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D263_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D263_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 262–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 265–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatner1201-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boatner1201_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatner, p. 1201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood75-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atwood75_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atwood, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_p._59_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> p. 59, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savas&Dameron80-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Savas&Dameron80_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savas and Dameron, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoadsVIII53-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoadsVIII53_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roads, Chapter VIII, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S242-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S242_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S242_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 274–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 243–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 255–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WPHS_Calendar">White Plains Historical Society Event Calendar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040329024348/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w7/white_plains-ii.htm">"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships – <i>White Plains</i>"</a>. Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w7/white_plains-ii.htm">the original</a> on 2004-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships+%E2%80%93+White+Plains&rft.pub=Naval+History+%26+Heritage+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fw7%2Fwhite_plains-ii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/30/us/after-the-storm-thousands-on-guam-lose-homes-in-typhoon.html?pagewanted=1">"After the storm; Thousands on Guam lose homes in typhoon"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 1992-08-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204052022/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/30/us/after-the-storm-thousands-on-guam-lose-homes-in-typhoon.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+the+storm%3B+Thousands+on+Guam+lose+homes+in+typhoon&rft.date=1992-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F08%2F30%2Fus%2Fafter-the-storm-thousands-on-guam-lose-homes-in-typhoon.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hullnumber.com/AFS-4">"U.S.S <i>White Plains</i>"</a>. <i>HullNumber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091527/http://www.hullnumber.com/AFS-4">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HullNumber.com&rft.atitle=U.S.S+White+Plains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hullnumber.com%2FAFS-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Jacqueline (October 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historydetectives.nyhistory.org/2013/10/halloween-history-the-legend-of-sleepy-hollow/">"Halloween History: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"</a>. <i>New-York Historical Society Museum & Library: History Detectives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921125600/http://historydetectives.nyhistory.org/2013/10/halloween-history-the-legend-of-sleepy-hollow/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New-York+Historical+Society+Museum+%26+Library%3A+History+Detectives&rft.atitle=Halloween+History%3A+The+Legend+of+Sleepy+Hollow&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorydetectives.nyhistory.org%2F2013%2F10%2Fhalloween-history-the-legend-of-sleepy-hollow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Alden" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John (1989). <i>A History of the American Revolution</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80366-6"><bdi>978-0-306-80366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80366-6&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Atwood" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Rodney (1980). <i>The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in American Revolution</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2530-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2530-6"><bdi>0-8061-2530-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hessians%3A+Mercenaries+from+Hessen-Kassel+in+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8061-2530-6&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dawson" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Henry Barton (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westchestercoun00dawsgoog"><i>Westchester County, New York in the American Revolution</i></a>. Morrisania, New York: self-published. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westchestercoun00dawsgoog/page/n282">259</a>. <q>chatterton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westchester+County%2C+New+York+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Morrisania%2C+New+York&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestchestercoun00dawsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Boatner" class="citation book cs1">Boatner, Mark Mayo (1966). <i>Cassell's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence, 1763–1783</i>. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+American+War+of+Independence%2C+1763%E2%80%931783&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Boatner&rft.aufirst=Mark+Mayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Major Francis Duncan (1873). <i>History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II</i>. London: John Murray.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing_(book)" title="Washington's Crossing (book)"><i>Washington's Crossing</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517034-4">978-0-19-517034-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186017328">186017328</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1911" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Francis Vinton (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719080338/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6248065"><i>The Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6248065">the original</a> on 2009-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+War+and+the+Military+Policy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Francis+Vinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D6248065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengel2005" class="citation book cs1">Lengel, Edward (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalgeorgewas00leng"><i>General George Washington</i></a></span>. New York: Random House Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400060818" title="Special:BookSources/9781400060818"><bdi>9781400060818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Paperbacks&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781400060818&rft.aulast=Lengel&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralgeorgewas00leng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoads1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Roads_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Roads Jr. (page does not exist)">Roads, Samuel Jr.</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924025963277"><i>The History and Traditions of Marblehead</i></a>. Boston: Osgood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Traditions+of+Marblehead&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Osgood&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Roads&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924025963277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Savas_and_Dameron" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_P._Savas" title="Theodore P. Savas">Savas, Theodore P.</a>; Dameron, J. David (2006). <i>A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution</i>. New York and El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beattie LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-12-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-12-8"><bdi>978-1-932714-12-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Battles+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York+and+El+Dorado+Hills%2C+CA&rft.pub=Savas+Beattie+LLC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-932714-12-8&rft.aulast=Savas&rft.aufirst=Theodore+P.&rft.au=Dameron%2C+J.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schecter" class="citation book cs1">Schecter, Barton (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlefornewyork00sche"><i>The Battle for New York</i></a></span>. New York: Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1374-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1374-2"><bdi>0-8027-1374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8027-1374-2&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlefornewyork00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Digby Smith</a>, Kevin E. Kiley, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a> (2017). <i>An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the American War of Independence</i>. London: Lorenz Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-1761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-1761-1">978-0-7548-1761-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WPHS_Calendar" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030233854/http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/calendar.html">"White Plains Historical Society Event Calendar"</a>. White Plains Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/calendar.html">the original</a> on 2010-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Plains+Historical+Society+Event+Calendar&rft.pub=White+Plains+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiteplainshistory.org%2Fcalendar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Plains&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_White_Plains" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310002828/http://theamericanrevolution.org/battles/bat_wpla.asp">The Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/">White Plains Historical Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)#Revolution" title="History of New York (state)">New York in the American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1765</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_pole" title="Liberty pole">First Liberty poles erected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1770</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golden_Hill" title="Battle of Golden Hill">Battle of Golden Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1775</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1776</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Ship_Martyrs%27_Monument" title="Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument">New York Prison Ships begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="American Turtle">Submarine attack in New York Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Landing at Kip's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)" title="Great Fire of New York (1776)">Great Fire of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Execution of Nathan Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Battle of Pell's Point</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1777</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_Raid" title="Meigs Raid">Meigs Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Anne" title="Battle of Fort Anne">Battle of Fort Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Setauket" title="Battle of Setauket">Battle of Setauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staten_Island" title="Battle of Staten Island">Battle of Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#First_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Freeman's_Farm_(Sept._19)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery" title="Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery">Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#Second_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Bemis_Heights_(Oct._7)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1778</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Setauket Spy Ring launched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cobleskill" title="Battle of Cobleskill">Battle of Cobleskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy#History" title="United States Military Academy">West Point established</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1778)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1778)">Attack on German Flatts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Unadilla_and_Onaquaga" title="Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga">Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Raid" title="Carleton's Raid">Carleton's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre" title="Cherry Valley massacre">Cherry Valley massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1779</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Battle of Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minisink" title="Battle of Minisink">Battle of Minisink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown" title="Battle of Newtown">Battle of Newtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_and_Parker_ambush" title="Boyd and Parker ambush">Boyd and Parker ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1780</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Young%27s_House" title="Battle of Young's House">Battle of Young's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Churchill" title="Elijah Churchill">First Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">André</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot%27s_Park" title="Patriot's Park">conspiracy exposed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klock%27s_Field" title="Battle of Klock's Field">Battle of Klock's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George" title="Battle of Fort St. George">Battle of Fort St. George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1781</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)" title="HMS Culloden (1776)">HMS <i>Culloden</i> runs aground at Montauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Washington calls off invasion of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Slongo" title="Battle of Fort Slongo">Battle of Fort Slongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johnstown" title="Battle of Johnstown">Battle of Johnstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1782</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1783</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuate New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Washington's Farewell to His Officers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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