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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penerangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penerangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penerangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penerangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penjana Van de Graaff</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 43 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="مولد فان دي غراف – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مولد فان دي غراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_Van_de_Graaff" title="Generator Van de Graaff – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Generator Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Генератор на Ван де Грааф – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генератор на Ван де Грааф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generador_de_Van_de_Graaff" title="Generador de Van de Graaff – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Generador de Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff%C5%AFv_gener%C3%A1tor" title="Van de Graaffův generátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Van de Graaffův generátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van-de-Graaff-Generator" title="Van-de-Graaff-Generator – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Van-de-Graaff-Generator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaffi_generaator" title="Van de Graaffi generaator – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Van de Graaffi generaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B1%CF%86" title="Ηλεκτρογεννήτρια Βαν ντε Γκράαφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρογεννήτρια Βαν ντε Γκράαφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Van de Graaff generator" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generador_de_Van_de_Graaff" title="Generador de Van de Graaff – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Generador de Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatoro_de_Van_de_Graaff" title="Generatoro de Van de Graaff – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Generatoro de Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_sorgailua" title="Van de Graaff sorgailua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Van de Graaff sorgailua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="مولد واندوگراف – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولد واندوگراف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rateur_de_Van_de_Graaff" title="Générateur de Van de Graaff – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Générateur de Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginead%C3%B3ir_Van_de_Graaff" title="Gineadóir Van de Graaff – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gineadóir Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B4%EB%8D%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0" title="밴더그래프 발전기 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밴더그래프 발전기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="वान डी ग्राफ़ जेनरेटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वान डी ग्राफ़ जेनरेटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaffov_generator" title="Van de Graaffov generator – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Van de Graaffov generator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatore_di_Van_de_Graaff" title="Generatore di Van de Graaff – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Generatore di Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A3" title="מחולל ואן-דה-גראף – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחולל ואן-דה-גראף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ვან დე გრააფის გენერატორი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვან დე გრააფის გენერატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff-gener%C3%A1tor" title="Van de Graaff-generátor – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Van de Graaff-generátor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ван де Графов генератор – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ван де Графов генератор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="വാൻ ഡി ഗ്രാഫ്ജനറേറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാൻ ഡി ഗ്രാഫ്ജനറേറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandegraaffgenerator" title="Vandegraaffgenerator – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vandegraaffgenerator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E8%B5%B7%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="ヴァンデグラフ起電機 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァンデグラフ起電機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff-generator" title="Van de Graaff-generator – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Van de Graaff-generator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff-generator" title="Van de Graaff-generator – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Van de Graaff-generator" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_Van_de_Graaffa" title="Generator Van de Graaffa – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Generator Van de Graaffa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerador_de_Van_de_Graaff" title="Gerador de Van de Graaff – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerador de Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_Van_de_Graaff" title="Generator Van de Graaff – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Generator Van de Graaff" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Генератор Ван де Граафа – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генератор Ван де Граафа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_Generator" title="Van de Graaff Generator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Van de Graaff Generator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaffov_gener%C3%A1tor" title="Van de Graaffov generátor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Van de Graaffov generátor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ван де Графов генератор – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ван де Графов генератор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaffov_generator" title="Van de Graaffov generator – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Van de Graaffov generator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaffin_generaattori" title="Van de Graaffin generaattori – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Van de Graaffin generaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff-generator" title="Van de Graaff-generator – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Van de Graaff-generator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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title="范德格拉夫起电机 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="范德格拉夫起电机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211736#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penjana_Van_de_Graaff" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" 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id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div 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id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Penjana+Van+de+Graaff"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Penjana_Van_de_Graaff&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjana_Van_de_Graaff&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Van_de_Graaff_generators" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211736" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Van_de_graaff_generator_sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Van_de_graaff_generator_sm.jpg/220px-Van_de_graaff_generator_sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Van_de_graaff_generator_sm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Penjana Van de Graff</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penjana Van de Graaff </b>ialah sejenis penjana elektrostatik yang menggunakan tali sawat bergerak untuk mengumpul <a href="/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik">cas elektrik</a> dalam sfera logam berongga di atas tiang yang terlindung menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Keupayaan_elektrik" title="Keupayaan elektrik">keupayaan elektrik</a> yang sangat tinggi. Ia menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Arus_terus" title="Arus terus">arus terus</a> bervoltan tinggi daripada arus elektrik yang rendah. </p><p>Mesin ini dicipta oleh seorang ahli fizik Amerika bernama Robert J. Van de Graaff pada tahun 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_de_Graaff_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_de_Graaff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voltan" title="Voltan">Perbezaan keupayaan</a> yang dihasilkan oleh penjana Van de Graaff moden boleh mencapai sebanyak 5 megavolt. Rekaan mudah alih boleh menghasilkan sebanyak 100,000 volt serta menyimpan tenaga yang cukup untuk menghasilkan percikan yang dapat dilihat. Mesin penjana yang kecil dihasilkan untuk tujuan hiburan, serta untuk tujuan pendidikan fizik untuk pengajaran dalam mengenai elektrostatik; rekaan yang lebih besar dipaparkan dalam beberapa muzium sains. </p><p>Penjana Van de Graaff pada asalnya dibangunkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pemecut_zarah" title="Pemecut zarah">pemecut zarah</a> untuk penyelidikan fizik, dengan keupayaannya yang tinggi digunakan untuk memecutkan <a href="/wiki/Zarah_subatom" title="Zarah subatom">zarah subatom</a> pada kelajuan yang tinggi dalam tiub yang dipindahkan. Mesin ini merupakan pemecut yang paling kuat pada zamannya sekitar 1930-an sehingga terbangunnya mesin siklotron. Penjana Van de Graaff masih digunakan sebagai alat pemecut untuk menjana zarah bertenaga dan kolum <a href="/wiki/Sinar_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar X">sinar X</a> untuk penyelidikan perubatan nuklear. Untuk menggandakan voltan, dua penjana sering digunakan bersama-sama, dengan satu buah penjana menghasilkan keupayaan elektrik positif dan satu penjana menghasilkan keupayaan yang sebaliknya; binaan sebegini disebut sebagai <b>pemecut Van de Graaff tokokan</b>. Sebagai contoh, mesin Van de Graff tokokan di Makmal Negara Brookhaven menghasilkan kira-kira 30 juta volt beza keupayaan. </p><p>Voltan yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah mesin Van de Graaff terbuka hanya terhad dengan busur dan pelepasan korona kira-kira 5 megavolt. Mesin gred industri yang terbaru disimpan di dalam tangki gas penebat bertekanan tinggi; mesin sebegini boleh mencapai keupayaan sebanyak kira-kira 25 megavolt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penerangan">Penerangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjana_Van_de_Graaff&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Penerangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjana_Van_de_Graaff&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penerangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg/320px-Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg/480px-Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg/640px-Van_de_Graaff_Generator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Gambar rajah penjana Van de Graaff.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg/250px-Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg/375px-Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg/500px-Spark_by_Van_de_Graaff_generator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Percikan yang dihasilkan oleh penjana Van de Graaff berpenebat udara terbesar di dunia di Muzium Sains Boston, Massachusetts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sebuah penjana Van de Graaff mudah terdiri dari tali sawat getah (atau bahan dielektrik yang sama) bergerak di atas dua pengguling yang berbeza bahan, salah satunya dikelilingi oleh sfera logam berongga.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dua elektrod, (2) dan (7), dalam barisan mata logam berbentuk sikat diletakkan di bahagian bawah pengguling yang lebih rendah dan di atas pengguling berdekatan sfera. Sikat (2) disambungkan ke sfera, dan sikat (7) ke bumi. Kaedah pengecasannya adalah berdasarkan kesan triboelektrik di mana sentuhan mudah antara bahan yang berbeza akan menyebabkan pemindahan beberapa elektron dari satu bahan ke satu bahan yang lain. Sebagai contoh (lihat gambarajah), getah tali pinggang akan menjadi negatif dikenakan sementara akrilik segelas roller atas akan menjadi positif. Tali pinggang membawa diri yang negatif bertanggungjawab atas permukaan sementara roller atas berkumpul positif yang bertanggungjawab. Seterusnya, medan elektrik yang kuat sekitar pengguling atas positif atas (3) menghasilkan medan elektrik yang sangat tinggi berdekatan dengan mata-mata berdekatan sikat yang bersebelahan (2). Pada mata-mata ini, medan elektrik menjadi cukup kuat untuk mengionkan molekul udara, dan elektron tertarik ke luar tali sawat manakala ion positif bergerak ke dalam sikat. Di sikat (2) ion-ion ini dineutralkan oleh elektron yang berada di sikat meninggalkan sikat dan kelongsong luar yang tercantum (1) dengan sedikit elektron bersih . Dengan prinsip yang digambarkan dalam eksperimen baldi ais Faraday, iaitu melalui hukum Gauss, cas positif yang berlebihan terkumpul di luar permukaan kelongsong luar (1), lalu tiada medan wujud di dalam kelongsong. Induksi elektrostatik melalui kaedah ini berterusan membentuk jumlah cas yang sangat besar pada kelongsong mesin. </p><p>Dalam contoh tersebut, pengguling bawah logam (6) mengumpul cas negatif daripada permukaan tali sawat. Sikat bawah (7) menghasilkan medan elektrik yang tinggi medan listrik pada matanya yang juga cukup besar untuk mengionkan molekul udara. Dalam kes ini elektron tertarik kepada sikat tersebut dan ion udara positif meneutralkan cas negatif di permukaan luar tali sawat atau menjadi terlekat pada tali sawat. Keseimbangan tepat cas pada sisi-sisi menaik dan menurun tali sawat akan bergantung pada gabungan bahan-bahan yang digunakan. Dalam contoh ini, sisi menaik tali pinggang sawat mesti lebih bercas positif daripada sis berlawanan. Suatu "arus mengecas" tetap mengalir melalui tali sawat yang sedang bergeraj, dan sfera penjana mengumpul cas positif jawab secara berterusan sehingga kadar cas yang dihilangkan (melalui kebocoran dan penyahcasan korona) bersamaan dengan arus yang mengecas. Semakin besar sfera logam dan semakin jauh sfera itu dari tanah, semakin tinggilah kemuncak keupayaan elektrik yang ada. Dalam contoh, tongkat dengan sfera logam (8) terhubung ke bawah tanah, sepertimana sikat bawah (7); elektron akan ditarik dari tanah akibat tarikan kepada sfera bercas positif, dan apabila medan elektrik menjadi cukup besar (lihat di bawah) udara terpecah dalam bentuk pelepasan percikan elektrik (9). Bahan tali sawat dan pengguling boleh dipilih, oleh itu cas yang terkumpul pada sfera logam berongga boleh dijadikan positif (kekurangan elektron kekurangan) mahupun negatif (dengan elektron yang berlebihan). </p><p>Keupayaan elektrik maksimum yang boleh dicapai adalah kira-kira sama dengan radius sfera penjana, <i>R</i>, didarabkan dengan tenaga janaan medan elektrik, <i>E</i><sub>max</sub>, di mana penyahcasan korona mula terbentuk dalam gas sekitarnya. Medan pecahan dikira-sekitar 30 kV/sm dalam udara ber<a href="/wiki/Suhu_dan_tekanan_piawai" title="Suhu dan tekanan piawai">suhu dan tekanan piawai</a>. Oleh itu, elektod sfera berdiameter 30sm yang digilap dijangka boleh menghasilkan voltan maksimum <i>V</i><sub>max</sub> = <i>R</i>·<i>E</i><sub>max</sub> sebanyak kira-kira 450 kV. Hal ini menjelaskan sebab mengapa penjana Van de Graaff sering dibina dengan diameter yang sebesar mungkin. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:976px;max-width:976px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg/240px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg/360px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg/480px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Penjana Van de Graaff yang digunakan di sekolah-sekolah</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg/240px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg/360px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg/480px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dengan puncak atasnya yang ditanggalkan</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg/240px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg/360px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg/480px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elektrod sikat di bawah yang mengagihkan cas kepada tali sawat</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg/240px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg/360px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg/480px-Van_De_Graaff_gen_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elektrod sikat di atas yang melepaskan cas dari tali sawat</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjana_Van_de_Graaff&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjana_Van_de_Graaff&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Van_de_Graaff-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_de_Graaff_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_GraaffComptonVan_Atta1933" class="citation journal cs1">Van de Graaff, R. J.; Compton, K. T.; Van Atta, L. C. (February 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/van%20de%20graaff33/eng.pdf">"The Electrostatic Production of High Voltage for Nuclear Investigations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review</i>. American Physical Society. <b>43</b> (3): 149–157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933PhRv...43..149V">1933PhRv...43..149V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.43.149">10.1103/PhysRev.43.149</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Electrostatic+Production+of+High+Voltage+for+Nuclear+Investigations&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-157&rft.date=1933-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.43.149&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933PhRv...43..149V&rft.aulast=Van+de+Graaff&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Compton%2C+K.+T.&rft.au=Van+Atta%2C+L.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ihep.su%2Fdbserv%2Fcompas%2Fsrc%2Fvan%2520de%2520graaff33%2Feng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APenjana+Van+de+Graaff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZavisa" class="citation web cs1">Zavisa, John M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/vdg.htm">"How Van de Graaff Generators Work"</a>. 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