CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>IEEE 802.11ah - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3ca123d3-9471-487e-af49-2376dea1aa02","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"IEEE_802.11ah","wgTitle":"IEEE 802.11ah","wgCurRevisionId":1246169506,"wgRevisionId":1246169506,"wgArticleId":40369184,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009","All articles containing potentially dated statements","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","IEEE 802.11"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"IEEE_802.11ah","wgRelevantArticleId":40369184,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q15995157","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="IEEE 802.11ah - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-IEEE_802_11ah rootpage-IEEE_802_11ah skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=IEEE+802.11ah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=IEEE+802.11ah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=IEEE+802.11ah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=IEEE+802.11ah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Data rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MAC_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MAC_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>MAC features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MAC_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relay_Access_Point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relay_Access_Point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Relay Access Point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relay_Access_Point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_saving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_saving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Power saving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_saving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Target_Wake_Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_Wake_Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Target Wake Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_Wake_Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restricted_Access_Window" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restricted_Access_Window"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Restricted Access Window</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restricted_Access_Window-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bidirectional_TXOP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bidirectional_TXOP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Bidirectional TXOP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bidirectional_TXOP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Sectorization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_802.11af" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_802.11af"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with 802.11af</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_802.11af-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IEEE_802.11_network_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEEE_802.11_network_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>IEEE 802.11 network standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEEE_802.11_network_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IEEE 802.11ah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IEEE 802.11ah" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15995157#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:IEEE_802.11ah" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/IEEE_802.11ah" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/IEEE_802.11ah" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&oldid=1246169506" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=IEEE_802.11ah&id=1246169506&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIEEE_802.11ah"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIEEE_802.11ah"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=IEEE_802.11ah&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15995157" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wireless networking protocol</div> <p><b>IEEE 802.11ah</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless networking</a> protocol published in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <b>Wi-Fi HaLow</b><sup id="cite_ref-theverge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theverge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) as an amendment of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-2007" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-2007">IEEE 802.11-2007</a> wireless networking standard. It uses <a href="/wiki/900_MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="900 MHz">900 MHz</a> <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">license-exempt bands</a> to provide extended-range <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> networks, compared to conventional Wi-Fi networks operating in the <a href="/wiki/2.4_GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="2.4 GHz">2.4 GHz</a>, <a href="/wiki/60-meter_band" title="60-meter band">5 GHz</a> and 6 GHz bands. It also benefits from lower energy consumption, allowing the creation of large groups of stations or sensors that cooperate to share signals, supporting the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT).<sup id="cite_ref-qualcomm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualcomm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol's low power consumption competes with <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa">LoRa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has the added benefit of higher <a href="/wiki/Data_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Data rates">data rates</a> and wider coverage range.<sup id="cite_ref-theverge_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theverge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A benefit of 802.11ah is extended range, making it useful for rural communications and offloading <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone tower">cell phone tower</a> traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-fierce_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fierce-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other purpose of the protocol is to allow low rate 802.11 wireless stations to be used in the sub-gigahertz spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-qualcomm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualcomm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol is one of the IEEE 802.11 technologies which is the most different from the <a href="/wiki/LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a> model, especially concerning medium contention. A prominent aspect of 802.11ah is the behavior of stations that are grouped to minimize contention on the air media, use relay to extend their reach, use little power thanks to predefined wake/doze periods, are still able to send data at high speed under some negotiated conditions and use sectored antennas. It uses the 802.11a/g specification that is down sampled to provide 26 channels, each of them able to provide 100 kbit/s <a href="/wiki/Network_throughput" title="Network throughput">throughput</a>. It can cover a one-kilometer radius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims at providing connectivity to thousands of devices under an <a href="/wiki/Access_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Access point">access point</a>. The protocol supports <a href="/wiki/Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">machine to machine</a> (M2M) markets, like <a href="/wiki/Smart_metering" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart metering">smart metering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustPrasadNiemegeers2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustPrasadNiemegeers2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_rates">Data rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Data rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data rates up to 347 Mbit/s are achieved only with the maximum of four spatial streams using one 16 MHz-wide channel. Various <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> schemes and <a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code#Forward_error_correction" title="Error correction code">coding</a> rates are defined by the standard and are represented by a <a href="/wiki/Modulation_and_Coding_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation and Coding Scheme">Modulation and Coding Scheme</a> (MCS) index value. The table below shows the relationships between the variables that allow for the maximum data rate. The <a href="/wiki/Guard_interval" title="Guard interval">Guard interval</a> (GI) is defined as the timing between <a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate" title="Symbol rate">symbols</a>. </p><p>2 MHz channel uses an <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a> of 64, of which: 56 <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> subcarriers, 52 are for data and 4 are <a href="/wiki/Pilot_signal" title="Pilot signal">pilot tones</a> with a carrier separation of 31.25 kHz (2 MHz/64) (32 μs). Each of these subcarriers can be a <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">BPSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>, 16-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>, 64-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a> or 256-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>. The total bandwidth is 2 MHz with an occupied bandwidth of 1.78 MHz. Total symbol duration is 36 or 40 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a>, which <i>includes</i> a guard interval of 4 or 8 microseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Modulation and coding schemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">MCS<br />index<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="3">Spatial<br />Streams </th> <th rowspan="3">Modulation<br />type </th> <th rowspan="3">Coding<br />rate </th> <th colspan="10">Data rate (Mbit/s)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1 MHz channels</th> <th colspan="2">2 MHz channels</th> <th colspan="2">4 MHz channels</th> <th colspan="2">8 MHz channels</th> <th colspan="2">16 MHz channels </th></tr> <tr> <th>8 μs GI<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>4 μs GI</th> <th>8 μs GI</th> <th>4 μs GI</th> <th>8 μs GI</th> <th>4 μs GI</th> <th>8 μs GI</th> <th>4 μs GI</th> <th>8 μs GI</th> <th>4 μs GI </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>BPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>1.35</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2.93</td> <td>3.25</td> <td>5.85</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.44</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>5.85</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>2.17</td> <td>4.05</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>8.78</td> <td>9.75</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>19.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.33</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.89</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>26.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4.33</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>35.1</td> <td>39.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>2/3</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.67</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.78</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>26.0</td> <td>46.8</td> <td>52.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>5.85</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>52.7</td> <td>58.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>1</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>3.34</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>7.22</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>32.5</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>65.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>1</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>8.67</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>35.1</td> <td>39.0</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>78.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>1</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>4.44</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>39.0</td> <td>43.3</td> <td>78.0</td> <td>86.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>BPSK</td> <td>1/2 x 2</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.17</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>BPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.44</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>5.85</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.34</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.89</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>26.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4.33</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>35.1</td> <td>39.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.67</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.78</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>26.0</td> <td>46.8</td> <td>52.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>8.67</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>35.1</td> <td>39.0</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>78.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>2/3</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>5.34</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>46.8</td> <td>52.0</td> <td>93.6</td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>24.3</td> <td>27.0</td> <td>52.7</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>105</td> <td>117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>6.67</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>14.4</td> <td>27.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>65.0</td> <td>117</td> <td>130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>15.6</td> <td>17.3</td> <td>32.4</td> <td>36.0</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>78.0</td> <td>140</td> <td>156 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>8.89</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>36.0</td> <td>40.0</td> <td>78.0</td> <td>86.7</td> <td>156</td> <td>173 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>BPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>2.17</td> <td>4.05</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>8.78</td> <td>9.75</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>19.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4.33</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>35.1</td> <td>39.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>5.85</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>52.7</td> <td>58.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>8.67</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>35.1</td> <td>39.0</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>78.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>24.3</td> <td>27.0</td> <td>52.7</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>105</td> <td>117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>3</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>2/3</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>15.6</td> <td>17.3</td> <td>32.4</td> <td>36.0</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>78.0</td> <td>140</td> <td>156 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>36.5</td> <td>40.5</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>158</td> <td>176 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>10.0</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>21.7</td> <td>40.5</td> <td>45.0</td> <td>87.8</td> <td>97.5</td> <td>176</td> <td>195 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>3</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>26.0</td> <td>48.6</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>105</td> <td>117</td> <td>211</td> <td>234 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>3</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>13.34</td> <td>26.0</td> <td>28.9</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>60.0</td> <td>117</td> <td>130</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MAC_features">MAC features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MAC features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relay_Access_Point">Relay Access Point</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relay Access Point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Relay <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">Access Point</a> (AP) is an entity that logically consists of a Relay and a <a href="/wiki/Station_(networking)" title="Station (networking)">networking station</a> (STA), or client. The relay function allows an AP and stations to exchange frames with one another by the way of a relay. The introduction of a relay allows stations to use higher MCSs (Modulation and Coding Schemes) and reduce the time stations will stay in Active mode. This improves battery life of stations. Relay stations may also provide connectivity for stations located outside the coverage of the AP. There is an overhead cost on overall network efficiency and increased complexity with the use of relay stations. To limit this overhead, the relaying function shall be bi-directional and limited to two hops only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_saving">Power saving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Power saving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Power-saving stations are divided into two classes: TIM stations and non-TIM stations. TIM stations periodically receive information about traffic buffered for them from the access point in the so-called TIM information element, hence the name. Non-TIM stations use the new Target Wake Time mechanism which enables reducing signaling overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013945.2_Power_Saving_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013945.2_Power_Saving-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Target_Wake_Time">Target Wake Time</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Target Wake Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Target Wake Time (TWT) is a function that permits an AP to define a specific time or set of times for individual stations to access the medium. The STA (client) and the AP exchange information that includes an expected activity duration to allow the AP to control the amount of contention and overlap among competing STAs. The AP can protect the expected duration of activity with various protection mechanisms. The use of TWT is negotiated between an AP and an STA. Target Wake Time may be used to reduce network energy consumption, as stations that use it can enter a doze state until their TWT arrives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restricted_Access_Window">Restricted Access Window</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Restricted Access Window"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Restricted Access Window allows partitioning of the stations within a <a href="/wiki/Basic_Service_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Service Set">Basic Service Set</a> (BSS) into groups and restricting channel access only to stations belonging to a given group at any given time period. It helps to reduce contention and to avoid simultaneous transmissions from a large number of stations hidden from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.2._Restricted_Access_Window_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.2._Restricted_Access_Window-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouWangZhengLei20134._Channel_Access_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouWangZhengLei20134._Channel_Access-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bidirectional_TXOP">Bidirectional TXOP</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bidirectional TXOP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bidirectional TXOP allows an AP and non-AP (STA or client) to exchange a sequence of uplink and downlink frames during a reserved time (transmit opportunity or TXOP). This operation mode is intended to reduce the number of contention-based channel accesses, improve channel efficiency by minimizing the number of frame exchanges required for uplink and downlink data frames, and enable stations to extend battery lifetime by keeping Awake times short. This continuous frame exchange is done both uplink and downlink between the pair of stations. In earlier versions of the standard Bidirectional TXOP was called Speed Frame Exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.1._Virtual_carrier_sense_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.1._Virtual_carrier_sense-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sectorization">Sectorization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sectorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The partition of the coverage area of a Basic Service Set (BSS) into sectors, each containing a subset of stations, is called sectorization. This partitioning is achieved through a set of antennas or a set of synthesized antenna beams to cover different sectors of the BSS. The goal of the sectorization is to reduce medium contention or interference by the reduced number of stations within a sector and/or to allow spatial sharing among overlapping BSS (OBSS) APs or stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_802.11af">Comparison with 802.11af</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison with 802.11af"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another WLAN standard for sub-1 GHz bands is <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">IEEE 802.11af</a> which, unlike 802.11ah, operates in licensed bands. More specifically, 802.11af operates in the TV <a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">white space spectrum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> bands between 54 and 790 MHz using <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IEEE_802.11_network_standards">IEEE 802.11 network standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: IEEE 802.11 network standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:802.11_network_standards" title="Template:802.11 network standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:802.11_network_standards" title="Template talk:802.11 network standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:802.11_network_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:802.11 network standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> network standards</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Frequency <br />range, <br />or type </th> <th rowspan="3">PHY </th> <th rowspan="3">Protocol </th> <th rowspan="3">Release <br />date<sup id="cite_ref-80211timeline-template_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211timeline-template-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2" title="operational frequency">Frequency </th> <th rowspan="2" title="Bandwidth">Bandwidth </th> <th rowspan="2" title="maximum data rate">Stream<br /><a href="/wiki/Data_signaling_rate" title="Data signaling rate">data rate</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="3" title="maximum number of streams"><abbr title="Maximum">Max.</abbr> <br /><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> streams </th> <th rowspan="3" title="modulation technique">Modulation </th> <th colspan="2" title="coverage radius, depending on number and type of walls, in meters"><abbr title="Approximate">Approx.</abbr> range </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Indoor </th> <th rowspan="2">Outdoor </th></tr> <tr> <th>(GHz) </th> <th>(MHz) </th> <th>(<span class="nowrap">Mbit/s</span>) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="24">1–7<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz </td> <td>DSSS<sup id="cite_ref-IJMNCT_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJMNCT-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <s>FHSS</s><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">802.11-1997</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1997">June 1997 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>1, 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a>, <s><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FHSS</a></s><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>20 m (66 ft) </td> <td>100 m (330 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="High rate DSSS">HR/DSSS</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-IJMNCT_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJMNCT-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">802.11b</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1999">September 1999 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>1, 2, 5.5, 11 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Complementary_code_keying" title="Complementary code keying">CCK</a>, DSSS </td> <td>35 m (115 ft) </td> <td>140 m (460 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">OFDM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">802.11a</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1999">September 1999 </td> <td>5 </td> <td rowspan="6">5, 10, 20 </td> <td rowspan="6">6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54<br />(for 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz bandwidth,<br />divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz) </td> <td rowspan="6" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td>35 m (115 ft) </td> <td>120 m (390 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">802.11j</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2004">November 2004 </td> <td>4.9, 5.0<br /><sup id="cite_ref-80211j_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211j-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">802.11y</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2008">November 2008 </td> <td>3.7<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_37ghz_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_37ghz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>5,000 m (16,000 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_37ghz_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_37ghz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">802.11p</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2010">July 2010 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8723326">200 m</a> </td> <td>1,000 m (3,300 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11bd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.11bd (page does not exist)">802.11bd</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2022">December 2022 </td> <td>5.9, 60 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8723326">500 m</a> </td> <td>1,000 m (3,300 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Extended Rate PHY">ERP</abbr>-OFDM<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">802.11g</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2003">June 2003 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>38 m (125 ft) </td> <td>140 m (460 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="High-throughput">HT</abbr>-OFDM<sup id="cite_ref-ekahau_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekahau-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">802.11n</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">Wi-Fi 4</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2009">October 2009 </td> <td rowspan="2">2.4, 5 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Up to 288.8<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">4 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/MIMO-OFDM" title="MIMO-OFDM">MIMO-OFDM</a><br />(64-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2">70 m (230 ft) </td> <td rowspan="2">250 m (820 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-wifiplanet_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wifiplanet-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>Up to 600<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><abbr title="Very high throughput">VHT</abbr>-OFDM<sup id="cite_ref-ekahau_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekahau-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="ac"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac-2013" title="IEEE 802.11ac-2013">802.11ac</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac-2013" title="IEEE 802.11ac-2013">Wi-Fi 5</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="2013">December 2013 </td> <td rowspan="4">5 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Up to 693<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4">8 </td> <td rowspan="4">DL<br /><a href="/wiki/MU-MIMO" class="mw-redirect" title="MU-MIMO">MU-MIMO</a> <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a><br />(256-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4">35 m (115 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-litepoint_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litepoint-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>Up to 1600<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>Up to 3467<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160 </td> <td>Up to 6933<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><abbr title="High-efficiency">HE</abbr>-OFDMA </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="ax"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">802.11ax</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6E</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="2021">May 2021 </td> <td rowspan="4">2.4, 5, 6 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Up to 1147<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4">8 </td> <td rowspan="4">UL/DL<br /><a href="/wiki/MU-MIMO" class="mw-redirect" title="MU-MIMO">MU-MIMO</a> <a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a><br />(1024-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4">30 m (98 ft) </td> <td rowspan="4">120 m (390 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>Up to 2294<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>Up to 5.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80+80 </td> <td>Up to 11.0<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><abbr title="Extremely High Throughput">EHT</abbr>-OFDMA </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="be"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">802.11be</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="2024"><i>Sep 2024</i><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm#tgbe">est.</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4">2.4, 5, 6 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>Up to 11.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4">16 </td> <td rowspan="4">UL/DL<br /><a href="/wiki/MU-MIMO" class="mw-redirect" title="MU-MIMO">MU-MIMO</a> <a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a><br />(4096-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4">30 m (98 ft) </td> <td rowspan="4">120 m (390 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160<br />(80+80) </td> <td>Up to 23<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>240<br />(160+80) </td> <td>Up to 35<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>320<br />(160+160) </td> <td>Up to 46.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Ultra High Reliability">UHR</abbr> </td> <td data-sort-value="bn"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">802.11bn</a> <br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everythingrf.com/community/what-is-wi-fi-8">Wi-Fi 8</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="2028"><i>May 2028</i> <br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm">est.</a>) </td> <td>2.4, 5, 6, <br />42, 60, 71 </td> <td>320 </td> <td>Up to <br />100000 <br />(100<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s) </td> <td>16 </td> <td>Multi-link <br /><a href="/wiki/MU-MIMO" class="mw-redirect" title="MU-MIMO">MU-MIMO</a> <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> <br />(8192-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Wake Up Radio">WUR</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-WUR_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WUR-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="ba"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.11ba (page does not exist)">802.11ba</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2021">October 2021 </td> <td>2.4, 5 </td> <td>4, 20 </td> <td>0.0625, 0.25<br />(62.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>kbit/s, 250<span class="nowrap"> </span>kbit/s) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/On-off_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="On-off keying">OOK</a> (multi-carrier OOK) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">mmWave <br />(<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="Directional multi-gigabit">DMG</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="ad"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">802.11ad</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2012">December 2012 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>2160<br />(2.16<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz) </td> <td>Up to 8085<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(8<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><s>OFDM</s>,<sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> single<span class="nowrap"> </span>carrier, low-power single carrier<sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.3 m (11 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="aj"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">802.11aj</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2018">April 2018 </td> <td>60<sup id="cite_ref-80211aj_45ghz_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211aj_45ghz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1080<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Up to 3754<br />(3.75<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>single<span class="nowrap"> </span>carrier, low-power single carrier<sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="China millimeter-wave multi-gigabit">CMMG</abbr> </td> <td data-sort-value="aj"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">802.11aj</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2018">April 2018 </td> <td>45<sup id="cite_ref-80211aj_45ghz_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211aj_45ghz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>540,<br />1080 </td> <td>Up to 15015<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(15<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s) </td> <td>4<sup id="cite_ref-E101.B_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E101.B-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a>, single<span class="nowrap"> </span>carrier </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Enhanced directional multi-gigabit">EDMG</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="ay"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">802.11ay</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2021">July 2021 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>Up to 8640<br />(8.64<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz) </td> <td>Up to 303336<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(303<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s) </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a>, single<span class="nowrap"> </span>carrier </td> <td>10<span class="nowrap"> </span>m (33<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft) </td> <td>100<span class="nowrap"> </span>m (328<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Sub 1 GHz (<a href="/wiki/IoT" class="mw-redirect" title="IoT">IoT</a>) </td> <td><abbr title="Television very high throughput">TVHT</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-APL_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APL-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="af"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">802.11af</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2014">February 2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">0.054–<br />0.79</a> </td> <td>6, 7, 8 </td> <td>Up to 568.9<sup id="cite_ref-80211afDraft_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afDraft-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/MIMO-OFDM" title="MIMO-OFDM">MIMO-OFDM</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Sub 1 GHz">S1G</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-APL_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APL-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="ah"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">802.11ah</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2017">May 2017 </td> <td>0.7, 0.8,<br />0.9 </td> <td>1–16 </td> <td>Up to 8.67<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(@2<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz) </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Light <br />(<a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a>) </td> <td><abbr title="Light communications">LC</abbr><br />(<a href="/wiki/Visible_light_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light communications">VLC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Optical_wireless_communications" title="Optical wireless communications">OWC</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="bb"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">802.11bb</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2023"><i>December 2023</i><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/tgbb_update.htm">est.</a>) </td> <td>800–1000 nm </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Up to 9.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>O-<a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><s><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR</a></s><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/IrDA" class="mw-redirect" title="IrDA">IrDA</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">802.11-1997</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1997">June 1997 </td> <td>850–900 nm </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>1, 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><s><a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">PPM</a></s><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="13">802.11 Standard rollups </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" colspan="2">  </td> <td data-sort-value="STD2007">802.11-2007 (802.11ma) </td> <td data-sort-value="2007">March 2007 </td> <td>2.4, 5 </td> <td> </td> <td>Up to 54 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="STD2012">802.11-2012 (802.11mb) </td> <td data-sort-value="2012">March 2012 </td> <td>2.4, 5 </td> <td> </td> <td>Up to 150<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="STD2016">802.11-2016 (802.11mc) </td> <td data-sort-value="2016">December 2016 </td> <td>2.4, 5, 60 </td> <td> </td> <td>Up to 866.7 or 6757<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="STD2020">802.11-2020 (802.11md) </td> <td data-sort-value="2020">December 2020 </td> <td>2.4, 5, 60 </td> <td> </td> <td>Up to 866.7 or 6757<sup id="cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="STD2024">802.11me </td> <td data-sort-value="2024"><i>September 2024</i><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm#tgme">est.</a>) </td> <td>2.4, 5, 6, 60 </td> <td> </td> <td>Up to 9608 or 303336 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-obsolete-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is obsolete, and support for this might be subject to removal in a future revision of the standard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211j-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80211j_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Japanese regulation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211ns_37ghz-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_37ghz_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_37ghz_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">IEEE 802.11y-2008</a> extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is only being licensed in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211ns_sgi-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on short <a href="/wiki/Guard_interval" title="Guard interval">guard interval</a>; standard guard interval is ~10% slower. Rates vary widely based on distance, obstructions, and interference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211ns_sgi2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi2_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For single-user cases only, based on default <a href="/wiki/Guard_interval" title="Guard interval">guard interval</a> which is 0.8 microseconds. Since multi-user via <a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> has become available for 802.11ax, these may decrease. Also, these theoretical values depend on the link distance, whether the link is line-of-sight or not, interferences and the <a href="/wiki/Multipath_routing" title="Multipath routing">multi-path</a> components in the environment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211ns_sgi3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211ns_sgi3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The default <a href="/wiki/Guard_interval" title="Guard interval">guard interval</a> is 0.8 microseconds. However, 802.11ax extended the maximum available <a href="/wiki/Guard_interval" title="Guard interval">guard interval</a> to 3.2 microseconds, in order to support Outdoor communications, where the maximum possible propagation delay is larger compared to Indoor environments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WUR-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WUR_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211aj_45ghz-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211aj_45ghz_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211aj_45ghz_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For Chinese regulation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Classic <a href="/wiki/WaveLAN" title="WaveLAN">WaveLAN</a> (pre-802.11 hardware with a 915 MHz variant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH7" title="DASH7">DASH7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa">LoRa</a> another low power long range wireless communication technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels" title="List of WLAN channels">List of WLAN channels</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MCS 9 is not applicable to all channel width/spatial stream combinations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GI stands for the guard interval.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt Operation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2017.7920364">10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5044-3911-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5044-3911-4"><bdi>978-1-5044-3911-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+for+Information+technology--Telecommunications+and+information+exchange+between+systems+-+Local+and+metropolitan+area+networks--Specific+requirements+-+Part+11%3A+Wireless+LAN+Medium+Access+Control+%28MAC%29+and+Physical+Layer+%28PHY%29+Specifications+Amendment+2%3A+Sub+1+GHZ+License+Exempt+Operation&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2017.7920364&rft.isbn=978-1-5044-3911-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theverge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theverge_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theverge_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/4/10691400/new-wifi-halow-standard-announced-iot-ces-2016">"There's a new type of Wi-Fi, and it's designed to connect your smart home"</a>. theverge.com. 2016-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+a+new+type+of+Wi-Fi%2C+and+it%27s+designed+to+connect+your+smart+home&rft.pub=theverge.com&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F1%2F4%2F10691400%2Fnew-wifi-halow-standard-announced-iot-ces-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-low-power-long-range-wi-fi-halow">Wi-Fi Alliance introduces low power, long range Wi-Fi HaLow</a>; wi-fi.org; January 4, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-halow">Low power, long range Wi-Fi® for IoT</a>; wi-fi.org; May 21, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qualcomm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qualcomm_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qualcomm_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140924234108/https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/research/projects/wi-fi-evolution/80211ah">"Wi-Fi Advanced 802.11ah"</a>. Qualcomm.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/research/projects/wi-fi-evolution/80211ah">the original</a> on 2014-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wi-Fi+Advanced+802.11ah&rft.pub=Qualcomm.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualcomm.com%2Finvention%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fwi-fi-evolution%2F80211ah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newracom.com/blog/which-technologies-does-wi-fi-halow-have-the-best-potential-to-disrupt">"Which Technologies Does Wi-Fi HaLow Have The Best Potential To Disrupt"</a>. <i>Newracom</i>. 30 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newracom&rft.atitle=Which+Technologies+Does+Wi-Fi+HaLow+Have+The+Best+Potential+To+Disrupt&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewracom.com%2Fblog%2Fwhich-technologies-does-wi-fi-halow-have-the-best-potential-to-disrupt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fierce-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fierce_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTammy_Parker2013" class="citation web cs1">Tammy Parker (2013-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiercewireless.com/tech/story/wi-fi-preps-900-mhz-80211ah/2013-09-02">"Wi-Fi preps for 900 MHz with 802.11ah"</a>. FierceWirelessTech.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wi-Fi+preps+for+900+MHz+with+802.11ah&rft.pub=FierceWirelessTech.com&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.au=Tammy+Parker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercewireless.com%2Ftech%2Fstory%2Fwi-fi-preps-900-mhz-80211ah%2F2013-09-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSunChoiChoi2013">Sun, Choi & Choi 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustPrasadNiemegeers2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustPrasadNiemegeers2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustPrasadNiemegeers2012">Aust, Prasad & Niemegeers 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013945.2_Power_Saving-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunChoiChoi2013945.2_Power_Saving_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSunChoiChoi2013">Sun, Choi & Choi 2013</a>, p. 94, 5.2 Power Saving.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.2._Restricted_Access_Window-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.2._Restricted_Access_Window_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin2014">Khorov et al. 2014</a>, 4.3.2. Restricted Access Window.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouWangZhengLei20134._Channel_Access-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouWangZhengLei20134._Channel_Access_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhouWangZhengLei2013">ZhouWang & ZhengLei 2013</a>, 4. Channel Access.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.1._Virtual_carrier_sense-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin20144.3.1._Virtual_carrier_sense_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin2014">Khorov et al. 2014</a>, 4.3.1. Virtual carrier sense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211afflores-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloresGuerraKnightlyEcclesine2013" class="citation web cs1">Flores, Adriana B.; Guerra, Ryan E.; Knightly, Edward W.; Ecclesine, Peter; Pandey, Santosh (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215071543/http://networks.rice.edu/files/2014/08/80211af.pdf">"IEEE 802.11af: A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://networks.rice.edu/files/2014/08/80211af.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+802.11af%3A+A+Standard+for+TV+White+Space+Spectrum+Sharing&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Adriana+B.&rft.au=Guerra%2C+Ryan+E.&rft.au=Knightly%2C+Edward+W.&rft.au=Ecclesine%2C+Peter&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Santosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.rice.edu%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F08%2F80211af.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211timeline-template-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80211timeline-template_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm">"Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines"</a>. January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+IEEE+802.11+working+group+project+timelines&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrouper.ieee.org%2Fgroups%2F802%2F11%2FReports%2F802.11_Timelines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wi-fi.org/register.php?file=wp_Wi-Fi_CERTIFIED_n_Industry.pdf">"Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi Networks"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a></i>. September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wi-Fi+Alliance&rft.atitle=Wi-Fi+CERTIFIED+n%3A+Longer-Range%2C+Faster-Throughput%2C+Multimedia-Grade+Wi-Fi+Networks&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-fi.org%2Fregister.php%3Ffile%3Dwp_Wi-Fi_CERTIFIED_n_Industry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJMNCT-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IJMNCT_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJMNCT_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1">Banerji, Sourangsu; Chowdhury, Rahul Singha. "On IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Technology". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.2661">1307.2661</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=On+IEEE+802.11%3A+Wireless+LAN+Technology&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1307.2661&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Sourangsu&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+Rahul+Singha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/dl_news_from_rs/183/n183_lan.pdf">"The complete family of wireless LAN standards: 802.11 a, b, g, j, n"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+complete+family+of+wireless+LAN+standards%3A+802.11+a%2C+b%2C+g%2C+j%2C+n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.rohde-schwarz.com%2Fpws%2Fdl_downloads%2Fdl_common_library%2Fdl_news_from_rs%2F183%2Fn183_lan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp691-698.pdf"><i>The Physical Layer of the IEEE 802.11p WAVE Communication Standard: The Specifications and Challenges</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Layer+of+the+IEEE+802.11p+WAVE+Communication+Standard%3A+The+Specifications+and+Challenges&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaeng.org%2Fpublication%2FWCECS2014%2FWCECS2014_pp691-698.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Standard for Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems- Local and Metropolitan Area Networks- Specific Requirements Part Ii: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. (n.d.). doi:10.1109/ieeestd.2003.94282 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ekahau-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ekahau_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekahau_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekahau.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Wi-Fi_Capacity_Analysis_WP.pdf">"Wi-Fi Capacity Analysis for 802.11ac and 802.11n: Theory & Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wi-Fi+Capacity+Analysis+for+802.11ac+and+802.11n%3A+Theory+%26+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekahau.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FWi-Fi_Capacity_Analysis_WP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wifiplanet-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wifiplanet_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Belanger, Phil; Biba, Ken (2007-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081124231836/http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781">"802.11n Delivers Better Range"</a>. <i>Wi-Fi Planet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781">the original</a> on 2008-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wi-Fi+Planet&rft.atitle=802.11n+Delivers+Better+Range&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft.aulast=Belanger&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Biba%2C+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-fiplanet.com%2Ftutorials%2Farticle.php%2F3680781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-litepoint-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-litepoint_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816132722/http://litepoint.com/whitepaper/80211ac_Whitepaper.pdf">"IEEE 802.11ac: What Does it Mean for Test?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LitePoint</i>. October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litepoint.com/whitepaper/80211ac_Whitepaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LitePoint&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11ac%3A+What+Does+it+Mean+for+Test%3F&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitepoint.com%2Fwhitepaper%2F80211ac_Whitepaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8345727">"IEEE Standard for Information Technology"</a></span>. <i>IEEE Std 802.11aj-2018</i>. April 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2018.8345727">10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8345727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Std+802.11aj-2018&rft.atitle=IEEE+Standard+for+Information+Technology&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2018.8345727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8345727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scdn.rohde-schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/dl_application/application_notes/1ma220/1MA220_3e_WLAN_11ad_WP.pdf">"802.11ad - WLAN at 60 GHz: A Technology Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rohde & Schwarz GmbH. November 21, 2013. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=802.11ad+-+WLAN+at+60+GHz%3A+A+Technology+Introduction&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Rohde+%26+Schwarz+GmbH&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscdn.rohde-schwarz.com%2Fur%2Fpws%2Fdl_downloads%2Fdl_application%2Fapplication_notes%2F1ma220%2F1MA220_3e_WLAN_11ad_WP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connect802.com/802-11ac-discussion">"Connect802 - 802.11ac Discussion"</a>. <i>www.connect802.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.connect802.com&rft.atitle=Connect802+-+802.11ac+Discussion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connect802.com%2F802-11ac-discussion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keysight.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/22May2014Webcast.pdf">"Understanding IEEE 802.11ad Physical Layer and Measurement Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+IEEE+802.11ad+Physical+Layer+and+Measurement+Challenges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keysight.com%2Fupload%2Fcmc_upload%2FAll%2F22May2014Webcast.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/18/11-18-0698-01-0000-802-11aj-press-release.docx">"802.11aj Press Release"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=802.11aj+Press+Release&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmentor.ieee.org%2F802.11%2Fdcn%2F18%2F11-18-0698-01-0000-802-11aj-press-release.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E101.B-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E101.B_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transcom/E101.B/2/E101.B_2017ISI0004/_pdf">"An Overview of China Millimeter-Wave Multiple Gigabit Wireless Local Area Network System"</a>. <i>IEICE Transactions on Communications</i>. E101.B (2): 262–276. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1587%2Ftranscom.2017ISI0004">10.1587/transcom.2017ISI0004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEICE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+China+Millimeter-Wave+Multiple+Gigabit+Wireless+Local+Area+Network+System&rft.volume=E101.B&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-276&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1587%2Ftranscom.2017ISI0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Ftranscom%2FE101.B%2F2%2FE101.B_2017ISI0004%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techblog.comsoc.org/2018/06/15/ieee-802-11ay-1st-real-standard-for-broadband-wireless-access-bwa-via-mmwave/">"IEEE 802.11ay: 1st real standard for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) via mmWave – Technology Blog"</a>. <i>techblog.comsoc.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techblog.comsoc.org&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11ay%3A+1st+real+standard+for+Broadband+Wireless+Access+%28BWA%29+via+mmWave+%E2%80%93+Technology+Blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechblog.comsoc.org%2F2018%2F06%2F15%2Fieee-802-11ay-1st-real-standard-for-broadband-wireless-access-bwa-via-mmwave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206183820/https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/15/11-15-1074-00-00ay-11ay-functional-requirements.docx">"P802.11 Wireless LANs"</a>. IEEE. pp. 2, 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/15/11-15-1074-00-00ay-11ay-functional-requirements.docx">the original</a> on 2017-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P802.11+Wireless+LANs&rft.pages=2%2C+3&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmentor.ieee.org%2F802.11%2Fdcn%2F15%2F11-15-1074-00-00ay-11ay-functional-requirements.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APL-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APL_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APL_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwnp.com/uploads/802-11alternatephyswhitepaper.pdf">"802.11 Alternate PHYs A whitepaper by Ayman Mukaddam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=802.11+Alternate+PHYs+A+whitepaper+by+Ayman+Mukaddam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwnp.com%2Fuploads%2F802-11alternatephyswhitepaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211afDraft-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80211afDraft_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/12/11-12-0809-05-00af-tgaf-phy-proposal.docx">"TGaf PHY proposal"</a>. IEEE P802.11. 2012-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TGaf+PHY+proposal&rft.pub=IEEE+P802.11&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmentor.ieee.org%2F802.11%2Fdcn%2F12%2F11-12-0809-05-00af-tgaf-phy-proposal.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riverpublishers.com/journal/journal_articles/RP_Journal_2245-800X_115.pdf">"IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of ICT Standardization</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 83–108. July 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13052%2Fjicts2245-800X.115">10.13052/jicts2245-800X.115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+ICT+Standardization&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11ah%3A+A+Long+Range+802.11+WLAN+at+Sub+1+GHz&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-108&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13052%2Fjicts2245-800X.115&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friverpublishers.com%2Fjournal%2Fjournal_articles%2FRP_Journal_2245-800X_115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdameBelBellaltaBarcelo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adame, Toni; Bel, Albert; Bellalta, Boris; Barcelo, Jaume; Oliver, Miquel (2014). "IEEE 802.11AH: the WiFi approach for M2M communications". <i>IEEE Wireless Communications</i>. <b>21</b> (6). IEEE: 144–152. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4675">1402.4675</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMWC.2014.7000982">10.1109/MWC.2014.7000982</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13510385">13510385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Wireless+Communications&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11AH%3A+the+WiFi+approach+for+M2M+communications&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=144-152&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1402.4675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13510385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMWC.2014.7000982&rft.aulast=Adame&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft.au=Bel%2C+Albert&rft.au=Bellalta%2C+Boris&rft.au=Barcelo%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Miquel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustPrasadNiemegeers2012" class="citation conference cs1">Aust, Stefan; Prasad, R Venkatesha; Niemegeers, Ignas GMM (2012). "IEEE 802.11 ah: Advantages in standards and further challenges for sub 1 GHz Wi-Fi". <i>Communications (ICC), 2012 IEEE International Conference on</i>. IEEE. pp. 6885–6889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11+ah%3A+Advantages+in+standards+and+further+challenges+for+sub+1+GHz+Wi-Fi&rft.btitle=Communications+%28ICC%29%2C+2012+IEEE+International+Conference+on&rft.pages=6885-6889&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Aust&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Prasad%2C+R+Venkatesha&rft.au=Niemegeers%2C+Ignas+GMM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Khorov, Evgeny; Lyakhov, Andrey; Krotov, Alexander; Guschin, Andrey (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072625/http://infonet.cse.kyutech.ac.jp/lecture/graduate/doc/sensor.pdf">"A survey on IEEE 802.11 ah: an Enabling Networking Technology for Smart Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Computer Communications</i>. Elsevier. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infonet.cse.kyutech.ac.jp/lecture/graduate/doc/sensor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Communications&rft.atitle=A+survey+on+IEEE+802.11+ah%3A+an+Enabling+Networking+Technology+for+Smart+Cities&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Khorov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft.au=Lyakhov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Krotov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Guschin%2C+Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfonet.cse.kyutech.ac.jp%2Flecture%2Fgraduate%2Fdoc%2Fsensor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunChoiChoi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, Weiping; Choi, Munhwan; Choi, Sunghyun (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riverpublishers.com/journal/journal_articles/RP_Journal_2245-800X_115.pdf">"IEEE 802.11 ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of ICT Standardization</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 83–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13052%2Fjicts2245-800X.115">10.13052/jicts2245-800X.115</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+ICT+Standardization&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11+ah%3A+A+Long+Range+802.11+WLAN+at+Sub+1+GHz&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-108&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13052%2Fjicts2245-800X.115&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Weiping&rft.au=Choi%2C+Munhwan&rft.au=Choi%2C+Sunghyun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friverpublishers.com%2Fjournal%2Fjournal_articles%2FRP_Journal_2245-800X_115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouWangZhengLei2013" class="citation conference cs1">Zhou, Yuan; Wang, Haiguang; Zheng, Shoukang; Lei, Zander Zhongding (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261087296">"Advances in IEEE 802.11 ah standardization for machine-type communications in sub-1GHz WLAN"</a>. <i>Communications Workshops (ICC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on</i>. IEEE. pp. 1269–1273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Advances+in+IEEE+802.11+ah+standardization+for+machine-type+communications+in+sub-1GHz+WLAN&rft.btitle=Communications+Workshops+%28ICC%29%2C+2013+IEEE+International+Conference+on&rft.pages=1269-1273&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Haiguang&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Shoukang&rft.au=Lei%2C+Zander+Zhongding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261087296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11ah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_standards" title="Template talk:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_693" title="IEEE 693">693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><i>See also</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category:IEEE standards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&oldid=1246169506">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&oldid=1246169506</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_802.11" title="Category:IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 September 2024, at 10:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11ah&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rt2p2","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.816","walltime":"0.933","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5082,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":129514,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8467,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128755,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 784.876 1 -total"," 35.94% 282.089 3 Template:Reflist"," 33.30% 261.332 1 Template:802.11_network_standards"," 11.37% 89.279 18 Template:Cite_web"," 11.04% 86.667 1 Template:Cite_book"," 9.50% 74.527 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.10% 63.566 42 Template:Efn"," 8.01% 62.894 40 Template:Efn-ua"," 7.86% 61.683 8 Template:Sfn"," 7.22% 56.689 1 Template:Navbar-collapsible"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.434","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9819119,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdameBelBellaltaBarcelo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustPrasadNiemegeers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloresGuerraKnightlyEcclesine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhorovLyakhovKrotovGuschin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunChoiChoi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTammy_Parker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhouWangZhengLei2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"802.11 network standards\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"IEEE standards\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 16,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6f8kn","timestamp":"20241122152056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"IEEE 802.11ah","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEEE_802.11ah","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15995157","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15995157","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-08-27T10:52:44Z","dateModified":"2024-09-17T10:15:58Z","headline":"IEEE standard for 900 MHz band Wi-Fi"}</script> </body> </html>