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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Жуықтағы өзгерістер</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Соңғы бір айдағы басталған беттер тізімі, есім кеңістігі бойынша сүзгілеп көре аласыз."><span>Жаңа беттер</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Кездейсоқ бет жүктеу [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Кездейсоқ бет</span></a></li><li id="n-videolesson" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уикипедияны үйренуге қатысты YouTube-тағы видео сабақтар"><span>Видео сабақтар</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Анықтама табу орны."><span>Анықтама</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уикипедия қатысушыларының форумы."><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-general-discussion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Flow жұмыс легінде жұмыс істейтін Уикипедияның негізгі талқылау беті [4]" accesskey="4"><span>Талқылау легі</span></a></li><li id="n-telegram" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Telegram" title="Қазақша Уикипедияға қатысты ең маңызды жаңалықтар мен мақалалар"><span>Телеграм арна</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Бұл беттегі қатені хабарлау"><span>Қателер туралы хабарлау</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Уикипедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-kk.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Кіру</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Басқа баптаулар" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Жеке құралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Жеке құралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Қатысушы мәзірі" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_kk.wikipedia.org&uselang=kk"><span>Демеу беру</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96&returnto=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Біз сізге есептік жазба бастауды және кіруді ұсынамыз,ол міндетті емес."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Тіркелу</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кіруіңізді ұсынамыз, ол міндетті емес. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Кіру</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Шыққан өңдеушілерге арналған беттер <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" aria-label="Өңдеу туралы көбірек білу"><span>көбірек білу</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжаймен жасаған өңдемелер тізімі [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Үлесім</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжай өңдемелерін 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Мазмұны" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмұны</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Кіріспе</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Толығырақ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Толығырақ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Толығырақ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Толығырақ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Атаулары_және_изомерлері" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Атаулары_және_изомерлері"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Атаулары және изомерлері</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Атаулары_және_изомерлері-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дереккөздер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дереккөздер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Дереккөздер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дереккөздер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмұны" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Аминқышқылдар</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Басқа тілдегі мақалаға өту. 110 тілде қолжетімді" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 тіл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosuur" title="Aminosuur – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aminosuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حمض أميني – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض أميني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="এমিন’ এছিড – ассам тілі" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এমিন’ এছিড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cidu" title="Aminoácidu – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aminoácidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amintur%C5%9Fular" title="Aminturşular – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aminturşular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آمینو اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمینو اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_amino" title="Asidong amino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asidong amino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амінакіслоты – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амінакіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Амінакісьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амінакісьлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="অ্যামিনো অ্যাসিড – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামিনো অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A0cid" title="Aminoàcid – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aminoàcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ترشی ئەمینی – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترشی ئەمینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aminokyselina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Аминойӳçек – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аминойӳçек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino – валлий тілі" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid amino" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлий тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aminosäuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Αμινοξέα – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμινοξέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohapped" title="Aminohapped – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aminohapped" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aminoazido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آمینو اسید – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمینو اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohapot" title="Aminohapot – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aminohapot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BDra" title="Aminosýra – фарер тілі" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aminosýra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарер тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9" title="Acide aminé – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide aminé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BCren" title="Aminosüren – солтүстік фриз тілі" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aminosüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="солтүстік фриз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%ADonaig%C3%A9ad" title="Aimíonaigéad – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aimíonaigéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – хауса тілі" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n-k%C3%AE-s%C3%B4n" title="Ôn-kî-sôn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ôn-kî-sôn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="חומצת אמינו – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצת אמינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अमीनो अम्ल – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमीनो अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amine" title="Asid amine – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asid amine" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosavak" title="Aminosavak – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aminosavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ամինաթթու – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամինաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – интерлингва тілі" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam amino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – идо тілі" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADn%C3%B3s%C3%BDra" title="Amínósýra – исланд тілі" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amínósýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amminoacido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="アミノ酸 – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アミノ酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asem_amino" title="Asem amino – ява тілі" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asem amino" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამინომჟავები – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამინომჟავები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aminokislotalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81" title="អាស៊ីតអាមីនេ – кхмер тілі" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ីតអាមីនេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмер тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಅಮಿನೊ ಆಮ್ಲ – каннада тілі" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮಿನೊ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미노산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%90%DA%88" title="اَمَینو ایسِڈ – кашмир тілі" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَمَینو ایسِڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмир тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_am%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Asîda amînî – күрд тілі" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda amînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="күрд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Амин кычкылдыктары (аминокислота) – қырғыз тілі" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амин кычкылдыктары (аминокислота)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қырғыз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacidum" title="Aminoacidum – латын тілі" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aminoacidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosaier" title="Aminosaier – люксембург тілі" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aminosaier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozoer" title="Aminozoer – лимбург тілі" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aminozoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminuacid" title="Aminuacid – Ломбард" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aminuacid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Ломбард" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tys" title="Aminorūgštys – литва тілі" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aminorūgštys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosk%C4%81bes" title="Aminoskābes – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aminoskābes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="അമിനോ അമ്ലം – малаялам тілі" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിനോ അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Амин хүчил – моңғол тілі" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амин хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="моңғол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अमिनो आम्ल – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमिनो आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid amino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aminozuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino-aside" title="Amino-aside – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Amino-aside" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid – окситан тілі" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aminoacid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoo_Asidii" title="Aminoo Asidii – оромо тілі" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aminoo Asidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਅਮੀਨੋ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ – пенджаб тілі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮੀਨੋ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджаб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokwasy" title="Aminokwasy – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aminokwasy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="امینو ایسڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امینو ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="امينو اسيد – пушту тілі" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امينو اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aminoacid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аминокислоты – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аминокислоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosivra" title="Aminosivra – солтүстік саам тілі" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aminosivra" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="солтүстік саам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD" title="ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල – сингал тілі" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aminokyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aminokislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacidet" title="Aminoacidet – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aminoacidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BC%C3%BCren" title="Aminosüüren – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aminosüüren" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino – сундан тілі" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam amino" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyror" title="Aminosyror – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aminosyror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidi_amino" title="Asidi amino – суахили тілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asidi amino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அமினோ அமிலம் – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமினோ அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఎమైనో ఆమ్లాలు – телугу тілі" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎమైనో ఆమ్లాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Аминокислотаҳо – тәжік тілі" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аминокислотаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тәжік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="กรดอะมิโน – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดอะมิโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_amino" title="Asidong amino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asidong amino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_asit" title="Amino asit – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amino asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Амінокислоти – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амінокислоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="امینو ایسڈ – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امینو ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aminokislotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aminozuur" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoasido" title="Aminoasido – варай тілі" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aminoasido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="אמינא-זייערס – идиш тілі" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמינא-זייערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Amino_acid" title="Àwọn Amino acid – йоруба тілі" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-ki-sng" title="An-ki-sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="An-ki-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Тіларалық сілтемелерді өңдеу" class="wbc-editpage">Сілтемелерді өңдеу</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ат кеңістіктері"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Көрініс</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Уикипедия — ашық энциклопедиясынан алынған мәлімет</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:AminoAcidball_rus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AminoAcidball_rus.svg/300px-AminoAcidball_rus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AminoAcidball_rus.svg/450px-AminoAcidball_rus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AminoAcidball_rus.svg/600px-AminoAcidball_rus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Аминқышқылдар</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Аминқышқылдар</b> (аминкарбондық қышқылдар, АМҚ) — молекуласында <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Амин тобы">амин</a> (~NH<sub>2</sub>) және <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Карбоксил">карбоксил</a> (-СООН) топтары бар <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Органикалық қосылыстар">органикалық қосылыстар</a>: </p> <dl><dd><big>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH</big> (<i>аминсірке қышқылы (глицин)</i>)</dd></dl> <p>Аминқышкылдарын радикалындағы сутек атомдары амин тобына алмасқан карбон қышқылдарының туындылары ретінде қарастыруға болады. Кейбір аминқышқылдарының құрамында екі аминтобы, гидроксил тобы, тиол тобы — <big>SH</big>, екі карбоксил тобы болады. </p><p>Құрамында әртүрлі функционалды топтары болғандықтан, аминқышқылдары <i>гетерофункционалды</i> қосылыстарға жатады. Аминқышқылдары табиғатта көп таралған: ақуыздардың, пептидтердің және т.б. физиологиялық белсенді қосылыстардың құрамына кіреді және бос күйінде де кездеседі. Тіршілік үшін аса маңызды қосылыс ақуыз молекуласы аминқышқылдар қалдықтарынан құралатындықтан, олардың маңызы өте зор. Ақуыз биосинтезіне жиырма шақты а-аминқышқылдары қатысады. Олардың біразы алмаспайтын аминқышқылдары. Олар организмде синтезделмейді немесе өте аз мөлшерде синтезделеді, сондықтан олардың организмге қажеттілігі тек қана тағаммен қамтамасыз етіледі.<sup id="cite_ref-hi1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hi1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Толығырақ"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.93.D1.8B.D1.80.D0.B0.D2.9B"></span>Толығырақ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Толығырақ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Толығырақ"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Табиғатта аминқышқылдардың 150-ден астам түрі бар. Олардың 20-сына жуығы ақуыздар түзілісінде аса маңызды қызмет атқаратын мономер блок-топшалар. (Аминқышқылдардың ақуыз құрамына енгізілуі тәртібін тектік код есептейді). Аминқышқылдары барлық ағзалардың зат алмасу процесіне қатысып гормондар витаминдер мидиаторлар пуринді және пиримидинді азоттық негіздердің алқолоидтердің т. б. гормондар биосинтезінің негізгі қосылыстарын түзу қызметін атқарады. Микроағзалардың көпшілігі өздеріне керекті аминқышқылдарын синтездейді. Адам мен барлық жануарларда аминқышқылдарын өздігінен түзіле алмағандықтан оларды дайын түрінде ішіп-жейтін қорегінен алады. Қазіргі кезде адам және жануарлардың тамағына косылатын аминқышқылдары биотехнологиялық синтездеу әдісімен (химия және микробиология) игеріледі. Сонымен қатар олар өнеркәсіптік полиамидтер, бояулар мен дәрі-дәрмек шығаруда да үнемі пайдаланылатын өнім.<sup id="cite_ref-name_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Амин қышқылдары барлық тірі организмдерде жүретін азотты заттар (гормондардың, витаминдердің, медиаторлардың, пурин және пиримидин негіздерінің, алкалоидтардың т.б. заттардың негізгі де бастапқы қосылыстары болып саналады) алмасуына қатысады, жануарлар мен өсімдіктер организмдерінің барлық ақуыздарының (протеиндерінің) <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мономер">мономерлері</a> қызметін атқарады. Жасушалардағы протеиндер <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Биосинтез">биосинтезіндегі</a> амин қышқылдарының ақуыздағы орындарын генетикалық код анықтайды. Микроорганизмдер мен өсімдік организмдерінің көпшілігінде, оларға қажет амин қышқылдарының барлыгы түгелімен, аталган организмдерде түзіледі, ал адам мен жануарлар организмдерінде алмаспайтын амин қышқылдары түзілмейді, олар тек дайын түрінде ғана тамақ пен азықтың құрамымен организмге келеді.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Адам организмі қажетті аминқышқылдарының жартысынан астамын өздігінен синтездей алады. Ал сегіз аминқыщқылын адам организмі синтездей алмайды. Олар ауыстырылмайтын аминқышқылдары деп аталады. Организмде синтезделмейтін аминқышқылдарын адам қоректік заттармен қабылдауы керек. Барлық аминқышқылдары мал етінің құрамында болатындықтан, ет аминқышқылдарының негізгі көзі болып саналады. Ал әр өсімдіктің құрамында өзіне тән жеке аминқышқылдары болады. Аминқышқылдары медицинада дәрі-дәрмек, ал ауыл шаруашылығында мал азығына үстеме қорек ретінде пайдаланылады. Өнеркәсіпте синтетикалық талшық(капрон, нейлон) алу үшін де аминқышқылдары қолданылады. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Атаулары_және_изомерлері"><span id=".D0.90.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B_.D0.B6.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.96"></span>Атаулары және изомерлері</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Атаулары және изомерлері" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Атаулары және изомерлері"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Аминқышқылының қарапайым өкілі — аминсірке қышқылы <big>NH<sub>2</sub>—СН<sub>2</sub>—СООН</big>. Аминқышқылдарын көбіне қалыптасып кеткен тривиальді атаумен, мысалы, аминсірке қышқылын глицинлеи атайды. </p><p>Аминқышқылдарының изомерленуі көміртек тізбегінің изомерленуімен және амин тобының орналасуы бойынша анықталады. Атау үшін карбоксил тобы бар көміртек атомынан бастап нөмірлейді: </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Poli15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/thumb/f/f5/Poli15.png/600px-Poli15.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/thumb/f/f5/Poli15.png/900px-Poli15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/f/f5/Poli15.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </p><p>Халықаралық номенклатурадан басқа көміртек атомдарын грек алфавиті әріптерімен белгілеп атау да қолданылады. Бұл жағдайда белгілеу карбоксил тобынан кейінгі көміртек атомынан басталады.<sup id="cite_ref-hi1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hi1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Poli16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/thumb/0/07/Poli16.png/600px-Poli16.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/thumb/0/07/Poli16.png/900px-Poli16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/0/07/Poli16.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="269" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дереккөздер" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Дереккөздер"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hi1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-hi1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hi1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия">Химия</a>: Жалпы білім беретін мектептің жаратылыстану-математика бағытындағы 11-сыныбына арналған оқулық / Ә. Темірболатова, Н. Нұрахметов, Р. Жұмаділова, С. Әлімжанова. – <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Алматы">Алматы</a>: «Мектеп» баспасы, <a href="/wiki/2007" class="mw-redirect" title="2007">2007</a>. – 352 бет. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965360928" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-36-092-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-name_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Орысша-қазақша түсіндірме сөздік: Биология / Жалпы редакциясын басқарған э.ғ.д., профессор Е. Арын — Павлодар: «ЭКО» ҒӨФ. 2007 жыл. - 1028 б. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965082863" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-08-286-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Биоморфология терминдерінің түсіндірме сөздігі/ — Алматы: "Сөздік-Словарь", 2009 жыл. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965822549" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-822-54-9</a></span> </li> </ol> <table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 240px; float: right; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="margin-left: 5px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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