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id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy_of_the_bladder_and_outlet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_of_the_bladder_and_outlet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anatomy of the bladder and outlet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_of_the_bladder_and_outlet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Storage phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiding_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiding_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Voiding phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voiding_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Voluntary control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experience_of_urination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experience_of_urination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Experience of urination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experience_of_urination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clinical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Clinical conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimentally_induced_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimentally_induced_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Experimentally induced disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimentally_induced_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deafferentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deafferentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Deafferentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deafferentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denervation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denervation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Denervation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denervation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinal_cord_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinal_cord_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.3</span> <span>Spinal cord injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinal_cord_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Young_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Young children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fetal_urination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fetal_urination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fetal urination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fetal_urination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urination_after_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urination_after_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Urination after injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urination_after_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_urination_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_urination_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Alternative urination tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_urination_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social and cultural aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_cultural_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and cultural aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toilet_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toilet_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Toilet training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toilet_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urination_without_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urination_without_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Urination without facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urination_without_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sitting,_standing,_or_squatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sitting,_standing,_or_squatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sitting, standing, or squatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sitting,_standing,_or_squatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Males" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Males"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Males</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Males-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Females" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Females"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Females</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Females-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talking_about_urination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talking_about_urination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Talking about urination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talking_about_urination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Use in language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urination_and_sexual_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urination_and_sexual_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Urination and sexual activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urination_and_sexual_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_shock_injuries_and_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_shock_injuries_and_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electric shock injuries and deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_shock_injuries_and_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urination</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="تبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-ihi" title="Pag-ihi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag-ihi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Уриниране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уриниране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soicha" title="Soicha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Soicha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrenje" title="Mokrenje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mokrenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troazha%C3%B1" title="Troazhañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troazhañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micci%C3%B3" title="Micció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Micció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%88%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Этем шăрăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этем шăрăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Močení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Močení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piso" title="Piso – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Piso" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miktion" title="Miktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusemine" title="Kusemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kusemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micci%C3%B3n" title="Micción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Micción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinado" title="Urinado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urinado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernu-egite" title="Gernu-egite – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gernu-egite" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ادرار کردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادرار کردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miction" title="Miction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisjen" title="Pisjen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pisjen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micci%C3%B3n" title="Micción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Micción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%99%E5%B0%BF" title="屙尿 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="屙尿" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EB%87%A8" title="배뇨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배뇨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawali" title="Bawali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bawali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Միզագոյացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միզագոյացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अपमूत्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपमूत्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrenje" title="Mokrenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mokrenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buang_air_kecil" title="Buang air kecil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buang air kecil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Evagl%C3%A1t" title="Þvaglát – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þvaglát" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minzione" title="Minzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94" title="השתנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השתנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyuh" title="Nguyuh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nguyuh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಮೂತ್ರ ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂತ್ರ ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lapinimasis" title="Šlapinimasis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šlapinimasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Уринирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уринирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kencing" title="Kencing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kencing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urineren" title="Urineren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urineren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पिसाब – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पिसाब" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%B0%BF" title="排尿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="排尿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinering" title="Urinering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urinering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="ادرار کول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادرار کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlaten" title="Waterlaten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterlaten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikcja" title="Mikcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Micção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Micção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C8%9Biune" title="Micțiune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Micțiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispay" title="Ispay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ispay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мочеиспускание человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мочеиспускание человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination" title="Urination – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Urination" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination" title="Urination – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urination" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Denie" title="Močenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Močenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="میزکردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میزکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrenje" title="Mokrenje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mokrenje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrenje" title="Mokrenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mokrenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtsaaminen" title="Virtsaaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virtsaaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinering" title="Urinering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urinering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சிறுநீர்க் கழிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுநீர்க் கழிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="การถ่ายปัสสาวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายปัสสาวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Feme" title="İşeme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşeme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сечовипускання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сечовипускання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B4" title="قان سىيىش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قان سىيىش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oknyouh" title="Oknyouh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Oknyouh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_ti%E1%BB%87n" title="Tiểu tiện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu tiện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B2%E6%BA%BA" title="溲溺 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="溲溺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%99%E5%B0%BF" title="屙尿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屙尿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%B0%BF" title="排尿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="排尿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyoh" title="Miyoh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Miyoh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Urination" title="View the content page [c]" 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Uranate" title="Uranate">Uranate</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Voiding" and "Pissing" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Void_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Void (disambiguation)">Void (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piss_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Piss (disambiguation)">Piss (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg/227px-Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg/341px-Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg/454px-Manneken_Pis_Brussel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Manneken_Pis" title="Manneken Pis">Manneken Pis</a></i> depicts a <a href="/wiki/Puer_mingens" title="Puer mingens">urinating boy (puer mingens)</a> in a standing position.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanneke_Pis,_Brussels,_Belgium_(DSCF4010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jeanneke_Pis%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium_%28DSCF4010%29.jpg/197px-Jeanneke_Pis%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium_%28DSCF4010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jeanneke_Pis%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium_%28DSCF4010%29.jpg/296px-Jeanneke_Pis%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium_%28DSCF4010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jeanneke_Pis%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium_%28DSCF4010%29.jpg/394px-Jeanneke_Pis%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium_%28DSCF4010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="3295" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanneke_Pis" title="Jeanneke Pis">Jeanneke Pis</a></i> portrays a girl <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squatting</a> to urinate.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Urination</b> is the release of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a> to the outside of the body. Urine is released through the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a> and exits the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">urinary meatus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wake1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wake1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roughgarden,_2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roughgarden,_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38, 364">: 38, 364 </span></sup> but is released through the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> in other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wake1992_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wake1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a>'s form of <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>. It is also known medically as <b>micturition</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>voiding</b>, <b>uresis</b>, or, rarely, <b>emiction</b>, and known colloquially by various names including <b>peeing</b>, <b>weeing</b>, <b>pissing</b>, and euphemistically <b>number one</b>. The process of urination is under voluntary control in healthy humans and <a href="#Animals">other animals</a>, but may occur as a <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflex</a> in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury. It is normal for adult humans to urinate up to seven times during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-AUA2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUA2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination <a href="#Other_animals">can mark territory or express submissiveness</a>. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic nervous systems</a>. Brain centres that regulate urination include the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_micturition_center" title="Pontine micturition center">pontine micturition center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal gray</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy_of_the_bladder_and_outlet">Anatomy of the bladder and outlet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1140.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray1140.png/171px-Gray1140.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray1140.png/257px-Gray1140.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray1140.png/342px-Gray1140.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The interior of the bladder</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1142.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/107px-Gray1142.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/161px-Gray1142.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/214px-Gray1142.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of <a href="/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_(male)" class="mw-redirect" title="External urethral orifice (male)">external urethral orifice in adult human male</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg/142px-Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg/213px-Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg/284px-Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1338" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of the bladder and urethra in adult human male and female (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">sagittal section</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Urinary bladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></div> <p>The main organs involved in urination are the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> of the bladder, known as the <a href="/wiki/Detrusor" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrusor">detrusor</a>, is innervated by <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic">parasympathetic</a> fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacral</a> spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-wennemer2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wennemer2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibers in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic splanchnic nerve">pelvic nerves</a> constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder that constitute the excitatory efferent limb also travel in these nerves. Part of the urethra is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra" title="External sphincter muscle of male urethra">male</a> or <a href="/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra" title="External sphincter muscle of female urethra">female external urethral sphincter</a>, which is innervated by the somatic <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal nerve</a> originating in the cord, in an area termed <a href="/wiki/Onuf%27s_nucleus" title="Onuf's nucleus">Onuf's nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Internal_urethral_sphincter" title="Internal urethral sphincter">internal urethral sphincter</a>, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed <a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">transitional epithelium</a> which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral stretching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:212px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:210px;"> <div class=""> <div style="width: 210px; height: 170px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -70px; left: -130px; width: 450px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LA_River_Camera_Project_(30730459477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LA_River_Camera_Project_(30730459477).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LA_River_Camera_Project_%2830730459477%29.jpg/450px-LA_River_Camera_Project_%2830730459477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LA_River_Camera_Project_%2830730459477%29.jpg/675px-LA_River_Camera_Project_%2830730459477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LA_River_Camera_Project_%2830730459477%29.jpg/900px-LA_River_Camera_Project_%2830730459477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div><div class=""> <div style="width: 210px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -30px; left: -70px; width: 300px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobo_marcando_su_territorio-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lobo marcando su territorio-2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lobo_marcando_su_territorio-2.jpg/300px-Lobo_marcando_su_territorio-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Lobo_marcando_su_territorio-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> raise their legs while urinating.<sup id="cite_ref-MechBoitani2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MechBoitani2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spotte_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotte-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><p>The physiology of micturition and the physiologic basis of its disorders are subjects about which there is much confusion, especially at the supraspinal level. Micturition is fundamentally a spinobulbospinal reflex facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers such as the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_micturition_center" title="Pontine micturition center">pontine micturition center</a> and, like <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>, subject to voluntary facilitation and inhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshimura_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In healthy individuals, the lower urinary tract has two discrete phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is stored in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is released through the urethra. The state of the reflex system is dependent on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firing rate of sensory fibers from the bladder and urethra.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshimura_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At low bladder volumes, afferent firing is low, resulting in excitation of the outlet (the sphincter and urethra), and relaxation of the bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At high bladder volumes, afferent firing increases, causing a conscious sensation of urinary urge. Individual ready to urinate consciously initiates voiding, causing the bladder to contract and the outlet to relax. Voiding continues until the bladder empties completely, at which point the bladder relaxes and the outlet contracts to re-initiate storage.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshimura_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase, the internal urethral sphincter remains tense and the detrusor muscle relaxed by <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> stimulation. During micturition, <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed during micturition. </p><p>In infants, voiding occurs involuntarily (as a reflex). The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition develops by the age of two–three years, as control at higher levels of the central nervous system develops. In the adult, the volume of urine in the bladder that normally initiates a reflex contraction is about 300–400 millilitres (11–14 imp fl oz; 10–14 US fl oz). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storage_phase">Storage phase</h4></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:212px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:210px;"> <div class=""> <div style="width: 210px; height: 190px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -50px; left: -45px; width: 430px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tiger spray marking. DavidRaju 1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg/430px-Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="430" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg/645px-Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg/860px-Tiger_spray_marking._DavidRaju_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div><div class=""> <div style="width: 210px; height: 190px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -70px; width: 290px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_marking_its_territory_..._(52806595064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lion (Panthera leo) marking its territory ... (52806595064).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg/290px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg/435px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg/580px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4429" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> raise their tails while urinating.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><p>During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a <a href="/wiki/Cystometrogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystometrogram">cystometrogram</a>), will show a very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Laplace_equation" title="Young–Laplace equation">law of Laplace</a>, which states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full. The bladder's smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle. </p><p>Action potentials carried by sensory neurons from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall travel to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshimura_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since bladder wall stretch is low during the storage phase, these afferent neurons fire at low frequencies. Low-frequency afferent signals cause relaxation of the bladder by inhibiting sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Conversely, afferent input causes contraction of the sphincter through excitation of Onuf's nucleus, and contraction of the bladder neck and urethra through excitation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diuresis" title="Diuresis">Diuresis</a> (production of urine by the kidney) occurs constantly, and as the bladder becomes full, afferent firing increases, yet the micturition reflex can be voluntarily inhibited until it is appropriate to begin voiding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voiding_phase">Voiding phase</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Litres_of_pee_(4212939949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Litres_of_pee_%284212939949%29.jpg/146px-Litres_of_pee_%284212939949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Litres_of_pee_%284212939949%29.jpg/219px-Litres_of_pee_%284212939949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Litres_of_pee_%284212939949%29.jpg/292px-Litres_of_pee_%284212939949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant,_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Elephant%2C_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg/278px-Elephant%2C_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Elephant%2C_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg/417px-Elephant%2C_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Elephant%2C_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg/556px-Elephant%2C_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a>'s bladder can store up to 18 litres of urine.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Voiding begins when a voluntary signal is sent from the brain to begin urination, and continues until the bladder is empty. </p><p>Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal gray</a>, where they project both to the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_micturition_center" title="Pontine micturition center">pontine micturition center</a> and to the cerebrum.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a certain level of afferent activity, the conscious <b>urge to void</b> or <b>urination urgency</b>, becomes difficult to ignore. Once the voluntary signal to begin voiding has been issued, neurons in the pontine micturition center fire maximally, causing excitation of sacral preganglionic neurons. The firing of these neurons causes the wall of the bladder to contract; as a result, a sudden, sharp rise in intravesical pressure occurs. The pontine micturition center also causes inhibition of Onuf's nucleus, resulting in relaxation of the external urinary sphincter.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine is released from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow out of the urethra. The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder. </p><p>The flow of urine through the urethra has an overall excitatory role in micturition, which helps sustain voiding until the bladder is empty.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many men, and some women, may sometimes <a href="/wiki/Pee_shivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pee shivers">briefly shiver</a> after or during urination.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After urination, the <a href="/wiki/Female_urethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Female urethra">female urethra</a> empties partially by gravity, with assistance from muscles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Urine remaining in the <a href="/wiki/Male_urethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Male urethra">male urethra</a> is expelled by several contractions of the <a href="/wiki/Bulbospongiosus_muscle" title="Bulbospongiosus muscle">bulbospongiosus muscle</a>, and, by some men, manual squeezing along the length of the penis to expel the rest of the urine. </p><p>For land mammals over 1 kilogram, the duration of urination does not vary with body mass, being dispersed around an average of 21 seconds (standard deviation 13 seconds), despite a 4 order of magnitude (1000×) difference in bladder volume.<sup id="cite_ref-law_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ng_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to increased urethra length of large animals, which amplifies gravitational force (hence flow rate), and increased urethra width, which increases flow rate. For smaller mammals a different phenomenon occurs, where urine is discharged as droplets, and urination in smaller mammals, such as mice and rats, can occur in less than a second.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posited benefits of faster voiding are decreased risk of predation (while voiding) and decreased risk of urinary tract infection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voluntary_control">Voluntary control</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_peeing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deer_peeing.jpg/212px-Deer_peeing.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deer_peeing.jpg/318px-Deer_peeing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deer_peeing.jpg/424px-Deer_peeing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doe_pee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Doe_pee.jpg/212px-Doe_pee.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Doe_pee.jpg/318px-Doe_pee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Doe_pee.jpg/424px-Doe_pee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Female <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> urinate in a squatting position.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The mechanism by which voluntary urination is initiated remains unsettled.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possibility is that the voluntary relaxation of the muscles of the pelvic floor causes a sufficient downward tug on the <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_muscle" title="Detrusor muscle">detrusor muscle</a> to initiate its contraction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is the excitation or disinhibition of neurons in the pontine micturition center, which causes concurrent contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the sphincter.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshimura_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an inhibitory area for micturition in the midbrain. After transection of the brain stem just above the pons, the threshold is lowered and less bladder filling is required to trigger it, whereas after transection at the top of the midbrain, the threshold for the reflex is essentially normal. There is another facilitatory area in the posterior hypothalamus. In humans with lesions in the superior frontal gyrus, the desire to urinate is reduced and there is also difficulty in stopping micturition once it has commenced. However, stimulation experiments in animals indicate that other cortical areas also affect the process. </p><p>The bladder can be made to contract by voluntary facilitation of the spinal voiding reflex when it contains only a few milliliters of urine. Voluntary contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a> aids the expulsion of urine by increasing the pressure applied to the urinary bladder wall, but voiding can be initiated without straining even when the bladder is nearly empty. Voiding can also be consciously interrupted once it has begun, through a contraction of the perineal muscles. The external sphincter can be contracted voluntarily, which will prevent urine from passing down the urethra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experience_of_urination">Experience of urination</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_(30185346237).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_%2830185346237%29.jpg/213px-Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_%2830185346237%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_%2830185346237%29.jpg/320px-Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_%2830185346237%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_%2830185346237%29.jpg/426px-Red_stag_spraying_in_Bushy_Park_%2830185346237%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4186" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_(45123184221).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_%2845123184221%29.jpg/211px-Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_%2845123184221%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_%2845123184221%29.jpg/317px-Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_%2845123184221%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_%2845123184221%29.jpg/422px-Red_Deer_Stag_scenting_itself_with_urine_during_the_rut_-_Bushy_Park_%2845123184221%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2244" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Male <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> attract females by spraying urine during the <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The need to urinate is experienced as an uncomfortable, full feeling. It is highly correlated with the fullness of the bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many males the feeling of the need to urinate can be sensed at the base of the penis as well as the bladder, even though the neural activity associated with a full bladder comes from the bladder itself, and can be felt there as well. In females the need to urinate is felt in the lower abdomen region when the bladder is full. When the bladder becomes too full, the sphincter muscles will involuntarily relax, allowing urine to pass from the bladder. Release of urine is experienced as a lessening of the discomfort. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disorders">Disorders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Urological_conditions" title="Category:Urological conditions">Category:Urological conditions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg/170px-Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg/255px-Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg/340px-Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Painting showing the physician <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_African" title="Constantine the African">Constantine the African</a> accepting urine samples for diagnosis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clinical_conditions">Clinical conditions</h4></div> <p>Many clinical conditions can cause disturbances to normal urination, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a>, the inability to hold urine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">Stress incontinence</a>, incontinence as a result of external mechanical disturbances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urge_incontinence" class="mw-redirect" title="Urge incontinence">Urge incontinence</a>, incontinence that occurs as a result of the uncontrollable urge to urinate</li> <li>Mixed incontinence, a combination of the two types of incontinence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_retention" title="Urinary retention">Urinary retention</a>, the inability to initiate urination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overactive_bladder" title="Overactive bladder">Overactive bladder</a>, a strong urge to urinate, usually accompanied by detrusor overactivity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cystitis" title="Interstitial cystitis">Interstitial cystitis</a>, a condition characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a>, an inflammation of the prostate gland that can cause urinary frequency, urgency, and pain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>, an enlargement of the prostate that can cause urinary frequency, urgency, retention, and the dribbling of urine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a>, which can cause urinary frequency and <a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">dysuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">Polyuria</a>, abnormally large production of urine, associated with, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> (types <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">2</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">diabetes insipidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">Oliguria</a>, low urine output, usually due to a problem with the upper urinary tract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuria" title="Anuria">Anuria</a> refers to absent or almost absent urine output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micturition_syncope" title="Micturition syncope">Micturition syncope</a>, a vasovagal response which may cause fainting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paruresis" title="Paruresis">Paruresis</a>, the inability to urinate in the presence of others, such as in a public toilet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_sphincter_dyssynergia" title="Bladder sphincter dyssynergia">Bladder sphincter dyssynergia</a>, a discoordination between the bladder and external urethral sphincter as a result of brain or <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a></li></ul> <p>A drug that increases urination is called a <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Antidiuretic" title="Antidiuretic">antidiuretics</a> decrease the production of urine by the kidneys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experimentally_induced_disorders">Experimentally induced disorders</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Urination" title="Special:EditPage/Urination">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three major types of bladder dysfunction due to neural lesions: (1) the type due to interruption of the afferent nerves from the bladder; (2) the type due to interruption of both afferent and efferent nerves; and (3) the type due to interruption of facilitatory and inhibitory pathways descending from the brain. In all three types the bladder contracts, but the contractions are generally not sufficient to empty the viscus completely, and residual urine is left in the bladder. <a href="/wiki/Paruresis" title="Paruresis">Paruresis</a>, also known as shy bladder syndrome, is an example of a bladder interruption from the brain that often causes total interruption until the person has left a public area. These people (males) may have difficulty urinating in the presence of others and will consequently avoid using urinals without dividers or those directly adjacent to another person. Alternatively, they may opt for the privacy of a stall or simply avoid public toilets altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Deafferentation">Deafferentation</h5></div> <p>When the sacral dorsal roots are cut in experimental animals or interrupted by diseases of the dorsal roots such as <a href="/wiki/Tabes_dorsalis" title="Tabes dorsalis">tabes dorsalis</a> in humans, all reflex contractions of the bladder are abolished. The bladder becomes distended, thin-walled, and hypotonic, but there are some contractions because of the intrinsic response of the smooth muscle to stretch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Denervation">Denervation</h5></div> <p>When the afferent and efferent nerves are both destroyed, as they may be by tumors of the <a href="/wiki/Cauda_equina" title="Cauda equina">cauda equina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Filum_terminale" title="Filum terminale">filum terminale</a>, the bladder is flaccid and distended for a while. Gradually, however, the muscle of the "decentralized bladder" becomes active, with many contraction waves that expel dribbles of urine out of the urethra. The bladder becomes shrunken and the bladder wall hypertrophied. The reason for the difference between the small, hypertrophic bladder seen in this condition and the distended, hypotonic bladder seen when only the afferent nerves are interrupted is not known. The hyperactive state in the former condition suggests the development of denervation hypersensitization even though the neurons interrupted are <a href="/wiki/Preganglionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Preganglionic">preganglionic</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Postganglionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Postganglionic">postganglionic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spinal_cord_injury">Spinal cord injury</h5></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Spinal_shock" title="Spinal shock">spinal shock</a>, the bladder is flaccid and unresponsive. It becomes overfilled, and urine dribbles through the sphincters (<a href="/wiki/Overflow_incontinence" title="Overflow incontinence">overflow incontinence</a>). After spinal shock has passed, a spinally mediated voiding reflex ensues, although there is no voluntary control and no inhibition or facilitation from higher centers. Some paraplegic patients train themselves to initiate voiding by pinching or stroking their thighs, provoking a mild mass reflex. In some instances, the voiding reflex becomes hyperactive. Bladder capacity is reduced and the wall becomes hypertrophied. This type of bladder is sometimes called the spastic neurogenic bladder. The reflex hyperactivity is made worse, and may be caused, by infection in the bladder wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_children">Young children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Open-crotch_pants" title="Open-crotch pants">Open-crotch pants</a></div> <p>A common technique used in many developing nations involves holding the child by the backs of the thighs, above the ground, facing outward, in order to urinate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fetal_urination">Fetal urination</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv/220px--Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="166" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="956" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="976" data-height="735" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv/Urinating_male_fetus_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Ultrasound scan of male fetal micturition at 19 weeks of pregnancy</figcaption></figure> <p>The fetus urinates hourly and produces most of the <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a> in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid is then recycled by fetal swallowing.<sup id="cite_ref-Underwood_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urination_after_injury">Urination after injury</h3></div> <p>Occasionally, if a male's penis is damaged or removed, or a <a href="/wiki/Human_female_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human female genitalia">female's genitals</a>/urinary tract is damaged, other urination techniques must be used. Most often in such cases, doctors will reposition the urethra to a location where urination can still be accomplished, usually in a position that would promote urination only while seated/squatting, though a permanent <a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">urinary catheter</a> may be used in rare cases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_urination_tools">Alternative urination tools</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination device</a></div> <p>Sometimes urination is done in a container such as a bottle, <a href="/wiki/Urinal_(health_care)" title="Urinal (health care)">urinal</a>, bedpan, or <a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">chamber pot</a> (also known as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gazunder" class="extiw" title="wikt:gazunder">gazunder</a>). A container or wearable <a href="/wiki/Urine_collection_device" title="Urine collection device">urine collection device</a> may be used so that the urine can be examined for medical reasons or for a <a href="/wiki/Doping_(Sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping (Sport)">drug test</a>, for a <a href="/wiki/Bedridden" title="Bedridden">bedridden</a> patient, when no toilet is available, or there is no other possibility to dispose of the urine immediately. </p><p>An alternative solution (for traveling, <a href="/wiki/Stakeout" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeout">stakeouts</a>, etc.) is a special disposable bag containing absorbent material that solidifies the urine within seconds, making it convenient and safe to store and dispose of later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is possible for both sexes to urinate into bottles in case of emergencies. The technique can help children to urinate discreetly inside cars and in other places without being seen by others.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">female urination device</a> can assist women and girls in urinating while standing or into a bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a>, excrement tends to float freely, so astronauts use a specially designed <a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">space toilet</a>, which uses suction to collect and recycle urine; the space toilet also has a receptacle for defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-elburn_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elburn-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_cultural_aspects">Social and cultural aspects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Puer_mingens" title="Puer mingens">puer mingens</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a figure in a work of art depicted as a prepubescent boy in the act of urinating, either actual or simulated. The puer mingens could represent anything from whimsy and boyish innocence to erotic symbols of virility and masculine bravado.<sup id="cite_ref-Simons_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simons-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodcut of a puer mingens, from the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 1499"><img alt="Woodcut of a puer mingens, from the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 1499" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg/143px-Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg/215px-Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg/286px-Hypn%C3%A9rotomachie_-_%C3%A9d._Martin_-_p28r.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Puer_mingens" title="Puer mingens">puer mingens</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Hypnerotomachia_Poliphili" title="Hypnerotomachia Poliphili">Hypnerotomachia Poliphili</a>, 1499</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lynxurius_in_medieval_bestiary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapis lynxurius in a medieval bestiary"><img alt="Lapis lynxurius in a medieval bestiary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lynxurius_in_medieval_bestiary.jpg/307px-Lynxurius_in_medieval_bestiary.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lynxurius_in_medieval_bestiary.jpg/460px-Lynxurius_in_medieval_bestiary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Lynxurius_in_medieval_bestiary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lyngurium" title="Lyngurium">Lapis lynxurius</a></i> in a medieval bestiary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinating dog statue at the Château de Fontainebleau"><img alt="Urinating dog statue at the Château de Fontainebleau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg/270px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg/405px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg/540px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5428" data-file-height="3619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinating dog statue at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_Zinneke_(DSCF5238)_Brussels,_BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Het Zinneke in Brussels"><img alt="Het Zinneke in Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Het_Zinneke_%28DSCF5238%29_Brussels%2C_BE.jpg/291px-Het_Zinneke_%28DSCF5238%29_Brussels%2C_BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Het_Zinneke_%28DSCF5238%29_Brussels%2C_BE.jpg/436px-Het_Zinneke_%28DSCF5238%29_Brussels%2C_BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Het_Zinneke_%28DSCF5238%29_Brussels%2C_BE.jpg/581px-Het_Zinneke_%28DSCF5238%29_Brussels%2C_BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4681" data-file-height="2902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Het_Zinneke" title="Het Zinneke">Het Zinneke</a></i> in Brussels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of a ram by Abraham Teerlink"><img alt="Painting of a ram by Abraham Teerlink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg/223px-Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg/334px-Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg/445px-Abraham_Teerlink_Urinating_ram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of a ram by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Teerlink" title="Abraham Teerlink">Abraham Teerlink</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern,_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_(SM_1378z).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ein stallender Schimmel mit einem Bauern, der einen Sattel aufhängt by Francesco Casanova"><img alt="Ein stallender Schimmel mit einem Bauern, der einen Sattel aufhängt by Francesco Casanova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern%2C_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_%28SM_1378z%29.png/142px-Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern%2C_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_%28SM_1378z%29.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern%2C_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_%28SM_1378z%29.png/213px-Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern%2C_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_%28SM_1378z%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern%2C_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_%28SM_1378z%29.png/284px-Ein_stallender_Schimmel_mit_einem_Bauern%2C_der_einen_Sattel_aufh%C3%A4ngt_%28SM_1378z%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="7876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ein stallender Schimmel mit einem Bauern, der einen Sattel aufhängt</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Casanova">Francesco Casanova</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is,_RP-T-1916-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paard in een weiland dat aan een hek gebonden is by Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk"><img alt="Paard in een weiland dat aan een hek gebonden is by Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is%2C_RP-T-1916-24.jpg/207px-Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is%2C_RP-T-1916-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is%2C_RP-T-1916-24.jpg/310px-Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is%2C_RP-T-1916-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is%2C_RP-T-1916-24.jpg/414px-Paard_in_een_weiland_dat_aan_een_hek_gebonden_is%2C_RP-T-1916-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="2306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paard in een weiland dat aan een hek gebonden is</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Johannes_van_Troostwijk" title="Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk">Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toilet_training">Toilet training</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">Toilet training</a></div> <p>Babies have little socialized control over urination within traditions or families that do not practice <a href="/wiki/Elimination_communication" title="Elimination communication">elimination communication</a> and instead use <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diapers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">Toilet training</a> is the process of learning to restrict urination to socially approved times and situations. Consequently, young children sometimes develop <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis" title="Nocturnal enuresis">nocturnal enuresis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities">Facilities</h3></div> <p>It is socially more accepted and more environmentally hygienic for those who are able, especially when indoors and in outdoor urban or suburban areas, to urinate in a <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a>. Public toilets may have <a href="/wiki/Urinal_(restroom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinal (restroom)">urinals</a>, usually for males, although <a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">female urinals</a> exist, designed to be used in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urination_without_facilities">Urination without facilities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine_deflector" title="Urine deflector">Urine deflector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_toilet" title="Telescopic toilet">Telescopic toilet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar2024._Fortaleza,_Cear%C3%A1,_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mar2024._Fortaleza%2C_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg/220px-Mar2024._Fortaleza%2C_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mar2024._Fortaleza%2C_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg/330px-Mar2024._Fortaleza%2C_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mar2024._Fortaleza%2C_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg/440px-Mar2024._Fortaleza%2C_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._Urinar_na_Rua_e_infracao_penal._near_Pra%C3%A7a_General_Tiburcio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A sign in <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, warning that public urination is illegal</figcaption></figure> <p>Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public urinal</a> varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and exposure of genitals.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls, bushes, or a tree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet">Portable toilets</a> (port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) include activities such as camping, hiking, delivery driving, cross country running, rural fishing, amateur baseball, golf, etc. </p><p>The more developed and crowded a place is, the more public urination tends to be objectionable. In the countryside, it is more acceptable than in a street in a town, where it may be a common transgression. Often this is done after the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, which causes production of additional urine as well as a reduction of <a href="/wiki/Social_inhibition" title="Social inhibition">inhibitions</a>. One proposed way to inhibit public urination due to drunkenness is the <a href="/wiki/Urilift" class="mw-redirect" title="Urilift">Urilift</a>, which is disguised as a normal manhole by day but raises out of the ground at night to provide a public restroom for bar-goers. </p><p>In many places, public urination is punishable by fines, though attitudes vary widely by country. In general, females are less likely to urinate in public than males. Women and girls, unlike men and boys, are restricted in where they can urinate conveniently and discreetly.<sup id="cite_ref-Doress-Worters_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doress-Worters-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 5th-century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, writing on the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">ancient Persians</a> and highlighting the differences with those of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, noted that to urinate in the presence of others was prohibited among Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a popular belief in the UK, that it was legal for a man to urinate in public so long as it occurred on the rear wheel of his vehicle and he had his right hand on the vehicle, but this is not true.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public urination still remains more accepted by males in the UK, although British cultural tradition itself seems to find such practices objectionable.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Islamic toilet etiquette</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> to urinate while facing the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a>, or to turn one's back to it when urinating or relieving bowels, but modesty requirements for females make it impossible for girls to relieve themselves without facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When toilets are unavailable, females can relieve themselves in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> in emergency,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but it remains less accepted for females in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> even when circumstances make this a highly desirable option.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women generally need to urinate more frequently than men, but as opposed to the common misconception, it is not due to having smaller bladders.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resisting the urge to urinate because of lack of facilities can promote <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a> which can lead to more serious infections and, in rare situations, can cause <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal damage</a> in women.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination devices</a> are available to help women to urinate discreetly, as well to help them urinate while standing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sitting,_standing,_or_squatting"><span id="Sitting.2C_standing.2C_or_squatting"></span>Sitting, standing, or squatting</h3></div> <p>Techniques and body postures while urinating vary across cultures. Different anatomical conditions in men and women may presume different postures, yet these are largely shaped by cultural norms, types of clothing, and the sanitary facilities available. While sitting toilets are the most common form in Western countries, squat toilets are common in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. Urinals for men are widespread worldwide, although <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_urinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's urinal">women's urinals</a> are available in some countries, recently becoming more common in Western countries. With the spread of pants among women, a standing posture became impractical, but in some regions where women wear traditional skirts or robes, an upright posture is common.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Males">Males</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peeing_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Peeing_.jpg/170px-Peeing_.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Peeing_.jpg/255px-Peeing_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Peeing_.jpg/340px-Peeing_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>A man uses a <a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">urinal</a>, voiding urine in a standing position.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cultures around the world differ regarding socially accepted voiding positions and preferences: in the Middle-East and Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squatting position</a> was more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting positions were more common.<sup id="cite_ref-2014review_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014review-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For practising <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> men, the genital <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">modesty</a> of squatting is also associated with proper <a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">cleanliness</a> requirements or <a href="/wiki/Awrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awrah">awrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western culture, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standing position</a> is regarded as the more efficient option among healthy males.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In restrooms without urinals, and sometimes at home, men may be urged to use the sitting position as to diminish spattering of urine.<sup id="cite_ref-2014review_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014review-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elderly males with <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a> enlargement may benefit from sitting down to urinate, with the seated voiding position found superior as compared with standing in elderly males with <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostate_hyperplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign prostate hyperplasia">benign prostate hyperplasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Females">Females</h4></div> <p>In Western culture, females usually sit or squat for urination, depending on what type of toilet they use; a <a href="/wiki/Squat_toilet" title="Squat toilet">squat toilet</a> is used for urination in a squatting position. Women averting contact with a <a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat" title="Toilet seat">toilet seat</a> may employ a partial <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position#Female_urination_position" title="Squatting position">squatting position</a> (or "hovering"), similar to using a <a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">female urinal</a>. However, this may not completely void the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Females may also urinate while standing, and while clothed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for women in various regions of Africa to use this position when they urinate,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do women in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> described a similar custom in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative method for women voiding while standing is to use a <a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">female urination device</a> to assist.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talking_about_urination">Talking about urination</h3></div> <p>In many societies and in many social classes, even mentioning the need to urinate is seen as a social transgression, despite it being a universal need. Many adults avoid stating that they need to urinate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many expressions exist, some <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemistic</a> and some vulgar. For example, centuries ago the standard English word (both noun and verb, for the product and the activity) was "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piss" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:piss">piss</a>", but subsequently "pee", formerly associated with children, has become more common in general public speech. Since elimination of bodily wastes is, of necessity, a subject talked about with toddlers during <a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">toilet training</a>, other expressions considered suitable for use by and with children exist, and some continue to be used by adults, e.g. "weeing", "doing/having a wee-wee", "to tinkle", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go_potty" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:go potty">go potty</a>", "go pee pee".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other expressions include "squirting" and "taking a leak", and, predominantly by younger persons for outdoor female urination, "popping a squat", referring to the position many women adopt in such circumstances. National <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Varieties of English">varieties of English</a> show creativity. <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> uses "to whiz".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> has coined "I am off to take a <a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Chinese singing</a> lesson", derived from the tinkling sound of urination against the China porcelain of a toilet bowl.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> uses "going to see my aunt", "going to <a href="/wiki/See_a_man_about_a_dog" title="See a man about a dog">see a man about a dog</a>", "to piddle", "to splash (one's) boots", as well as "to have a slash", which originates from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish term</a> for a large splash of liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most common, albeit old-fashioned, euphemisms in British English is "to spend a penny", a reference to coin-operated <a href="/wiki/Pay_toilet" title="Pay toilet">pay toilets</a>, which used (<a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">pre-decimalisation</a>) to charge that sum.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_language">Use in language</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_toilet_slang#Urination" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:English toilet slang">Wiktionary:Appendix:English toilet slang § Urination</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Urination" title="Special:EditPage/Urination">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>References to urination are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>. Usage in English includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piss_off" class="extiw" title="wikt:piss off"><i>Piss</i> (someone) off</a> (to anger someone; alternatively, to leave somewhere in a hurry)</li> <li><i>Piss off!</i> (to express contempt; see above)</li> <li><i>Pissing</i> down (to refer to heavy rain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissing_contest" title="Pissing contest">Pissing contest</a> (an unproductive ego-driven battle)</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pisshead" class="extiw" title="wikt:pisshead">Pisshead</a></i> (vulgar way to refer to someone who drinks too much <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pissant#Slang" title="Pissant">Piss ant</a></i> (a worthless person; in non-slang usage the term refers to several species of ant whose colonies have a urine-like odor)</li> <li><i>Pissing</i> up a flagpole (to partake in a futile activity)</li> <li><i>Pissing</i> into the wind (to act in ways that cause self-harm)</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piss_away" class="extiw" title="wikt:piss away">Piss away</a></i> (to squander or use wastefully)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_the_piss" title="Taking the piss">Taking the piss</a> (to take liberties, be unreasonable, or to mock another person)</li> <li><i>Full of piss and vinegar</i> (energetic or ambitious late adolescent or young adult male)</li> <li><i>Piss up</i> (British expression for drinking to get drunk)</li> <li><i>Pissed</i> (drunk in British English or angry in American English)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urination_and_sexual_activity">Urination and sexual activity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson%27s_gazelle_(8455456576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Thomson%27s_gazelle_%288455456576%29.jpg/220px-Thomson%27s_gazelle_%288455456576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Thomson%27s_gazelle_%288455456576%29.jpg/330px-Thomson%27s_gazelle_%288455456576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Thomson%27s_gazelle_%288455456576%29.jpg/440px-Thomson%27s_gazelle_%288455456576%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Male mammals detect <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrus</a> from chemical signals in the female's urine<sup id="cite_ref-Estes1991_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes1991-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>, is an inclination to obtain <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexual enjoyment</a> by looking at or thinking of urine or urination.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urine may be consumed, or the person may bathe in it; this is known colloquially as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_shower_(urolagnia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden shower (urolagnia)">golden shower</a>. Drinking urine is known as <a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">urophagia</a>, though uraphagia refers to the consumption of urine regardless of whether the context is sexual. Involuntary urination during sexual intercourse is common, but rarely acknowledged. In one survey, 24% of women reported involuntary urination during sexual intercourse; in 66% of patients urination occurred on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">penetration</a>, while in 33% urine leakage was restricted to orgasm.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female <a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">kob</a> may exhibit urolagnia during sex; one female will <a href="/wiki/Urinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinate">urinate</a> while the other sticks her nose in the stream.<sup id="cite_ref-You_Are_Being_Lied_to:_The_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-You_Are_Being_Lied_to:_The-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Imaginova_2007e_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imaginova_2007e-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mammals <a href="/wiki/Self-anointing_in_animals#Ungulates" title="Self-anointing in animals">urinate on themselves</a> in order to attract mates during the <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a> or urinate on other individuals before mating with them.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_mara" title="Patagonian mara">Patagonian mara</a>, a type of rodent, will stand on his hind legs and urinate on a female's rump, to which the female may respond by spraying a jet of urine backwards into the face of the male.<sup id="cite_ref-Genest1974_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genest1974-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male's urination is meant to repel other males from his partner while the female's urination is a rejection of any approaching male when she is not receptive.<sup id="cite_ref-Genest1974_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genest1974-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both anal digging and urination are more frequent during the breeding season and are more commonly done by males.<sup id="cite_ref-Taber1984_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber1984-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A male porcupine urinates on a female porcupine prior to mating, spraying the urine at high velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-Fergus2000_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fergus2000-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roze2012_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roze2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naughton2012_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton2012-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carnaby2008_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnaby2008-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Animals"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_other_animals"></span><span class="anchor" id="Other_animals"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cervidae"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_shock_injuries_and_deaths">Electric shock injuries and deaths</h2></div> <p>In 2008 in London, a person died when they were urinating alongside a railway track at a train station and they received an electric shock.<sup id="cite_ref-13_April_2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13_April_2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person received the electric shock when their stream of urine connected with the electric current from the live third rail.<sup id="cite_ref-13_April_2012_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13_April_2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 in Washington state, a person who had died had received burns injuries on their body that were related to receiving an electric shock.<sup id="cite_ref-2_March_2010_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2_March_2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that an electric current had traveled through their stream of urine and into their body.<sup id="cite_ref-2_March_2010_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2_March_2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the person had urinated into a roadside ditch and a live wire that was lying in the ditch gave the person an electric shock.<sup id="cite_ref-2_March_2010_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2_March_2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 in Spain, a person died while urinating on a lamp post when he received an electric shock, which may have traveled through the stream of urine and into his body.<sup id="cite_ref-31_August_2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31_August_2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_species">Other species</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scent_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent marking">Scent marking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-anointing_in_animals#Ungulates" title="Self-anointing in animals">Self-anointing in animals § Ungulates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg/78px-Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg/117px-Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg/156px-Bos_taurus_taurus_peeing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Buffalo_(Syncerus_caffer)_bull_..._(50664294847).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="African buffalo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/African_Buffalo_%28Syncerus_caffer%29_bull_..._%2850664294847%29.jpg/165px-African_Buffalo_%28Syncerus_caffer%29_bull_..._%2850664294847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/African_Buffalo_%28Syncerus_caffer%29_bull_..._%2850664294847%29.jpg/248px-African_Buffalo_%28Syncerus_caffer%29_bull_..._%2850664294847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/African_Buffalo_%28Syncerus_caffer%29_bull_..._%2850664294847%29.jpg/330px-African_Buffalo_%28Syncerus_caffer%29_bull_..._%2850664294847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3619" data-file-height="2589" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_rhinocerus_spraying_(15326385621).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White rhinoceros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/White_rhinocerus_spraying_%2815326385621%29.jpg/177px-White_rhinocerus_spraying_%2815326385621%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/White_rhinocerus_spraying_%2815326385621%29.jpg/266px-White_rhinocerus_spraying_%2815326385621%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/White_rhinocerus_spraying_%2815326385621%29.jpg/354px-White_rhinocerus_spraying_%2815326385621%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Busch_Gardens_2009_(76).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Female zebra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Busch_Gardens_2009_%2876%29.jpg/133px-Busch_Gardens_2009_%2876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Busch_Gardens_2009_%2876%29.jpg/200px-Busch_Gardens_2009_%2876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Busch_Gardens_2009_%2876%29.jpg/266px-Busch_Gardens_2009_%2876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinating_horse_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Male horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Urinating_horse_male.jpg/150px-Urinating_horse_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Urinating_horse_male.jpg/225px-Urinating_horse_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Urinating_horse_male.jpg/300px-Urinating_horse_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maned wolf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg/137px-Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg/206px-Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg/274px-Lobo_Guar%C3%A1_urinating_on_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1725" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Urination postures of mammals</div></div></div></div> <p>While the primary purpose of urination is the same across the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">animal kingdom</a>, urination often serves a social purpose beyond the expulsion of waste material.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doty2012_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doty2012-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dogs and other animals, urination can <a href="/wiki/Territorial_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial marking">mark territory</a> or express submissiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes1991_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes1991-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In small <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> such as rats and mice, it marks familiar paths. </p><p>The urine of animals of differing <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> sometimes has different characteristics. For example, the urine of birds and reptiles is whitish, consisting of a pastelike suspension of uric acid crystals, and discharged with the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> of the animal via the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>, whereas mammals' urine is a yellowish colour, with mostly <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> instead of uric acid, and is discharged via the urethra, separately from the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>. Some animals' (example: <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>') urine possesses a strong odour, especially when it is used to mark territory or <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">communicate in other ways.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (February 2013)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Dog-like_mammals_(''Canidae'')"></span><span class="anchor" id="Canidae"></span><span class="anchor" id="Felidae"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dog_marking"></span> <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felids</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a> <sup id="cite_ref-MechBoitani2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MechBoitani2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scent-mark their territories using urine. <a href="/wiki/Wolf_communication" title="Wolf communication">Wolves mark their territories</a> by urinating in a raised-leg posture and release <a href="/wiki/Preputial_gland" title="Preputial gland">preputial gland</a> secretions in their urine. Male <a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">dogs mark their territories</a> with urine more frequently than females.<sup id="cite_ref-MechBoitani2010_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MechBoitani2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young cattle can be toilet-trained to urinate in a "latrine" where their urine can be collected for <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could be used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from the animals' urine in countries such as the Netherlands, the United States, and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_positions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human positions">Human positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-void_dribbling" title="Post-void dribbling">Post-void dribbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_micturition_convulsion_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Post micturition convulsion syndrome">Post micturition convulsion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wake1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wake1992_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wake1992_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyman%27s+Comparative+Vertebrate+Anatomy&rft.pages=583&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-87013-7&rft.au=Marvalee+H.+Wake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKlWjdOkiMwC%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roughgarden,_2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roughgarden,_2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoughgarden2004" class="citation book cs1">Roughgarden J (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionsrainbo00roug"><i>Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People</i></a></span>. 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JHU Press. pp. 97–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0735-7"><bdi>978-1-4214-0735-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/world-news/teenage-reveller-dies-after-being-4139557">the original</a> on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Mirror&rft.atitle=Teenage+reveller+dies+after+being+electrocuted+while+URINATING+on+lamp-post+during+festival&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft.aulast=Rkaina&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmirror.ie%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fteenage-reveller-dies-after-being-4139557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosling_L._M.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Gosling L. M. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084413/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonard_Gosling/publication/230317056_A_Reassessment_of_the_Function_of_Scent_Marking_in_Territories/links/59dcd8b4a6fdcca56e35e24c/A-Reassessment-of-the-Function-of-Scent-Marking-in-Territories.pdf">"A reassessment of the function of scent marking in territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie</i>. <b>60</b> (2): 89–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1982.tb00492.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb00492.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230317056">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Tierpsychologie&rft.atitle=A+reassessment+of+the+function+of+scent+marking+in+territories&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-118&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1982.tb00492.x&rft.au=Gosling+L.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230317056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doty2012-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doty2012_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Doty2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard Doty (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWwCnplyxYYC&q=urine+OR+urination+OR+urinating"><i>Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior</i></a>. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15450-5"><bdi>978-0-323-15450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalian+Olfaction%2C+Reproductive+Processes%2C+and+Behavior&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15450-5&rft.au=Richard+Doty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWwCnplyxYYC%26q%3Durine%2BOR%2Burination%2BOR%2Burinating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwer1968" class="citation book cs1">Ewer RF (1968). "Scent marking". <i>Ethology of Mammals</i>. pp. 104–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-4656-0_5">10.1007/978-1-4899-4656-0_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-4658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-4658-4"><bdi>978-1-4899-4658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scent+marking&rft.btitle=Ethology+of+Mammals&rft.pages=104-133&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-4656-0_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-4658-4&rft.aulast=Ewer&rft.aufirst=RF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunquistSunquist2017" class="citation book cs1">Sunquist M, Sunquist F (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&dq=felids+spraying+urine&pg=PA414"><i>Wild Cats of the World</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51823-7"><bdi>978-0-226-51823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Cats+of+the+World&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51823-7&rft.aulast=Sunquist&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft.au=Sunquist%2C+Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIF8nDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfelids%2Bspraying%2Burine%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1977" class="citation journal cs1">Henry JD (1977). "The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>)". <i>Behaviour</i>. <b>61</b> (1–2): 82–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853977X00496">10.1163/156853977X00496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4533812">4533812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/869875">869875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Urine+Marking+in+the+Scavenging+Behavior+of+the+Red+Fox+%28Vulpes+vulpes%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=82-105&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F869875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4533812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853977X00496&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirksenLangbeinSchraderPuppe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dirksen N, Langbein J, Schrader L, Puppe B, Elliffe D, Siebert K, Röttgen V, Matthews L (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.07.011">"Learned control of urinary reflexes in cattle to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>31</b> (17): R1033–R1034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CBio...31R1033D">2021CBio...31R1033D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.07.011">10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34520709">34520709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Learned+control+of+urinary+reflexes+in+cattle+to+help+reduce+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R1033-R1034&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34520709&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021CBio...31R1033D&rft.aulast=Dirksen&rft.aufirst=Neele&rft.au=Langbein%2C+Jan&rft.au=Schrader%2C+Lars&rft.au=Puppe%2C+Birger&rft.au=Elliffe%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Siebert%2C+Katrin&rft.au=R%C3%B6ttgen%2C+Volker&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2021.07.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58552651">"Cows toilet trained to reduce greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 14 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cows+toilet+trained+to+reduce+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-58552651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanPannett2021" class="citation news cs1">Hassan J, Pannett R (15 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/15/cows-potty-trained-gas-emissions/">"Cow pee is an environmental problem. But now scientists say calves can be potty-trained"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cow+pee+is+an+environmental+problem.+But+now+scientists+say+calves+can+be+potty-trained&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Pannett%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F09%2F15%2Fcows-potty-trained-gas-emissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMechBoitani2003" class="citation book cs1">Mech LD, Boitani L (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51696-7"><bdi>978-0-226-51696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolves%3A+Behaviour%2C+Ecology+and+Conservation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51696-7&rft.aulast=Mech&rft.aufirst=L.+David&rft.au=Boitani%2C+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungJackson1978" class="citation book cs1">Young SP, Jackson HH (1978). <i>The Clever Coyote</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5893-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5893-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-5893-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clever+Coyote&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5893-8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+H.+H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GroatGriffithsYoshimura2011" class="citation journal cs1">de Groat WC, Griffiths D, Yoshimura N (17 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480926">"Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract"</a>. <i>Comprehensive Physiology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 327–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c130056">10.1002/cphy.c130056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480926">4480926</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25589273">25589273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Physiology&rft.atitle=Neural+Control+of+the+Lower+Urinary+Tract&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=327-396&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4480926%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25589273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcphy.c130056&rft.aulast=de+Groat&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Derek&rft.au=Yoshimura%2C+Naoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4480926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrination" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/urination" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/urination">urination</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urination">Urination</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_male_urination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human male urination">Human male urination</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_female_urination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human female urination">Human female urination</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3176.htm#">Neurogenic Bladder</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>, describes the neurophysiology of urination</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200032.htm">"Urination" at HowStuffWorks.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink selflink">urinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">bowel</a> control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Ambulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living#Instrumental" title="Activities of daily living">Instrumental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">Housework</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Cleaning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Money management">Managing money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> use <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a> use</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optional-instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Care <small>(of self, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">the elderly</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Child rearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_care_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care assistant">Personal care assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Care of residents">Care of residents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Toilets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template talk:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Toilets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballcock" title="Ballcock">Ballcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedpan" title="Bedpan">Bedpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">Bidet shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_brush" title="Toilet brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern#Toilet" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commode#Toilet" title="Commode">Commode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bidet" title="Electronic bidet">Electronic bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat" title="Toilet seat">Seat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat_riser" title="Toilet seat riser">Toilet seat riser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_cleaner" title="Toilet cleaner">Toilet cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_roll_holder" title="Toilet roll holder">Holder/dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper_orientation" title="Toilet paper orientation">Orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_rim_block" title="Toilet rim block">Toilet rim block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (U-bend)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborloo" title="Arborloo">Arborloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_toilet" title="Blair toilet">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathole" title="Cathole">Cathole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">Container-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_flush_toilet" title="Dual flush toilet">Dual flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EToilet" title="EToilet">EToilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_toilet" title="Freezing toilet">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" title="Head (watercraft)">Head</a> (boat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudo_(scouting)" title="Hudo (scouting)">Hudo</a> (Scouting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">Incinerating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_toilet" title="Intelligent toilet">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">Latrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-flush_toilet" title="Low-flush toilet">Low-flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_toilet" title="On-board toilet">On-board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train_toilet" title="Passenger train toilet">Passenger train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_toilet" title="Pay toilet">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_toilet" title="Portable toilet">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_chair" title="Potty chair">Potty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanisette" title="Sanisette">Sanisette</a> (self-cleaning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink-toilet" title="Sink-toilet">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_toilet" title="Squat toilet">Squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_toilet" title="Telescopic toilet">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebog" title="Treebog">Treebog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">Urine-diverting dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter_toilet" title="Vermifilter toilet">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a> (combined toilet and bidet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />policy aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_diaper" title="Adult diaper">Adult diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_privileges" title="Bathroom privileges">Bathroom privileges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_reading" title="Bathroom reading">Bathroom reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywagon_(vehicle)" title="Honeywagon (vehicle)">Honeywagon (vehicle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinence_pad" title="Incontinence pad">Incontinence pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Islamic toilet etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrinalia" title="Latrinalia">Latrinalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_public_toilets" title="Privatization of public toilets">Privatization of public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_god" title="Toilet god">Toilet god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Skibidi_Toilet" title="Skibidi Toilet">Skibidi Toilet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_plume" title="Toilet plume">Toilet plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet-related_injuries_and_deaths" title="Toilet-related injuries and deaths">Toilet-related injuries and deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China" title="Toilet Revolution in China">Toilet Revolution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Twinning" title="Toilet Twinning">Toilet Twinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_truck" title="Vacuum truck">Vacuum truck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jobs and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restroom_attendant" title="Restroom attendant">Restroom attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slopping_out" title="Slopping out">Slopping out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">Toilet training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toileting" title="Toileting">Toileting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urine-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pee_curl" title="Pee curl">Pee curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollee" title="Pollee">Pollee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanistand" title="Sanistand">Sanistand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">Urinal deodorizer block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_(health_care)" title="Urinal (health care)">Urinal (health care)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_collection_device" title="Urine collection device">Urine collection device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_deflector" title="Urine deflector">Urine deflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">Urine diversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feces-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">Anal hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation_postures" title="Defecation postures">Defecation postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_toilet" title="Flying toilet">Flying toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">Scatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haewoojae" title="Haewoojae">Haewoojae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundertwasser_Toilets" title="Hundertwasser Toilets">Hundertwasser Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Museum_of_Bathroom_Tissue" title="Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue">Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Toilet_Restaurant" title="Modern Toilet Restaurant">Modern Toilet Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poo_Museum" title="National Poo Museum">National Poo Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">Outhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Bratislava" title="Public toilets in Bratislava">Public toilets in Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">Rest area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shit_Museum" title="Shit Museum">Shit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulabh_International_Museum_of_Toilets" title="Sulabh International Museum of Toilets">Sulabh International Museum of Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">Toilet (room)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_History_Museum" title="Toilet History Museum">Toilet History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets in New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Park_restroom" title="Bryant Park restroom">Bryant Park restroom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphedron" title="Aphedron">Aphedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">Chamber pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_stool" title="Close stool">Close stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansker" title="Dansker">Dansker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garderobe" title="Garderobe">Garderobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_farmer" title="Gong farmer">Gong farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Stool" title="Groom of the Stool">Groom of the Stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_soil" title="Night soil">Night soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_closet" title="Pail closet">Pail closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_midden" title="Privy midden">Privy midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reredorter" title="Reredorter">Reredorter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Changing room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">Improved sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Infection prevention and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable 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