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User:Ddstretch - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Useful_additional_formatting,_etc_resources_when_writing_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Useful additional formatting, etc resources when writing articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Useful_additional_formatting,_etc_resources_when_writing_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_useful_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_useful_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other useful tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_useful_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">User</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ddstretch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-user" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:Ddstretch" title="View the user page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>User page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Ddstretch" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:Ddstretch"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&action=edit" title="This page is protected. You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:Ddstretch"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/User:Ddstretch" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/User:Ddstretch" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-contributions" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Ddstretch" title="A list of contributions by this user"><span>User contributions</span></a></li><li id="t-log" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log/Ddstretch" title="A list of logged actions by this user"><span>User logs</span></a></li><li id="t-userrights" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:UserRights/Ddstretch"><span>View user groups</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&oldid=1142424149" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUser%3ADdstretch"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUser%3ADdstretch"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=User%3ADdstretch&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Ddstretch&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia editor</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-warning, #ffc9c9); background-color:var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fffff3); color:var(--color-base, inherit); margin-left:0; margin-right:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><b>This is a <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span>Wiki</span><span>pedia</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">user page</a>.</b><br />This is not an encyclopedia article or the talk page for an encyclopedia article. If you find this page on any site other than <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span>Wiki</span><span>pedia</span>,</span> you are viewing a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mirrors_and_forks" title="Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks">mirror site</a>. Be aware that the page may be outdated and that the user whom this page is about may have no personal affiliation with any site other than <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span>Wiki</span><span>pedia</span></span>. The original page is located at <span class="plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ddstretch"><span>https://en.wiki</span><span>pedia.org/wi</span><span>ki/User:Ddstretch</span></a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="userboxes" style="margin: auto; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 248px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; background-color: #FFFFFF; background-color: var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);; color: #000000; color: var(--color-emphasized, #000000); float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold;">My profile</div> <table role="presentation" class="userboxes" style="clear:right;border:#99B3FF solid 1px;color:#000000;float:right;margin-bottom:0em;margin-left:1em;width:248px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" style="background-color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel" title="Wikipedia:Babel">Wikipedia:Babel</a></th></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle !important"><div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#C5FCDC;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user is a <b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_en-N" title="Category:User en-N">native speaker</a></b> of the <b><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></b>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #F99C99;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#F9CBC9;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#F99C99;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>-5</td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user can contribute with a <b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_en-5" title="Category:User en-5">professional</a></b> level of <b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_en" title="Category:User en">English</a></b>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #77E0E8;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#D0F8FF;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#77E0E8;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">zh</a>-2</td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25;color:black;vertical-align:middle"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">該用戶能以<b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_zh-2" title="Category:User zh-2">一般</a></b>的<b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_zh" title="Category:User zh">中文</a></b>進行交流。</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">该用户能以<b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_zh-2" title="Category:User zh-2">一般</a></b>的<b><a href="/wiki/Category:User_zh" title="Category:User zh">中文</a></b>进行交流。</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" style="background-color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_by_language" title="Category:Wikipedians by language">Search user languages</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid red;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:navy;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:white;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:white;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:white;vertical-align:middle">This user is a <b><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law"><span style="color:white;">British Citizen</span></a></b>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid darkred;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#D0F5FF;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:darkred;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/102px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/135px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:center;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Wikipedians in the People's Republic of China">This user</a> lives in the <b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></b>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Wikipedians in the People's Republic of China">本用户</a>住在<b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">中华人民共和国</a></b>。</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #0645AD;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#D7FFEB;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:90px;height:45px;background:#0645AD;text-align:left;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/136px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:center;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:125%;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user lives in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">United Kingdom</span></a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> <b>Specific Wikipedia Activities</b> </p> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #000080;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#ffffff;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#c0c0c0;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fifteen_Year_Society_userbox.svg/42px-Fifteen_Year_Society_userbox.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fifteen_Year_Society_userbox.svg/63px-Fifteen_Year_Society_userbox.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fifteen_Year_Society_userbox.svg/84px-Fifteen_Year_Society_userbox.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="305" /></span></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user has been editing Wikipedia for more than <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fifteen_Year_Society" title="Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society">15 years</a></b>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #8d40b3;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#f0e6f5;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#d9bfe5;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noia_64_apps_karm.svg/42px-Noia_64_apps_karm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noia_64_apps_karm.svg/63px-Noia_64_apps_karm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noia_64_apps_karm.svg/84px-Noia_64_apps_karm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.1;color:black;vertical-align:middle"><span class="plainlinks neverexpand"> This user has been on Wikipedia for <b>19 years, 9 months and 25 days</b>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #005500;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#EEFFEE;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#EEFFEE;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandCheshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EnglandCheshire.svg/33px-EnglandCheshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EnglandCheshire.svg/50px-EnglandCheshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EnglandCheshire.svg/66px-EnglandCheshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:center;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.3em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Cheshire#Participants" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Cheshire">participates</a> in<br /><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Cheshire" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Cheshire"><span style="font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;">WikiProject Cheshire</span></a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid blue;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#FFFBEE;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:0px;height:45px;background:#FFFBEE;text-align:center;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/29px-Uk_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="29" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/44px-Uk_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/58px-Uk_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3089" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:center;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user participates in<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_UK_geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject UK geography">WikiProject UK geography</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #CCCC00;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#FFFFBB;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:0px;height:45px;background:#CCCC00;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Service_awards#Experienced_Editor_(or_Grognard_Mirabilaire)" title="Wikipedia:Service awards"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Editor_-_gold_ribbon_-_3_pips.jpg/45px-Editor_-_gold_ribbon_-_3_pips.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Editor_-_gold_ribbon_-_3_pips.jpg/68px-Editor_-_gold_ribbon_-_3_pips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Editor_-_gold_ribbon_-_3_pips.jpg/90px-Editor_-_gold_ribbon_-_3_pips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="179" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:center;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This editor is an <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Service_awards#Experienced_Editor_(or_Grognard_Mirabilaire)" title="Wikipedia:Service awards">Experienced Editor</a></b> and is entitled to display this <b>Service Badge</b>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #7c9;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#bfd;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#8ea;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/63px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/84px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user thinks that <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">registration</a> should be required to <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">edit</a> articles.</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Wikipedia">On Wikipedia</h3></div> <p><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changsha&diff=9898804&oldid=9898772">Here</a> is my first edit. </p> <ul><li>Significant work to articles: <ul><li>Founding, active membership, and contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cheshire">Cheshire WikiProject</a></li> <li>Created and contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire Portal</a>.</li> <li>Created many templates in use by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cheshire">Cheshire WikiProject</a></li> <li>Creation of <a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cheshire" title="Hundreds of Cheshire">Hundreds of Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_parishes_of_Cheshire" title="Ancient parishes of Cheshire">Ancient parishes of Cheshire</a></li> <li>Substantial Additions to <a href="/wiki/Haslington" title="Haslington">Haslington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Lawton" title="Church Lawton">Church Lawton</a>, and others.</li> <li>Expansion to <a href="/wiki/Barthomley" title="Barthomley">Barthomley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crewe_Green" title="Crewe Green">Crewe Green</a>, and others.</li> <li>Created numerous stub articles for <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes">civil parishes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> (all districts).</li> <li>Minor Edits to the <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a> entries.</li> <li>Added material to the <a href="/wiki/Smallthorne" title="Smallthorne">Smallthorne</a> entry.</li> <li>Added material to the <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> entry</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>I am an administrator, having become one on 6 June 2008 (see my <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Ddstretch" title="Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Ddstretch">RfA nomination and process here</a>.)</b> However, I have had a break from being an admin: I resigned that position on 10 March 2009, but applied for and got admin status back on 25 December 2012, once myself and my family had successfully re-located to China.I am now starting to increase my contributions to wikipedia again. </p><p>I edit now from two major locations in quite different parts of the world, depending on where I am at the time. I edit from machines on my local network in the UK, which is where I now primarily live, but I also edit from a PC within China. In the case of China, this means that I sometimes cannot access sites (including wikipedia) because of the blocks that constitute "The Great Firewall". In those situation, if my need is to access something quickly, I will fall back on using a paid-for VPN service. This means that the IPs I seem to access Wikipedia from need not always accurately give my location. I may make use of servers in a variety of countries that allow me the quickest access at the time. I usually continue to access the Internet with these links for the remainder of a session once it has connected, though there may be occasions when I switch the VPN service off, apparently then changing countries or continents very quickly if one uses the IP address solely to determine where I am editing from. </p><p>For the benefits of the curious. My family lives in China, because they are Chinese citizens, but visa restrictions imposed by UK governments mean they can no longer live with me in the UK (though they were able to do so before), and I live in the UK because I now have a chronic health condition that can only be adequately managed if I live in the UK (though I could easily live permanently in China, but for this). </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Admin statistics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Action</th> <th>Count </th></tr> <tr> <td>Edits </td> <td>16445 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edits+Deleted </td> <td>17059 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pages deleted </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pages protected </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pages unprotected </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protections modified </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Users blocked </td> <td>553 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Users reblocked </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Users unblocked </td> <td>25 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3></div> <ul><li>Writing — Academic Research Articles (particularly in measurement theory some may know as "axiomatic measurement theory" within psychology, and the formal bases of research design and the research process in psychology); Writing about various failures of reason apparent in areas of "alternative medicine" or "complementary medicine", normally involving a misunderstanding of the scientific processes, and the pervasive nature of psychological effects that are often insufficiently controlled, if at all, in research in this area; Science Fiction, and a semi-regular column (in Chinese) for a Chinese magazine;</li> <li>Academic Research: since taking early retirement, I have continued to engage in academic research. The areas that I have continued to research in are ones I have chosen not to edit extensively here on wikipedia, though I have sometimes carried out minor editing. The areas include: <a href="/wiki/Informal_logic" title="Informal logic">Informal logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argumentation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentation Theory">Argumentation Theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical psychology</a>, Psychological and Psychiatric research methods and statistics (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_research_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological research methods">Psychological research methods</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Science">Philosophy of Science</a>. This work has focussed on the issues of evidence, argument from evidence, and the nature of the evidence-based research processes in the psychological and psychiatric sciences using (a) a formal logical/mathematical structure informed by various areas with applied mathematics dealing with <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">category theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>, and (b) an appreciation of ideas from within philosophy of science, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">philosophical logic</a>, argumentation theory and informal logic particularly with the issue of writing persuasive material.</li> <li>Music Composition;</li> <li>Gardening;</li> <li>Walking; and</li> <li>Watercolour Painting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Information">Other Information</h3></div> <p>Born in 1953 in Cheshire, UK. </p><p>Degrees from Welsh (Bangor), Scottish (Stirling), and English (Birmingham) Universities. </p><p><b>My eyesight is not good, and is deteriorating, so I may sometimes miss elementary errors in edits I make. I apologize in advance for this.</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="WikiProject_Membership">WikiProject Membership</h2></div> <p>I am a member of the following WikiProjects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Cheshire" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_UK_geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject UK geography">UK Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_UK_Subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject UK Subdivisions">UK Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Rational_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Rational Skepticism">Rational Skepticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Useful_pages">Useful pages</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/List_of_stubs" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/List of stubs">Stub templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TM">Template messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/User_talk_namespace/Multi_level_details" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/User talk namespace/Multi level details">User talk messages (often about disruptive behaviour), multi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/User_talk_namespace/Single_level_details" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/User talk namespace/Single level details">User talk messages(often about disruptive behaviour), single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAT:CAT" class="mw-redirect" title="CAT:CAT">The main category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:5P" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:5P">WP:5P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reckless" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reckless">WP:Reckless</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Be Bold">WP:Be Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLUDGEON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLUDGEON">WP:BLUDGEON</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report">Statistics about parishes, etc</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Useful_additional_formatting,_etc_resources_when_writing_articles"><span id="Useful_additional_formatting.2C_etc_resources_when_writing_articles"></span>Useful additional formatting, etc resources when writing articles</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">How to edit a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOS">Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Compass-table" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Compass-table">Compass Table</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_useful_tools">Other useful tools</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/Tool1/wannabe_kate">Displays edits and summary tables, graphs of edits for a user</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.grok.se/">Tool to display how many times a page has been viewed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/Tool1/wannabe_kate?username=Ddstretch&site=en.wikipedia.org">summary of my edits</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="float: right"><small>[<span class="plainlinks"><span style="color:blue;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Dashboard&action=purge">Dashboard</a></span></span>]</small></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by 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