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style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;【华为原创连载】问鼎OSPF(1)-互联Route群雄争,OSPF 出横空&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; <font color="red">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; </font></strong></font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><strong><font color="red">序</font></strong></font></div><div style="text-align:left"><strong><font color="red">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 互联Route群雄争,OSPF 出横空</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">初涉路由显神通,民主治军四方拥</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">完善机制沐邻里,帅将兵民如父兄</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">连绵网络拔地起,划区而治应运生</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">内外疾行烽火令,锦绣山河尽囊中</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">因地巧施张良计,宏图霸业指日统</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">联手VPN智破环,塞外扬威俱相荣</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:center"><strong><font color="red">千古一帝终大成,路由天下群雄颂</font></strong></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">自太古之初,阿帕初立,互联网便一片欣欣向荣,尤以信息时代的来临,更若沸水燃薪,呈现出了爆炸式的发展。在这个风起云涌的时代,各方协议厉兵秣马,以期在这迅猛的潮流之中占得一席之位,亦如路由领域。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">阿帕历开元30年,互联网中,链路谷内。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">在山谷之中坐落着一处古老的推演阵法。那阵法篆刻的错综杂乱,无章无法,无形无相,若常人看了一眼之后,便如入瘴雾之中,心生迷惘,深陷其中却无法自拔。现下这凶险异常的阵法前却端坐着两个人。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">当中一人,衣着白衫,眉宇间尚有一丝稚气未脱,却依然掩盖不住这少年的丰神俊朗。而另一人,蓝发碧眼,鹰钩鼻挺,看样子像个来自异域边疆的中年长者。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">突然,在这繁复的阵法之中,隐隐有几处发出了微弱的亮光,似是心有灵犀,遥相呼应。随着时间的流逝,这光点越来越亮,光点间则围绕当中一处形成了一条条通路,通路中却是游离着流光溢彩,煞是好看。及至最后光芒大作,将这空寂的山谷映射的亮如白昼。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“哈哈,师父,我成功了!我成功了!我以乾位为根,坎、艮、震、巽四位为叶,这路由就通了!”只见那白衣少年甚是欣喜,坐直的身子腾的一跃而起,对着眼前的阵法手舞足蹈。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“嗯,不错,孺子可教。SPF心法复杂难懂,你却只在我门下修习了三载,便可融会贯通,果然悟性颇高,” 中年长者微微颔首,又对他道,“徒儿,如今你已尽得SPF精髓,现在可下山去了。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“啊?”白衣少年张大了嘴,楞了半天,刚刚满脸的兴奋劲一扫而空,取而代之的是一丝茫然之色,一如他初时演练此阵法时的模样。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">中年长者看了他一眼,席地而起,“三年前,你在这山谷之中跪了三天三夜,希望我教你SPF心法。当初我被你那颗赤子之心打动,收你为徒。”他又转身望向了远方,接着道:“前几日,我听说路由老祖发布了群英令,要在路由圣山开群雄大会。现下你既已习得心法,亦可前去,该是你一展胸中抱负的时候了。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“是!师父!”白衣少年默然半晌,遂点头道。眼下离别在即,他又想起这三载与师父相处的种种,一股忧伤的情绪油然而生,霎时泪水噙满了双眸。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“师父,您放心,我定让SPF心法名扬天下!”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“名利皆虚妄,为师有你这一徒儿,足矣。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“师父,三年了,我还不知道您的名号呢。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“Dijkstra。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“敌克撕扯,敌克撕扯,好奇怪的名字。师父,我的名字叫……”还没等少年说完,那中年长者已消失在茫茫夜空之中。</font></div><strong>1&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;路由老祖召集群英令 <font face="黑体">各方豪杰齐聚圣山</font></strong> <div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">翌日清晨,白衣少年出了链路谷,便一路向西赶向路由圣山,5日后到达,刚刚赶上路由老祖召集的群英会。白衣少年环顾四周,一鹤发童颜老者位列主桌正中位,想必就是万人敬仰的路由老祖。分坐老祖旁边的二人,一人古板严肃,一人矮小精明,当是路由界著名的静态路由和RIP协议了。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“各位,今日召集大家前来,只为一件事,”老祖举杯而起,“现如今互联网发展太快,路由规模也随之越来越大,所以在此愿与各位共襄盛举,开路由盛世。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“咳,咳,本王自太古之初便随老祖开创路由而来,一路倾心戮力而为,治下的路由莫不稳定。当此盛世之时,本王愿尽绵薄之力。”静态路由道。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“静态路由,我知道你为人谨慎,但事事亲力而为,也会力不从心。现下你自己的一亩三分田都快顾不上来了吧?”说话的是RIP。静态路由被他呛得脸色一会青一会白,奈何说的都是事实,却也无话可驳。RIP见静态路由无话可说,便洋洋得意的道:“老祖,本王倒是可以多管一些路由。我不会像静态路由一样,每条路由都需自己配置,如果路由很多的时候,定是灾难。老祖,你也知道我的传声心法,管路由可容易多了。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><strong><img width="37" height="37" file="http://support.huawei.com/ecommunity/showimage-10143885-10132081-496cac06a9a9bf090db9f70fcd82559f.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></strong><strong>江湖小贴士</strong><strong>:</strong></font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">1、&nbsp;&nbsp;什么是静态路由</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">静态路由是路由界的老前辈,见证了整个路由界的风云变幻。静态路由以手工配置路由的方式进行管理,当网络的拓扑结构或链路的状态发生变化时,再手工重新去修改路由表中相关的静态路由信息。使用静态路由的好处是配置简单、可控性高,在网络总不会产生额外的更新报文。但是静态路由不适用于大型和复杂的网络环境,一方面,网络管理员难以全面地了解整个网络的拓扑结构;另一方面,当网络的拓扑结构和链路状态发生变化时,路由器中的静态路由信息需要大范围地调整,这一工作的难度和复杂程度非常高</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">2、&nbsp;&nbsp;什么是RIP协议</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">RIP出生于名门世家,是Xerox公司在20世纪70年代开发的,是IP网络所使用的第一个动态路由协议。RIP在互联网界开启了动态路由协议的时代,在互联网之初曾经对网络的路由管理作出了巨大贡献。RIP是一种典型到的基于距离矢量的内部网关协议(IGP),属于应用层协议,并使用UDP作为传输协议。然而RIP又有很多不完善的地方,例如以跳数作为度量标准,最大跳数为15跳等等。因此很多人认为它将会而且正在被诸如<font style="color:rgb(0,102,153)"><a href="../plugins/safeurl.php?http://baike.baidu.com/view/64365.htm" target="_blank">OSPF</a></font>和<font style="color:rgb(0,102,153)"><a href="../plugins/safeurl.php?http://baike.baidu.com/view/51072.htm" target="_blank">IS-IS</a></font>这样的路由协议所取代。</font></div><strong>2&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;朝堂上与RIP激辩 <font face="黑体">白衣少年脱颖而出</font></strong> <div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“哼…..”人群之中发出一声轻蔑。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“谁!有谁不服!”RIP睥睨着下首众人,“本王纵横路由界数十载,凡我所过之处,莫不顺从归我治下!”这话说的倒是事实,在互联网初期,RIP依靠他那套简单的传声心法,将路由倒是管理的井井有条。其间,虽然因为自身心法问题,出现了一些路由环路的事故,但后来都通过研摩出来的一些改进措施,比如水平分工、毒性逆转、触发更新等,将这些事故解决了。不过,此一时彼一时,如今互联网发展如此迅猛,路由无论从距离,还是数量来说,都会呈现几何式的增长,他那套还能行吗?路由界很多人都知此点,但自身力量有限,只能沉默不语。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“RIP前辈这话说的不假,RIP协议通过简单的距离矢量算法,的确比静态路由前辈手工配置路由高明了很多。但是么,这世上有什么协议能是完美无缺的呢?”人群之中施施然走出来一位翩翩美少年,打破了这一刻的沉寂。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“哦?”RIP那精明的双眼中闪过一丝厉色,“那你倒是说说RIP协议有哪些缺点?”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“既然RIP前辈这样说,那我就恭敬不如从命了。”那美少年便是师从Dijkstra的白衣少年。只见他一边健步如飞,以指代笔,在地上绘出一张张网络图,一边向众人耐心讲解,不一会就道出了RIP协议的三个短板。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">1、依照传闻进行路由更新和路由选择。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">距离矢量协议依照传闻进行路由的更新和路由的选择。这种情况下路由器并不了解整个网络的拓扑,只知道到达目的网络的距离,以及到达目的网络应该走哪个方向或者哪个接口。如图1所示,R2收到了来自R1的路由通告(传闻),此时R2可以知道经过R1可以到达1.1.1.0/24网络,花费是1跳 ,除此之外R2不知道其他的信息,即使这个通告因为某种原因已经是错误的了,R2依然固执的认为经过R1可以到达1.1.1.0/24网络,花费是1。这是导致RIP网络容易产生路由环路的最根本原因。</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><img width="553" height="219" file="http://support.huawei.com/ecommunity/showimage-10143886-10132081-7256822c95febdc280033a256b2e2b59.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">图1 RIP依照传闻进行路由更新和路由选择</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">2、RIP以跳数(Hops)作为度量值,虽然简单,但是事实上是不够科学的。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">如图2所示:R1去往R5的路径有两条:经过R2的这个路径有2跳,但是带宽仅为1.544M;经过R3的这个路径有3跳,但是带宽却很大,为千兆链路。按照RIP的度量标准,一定会选择经过R2的这一条路径,而事实上这条路径的链路带宽并不是最优的。这是导致RIP网络带宽利用率低下,不容易进行QoS管理的根本原因。</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><img width="553" height="401" file="http://support.huawei.com/ecommunity/showimage-10143887-10132081-8670b6d042fb396e2dcf90f8262ff672.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">图2 RIP以跳数(Hops)作为度量值</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">3、最大跳数15的设定限制了RIP网络的规模。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">为了防止RIP路由在网络中被无限泛洪从而跳数累加到无穷大,RIP规定:路由的最大跳数为15跳,也就是如果度量值大于等于16跳则被视为路由不可达。最大跳数的设定虽然解决了度量值技术到无穷大的问题,但是却也极大地限制了RIP所能支持的网络的规模。</font></div><strong>3&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;SPF与LSDB勾勒IGP蓝图 <font face="黑体">路由领域开启新格局</font></strong> <div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“嘿嘿,你这说的倒是大差不差,”RIP对着那白衣少年皮笑肉不笑的道,心下却震撼于他竟对RIP协议了解的如此之深,而且在场的大部分人应该都是这样的感受。路由老祖召集这群英令,无非是对这越来越大的路由疆界重做分配,虽然自身有那么些缺点,但是比其他人要好些。想着这增大的盘子,即使别人有颇多的怨言,大部分还不是摄于他的威力,划在他名下?!没想到竟半路杀出个程咬金。他强自镇定,接着说道:“但是,我想目前别人也没有比我更能管的好路由吧?”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“嗯,目前是没有,不过只是目前。”那白衣少年对着RIP面露微笑。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“这么说,你有什么更好的方法?”RIP眼含精光,紧接追问。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“小子不才,刚好从某位大师那里学了点皮毛,再结合当下互联网的状况,想到了一些方法。”白衣少年负手而立,当下侃侃而谈。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">与RIP的运行机制不同,在白衣少年所说的网络中,每台路由器根据自己周围的网络拓扑结构生成链路状态通告LSA(Link State Advertisement),并通过更新报文将LSA发送给网络中的其它路由器。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">1、&nbsp;&nbsp;每台路由器都通过LSDB掌握全网的拓扑结构。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">如图3所示,每台路由器都会收集其它路由器发来的LSA,所有的LSA放在一起便组成了链路状态数据库LSDB(Link State Database)。LSA是对路由器周围网络拓扑结构的描述,LSDB则是对整个自治系统的网络拓扑结构的描述。路由器将LSDB转换成一张带权的有向图,这张图便是对整个网络拓扑结构的真实反映。各个路由器得到的有向图是完全相同的。</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><img width="554" height="171" file="http://support.huawei.com/ecommunity/showimage-10143888-10132081-2a40731fe0936a74c5bbef801ea0e7a5.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">图3 路由器通过LSDB掌握全网的拓扑结构</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">2、&nbsp;&nbsp;依靠SPF计算到达目的网络的路径,而不是依靠传闻。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">如图4所示,每台路由器根据有向图,使用SPF算法计算出一棵以自己为根的最短路径树,这棵树给出了到自治系统中各节点的路由。相对于RIP,这种机制极大的提升了路由器的自主选路的能力,使得路由器不再依靠传闻或者路标进行选路。</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><img width="554" height="173" file="http://support.huawei.com/ecommunity/showimage-10143889-10132081-91a9fec83f6fd1ea5237787ffe7cdc51.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">图4 路由器依靠SPF计算到达目的网络的路径</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">LSDB保证了路由器能够时刻掌握全网的拓扑机构,SPF算法保证了路由器能够迅速的计算出到达目的网络的最短路径。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“妙!实在是妙!这样一来,整个网络没有环路不说,而且也没有RIP那样有距离小于16跳的限制。”人群中爆发出了一声由衷的赞叹,既而这声音像丢落在平静湖面中的一颗石子,慢慢扩散开来,大家都在交头接耳,小声交谈,赞叹着这世上竟有配合如此精妙的阵法,同时也在猜测着,这白衣少年是谁。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">而先前不可一世的RIP却站在那不发一言,只是看着那个白衣少年,眼中精光更盛。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">这时,一直没有说话的路由老祖出声了:“哈哈,果然英雄出少年,想来我路由领域后继有人了,”他朝白衣少年招了招手,“小兄弟,近前说话。敢问你叫什么名字?师承何处?”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">白衣少年走到老祖面前,对着老祖弯腰作揖道:“老祖多誉了,是家师教导的好。小子籍籍无名,家师倒有些名望……”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“呵呵呵呵,这套阵法倒是巧妙,LSDB与SPF配合起来也是相得益彰,”突然,一串柔媚的笑声打断了白衣少年的话。白衣少年循声望去,只见一女子面蒙轻纱,露出的一双摄人心魄的美眸正好奇的打量着自己,身姿极是曼妙。而且她竟然也是师父那样的装扮,难道和师父来自同一个地方?这个女子坐在老祖那一桌,想来身份也很是高贵。“不过,我曾经遇到过一位高人,他说以后路由数量的增长会达到你们难以想象的地步。那时候你这套阵法还能坚持下去吗?”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“这……不知道会增长到多少,姑娘可大概说个数字吗?”白衣少年惊奇道。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“几十万。”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“啊?!”在场众人皆是一惊,白衣少年也不例外。几十万?看来还是低估了这个时代前进的车轮倾轧的速度。那么,LSDB与SPF还可以助我达成伟业吗?想着想着,他心中竟生出了一丝气馁之意。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“哈哈哈,小兄弟不要灰心,古往今来,互联网历经了多少动荡,每一次莫不是涌现出很多协议,通过变革,让互联网重又安定下来。姑娘,你莫要夸大其词。”路由老祖见他神色落寞,温言安慰。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">是啊,什么时候自己变的这么不堪一击了?白衣少年重又回复一脸坚毅之色:“老祖教训的是,小子虽路由小辈,亦不愤当下路由格局,遂师从Dijkstra,得上乘心法,愿领各方豪侠,换路由新生!”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“好!小兄弟,刚刚一打断,你还未报出你的名字?你的名字叫?”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">“OSPF!”</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">OSPF?呵呵呵呵,真是个有趣的人。蒙面女子带着一丝玩味的眼神看着他。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">嘿嘿,OSPF?我看你怎么换路由新生。RIP的嘴角泛起一丝诡异的笑容。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)">就这样,路由圣山群英会,白衣少年OSPF横空而出,江湖上又会多一段美妙佳话。</font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><strong><font style="color:rgb(255,0,255)"><font style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font style="font-size:24px">而好戏,</font></font></font></strong></font></div><div style="text-align:left"><font style="color:rgb(51,51,51)"><strong><font style="color:rgb(255,0,255)"><font style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font style="font-size:24px">才刚刚开始。</font></font></font></strong></font></div><br /> <font 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