Model Prosecution Memo for Trump Classified Documents

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Model Prosecution Memo for Trump Classified Documents</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="A team of former federal prosecutors, defense counsel, and other legal experts drafted a "model prosecution memo" for the potential case of United States vs. Donald Trump in the Mar-a-Lago classified documents investigation." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Model Prosecution Memo for Trump Classified Documents" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The authors have decades of experience as federal prosecutors and defense lawyers. They conclude that the DOJ should–and likely will–charge Trump." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-06-02T12:57:59+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-06-10T18:48:09+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S._Department_of_Justice_headquarters_August_12_2006-e1645449791583.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1386" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="730" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Andrew Weissmann, Ryan Goodman, Joyce Vance, Norman L. Eisen, Fred Wertheimer, Siven Watt, E. Danya Perry, Joshua Stanton, Joshua Kolb" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The authors have decades of experience as federal prosecutors and defense lawyers. They conclude that the DOJ should–and likely will–charge Trump." /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Andrew Weissmann, Ryan Goodman, Joyce Vance, Norman L. Eisen, Fred Wertheimer, Siven Watt, E. 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Weissmann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/c6ce4b43e29f1cae290a26e43c3a2ed8","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/dfae43af03b442dda5a41ab672bf8f43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/dfae43af03b442dda5a41ab672bf8f43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Andrew Weissmann"},"description":"Andrew Weissmann (@AWeissmann_) is Professor of Practice and Distinguished Senior Fellow at the Reiss Center on Law and Security and at the Center on the Administration of Criminal Law at NYU School of Law. He served as a lead prosecutor in Robert S. Mueller’s Special Counsel’s Office (2017-19) and as Chief of the Fraud Section in the Department of Justice (2015-2019). During his previous tenure at NYU Law (2013-2015), Weissmann was a Senior Fellow at both the Reiss Center on Law and Security and the Center for the Administration of Criminal Law. He taught courses in national security and criminal procedure. From 2011 to 2013, Weissmann served as the General Counsel for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He previously served as special counsel to then-Director Mueller in 2005, after which he was a partner at Jenner & Block in New York City. From 2002-2005, he served as the Deputy and then the Director of the Enron Task Force in Washington, D.C., where he supervised the prosecution of more than 30 individuals in connection with the company’s collapse. Weissmann was a federal prosecutor for 15 years in the Eastern District of New York, where he served as the Chief of the Criminal Division. He prosecuted numerous members of the Colombo, Gambino, and Genovese families, including the bosses of the Colombo and Genovese families. Weissmann has extensive experience in private practice. Weissmann won the largest Financial Industry Regulatory Authority arbitration award in history. He has taught criminal law and procedure at Fordham Law School and Brooklyn Law School. He holds a Juris Doctor degree from Columbia Law School and was on the managing board of the Columbia Law Review. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University and attended the University of Geneva on a Fulbright Fellowship. He is the author of the new book, Where Law Ends: Inside the Mueller Investigation.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/e9b3dd6ec89a1e52fe24f214b65b42a1","name":"Ryan Goodman","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/485477856af60623a92f40c13f9acb39","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2d127fee4e09e85d8a3872c678863424?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2d127fee4e09e85d8a3872c678863424?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ryan Goodman"},"description":"Ryan Goodman (@rgoodlaw) is founding co-editor-in-chief of Just Security. He is the Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law. He served as Special Counsel to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense (2015-16). Ryan is also a Professor of Politics and Professor of Sociology at NYU. He was the inaugural Rita E. Hauser Professor of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Harvard Law School. He received a J.D. from Yale Law School, a Ph.D. from Yale University, and a B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin. He is a member of the Department of State’s Advisory Committee on International Law, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the US Naval War College’s Board of Advisers for International Law Studies, a Distinguished Fellow at the National Institute of Military Justice, and a former member of the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law. Ryan is also on LinkedIn. Areas of Expertise: National Security Law, International Law, Law of Armed Conflict, Use of Force, Human Rights Law.  ","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/6942a0c89b9ce77fb7352c68867f69a8","name":"Joyce Vance","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/adb24b31d8ebeec4406512c700154e61","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a985da4b406c6db229434301b8856b97?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a985da4b406c6db229434301b8856b97?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Joyce Vance"},"description":"Joyce White Vance (@JoyceWhiteVance) is a Distinguished Professor of the Practice of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law. She served as the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama from 2009 to 2017. She was nominated for that position by President Barack Obama in May of 2009 and unanimously confirmed by the Senate in August of 2009. Professor Vance served on the Attorney General’s Advisory Committee and was the Co-Chair of its Criminal Practice Subcommittee. As U.S. Attorney, she was responsible for overseeing all federal criminal investigations and prosecutions in north Alabama, including matters involving civil rights, national security, cybercrime, public corruption, health care and corporate fraud, violent crime and drug trafficking. She was also responsible for affirmative and defensive civil litigation on behalf of the government and for all federal criminal and civil appeals. Before becoming U.S. Attorney, Professor Vance served as an Assistant United States Attorney in Birmingham for 18 years. She spent ten years as a criminal prosecutor, before moving to the Appellate Division in 2002. She became the Chief of that Division in 2005. Prior to her work as a federal prosecutor, she spent six years as a litigator in private practice, first at Arent, Fox, Kintner, Plotkin & Kahn in Washington D.C., and then at Bradley, Arant, Rose & White, now Bradley, Arant, Boult & Cummings, in Birmingham. Professor Vance received a B.A. from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, magna cum laude, and a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of law. Professor Vance is the 2017 recipient of the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health’s Lou Wooster Public Health Hero Award for her leadership in creating a community-engaged initiative that included partners from law enforcement, the medical and business communities, and educators to address the heroin and opioid epidemic in northern Alabama. She is a frequent legal commentator on MSNBC and other news outlets. Professor Vance is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/27cab6c27cfc8d8e2d6348c448bc329a","name":"Norman L. Eisen","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/f1c28bc1eb3e6ab7394bcbb0a66835bf","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfa40116cf81d9a50dc822a001d3d55?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfa40116cf81d9a50dc822a001d3d55?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Norman L. Eisen"},"description":"Ambassador Norman Eisen (ret.) (@NormEisen) served as special counsel to the House Judiciary Committee majority during the impeachment proceedings and trial of President Donald J. Trump in 2019 to 2020. Eisen was the U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2014. From January 2009 to January 2011, Eisen worked in the White House as special counsel and special assistant to the president for ethics and government reform. Eisen received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1991 and his B.A. from Brown University in 1985, both with honors. Eisen is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/554aee94d2aeaa0b31d3839061018a48","name":"Fred Wertheimer","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/861ae2ac6ae9791d72d8cc567f89e6b6","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4e838c227ad4aabcb8828a429f53aaeb?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4e838c227ad4aabcb8828a429f53aaeb?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Fred Wertheimer"},"description":"Fred Wertheimer is the Founder and President of Democracy 21, a nonpartisan, nonprofit, organization that works to strengthen America's democracy, to ensure the integrity of elections and government decisions and to engage and empower citizens in the political process. The organization’s primary focus is on democracy issues, including campaign finance, voting rights and election security, and it promotes government integrity, transparency and accountability policies to accomplish its goals. Democracy 21 and its affiliated organization, Democracy 21 Education Fund engage in activities that include public and media education efforts, the development and promotion of public policy proposals, litigation and other legal efforts, watchdog activities, serving as a national spokesperson on campaign finance and other democracy issues. Wertheimer is also founder and President of Democracy 21 Education Fund, an organization affiliated with Democracy 21. Wertheimer has spent five decades working on democracy and governance issues. He is a recognized national leader and spokesman on money in politics, campaign finance reform and other democracy issues. Wertheimer has led successful lobbying campaigns in Congress to enact major campaign finance laws and lobbying and ethics reforms. NPR described Wertheimer as “A central figure in the opposition network,” challenging the ethics and other abuses of President Trump and his administration . NPR also has described him as “one of the progressive movement’s leading strategists on ethics and campaign finance laws since the 1980s.” Wertheimer served as an adviser to the office of House Speaker Pelosi on the President Trump impeachment proceedings. Wertheimer has been described by The New York Times as “the dean of campaign finance reformers,” by Washington Post columnist E. J. Dionne as “the eminence grise of the campaign finance movement” and by Time Magazine as “a godfather of the campaign finance reform movement.” He has been described by the Boston Globe as a “legendary open-government activist” and by the Los Angeles Times as the “patriarch of campaign reform advocates.” The Washington Post said “Democracy 21 is one of Washington’s foremost watchdog groups.” Wertheimer’s efforts have been recognized by Legal Times, which in 2008 named him as one of the 90 greatest lawyers in Washington of the last thirty years. The Hill, a Capitol Hill newspaper, has named him on numerous occasions as one of Washington’s top lobbyists, including in 2016. Wertheimer is a graduate of the University of Michigan and Harvard Law School and served from 1981 to 1995 as President of Common Cause, a national citizens’ advocacy group. He served as a Fellow at Harvard University’s Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy (1996) and as J. Skelly Wright Fellow and Visiting Lecturer at Yale Law School (1997). He also has served as a political analyst and consultant for CBS News, ABC News, and ABC’s Nightline. Wertheimer has played a key role in every major campaign finance reform battle in Congress beginning with the post-Watergate campaign finance reforms in 1974. He has also participated as a lawyer in every major Supreme Court campaign finance case beginning with the 1976 Buckley v. Valeo decision. Former White House Counsel to President Obama, Bob Bauer, said about the role Wertheimer has played over the years, “Few individuals who set out to shape policy have had the staying power, or had the results to show for the effort, that Wertheimer can claim.” Wertheimer also coordinates the Democracy 21 legal team, led by the WilmerHale law firm and senior partner and former U.S. Solicitor General Seth Waxman. The team defends the constitutionality of campaign finance laws and their proper interpretation in the courts. A number of major democracy reform proposals pending in Congress, including campaign finance, voting rights and election security, were developed by Democracy 21 working with members of Congress. Wertheimer is the author of “Campaign Finance Reform: The Unfinished Agenda,” published in the Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science and of “TV Ad Wars: How to Reduce the Costs of Television Advertising in our Political Campaigns,” published in the Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. He is the coauthor of “Campaign Finance Reform: A Key to Restoring the Health of Our Democracy,” published in The Columbia Law Review. Wertheimer is a recipient of the COGEL Award for outstanding service in the cause of open and democratic government, given by the Council on Governmental Ethics Laws, an organization of state and federal ethics enforcement officials. He has received honorary degrees from Colby College, Grinnell College, and the Claremont University Graduate School. Wertheimer is married to award winning journalist Linda Wertheimer, Senior National Correspondent for National Public Radio and a regular substitute host on NPR’s morning news magazine shows.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wertheimerfred/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/b81e9887bd6b35688fb30e1ef5e0eec4","name":"Siven Watt","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/fa3c01406160edacc79941ba64349f4b","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4f5f5e7b459097e1c353141d3b97cdc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4f5f5e7b459097e1c353141d3b97cdc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Siven Watt"},"description":"Siven Watt (@SivenWatt) is a Legal Fellow at Just Security, based at New York University School of Law. He works on issues of accountability, democracy, and the rule of law in the United States. He was project director and a principal drafter of the Mar-a-Lago Model Prosecution Memo, overseeing a team of student staff editors from NYU and Yale law school, and also leads on our regularly updated Trump Trials Clearinghouse and Trump Master Calendar. In 2020-2021, he served as an Associate Editor of Just Security and in that capacity was responsible for producing the Early Edition, a curated summary of national and global news implicating U.S. national security, democracy, and rights. He is based in the U.K. and U.A.E. and was called to the Bar of England and Wales in 2023, having completed his bar studies on a prestigious full-fees scholarship (the Princes of Wales Scholarship) from Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. Previously, Siven received a B.A. in Politics, Philosophy and History from Birkbeck College, University of London, an accelerated graduate LL.B. from the University of Law, before finally being awarded the Lord Blunkett Widening Access Award scholarship to undertake an LL.M. in International Human Rights at the University of Law. He is also on LinkedIn. Siven has a rich human rights background, including as a Senior Legal Fellow at the U.K. human rights organization JUSTICE, working on tackling racial injustice in the criminal youth justice system, improving the parole system of England and Wales, and reforming institutional responses to deaths or other serious incidents where a “systemic pattern of failure” is evident. He also worked as a researcher and assistant to Professor Leslie Thomas K.C. (an English barrister who specializes in inquests, civil liberties, and public law), working on, inter alia, the Grenfell Tower Inquiry and various human rights actions against the state for deaths in custody. Siven also assisted Professor Felicity Gerry K.C., an international lawyer specializing in human trafficking and the law of joint enterprise, on a published piece into cryptocurrency and human trafficking.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/b2a7ebb92c90f644b367abae3dd8dd7e","name":"E. Danya Perry","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/c4a7efb5509bf54d512ca0bc0531041f","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88a1632cb6ade4c26e84c0133ce33528?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88a1632cb6ade4c26e84c0133ce33528?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"E. Danya Perry"},"description":"Danya Perry (@Edanyaperry) is Founding Partner at Perry Law. She is a nationally recognized white collar criminal defense attorney and commercial litigator who has obtained tremendous results on behalf of her clients. Prior to founding Perry Law and a predecessor firm, Danya spent five years as the Chief of Litigation and Deputy General Counsel at MacAndrews & Forbes Incorporated. In 2013, Danya was appointed by the Governor and the Attorney General to serve as Deputy Attorney General for the State of New York and Chief of Investigations for the Moreland Commission to Investigate Public Corruption. In this role, she led a sweeping investigation into public corruption in New York State, recommended policies for systemic reform, and referred numerous matters for criminal prosecution. From 2002 to 2013, Danya served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, including as Senior Trial Counsel and Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division. As an Assistant U.S. Attorney, she investigated, prosecuted, and supervised hundreds of sophisticated white collar cases, including the prosecution of a billion-dollar health care fraud, the largest immigration fraud and tax preparer frauds in the history of the United States, and one of the largest identity theft rings in the United States. Danya has also been an adjunct professor of law at New York University School of Law, where she taught a trial advocacy and prosecution clinic. Early in her career, Danya worked at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison and clerked for a federal district judge in the Southern District of New York. Danya is a graduate of Harvard College and Yale Law School. Nationally recognized as an industry expert, Danya frequently speaks on white collar and enforcement panels and is a regular media commentator, including on MSNBC, CNN, and BBC. Danya has written a number of op-eds and articles, including for the New York Times, the Washington Post, CNN, the New York Daily News, and Law360. She is a champion sub 3-hour marathoner and a proud single mother of three. She is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/perryedanya/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/33df9edb9c2b4e5498597030f4ac4718","name":"Joshua Stanton","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/fbee0bc66d71955ef7c202c5f0e637d3","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7c2c5e00b5b849d86a1479a17a17b590?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7c2c5e00b5b849d86a1479a17a17b590?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Joshua Stanton"},"description":"Joshua Stanton (@StantonLaw) is Counsel at Perry Law and previously served as a public defender in Tennessee. Josh joined Perry Law after completing a two-year research and teaching fellowship at Vanderbilt Law School, where he served as a clinical professor and co-director of the school’s Criminal Practice Clinic. While at Vanderbilt, Josh authored multiple amicus briefs in support of criminal justice reform and successfully represented numerous defendants charged with felony offenses in the state courts of Nashville, Tennessee. Prior to Vanderbilt, Josh was an associate at an elite international litigation firm. As an associate, he assisted recording artists, professional athletes, actors, and business executives resolve a variety of legal problems. Josh was also a key team-member in the defense of a billion-dollar licensing dispute on behalf of a Fortune 500 client. Josh has dedicated the majority of his professional career to public service. In addition to representing indigent clients through his fellowship at Vanderbilt and serving as a public defender in Memphis, Tennessee, Josh maintained a substantial pro bono case load as an associate. He graduated from the esteemed Gideons Promise training program. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wertheimerfred/" title="Profile and articles by Fred Wertheimer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fred Wertheimer</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/perryedanya/" title="Profile and articles by E. Danya Perry" class="author url fn" rel="author">E. Danya Perry</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/stantonjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Stanton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Stanton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a></p><p class="date">June 2, 2023</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-86771" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-86771" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-86771" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86771/model-prosecution-memo-for-trump-classified-documents/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/classified-information/" rel="tag">Classified Information</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/department-of-justice/" rel="tag">Department of Justice (DOJ)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/espionage-act/" rel="tag">Espionage Act</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/mar-a-lago/" rel="tag">Mar-a-Lago</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/special-counsel-jack-smith/" rel="tag">Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wertheimerfred/" title="Profile and articles by Fred Wertheimer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fred Wertheimer</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/perryedanya/" title="Profile and articles by E. Danya Perry" class="author url fn" rel="author">E. Danya Perry</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/stantonjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Stanton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Stanton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a></p><p class="date">June 2, 2023</p></div><p>This <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/just-security-model-prosecution-memo-trump-classified-documents-second-edition-june-2023.pdf">model prosecution memorandum</a> assesses potential charges federal prosecutors may bring against former President Donald Trump. It focuses on those emanating from his handling of classified documents and other government records since leaving office on January 20, 2021. It includes crimes related to the removal and retention of national security information and obstruction of the investigation into his handling of these documents. The authors have decades of experience as federal prosecutors and defense lawyers, as well as other legal expertise. Based upon this experience and the analysis that follows, we conclude that Trump should–and likely will–be charged.</p> <p>Before indicting a case, prosecutors prepare a prosecution memo (or “pros memo”) that lays out admissible evidence, possible charges, and legal issues. This document provides a basis for prosecutors and their supervisors to assess whether the case meets the standard set forth in the Federal Principles of Prosecution, which permit prosecution only when there is sufficient evidence to obtain and sustain a conviction. Before a decision is made about bringing charges against Trump (and co-conspirators, if any), prosecutors will prepare such a memo.</p> <p>There is sufficient evidence to obtain and sustain a conviction here, if the information gleaned from government filings and statements and voluminous public reporting is accurate. Indeed, the DOJ is likely now, or shortly will be, internally circulating a pros memo of its own saying so. That DOJ memo will, however, be highly confidential, in part because it will contain information derived through the grand jury and attorney work product. Since it will not be publicly available, we offer this analysis. Ours is likely more detailed than what DOJ will prepare internally for explanatory purposes. But, given the gravity of the issues here, our memo provides a sense of how prosecutors will assemble and evaluate the considerations that they must assess before making a prosecution decision.</p> <p>Our memo analyzes six federal crimes in depth:</p> <p><u>Mishandling of Government Documents</u><br /> 1. Retention of National Defense Information (18 U.S.C. § 793(e))<br /> 2. Concealing Government Records (18 U.S.C. § 2071)<br /> 3. Conversion of Government Property (18 U.S.C. § 641)</p> <p><u>Obstruction, Contempt, False Information</u></p> <p>1. Obstruction of Justice (18 U.S.C. § 1519)<br /> 2. Criminal Contempt (18 U.S.C. § 402)<br /> 3. False Statements to Federal Investigators (18 U.S.C. § 1001)</p> <p>In the course of discussing these statutes, we also touch upon others that may have been violated but where the factual predicate for applicability is less clear. For instance, additional charges could be appropriate–under 18 U.S.C. §§ 798 and 793(e) (dissemination)–if the public reporting regarding Trump’s having intentionally disseminated classified material to aides and others is accurate. Additional charges could also potentially be brought under 18 U.S.C. § 1924 if there is sufficient evidence that Trump unlawfully removed classified documents from the White House (see our discussion of DOJ precedents for past prosecutions under § 1924 in Part IV and in the Appendix). Based on the publicly available information to date, a powerful case exists for charging Trump under several federal criminal statutes, which we discuss in detail.</p> <p><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-86828 aligncenter" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?resize=2062%2C1249&ssl=1" alt="" width="2062" height="1249" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?w=2062&ssl=1 2062w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?resize=300%2C182&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?resize=1024%2C620&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?resize=768%2C465&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?resize=1536%2C930&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/model-pros-memo-just-security-graphic-1.png?resize=2048%2C1241&ssl=1 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></p> <h4>Methodology</h4> <p>In considering prosecution of a former president, we begin with the standard articulated by Attorney General Merrick Garland: “upholding the rule of law means applying the law evenly, without fear or favor.”<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> In other words, this case must be evaluated for prosecution like any other case with similar evidence would be, without regard to the fact that the case is focused on the conduct of a former president of the United States. This memo accordingly includes a balanced assessment of this particular case, and a thorough review of past DOJ precedents for charging similar cases. Those past cases show that to decline to bring charges against Trump would be treating him far more favorably than other defendants, including those who were charged for less egregious conduct than his. “All Americans are entitled to the evenhanded application of the law,”<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Garland has stated, and we are guided by the values underlying those words as well.</p> <p>This model prosecution memo is, however, limited in an important sense. Throughout the memo, we draw as much as possible on the unusual amount of factual information provided by the Government in its court filings. We do not, however, have visibility into the full volume of information the Justice Department has assembled. That means we could be missing important facts, including exculpatory evidence, that may inform the DOJ’s decision-making process. We may be unaware of admissibility issues with some of the evidence. And equally true, the evidence could be better or more extensive than what is available in the public record.</p> <p>What’s more, by necessity, we at times rely on news reports from investigative journalists whereas the actual prosecution memo would instead rely on direct evidence the federal investigators have collected. For that reason, we do not reach an unqualified charging decision. Instead, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to obtain a conviction here, if the Government filings and statements and voluminous public reporting we detail below are accurate. We also note that, based on the reported facts, charges would be strongly warranted based on Department precedent in similar cases.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> <p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"></a></p> <p>The model prosecution memorandum is available below as a SCRIBD file and also as a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/just-security-model-prosecution-memo-trump-classified-documents-second-edition-june-2023.pdf">separate PDF</a>.</p> <p>Also, to hear more about the memo from some of its co-authors check out the <em>Just Security</em> podcast. <a href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/2074610/11707717-united-states-v-trump-a-model-prosecution-memo-for-mar-a-lago">A conversation with Andrew Weissmann, Joyce Vance, and Ryan Goodman</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block;"><a style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View Just Security Model Prosecution Memo - Trump Classified Documents Second Edition June 2023 on Scribd" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/650130579/Just-Security-Model-Prosecution-Memo-Trump-Classified-Documents-Second-Edition-June-2023#from_embed">Model Prosecution Memo – Trump Classified Documents Second Edition June 2023</a> by <a style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View Just Security's profile on Scribd" href="https://www.scribd.com/user/280539035/Just-Security#from_embed">Just Security</a> on Scribd</p> <p><iframe id="doc_12731" class="scribd_iframe_embed" title="Just Security Model Prosecution Memo - Trump Classified Documents Second Edition June 2023" src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/650130579/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-BvRIWvtot9OXriUHrV7F" width="100%" height="600" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.7055599060297573"></iframe><br /> – – – – – – –</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Department of Justice, <em>Attorney General Merrick Garland Delivers Remarks </em>(Aug. 11, 2022), <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-merrick-garland-delivers-remarks">https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-merrick-garland-delivers-remarks</a>.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> <em>Id</em>.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Two of the authors of this model prosecution memo, Norman Eisen and Fred Wertheimer, were among the counsel for amici supporting DOJ’s position in litigation before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, related to the criminal investigation mentioned in this report. For more information, see <a href="https://democracy21.org/category/news-press/press-releases">https://democracy21.org/category/news-press/press-releases</a>.</p> <p> </p> <h5><em> Photo credit: Coolcaesar from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_Justice_headquarters,_August_12,_2006.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></em></h5> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/classified-information/" rel="tag">Classified Information</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/department-of-justice/" rel="tag">Department of Justice (DOJ)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/espionage-act/" rel="tag">Espionage Act</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/mar-a-lago/" rel="tag">Mar-a-Lago</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/special-counsel-jack-smith/" rel="tag">Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. 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Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/">Andrew <span>Weissmann</span></a></h4><p>Andrew Weissmann (<a href="https://twitter.com/AWeissmann_">@AWeissmann_</a>) is Professor of Practice and Distinguished Senior Fellow at the Reiss Center on Law and Security and at the Center on the Administration of Criminal Law at NYU School of Law. He served as a lead prosecutor in Robert S. Mueller’s Special Counsel’s Office (2017-2019), as Chief of the Fraud Section in the Department of Justice (2015-2019), and as General Counsel for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2011-2013).</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/">Ryan <span>Goodman</span></a></h4><p>Ryan Goodman (<a href="https://twitter.com/rgoodlaw">@rgoodlaw</a>) is co-editor-in-chief of Just Security and Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law at New York University School of Law.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/">Joyce <span>Vance</span></a></h4><p>Joyce White Vance (<a href="https://twitter.com/JoyceWhiteVance">@JoyceWhiteVance</a>) is Distinguished Professor of the Practice of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law and former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama from 2009 to 2017. Member of the Editorial Board of Just Security.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/">Norman L. <span>Eisen</span></a></h4><p>Ambassador Norman Eisen (ret.) (<a href="https://twitter.com/NormEisen">@NormEisen</a>) served in the White House as special counsel and special assistant to the president for ethics and government reform and as ambassador to the Czech Republic under President Barack Obama, as well as special counsel to the House Judiciary Committee from 2019–20, including for the first impeachment and trial of President Donald Trump.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wertheimerfred/">Fred <span>Wertheimer</span></a></h4><p>Fred Wertheimer is the Founder and President of Democracy 21, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that works to strengthen our democracy. He is also founder and President of Democracy 21 Education Fund, an organization affiliated with Democracy 21. He previously served as President of the citizens lobby Common Cause. </p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/">Siven <span>Watt</span></a></h4><p>Siven Watt (<a href="https://twitter.com/sivenwatt">@SivenWatt</a>) is a Legal Fellow at Just Security.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/perryedanya/">E. Danya <span>Perry</span></a></h4><p>Danya Perry (<a href="https://twitter.com/Edanyaperry">@Edanyaperry</a>) is Founding Partner at Perry Law. She is former Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division for the Southern District of New York, and former Deputy Attorney General for the State of New York and Chief of Investigations for the Moreland Commission to Investigate Public Corruption.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/stantonjoshua/">Joshua <span>Stanton</span></a></h4><p>Joshua Stanton (<a href="https://twitter.com/StantonLaw">@StantonLaw</a>) is Counsel at Perry Law. He previously served as co-director of the Criminal Practice Clinic at Vanderbilt Law and as a public defender in Memphis, Tennessee.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/">Joshua <span>Kolb</span></a></h4><p>Joshua Kolb (<a href="https://twitter.com/JoshuaGKolb">@JoshuaGKolb</a>) writes in his personal capacity. He served as a law clerk on the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. </p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104488/trump-brief-jack-smith-authority/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/DOJ-OLC-GettyImages-1137627140-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C497&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104488/trump-brief-jack-smith-authority/">A Review of Donald Trump’s Appellate Brief, and Amicus Briefs, Concerning the Appointment of Jack Smith as Special Counsel</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89121/clearinghouse-mar-a-lago-documents-case-southern-district-of-florida/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GettyImages-1258564531-scaled-e1696358294467.jpg?fit=768%2C298&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89121/clearinghouse-mar-a-lago-documents-case-southern-district-of-florida/">Clearinghouse: Mar-a-Lago Documents Case – Southern District of Florida</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Model Prosecution Memo for Trump Classified Documents