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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nasionale_lied_van_Suid-Afrika" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Nasionale_lied_van_Suid-Afrika" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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</p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Your IP address is in a range that has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis</a>.</b> <p>The block was made by <a href="/wiki/Gebruiker:Jon_Kolbert" title="Gebruiker:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. 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If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Lêer:South African national anthem (1997), Government Gazette of South Africa.pdf|duimnael|Die Nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika in die Suid-Afrikaanse staatskoerant, 1997]] [[Lêer:South African national anthem.oga|duimnael|Nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika]] [[Lêer:State Arrival and Dinner for President Nelson Mandela in 1994.webm|duimnael|“[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]” en “[[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]” word deur ’n Amerikaanse militêre orkes in 1994 as deel van ’n amptelike staatsbesoek van die Suid-Afrikaanse president [[Nelson Mandela]] aan die Amerikaanse hoofstad [[Washington, D.C.]] saam opgevoer]] Die '''Nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika''' is sedert 1996 ’n samevoeging van “[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]” en “[[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]” (God seën Afrika) en is in 1997 as [[Suid-Afrika]] se [[Volkslied|nasionale volkslied]] goedgekeur. Die onderskeie verse is in die vyf mees gebruikte [[Tale in Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrikaanse tale]] ([[Afrikaans]], [[Engels]], [[Suid-Sotho]], [[Xhosa]] en [[Zoeloe]])<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-anthem |title=National anthem |publisher=sahistory.org.za |accessdate=23 Mei 2017}}</ref> en die lied bestaan uit twee dele in verskillende toonhoogtes. Die eerste twee verse is ontleen aan “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika”, terwyl die laaste twee aan “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” ontleen is, met die laaste vers wat heeltemal verander is. Die eerste twee lyne van die eerste vers is in Xhosa, die volgende twee in Zoeloe, gevolg deur Suid-Sotho in die tweede vers, Afrikaans in die derde vers en Engels in die vierde. Die komitee wat vir die nuwe komposisie verantwoordelik was het bestaan uit Anna Bender, Elize Botha, [[Richard Cock]], Dolf Havemann (sekretaris), Mzilikazi Khumalo (voorsitter), Mazisi Kunene, John Lenake, [[Fatima Meer]], Khabi Mngoma, Wally Serote, Johan de Villiers en Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.augustademist.com/2015/04/south-african-national-anthem-history-record/ |title=The South African National Anthem: a history on record |last=Breakfast |first=Swellendam Guesthouse B&B {{!}} Augusta de Mist {{!}} Garden Route Accommodation {{!}} Bed and |date=13 April 2015 |website=Swellendam Country House {{!}} Hotel {{!}} B&B {{!}} Augusta de Mist {{!}} Garden Route Accommodation {{!}} Bed and Breakfast |accessdate=31 Desember 2018 |archive-date= 1 Januarie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101002950/http://www.augustademist.com/2015/04/south-african-national-anthem-history-record/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika is ’n saamvoeging van nuwe Engelse lirieke met uittreksels van die 19de-eeuse lied “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika”, wat deur [[Enoch Sontonga]] gekomponeer is, en die Afrikaanse lied “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” wat vanaf die laat 1930’s tot die middel 1990’s as die nasionale volkslied van Suid-Afrika gedien het.<ref name=NYT1938>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/06/03/archives/south-africa-will-play-two-anthems-hereafter.html |title=South Africa Will Play Two Anthems Hereafter |date=3 Junie 1938 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York]] |accessdate=31 Oktober 2018 |page=10}}</ref> Vanaf 1994 tot 1997 het albei liedere in hul volledige weergawe langs mekaar as nasionale volksliedere van Suid-Afrika gedien.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.dac.gov.za/national-anthem |title=National Anthem |publisher=[[Departement van Kuns en Kultuur]], Regering van Suid-Afrika |accessdate=13 Oktober 2018 |archive-date=13 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013213113/http://www.dac.gov.za/national-anthem |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na die Nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika word gereeld verwys as “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika” (weens sy eerste woorde), maar dit was nog nooit sy amptelike naam nie; dit staan as “Nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika” bekend. Dit is in 2017 deur ''The Economist'' as die beste nasionale volkslied wêreldwyd benoem.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-12-27-nkosi-sikelel-iafrika-is-worlds-favourite-national-anthem/ |title=Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is world's favourite national anthem |publisher=Times Live |date=27 Desember 2017}}</ref> == Struktuur == Die feit dat dit van toonhoogte verander en met ’n ander sleutel eindig (van G-major na D-major), ’n kenmerk wat dit met die Italiaanse en die Filippynse volksliedere deel,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://nationalanthems.me/south-africa-die-stem-van-suid-afrika-nkosi-sikelel-iafrika/ |title=South Africa – National Anthem of South Africa (Die Stem van Suid-Afrika/Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika) |publisher=NationalAnthems.me |accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref> maak dit in komposisionele opsig ongewoon. Die lirieke maak gebruik van die vyf mees verspreide tale in Suid-Afrika – Xhosa (eerste vers, eerste twee lyne), Zoeloe (eerste vers, laaste twee lyne), Suid-Sotho (tweede vers), Afrikaans (derde vers) en Engels (laaste vers). Die lirieke word in hierdie tale gesing, onafhanklik van die sanger se [[moedertaal]]. Die eerste helfte is saamgestel deur [[Mzilikazi Khumalo]]<ref name="page4" /> en die laaste helfte deur [[Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph]], wat ook die laaste vers geskryf het.<ref name=page4>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/za~4.gif |title=National anthem of South Africa |date=1997 |page=4 |accessdate=20 Februarie 2018}}</ref><ref name="Samro" /> == Geskiedenis == === Agtergrond === Vanaf die laat 1940’s tot die vroeë 1990’s was Suid-Afrika onder die [[Apartheid]]sbeleid, ’n algemeen veroordeelde stelsel van geïnstitusionaliseerde rasseskeiding en diskriminasie gebaseer op wit oorheersing en die onderdrukking van die swart meerderheid ten voordeel van die politieke en ekonomies dominante Afrikanerminderheid en ander blankes. Gedurende Apartheid het “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” as nasionale volkslied van Suid-Afrika gedien, wat kort ook net “Die Stem” genoem is, ’n [[Afrikaans]]e lied wat die [[Voortrekkers]] en hul [[Groot Trek]] beskryf. “Die Stem” is ’n gedig wat deur [[C.J. Langenhoven]] in 1918 geskryf en in 1921 deur die dominee [[M.L. de Villiers]] getoonset is.<ref name="History">{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/anthem.htm |title=SA National Anthem History |accessdate=21 Oktober 2007 |archive-date=31 Mei 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531001625/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/anthem.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” was in der waarheid Langenhoven se bekendste enkele werk. Dit was ook De Villiers se gedenkwaardigste toonsetting. Later het die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Uitsaaikorporasie]] sowel “[[God Save the Queen|God save the King]]” as “Die Stem” aan die einde van hul daaglikse uitsendings gespeel. Dit is die eerste keer in die openbaar gesing met die amptelike hysing van die [[Vlag van Suid-Afrika|landsvlag]] op 31 Mei 1928, maar dit was eers op 2 Mei 1957 dat die regering “Die Stem” as die amptelike volkslied aanvaar het. As “The Call of South Africa” is dit mettertyd ook in [[Engels]] gesing. “Die Stem” het tussen 1938 en 1957 saam met “[[God Save the Queen|God Save the King/Queen]]” as nasionale volkslied gedien,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=265 |title=The Presidency: National Anthem |accessdate=6 Junie 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525005311/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=265 |archive-date=25 Mei 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en daarna tot in 1994 alleenlik as nasionale volkslied van Suid-Afrika. “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” is saamgestel uit agt verse (die oorspronklike vier in Afrikaans en vier in Engels – ’n vertaling van die Afrikaanse s’n met enkele veranderinge). Dit is selde volledig gesing; die eerste vers was die bekendste en is soms met die laaste vers gesing. Met die einde van apartheid in die jare negentig het die argitekte van die oorgang na ’n nuwe bedeling egter besef dat daar ’n nuwe nasionale lied sou moes kom wat vir almal aanvaarbaar is, waardeur die toekomstige status van “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” bevraagteken is, aangesien die voorheen benadeeldes nie sou aanklank vind nie.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/19/reviews/990919.19carlint.html |title=Master of His Fate |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/weekinreview/symbols-new-south-africa-first-emblems-unity-little-something-for-everyone.html |title=Symbols/The New South Africa; The First Emblems of Unity: A Little Something for Everyone |first=Bill |last=Keller |publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Dit is uiteindelik as die nasionale volkslied behou, alhoewel “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika”, ’n Xhosa-lied wat deur die Anti-Apartheidsbeweging gebruik is, die tweede nasionale volkslied met gelyke regte geword het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/world/the-south-african-vote-the-voting-blacks-seizing-their-moment-liberation-day.html |title=THE SOUTH AFRICAN VOTE: THE VOTING; Blacks Seizing Their Moment: Liberation Day |author=Bill Keller |publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika” is in 1897 deur die Metodistiese onderwyser [[Enoch Sontonga]] gekomponeer. Dit was oorspronklik ’n kerklied maar het later ’n simbool van politieke weerstand teen Apartheid geword. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het in 1994 albei liedjies as gelykwaardige nasionale volksliedere goedgekeur, toe hulle tydens [[Nelson Mandela]] se inhuldiging gespeel is.<ref name=Carlin153>{{en}} {{cite book |last=Carlin |first=John |title=Playing the Enemy |year=2008 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59420-174-5 |pages=147, 153}}</ref> Vir die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1995]] het [[Morné du Plessis]] voorgestel dat die [[Springbokke]] al die woorde van “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika” aanleer, en, volgens hul instrukteur Anne Munnik, het “hulle dit met baie trots gedoen”.<ref name=Carlin173>{{en}} {{cite book |last=Carlin |first=John |title=Playing the Enemy |year=2008 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59420-174-5 |pages=173–178}}</ref> === Ontstaan === Die gebruik van twee nasionale volksliedere was ’n omslagtige reëling, aangesien die volledige opvoering van albei sowat vyf minute geneem het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/28/world/johannesburg-journal-will-rugby-embrace-or-crush-a-dainty-flower.html |title=Johannesburg Journal;Will Rugby Embrace, or Crush, a Dainty Flower? |author=Donald G. McNeil |date=28 Maart 1996 |publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Dit is reggestel toe Suid-Afrika se dubbele volksliedere vroeg in 1997 in verkorte vorme saamgevoeg is<ref name=Siemon>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://flatint.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-south-african-national-anthem.html |title=flatint: The South African National Anthem: a history on record |first=Siemon |last=Allen |date=15 Oktober 2013 |publisher=BlogSpot |accessdate=17 April 2018}}</ref> om die huidige nasionale volkslied te skep. Deur die twee volksliedere saam te voeg – en alle Suid-Afrikaners te laat begryp dat dit ’n lied van seënbede en glorie onder die helderblou hemel van Suid-Afrika is – is ’n kompromis bereik in die edelste tradisie van versoening. Die nuwe nasionale volkslied is tydens ’n opening van die [[Parlement van Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrikaanse Parlement]] in Februarie 1997 gespeel,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?78694-1/south-african-parliament-opening |title=South African Parliament Opening |website=C-SPAN.org}}</ref> en is op 10 Oktober 1997 in die Suid-Afrikaanse Staatskoerant gepubliseer.<ref name="Siemon" /> Gedurende die saamstelling van die nuwe nasionale volkslied is deur die Suid-Afrikaanse president Nelson Mandela voorgestel dat dit nie langer as 1 minuut en 48 sekondes lank mag wees.<ref name="Siemon" /> Die nuwe Engelse lirieke is van die laaste vier lyne van die eerste vers van “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” oorgeneem en sal hoop in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing ná die einde van apartheid weerspieël. Lyne wat aan die twee vorige volksliedere ontleen is, is verander om meer inklusief te wees, en dit het nie eksplisiet verwys na spesifieke bevolkingsgroepe van die land nie. Dus is lyne van die apartheidsvolkslied se eerste vers wat na die Voortrekkers se Groot Trek verwys, weggelaat, aangesien “dit die ervaring van slegs een deel” van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing was.<ref name="Samro">{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.samro.org.za/node/298 |title=The national anthem is owned by everyone |publisher=South African Music Rights Organisation |date=17 Junie 2012 |accessdate=13 Maart 2013 |archive-date=13 Maart 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313093626/http://www.samro.org.za/node/298 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Siemon" /> Net so is die woorde “Woza Moya” uit “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika” weggelaat, aangesien dit ’n eksplisiete Christelike verwysing pleks van ’n algemene godsdienstige verwysing is,<ref name="Samro" /> en derhalwe vir Suid-Afrikaners met ’n ander geloof, veral Suid-Afrikaanse [[Moslem]]s en [[Jode in Suid-Afrika]], nie aanvaarbaar sou wees nie.<ref name="Siemon" /> ’n Nuwe vers wat in geeneen van die twee liedjies bestaan nie is ook bygevoeg. Die Engelse weergawe van “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” was minder bekend as die Afrikaanse weergawe en kon dus met min beswaar of omstredenheid verander word.<ref name="Siemon" /> Vervolgens was die Engelse deel van die nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse volkslied die een waarvan die grootste deel van die lirieke van die vorige weergawe verander is.<ref name="Siemon" /> === Kritiek === In onlangse jare het veral die Afrikaanse deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse volkslied kritiek deurgeloop, aangesien dit oorspronklik deel was van die volkslied van Suid-Afrika wat tydens die apartheidsera gebruik is;<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/post/20140723/282067685059813 |title=PressReader.com – Connecting People Through News |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> veral die [[Economic Freedom Fighters]] het weens dié gedeelte se konneksie vir sy verwydering gepleit.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://city-press.news24.com/Voices/the-surreal-moment-when-a-harlem-choir-sings-die-stem-for-winnie-20180413 |title=The surreal moment when a Harlem choir sings Die Stem for Winnie |publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/south-african-anthem-best-in-the-world/ |title=Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika named best national anthem in the world |work=The South African |first=Alexis |last=Haden |date=27 Desember 2017}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/eff-calls-for-removal-of-die-stem-on-120th-anniversary-of-enoch-sontongas-death/ |title=EFF calls for removal of Die Stem on 120th anniversary of Enoch Sontonga's death |work=The South African |first=Alexis |last=Haden |date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/die-stem-adulterates-nkosi-sikelel-iafrika-eff-20170418 |title=Die Stem adulterates Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika – EFF |publisher=News24 |access-date= 3 September 2020 |archive-date=12 Junie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184718/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/die-stem-adulterates-nkosi-sikelel-iafrika-eff-20170418 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ander verdedig die insluiting van die Afrikaanse vers en wys daarop dat dit hoofsaaklik opgeneem is as gevolg van die wense van die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse president ná apartheid, Nelson Mandela, wat die opname daarvan as ’n versoeningsmaatreël vir die toekoms van Suid-Afrika bedoel het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2015-09-27-eff-missing-the-plot-on-die-stem/ |title=EFF ‘missing the plot’ on Die Stem |newspaper=[[The Sowetan]] |date=27 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Carlin153" /><ref name="Carlin173" /> == Inhoud == Die [[Zoeloe]]- of [[Xhosa]]-weergawe van “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika” (God seën Afrika) word gebruik vir die eerste vers, terwyl die Suid-Sotho-weergawe die tweede vers van die nasionale lied vorm. Die derde en vierde verse bestaan uit ’n [[Afrikaans]]e en Engelse deel van “Die Stem”. {|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" | ! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | Lirieke van die volkslied ! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | Vertaal in Afrikaans |- ! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | Xhosa |''Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika'' <br />''Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo,'' |Here, seën Afrika <br />Mag haar gees opstyg, |- ! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | Zoeloe |''Yizwa imithandazo yethu,'' <br />''Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo.'' |Hoor ons gebede aan, <br />Here, seën ons, haar kinders. |- ! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | Suid-Sotho |''Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso,'' <br />''O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho,'' <br />''O se boloke, O se boloke setjhaba sa heso,'' <br />''Setjhaba sa, South Afrika — South Afrika.'' |God, ons vra U om ons nasie te beskerm, <br />Gryp in en beëindig alle konflikte. <br />Beskerm ons, beskerm ons nasie, <br />ons nasie, Suid-Afrika – Suid-Afrika. |- ! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | Afrikaans |colspan="2" |<div style="margin:0 auto;text-align:left;width:fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;"> ''Uit die blou van onse hemel,'' <br />''Uit die diepte van ons see,'' <br />''Oor ons ewige gebergtes'' <br />''Waar die kranse antwoord gee,''</div> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | Engels |''Sounds the call to come together,'' <br />''And united we shall stand,'' <br />''Let us live and strive for freedom'' <br />''In South Africa our land.'' |Klink die oproep om saam te kom, <br />en verenig sal ons staan. <br />Kom ons leef en streef na vryheid <br />in Suid-Afrika ons land! |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|National anthems of South Africa|Nasionale lied van Suid-Afrika}} * {{en}} [http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/anthem.htm Anthem of South Africa] 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