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/\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E Od 1. do 30. novembra održava se uređivački maraton \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Mjesec_Azije/2024\" title=\"Wikipedija:Mjesec Azije/2024\"\u003EMjesec Azije\u003C/a\u003E. \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Razvoj_kineskog_jezika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razvoj_kineskog_jezika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Razvoj kineskog jezika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razvoj_kineskog_jezika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Govorni_kineski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Govorni_kineski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Govorni kineski</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Govorni_kineski-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Govorni kineski</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Govorni_kineski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diglosija_u_savremenom_kineskom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diglosija_u_savremenom_kineskom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diglosija u savremenom kineskom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diglosija_u_savremenom_kineskom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pisani_kineski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pisani_kineski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pisani kineski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pisani_kineski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinesko_pismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinesko_pismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kinesko pismo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kinesko_pismo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Kinesko pismo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kinesko_pismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poreklo_kineskog_pisma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poreklo_kineskog_pisma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Poreklo kineskog pisma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poreklo_kineskog_pisma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kineska_kaligrafija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kineska_kaligrafija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kineska kaligrafija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kineska_kaligrafija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fonologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transkribovanje_kineskog_jezika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transkribovanje_kineskog_jezika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transkribovanje kineskog jezika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transkribovanje_kineskog_jezika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uticaj_na_druge_jezike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uticaj_na_druge_jezike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uticaj na druge jezike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uticaj_na_druge_jezike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kineski jezik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 224 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-224" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">224 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акитаи бызшәа — Abkazijski" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акитаи бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Cina" title="Bahsa Cina — Ačineski" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Cina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Ačineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቻይንኛ — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaping_a_sowal" title="Kuwaping a sowal — Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuwaping a sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chinés — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chinés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मानक मंदारिन — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानक मंदारिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصينية — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ — Armajski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Armajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشينوية — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه صينى — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chinu" title="Idioma chinu — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniafa_ava" title="Siniafa ava — Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Siniafa ava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_dili" title="Çin dili — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چین دیلی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай теле — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A4sisch" title="Kinäsisch — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinäsisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97nu_kalba" title="Kėnu kalba — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Sina" title="Hata Sina — Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Intsik" title="Tataramon na Intsik — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Intsik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Китайски език — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="རྒྱ་སྐད — Tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_sinaek" title="Yezhoù sinaek — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù sinaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Tionghoa" title="Saro Tionghoa — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хитад хэлэн — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_sin%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües sinítiques — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües sinítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Цийн мотт — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inintsik" title="Inintsik — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inintsik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%B3%27x%C4%97ho%27en%C3%B3tse" title="Hesó'xėho'enótse — Čejenski" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hesó'xėho'enótse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Čejenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی چینی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tili" title="Çin tili — Krimeanski turski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krimeanski turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ — Staroslovenski" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Staroslovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Китай чĕлхи — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieineeg" title="Tsieineeg — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieineeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_(sproggruppe)" title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe) — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87inki" title="Çinki — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina — Niski Sorbijanski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Niski Sorbijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ސީނީ — Divehijski" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κινεζική γλώσσα — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_lingvaro" title="Ĉina lingvaro — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chino" title="Idioma chino — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_keel" title="Hiina keel — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_china" title="Luenga china — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga china" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان چینی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kieli" title="Kiinan kieli — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_kiil" title="Hiina kiil — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Kinesiskt mál — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinesiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chinoises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineesk" title="Sineesk — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADnis" title="An tSínis — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSínis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng_chinwaz" title="Lanng chinwaz — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng chinwaz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AConais" title="Sìonais — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìonais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chinesa" title="Lingua chinesa — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="چيني زوؤن — Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چيني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Chinañe'ẽ — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chinañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa — Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 — Gotski" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9D_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Sheenagh" title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanci" title="Sinanci — Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE" title="Hon-ngî — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_P%C4%81k%C4%93" title="ʻŌlelo Pākē — Havajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pākē" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Havajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות סיניות — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות סיניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bhasa" title="Chinese bhasa — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chinese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina — Gornji sorbijski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Gornji sorbijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_chinwa" title="Lang chinwa — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang chinwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nyelv" title="Kínai nyelv — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չինարեն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Չինարէն — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_China" title="Jaku China — Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Insik" title="Pagsasao nga Insik — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniana_linguo" title="Chiniana linguo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chiniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnverska" title="Kínverska — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínverska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%93%AF%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ — Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaini_languij" title="Chaini languij — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaini languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jugbau" title="jugbau — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jugbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ენა — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_tili" title="Qıtay tili — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-kalpaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъутейбзэ — Kabardijski" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутейбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisinw%C3%A1" title="Kisinwá — Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisinwá" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_China" title="Bahasa China — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa China" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қытай тілі — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាចិន — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="중국어 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیٖنی زبان — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖنی زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çînî — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Китай кыв — Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinek" title="Chinek — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chinek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кытай тили — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Sinicae" title="Linguae Sinicae — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Sinicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Китай маз — Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Китай чӀал — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xines" title="Linguas xines — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas xines" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cineise" title="Lengua cineise — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua cineise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_cinesc" title="Lingaz cinesc — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz cinesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cinesa" title="Lengua cinesa — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua cinesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinwa" title="Lisinwa — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisinwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຈີນ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kinų kalba — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABn%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Ķīnīšu volūda — Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīnīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Tiongkok" title="Bhâsa Tiongkok — Madureški" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madureški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा — Maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sinoa" title="Fiteny sinoa — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sinoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hainamana" title="Reo Hainamana — Maorski" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hainamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maorski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Cino" title="Bahaso Cino — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески јазик — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хятад хэл — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ — Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनी भाषा — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%8Aini%C5%BCi" title="Lingwi Ċiniżi — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ċiniżi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_chinesa" title="Lhéngua chinesa — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Китаень кель — Erzija" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="چینی زوونون — mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Spraken" title="Chineesche Spraken — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनियाँ भाषा — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनियाँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनिया भाषा — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinum" title="Chinum — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chinum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C5%A1haena" title="Setšhaena — Severni soto" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Setšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Severni soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9s" title="Chinés — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chinés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_kieli" title="Kitain kieli — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitain kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayiniffa" title="Chaayiniffa — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayiniffa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Китайаг æвзаг — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%C3%A9s" title="Chinoés — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinese" title="Shiinese — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shiinese" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_chi%C5%84ski" title="Język chiński — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چینی بولی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چینی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چينايي ژبه — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chinesa" title="Língua chinesa — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_simi" title="Chunwa simi — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Китайский язык — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кітайскый язык — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishinwa" title="Gishinwa — Kinjarvanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gishinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinjarvanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनीभाषा — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кытай тыла — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ — Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinisa" title="Lingua cinisa — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua cinisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenese_leid" title="Cheenese leid — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چيني ٻولي — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1giella" title="Kiinnágiella — Severni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinnágiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Severni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinu%C3%A4a" title="Shinuäa — Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Shinuäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ — Šan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Šan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චීන භාෂාව — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kitajščina — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Saina" title="Faʻa Saina — Samoanski" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichayina" title="Chichayina — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chichayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kineze" title="Gjuha kineze — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески језик — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-china" title="Se-china — Sesoto" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Se-china" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sesoto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinesiske_Sproaken" title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichina" title="Kichina — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Chińskŏ gŏdka — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சீன மொழி — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="చైనీస్ భాష — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони чинӣ — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони чинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD_dili" title="Hytaý dili — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tsino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cini_zyvon" title="Cini zyvon — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cini zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Saina" title="Tok Saina — Tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ince" title="Çince — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tlu" title="Kari Tlu — taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tlu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кытай теле — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tinit%C5%8D" title="Reo Tinitō — Tahićanski" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыдат дыл — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Китай кыл — Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="خەنزۇچە — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Китайська мова — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_tili" title="Xitoy tili — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_cineze" title="Łéngua cineze — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajan_kel%27" title="Kitajan kel' — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitajan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tiếng Trung Quốc — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin" title="Tsyin — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Chinwès (lingaedje) — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chinwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsino_(yinaknan)" title="Tsino (yinaknan) — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsino (yinaknan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ნინა — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כינעזיש — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Èdè Ṣáínà — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgun" title="Vahgun — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ — standardni marokanski tamazigt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamazigt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD" title="Hàn-gí — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="中文 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShayina" title="IsiShayina — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7850#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right" align="right" width="500"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="tomato" style="font-size:120%">Kineski jezik<br /><span lang="zh">汉语 / 漢語, <i>Hànyǔ</i>;<br />华语 / 華語, <i>Huáyǔ</i>;<br />中國話 / 中国话, <i>Zhōngguóhuà</i></span>;<br />ili <span lang="zh">中文, <i>Zhōngwén</i></span><b></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Govori se u: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija">Indoneziji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malezija" title="Malezija">Maleziji</a> i u ostalim kineskim zajednicama širom sveta </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Regija: </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Ukupno ljudi koji govore Kineski jezik: </td> <td>1,3 milijarde </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Rangiran po broju govornika u svetu: </td> <td>1. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Jezička grupa:<br />Klasifikacija: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-tibetanski_jezici" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-tibetanski jezici">sino-tibetanski</a> <br /> <p> <b>Kineski</b><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="tomato">Status jezika </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Zvanični jezik u: </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna Republika Kina">NR Kini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapuru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Regulisan od: </td> <td valign="top">Komitet za rad na književnom i govornom jeziku (<a href="/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna Republika Kina">NR Kina</a>), Savet za promovisanje mandarinskog kineskog (<a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapur</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="tomato">Kodovi kineskog jezika </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1</td> <td>zh </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 639-2</td> <td>chi (B) / zho (T) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 639-3</td> <td><i>dijalekti:</i><br /> <p>cdo - Istočni Min<br /> cjy - Đin<br /> cmn - Mandarinski<br /> cpx - Pu-sjen<br /> czh - Hui<br /> czo - Centralni Min<br /> dng - Dun-gan<br /> gan - Gan<br /> hak - Hakka<br /> hsn - Sjang<br /> mnp - Severni Min<br /> nan - Južni Min<br /> wuu - Vu<br /> yue - Kantonski<br /> och - Starokineski<br /> ltc - Srednji kineski </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kineski jezik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tradicionalno_kinesko_pismo" title="Tradicionalno kinesko pismo">trad. kin.</a> 漢語, <a href="/wiki/Upro%C5%A1%C4%87eno_kinesko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprošćeno kinesko pismo">uprošć. kin.</a> 汉语, <a href="/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin">pin.</a> <i>Hànyǔ</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tradicionalno_kinesko_pismo" title="Tradicionalno kinesko pismo">trad. kin.</a> 華語, <a href="/wiki/Upro%C5%A1%C4%87eno_kinesko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprošćeno kinesko pismo">uprošć. kin.</a> 华语, <a href="/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin">pin.</a> <i>Huáyǔ</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tradicionalno_kinesko_pismo" title="Tradicionalno kinesko pismo">trad. kin.</a> 中國話, <a href="/wiki/Upro%C5%A1%C4%87eno_kinesko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprošćeno kinesko pismo">uprošć. kin.</a> 中国话, <a href="/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin">pin.</a> <i>Zhōngguóhuà</i>; ili <a class="mw-selflink selflink">kin.</a> 中文, <a href="/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin">pin.</a> <i>Zhōngwén</i>) je jezik, odnosno jezična skupina koja čini dio <a href="/wiki/Sino-tibetanski_jezici" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-tibetanski jezici">sino-tibetanske</a> porodice jezika. </p><p>Za kineski se često govori kako predstavlja jedan jezik, iako regionalne varijacije između različitih dijalekata često svojim opsegom odgovaraju razlikama među posebnim <a href="/wiki/Romanski_jezik" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanski jezik">romanskim jezicima</a>. </p><p>Računa se da jedna petina svjetskog stanovništva govori kineski jezik u jednoj od njegovih formi. Kineski jezik u svojoj standardnoj mandarinskoj formi predstavlja službeni jezik <a href="/wiki/NR_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="NR Kina">NR Kine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Konga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macaua</a>, te jedan od službenih jezika u <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapuru</a> i <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">Ujedinjenim narodima</a>. </p><p>U ostatku svijeta, zbog dominacije dijaspore iz južnih dijelova Kine, najčešći oblik kineskog jezika je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantonski_dijalekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantonski dijalekt (stranica ne postoji)">kantonski dijalekt</a>, iako se u posljednje vrijeme sve češće pojavljuje mandarinski i drugi oblici <a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_dijalekti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Min dijalekti (stranica ne postoji)">min dijalekata</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Razvoj_kineskog_jezika">Razvoj kineskog jezika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Razvoj kineskog jezika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Razvoj kineskog jezika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kineski jezik se svrstava u grupu <a href="/wiki/Sino-tibetanski_jezici" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-tibetanski jezici">sino-tibetanskih jezika</a>, za koje se smatra da potiču iz jednog jezika, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-sino-tibetanski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-sino-tibetanski (stranica ne postoji)">proto-sino-tibetanskog</a>. </p><p>Jedan od prvih sistema podele razvojnih faza kineskog jezika dao je <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska">švedski</a> lingvista <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Karlgren (stranica ne postoji)">Bernhard Karlgren</a> početkom HH veka. Sistem je kasnije revidiran, ali je i dalje zasnovan na Karlgrenovim idejama. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starokineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starokineski (stranica ne postoji)">Starokineski</a></b> (上古汉语, Shànggǔ Hànyǔ), ili „arhaični kineski“, bio je u upotrebi u <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_D%C5%BEou" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Džou">dinastiji Džou</a> (oko 1046. do <a href="/wiki/256._pne." title="256. pne.">256. g. pne.</a>) i zabeležen je na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapisi_na_bronzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapisi na bronzi (stranica ne postoji)">bronzanim artefaktima</a> i u klasičnim delima: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knjiga_poezije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knjiga poezije (stranica ne postoji)">Knjizi poezije</a>, Š’-đing (诗经, Shíjīng), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knjiga_istorije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knjiga istorije (stranica ne postoji)">Knjizi istorije</a>, Šu-đing (书经, Shūjīng) i najstarijim delovima <a href="/wiki/Knjiga_promene" class="mw-redirect" title="Knjiga promene">Knjige promene</a>, Ji-đing (易经, Yìjīng). Rad na rekonstrukciji ovog jezika započet je još u <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_%C4%86ing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Ćing">dinastiji Ćing</a>. Fonetski elementi u kineskim karakterima, i izgovor kineskih karaktera u <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreja" title="Koreja">Koreji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vijetnam" title="Vijetnam">Vijetnamu</a> pružaju mogućnost da se fonetski sklop ovog jezika delimično rekonstruiše. Prema istraživanjima, starokineski jezik nije bio u potpunosti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izolativni_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izolativni jezici (stranica ne postoji)">izolativan</a>, imao je bogat glasovni sistem, u kome su glasovi diferencirani aspiracijom, ali najverovatnije nije imao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">tonove</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Srednji_kineski_jezik" title="Srednji kineski jezik">Srednji kineski</a></b> (中古汉语, Zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ) se govorio u periodu dinastija <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Sui" title="Dinastija Sui">Sui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="Dinastija Tang">Tang</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Sung" title="Dinastija Sung">Sung</a>, od VII do H veka nove ere. Rani period, od 601. godine, reprezentativno je prikazan u knjizi rima <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86ije-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ćije-jin (stranica ne postoji)">Ćije-jin</a> (切韵, Qièyùn), a kasni period je prikazan u knjizi rima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guang-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guang-jin (stranica ne postoji)">Guang-jin</a> (广韵, Guǎngyùn). Izvor za fonetiku srednjekineskog jezika osim knjiga rimâ predstavljaju i savremeni dijalekti govornog kineskog. Lingvisti smatraju da su uspeli da kvalitetno rekonstruišu glasovni sistem srednjekineskog. </p><p>Što se govornog jezika tiče, razvoj je bio znatno kompleksniji. Na severu Kine, i na području <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%27-%C4%8Duan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S'-čuan (stranica ne postoji)">S’-čuana</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin-nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin-nan (stranica ne postoji)">Jin-nana</a> koriste se varijante mandarinskog kineskog. Mandarinski kineski je prevladao na severu pre svega zbog ravničarskog terena, dok je na planinskom jugu Kine jako izražen diverzitet dijalekata. Prisustvo mandarinskog u <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%27-%C4%8Duan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S'-čuan (stranica ne postoji)">S’-čuanu</a> objašnjava se kugom u XII veku i depopulacijom, što je omogućilo kasnije naseljavanje sa severa. </p><p>Do sredine XX veka, većina Kineza govorila je samo lokalni varijetet kineskog jezika. Od XVI veka, <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_%C4%86ing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Ćing">dinastija Ćing</a> je uspostavila Ortoepske akademije (正音书院, Zhèngyīn shūyuàn), sa namerom da među činovnicima olakša komunikaciju tako što će uspostaviti jedinstven standardni izgovor u skladu sa lokalnim dijalektom prestonice, <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">Pekinga</a>. Pekinški izgovor je prihvaćen i ustaljen na carskom dvoru, dok su u ostalim provincijama činovnici i do tada već govorili neku od varijanti mandarinskog; standardizacija je, međutim, izostala. </p><p>Stanje se znatno promenilo kada je u školske programe u <a href="/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna Republika Kina">NR Kini</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvanu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kongu</a> uvedeno obavezno učenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standardni_mandarinski_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standardni mandarinski kineski (stranica ne postoji)">standardnog mandarinskog kineskog</a>, tako da je danas je mandarinski kineski u upotrebi širom Kine. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> je, međutim, bio britanska kolonija, i u njemu je na snazi kao zvanični jezik ostao <a href="/wiki/Kantonski_kineski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantonski kineski">kantonski kineski</a>. Od ponovnog prisajedinjenja <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Konga</a> Kini, mandarinski kineski postepeno ulazi u upotrebu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Govorni_kineski">Govorni kineski</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Govorni kineski" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Govorni kineski"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Videti još: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Govorni_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Govorni kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Govorni kineski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_dijalekti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kineski dijalekti (stranica ne postoji)">Kineski dijalekti</a> i <a href="/wiki/Varijante_kineskog_jezika" title="Varijante kineskog jezika">Varijante kineskog jezika</a></i> </p><p>Govorni kineski se tradicionalno deli na sedam dijalekatskih grupacija. To su: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarinski_jezik" title="Mandarinski jezik">Mandarinski</a>, sa oko 800 miliona govornika (北京话 ili 官话) <ul><li>Mandarinski kineski nije isto što i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standardni_mandarinski_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standardni mandarinski kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Standardni mandarinski kineski</a>, pu-tung-hua (普通话) koji je zvanični standard, i koji se zasniva na pekinškom dijalektu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vu_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vu kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Vu</a> (吴, Wú), sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0angajski_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šangajski kineski (stranica ne postoji)">šangajskim</a>, oko 90 miliona govornika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantonski_kineski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantonski kineski">Kantonski</a> (粤, Yuè), oko 80 miliona</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Min kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Min</a> (闽, Mǐn), sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajvanski_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajvanski kineski (stranica ne postoji)">tajvanskim</a>, oko 50 miliona</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjang_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjang kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Sjang</a> (湘, Xiāng), oko 35 miliona</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakka_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakka kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Hakka</a> (客家, Kèjiā), oko 35 miliona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_kineski" title="Gan kineski">Gan</a> (赣, Gàn), oko 20 miliona</li></ul> <p>Kineski lingvisti su kasnije izdvojili još 3 grupe iz tradicionalnih sedam: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90in_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đin kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Đin</a> (晋, Jìn) iz mandarinskog</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hui_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hui kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Hui</a> (徽, Huī) iz dijalekta vu</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ping_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ping kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Ping</a> (平话, Pínghuà) iz kantonskog kineskog</li></ul> <p>Postoji takođe još manjih dijalekatskih grupacija koje nisu klasifikovane, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan-d%C5%BEou_dijalekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan-džou dijalekt (stranica ne postoji)">Dan-džou dijalekt</a> iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan-d%C5%BEou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan-džou (stranica ne postoji)">Dan-džoua</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai-nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hai-nan (stranica ne postoji)">Hai-nanu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjang_kineski_(Hu-nan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjang kineski (Hu-nan) (stranica ne postoji)">Sjang</a> (乡话) iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu-nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu-nan (stranica ne postoji)">Hu-nana</a>, i druge. Jezik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dun-gan_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dun-gan jezik (stranica ne postoji)">Dun-gan</a> koji se govori u <a href="/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija">srednjoj Aziji</a> blisko je povezan sa mandarinskim, međutim, piše se <a href="/wiki/%C4%86irilica" title="Ćirilica">ćirilicom</a> i njegovi govornici se uopšte ne smatraju Kinezima. </p><p>Granice između dijalekata nije moguće jasno povući, i stoga postoji mnogo različitih rešenja podele dijalekata govornog kineskog. Tako se događa da se govornici poddijalekata određene grupe međusobno ne razumeju, a razumeju se sa govornicima neke druge dijalekatske grupe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diglosija_u_savremenom_kineskom">Diglosija u savremenom kineskom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Diglosija u savremenom kineskom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Diglosija u savremenom kineskom"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standardni_mandarinski_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standardni mandarinski kineski (stranica ne postoji)">Standardni mandarinski kineski</a> jezik zvanični je jezik u <a href="/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna Republika Kina">NR Kini</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvanu</a> i u <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapuru</a>. Njegov izgovor se bazira na <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">pekinškom</a> poddijalektu mandarinskog kineskog. Vokabular je takođe najvećim delom preuzet iz mandarinskog dijalekta, a gramatika se zasniva na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernakularni_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernakularni kineski (stranica ne postoji)">vernakularnom kineskom</a> koji je početkom HH veka ušao u zvaničnu upotrebu. </p><p>Standardni mandarinski kineski je glavni jezik komunikacije među govornicima svih dijalekatskih grupa, koristi se u medijima i uči se u školama. </p><p>Zbog svoje podeljenosti na dijalekte koji su među sobom toliko različiti, kineski jezik pruža zanimljiv primer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diglosija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diglosija (stranica ne postoji)">diglosije</a>: danas je za govornike kineskog jezika uobičajeno da znaju standardni kineski jezik, svoj lokalni dijalekt i lokalni meta-dijalekt, lingua franca, npr. <a href="/wiki/Standardni_kantonski_kineski" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardni kantonski kineski">standardni kantonski</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pisani_kineski">Pisani kineski</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Pisani kineski" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pisani kineski"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odnos između pisanog i govornog kineskog je veoma kompleksan, pre svega usled činjenice da se govorni kineski razvijao prirodnim putem, još od <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Han" title="Dinastija Han">dinastije Han</a>, dok se pisani jezik skoro uopšte nije menjao. </p><p>Do XX veka, većina knjiga i zvaničnih dokumenata pisana je <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dni_kineski" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasični kineski">klasičnim kineskim</a> jezikom, ven-jenom (文言, wényán), koji je imao funkciju istu kao <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski jezik</a> u <a href="/wiki/Zapadna_Evropa" title="Zapadna Evropa">zapadnoj Evropi</a>. Klasični kineski zasnovan je na govornom i pisanom standardu dinastija <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_D%C5%BEou" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Džou">Džou</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_%C4%86in" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Ćin">Ćin</a>, i razlikuje se od govornog jezika koliko i latinski od romanskih jezika. </p><p>Govorni, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernakularni_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernakularni kineski (stranica ne postoji)">vernakularni kineski</a> jezik, bai hua (白话, báihuà), postao je pisani standard tek od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokret_4._maj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokret 4. maj (stranica ne postoji)">Pokreta 4. maja</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a>. godine. Danas se pod standardnim pisanim jezikom podrazumeva vernakularni kineski, koji se zasniva na mandarinskom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinesko_pismo">Kinesko pismo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Kinesko pismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kinesko pismo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo">Kinesko pismo</a></i> </p><p>Značaj kineskog pisma ogleda se u tome što ga razumeju i koriste govornici svih dijalekata. Naime, jedan karakter (skoro) uvek zadržava isto značenje, a može se čitati na više različitih načina. Tako se karakter „一“, koji označava broj jedan, u mandarinskom čita „ji“ (yī), u kantonskom „jat“ (yat) a u južno-minskom dijalektu „cit“ (tsit). Kinesko pismo svojom metadijalekatskom prirodom objedinjuje sve dijalekte u jedinstveni kineski jezik. </p><p>Književni i formalni vokabular najvećim je delom isti u svim dijalektima, dok se kolokvijalna leksika znatno razlikuje. Nestandardizovani, dijalekatski karakteri za zapisivanje lokalnih kolokvijalnih reči nisu razumljivi na celom području Kine. Izuzetak predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Kantonski_kineski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantonski kineski">kantonski kineski</a>, u kojem je standardizovan govorni jezik, i gde postoji veliki broj dijalekatskih karatera stvorenih da označavaju specifično-kantonske reči. </p><p>Osnovne jedinice kineskog pisma su karakteri koji reprezentuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semema (stranica ne postoji)">sememe</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Morfema" class="mw-redirect" title="Morfema">morfeme</a> (najmanje značenjske jedinice u jeziku), imaju glasovnu vrednost jednog sloga, i imaju jedan ton. Stoga se kinesko pismo naziva i morfemo-silabičkim pismom. </p><p>Kineski karakteri se dele na <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktograme</a>, koji su nastali direktnim prenošenjem slika iz prirode i čulnih utisaka, <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideograme</a>, koji su nastali kombinovanjem piktograma i najčešće označavaju neku apstraktnu ideju ili radnju, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonoideogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonoideogram (stranica ne postoji)">fonoideograme</a> (ili piktofonetske karaktere) koji se sastoje od dve komponente: semantičke, koja ukazuje na značenje karaktera, i fonetske, koja ukazuje na njegovo čitanje. </p><p>Svi karakteri zasnivaju se na <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0tampani_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štampani stil (stranica ne postoji)">štampanom kaligrafskom stilu</a>, kai-šu (楷书, kǎishū), koji je nastao u <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Han" title="Dinastija Han">dinastiji Han</a>. Danas postoje dva standarda pisanja: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upro%C5%A1%C4%87eni_kineski_karakteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uprošćeni kineski karakteri (stranica ne postoji)">uprošćeni</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neupro%C5%A1%C4%87eni_kineski_karakteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuprošćeni kineski karakteri (stranica ne postoji)">neuprošćeni</a> karakteri. Neuprošćeni ili tradicionalni danas se koristi u <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kongu</a> i na <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvanu</a>, dok je uprošćeni sistem prihvaćen u <a href="/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna Republika Kina">NR Kini</a>. Uprošćeni sistem podrazumeva pojednostavljenje broja poteza u određenim karakterima, i manje sinonimnih karaktera. Uprošćavanje kineskog pisma sprovedeno je u skladu sa starim kaligrafskim tradicijama i neformalnim varijantama pojednostavljenog pisma. <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapur</a> je takođe prihvatio upotrebu uprošćenih kineskih karaktera. Kineski karakteri koji se koriste u <a href="/wiki/Koreja" title="Koreja">Koreji</a>, neuprošćeni su, dok u <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanu</a> postoji poseban sistem uprošćavanja kineskih karaktera koji se delimično razlikuje od kineskog (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0in%C4%91itai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šinđitai (stranica ne postoji)">šinđitai</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poreklo_kineskog_pisma">Poreklo kineskog pisma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Poreklo kineskog pisma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Poreklo kineskog pisma"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ne postoje konkretni istorijski podaci koji govore o nastanku kineskog pisma. Kineska legenda kaže da je pismo stvorio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cang_%C4%90ije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cang Đije (stranica ne postoji)">Cang Đije</a>, pisar kod mitskog <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDuti_car" title="Žuti car">Žutog cara</a>, oko 2600. godine pre nove ere. </p><p>Najstariji tragovi kineskog pisma pronađeni su na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapisi_na_kornja%C4%8Dinim_kostima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapisi na kornjačinim kostima (stranica ne postoji)">kornjačinim kostima</a>, koje su se koristile za proricanje sudbine. Na osnovu zabeleženih imena, utvrđeno je da potiču iz <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_%C5%A0ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Šang">dinastije Šang</a>, između XIV i XI veka pre nove ere. Pismo iz ovog perioda već je bilo razvijeno, što ukazuje da je kinesko pismo postojalo i u ranijim razdobljima. Pronađeno je nekoliko simbola na <a href="/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit">neolitskoj</a> grnčariji, ali se ne može utvrditi da li su ti simboli predstavljali početke kineskog pisma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kineska_kaligrafija">Kineska kaligrafija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Kineska kaligrafija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kineska kaligrafija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Kineska_kaligrafija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kineska kaligrafija">Kineska kaligrafija</a></i> </p><p>U kineskoj kaligrafiji postoji više različitih stilova pisanja. Glavni stilovi su: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Datno_pismo" title="Pečatno pismo">Pečatno pismo</a>, džuan-šu (篆书, zhuànshū), iz vremena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastije_%C4%86in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastije Ćin (stranica ne postoji)">dinastija Ćin</a>, nastalo iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapisi_na_bronzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapisi na bronzi (stranica ne postoji)">zapisa na bronzi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cinovni%C4%8Dki_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Činovnički stil (stranica ne postoji)">Činovnički stil</a>, li-šu (隶书, lìshū), iz vremena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastije_Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastije Han (stranica ne postoji)">dinastija Han</a>, nastao iz pečatnog pisma</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0tampani_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štampani stil (stranica ne postoji)">Štampani stil</a>, kai-šu, (楷书, kǎishū), dinastija Han</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukopisni_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rukopisni stil (stranica ne postoji)">Rukopisni stil</a>, sjing-šu (行书, xíngshū), dinastija Han</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travnati_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Travnati stil (stranica ne postoji)">Travnati ili brzopisni stil</a>, cao-šu (草书, cǎoshū), dinastija Han. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divlji_travnati_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divlji travnati stil (stranica ne postoji)">Divlji ili ludi travnati stil</a>, kuang-cao (狂草, kuángcǎo)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Nestandardni uobičajeni oblici zapisa pojedinih karaktera u rukopisnom i brzopisnom stilu, postali su standardni oblici uprošćenih kineskih karaktera. U savremenoj kaligrafiji postoji tendencija da se upotrebljavaju tradicionalni, neuprošćeni karakteri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologija">Fonologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Fonologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fonologija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Za detaljnije informacije o fonetskim sistemima pojedinačnih dijalekata kineskih jezika pogledati zasebne članke o varijetetima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Govorni_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Govorni kineski (stranica ne postoji)">govornog kineskog</a>.</i> </p><p>Fonološku strukturu svakog sloga čine inicijal, final i ton. Inicijal se nalazi na prvom mestu u slogu, i sastoji se od jednog suglasnika. Inicijal može biti i nulti (slog bez suglasnika na početku). Final je glavni element sloga, i njegov je centralni element samoglasnik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoftong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoftong (stranica ne postoji)">monoftong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> i u nekim dijalektima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triftong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triftong (stranica ne postoji)">triftong</a>). Final može biti i zatvoren, odnosno posle samoglasnika može slediti suglasnik. U mandarinskom kineskom, posle samoglasnika mogu ići samo suglasnici /n/ i /ŋ/, dok u drugim dijalektima slog može biti zatvoren i sa /m/, /p/, /t/, /k/ i /ʔ/ (<i>bezvučni glotalni ploziv</i>, <i>glottal stop</i>). Osim toga, u kantonskom i još nekim dijalektima centralni deo sloga može biti i suglasnik, odnosno suglasnici /m/ i /ŋ/ koji stoje i kao samostalni slogovi. </p><p>Dijalekti se razlikuju i po broju glasova koje koriste. Osnovna tendencija od perioda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednji_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednji kineski (stranica ne postoji)">srednjeg kineskog</a> jezika je redukcija broja glasova. Oa redukcija je najzapaženija u mandarinskom kineskom, koji stoga ima i najmanje mogućih varijanti formiranja slogova. Zbog toga u mandarinskom ima više dvosložnih reči. </p><p>Sve varijante govornog kineskog jezika imaju tonove. Neki dijalekti na severu <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kine</a> imaju samo tri tona, dok na jugu postoje dijalekti koji imaju šest do deset tonova (u zavisnosti od načina brojanja). Izuzetak predstavlja <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0angajski_kineski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šangajski kineski (stranica ne postoji)">šangajski</a>, koji ima akcenat sličan indoevropskim jezicima. </p><p>Za ilustraciju tonova mandarinskog kineskog, najčešće se koristi sledeći primer: </p> <ol><li>妈, <b>mā</b>, majka</li> <li>麻, <b>má</b>, konoplja</li> <li>马, <b>mǎ</b>, konj</li> <li>骂, <b>mà</b>, vređati</li> <li>吗, <b>ma</b>, (upitna rečca)</li></ol> <p>(Poslednji, neutralni ton, ne računa se u osnovne tonove, tako da se smatra da mandarinski kineski ima četiri tona.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transkribovanje_kineskog_jezika">Transkribovanje kineskog jezika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Transkribovanje kineskog jezika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Transkribovanje kineskog jezika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripcije_kineskog_jezika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripcije kineskog jezika (stranica ne postoji)">Transkripcije kineskog jezika</a></i><br /> <i>Videti još: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srpska_transkripcija_kineskog_jezika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srpska transkripcija kineskog jezika (stranica ne postoji)">Srpska transkripcija kineskog jezika</a></i> </p><p>Postoji mnogo sistema transkribovanja kineskog jezika. Većina ovih sistema zasnovana je na <a href="/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica">latinici</a>. Prve varijante latinične transkripcije načinili su hrišćanski misionari u XVI veku. </p><p>Danas je za standardni mandarinski kineski najviše u upotrebi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pin-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pin-jin (stranica ne postoji)">pin-jin</a> (汉语拼音, Hànyǔ pīnyīn). Pin-jin je zvanični sistem za transkribovanje kineskog jezika u <a href="/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna Republika Kina">NR Kini</a> i <a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapuru</a>, a koristi se i za lakše učenje kineskog jezika. </p><p>Drugi najpoznatiji sistem je <a href="/wiki/Vejd-D%C5%BEajls" class="mw-redirect" title="Vejd-Džajls">Vejd-Džajls</a>, koji je pre uvođenja pin-jina bio najrasprostranjeniji način za transkribovanje kineskog jezika. Na <a href="/wiki/Tajvan" title="Tajvan">Tajvanu</a> je donedavno bio i zvanično u upotrebi, ali je odskora u <a href="/wiki/Tajpej" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajpej">Tajpeju</a> prihvaćen pin-jin, dok se na ostalim krajevima ostrva koristi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung-jung_pin-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tung-jung pin-jin (stranica ne postoji)">tung-jung pin-jin</a>. </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija">Rusiji</a> se pored pin-jina koristi i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paladijev_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paladijev sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Paladijev sistem</a>, ćirilična transkripcija kineskog jezika koju je načinio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monah_Paladije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monah Paladije (stranica ne postoji)">monah Paladije</a> u XIX veku. </p><p>Na prostorima <a href="/wiki/Biv%C5%A1a_Jugoslavija" class="mw-disambig" title="Bivša Jugoslavija">bivše Jugoslavije</a> još uvek ne postoji pravilan standard za transkribovanje kineskog jezika. Jedan od najkompletnijih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srpska_transkripcija_kineskog_jezika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srpska transkripcija kineskog jezika (stranica ne postoji)">predloga za transkripciju</a>, koji se koristi i u ovom članku, napravljen je na <a href="/wiki/Filolo%C5%A1ki_fakultet_Univerziteta_u_Beogradu" title="Filološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu">Filološkom fakultetu</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>. godine. Ova transkripcija je namenjena da na što bolji način predstavi čitanje kineskih reči srpskim čitaocima koji ne govore kineski jezik; zbog objektivnih nepreciznosti ne može se koristiti za učenje kineskog jezika. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th width="150" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo">Karakteri</a> </th> <th width="100" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pin-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pin-jin (stranica ne postoji)">Pin-jin</a> </th> <th width="100" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Vejd-D%C5%BEajls" class="mw-redirect" title="Vejd-Džajls">Vejd-Džajls</a> </th> <th width="100" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paladijev_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paladijev sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Ruski</a> </th> <th width="210" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srpska_transkripcija_kineskog_jezika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srpska transkripcija kineskog jezika (stranica ne postoji)">Srpski</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>北京 </td> <td>Běijīng </td> <td>Pei-ching </td> <td>Бэйцзин (Пекин) </td> <td>Bei-đing (Peking) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>西安 </td> <td>Xī’ān </td> <td>Hsi-an </td> <td>Сиань </td> <td>Sji-an </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>重庆 </td> <td>Chóngqìng </td> <td>Ch’ung-ch’ing </td> <td>Чунцин </td> <td>Čung-ćing </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>台北 </td> <td>Táiběi </td> <td>T’ai-pei </td> <td>Тайбэй </td> <td>Tai-bei (Tajpej) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>新疆 </td> <td>Xīnjiāng </td> <td>Hsin-chiang </td> <td>Синьцзян </td> <td>Sjin-đijang </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>浙江 </td> <td>Zhèjiāng </td> <td>Che-chiang </td> <td>Чжэцзян </td> <td>DŽ’-đijang </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>江西 </td> <td>Jiāngxī </td> <td>Chiang-hsi </td> <td>Цзянси </td> <td>Đijang-sji </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>云南 </td> <td>Yúnnán </td> <td>Yün-nan </td> <td>Юньнань </td> <td>Jin-nan </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Postoji još raznih sistema transkripcije mandarinskog kineskog, npr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEu-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džu-jin (stranica ne postoji)">džu-jin</a> (poznat i kao bo-po-mo-fo), kao i za druge dijalekte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uticaj_na_druge_jezike">Uticaj na druge jezike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Uticaj na druge jezike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kineski_jezik&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uticaj na druge jezike"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snažne istorijeke, političke i kulturne veze <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kine</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreja" title="Koreja">Korejom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vijetnam" title="Vijetnam">Vijetnamom</a> ostavile su traga na jezike ovih zemalja. U Koreji i Japanu, preko 50% vokabulara potiče iz kineskog jezika, dok je u <a href="/wiki/Vijetnamski_jezik" title="Vijetnamski jezik">vijetnamskom jeziku</a> ovaj procenat znatno veći. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo">Kinesko pismo</a> je širilo svoj uticaj zajedno sa jezikom. Ono je jako uticalo i na jezike koji nisu srodni kineskom jeziku, kao što su to <a href="/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik">japanski</a> i <a href="/wiki/Korejski_jezik" title="Korejski jezik">korejski</a> jezik, koji i danas koriste svoje varijante kineskog pisma – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han%C4%91a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanđa (stranica ne postoji)">hanđa</a> u Koreji odnosno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kan%C4%91i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanđi (stranica ne postoji)">kanđi</a> u Japanu. Japanski i korejski jezik nisu izolativni, i zbog te karakteristike koriste dodatne sisteme pisanja da obeleže gramatičke promene u rečima. Japanska slogovna pisma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiragana (stranica ne postoji)">hiragana</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katakana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katakana (stranica ne postoji)">katakana</a> takođe su zasnovana na kineskom pismu. </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Vijetnam" title="Vijetnam">Vijetnamu</a> je do XIV veka kinesko pismo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-di&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han-di (stranica ne postoji)">han-di</a>, Hán tự) bilo jedini način pisanja. Od XIV do XIX veka korišćeno je <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEi-num&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dži-num (stranica ne postoji)">dži-num</a> pismo (Chữ nôm), odnosno kinesko pismo dopunjeno sa karakterima stvorenim da reprezentuju reči <a href="/wiki/Vijetnamski_jezik" title="Vijetnamski jezik">vijetnamskog jezika</a>. Danas se u Vijetnamu koristi latinično pismo koje su u XIX veku stvorili francuski misionari. Upotreba ovog pisma možda se čini jednostavnijim rešenjem, ali je krajnji rezultat postojanje mnogobrojnih <a href="/wiki/Sinonim" title="Sinonim">sinonima</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasinonim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parasinonim (stranica ne postoji)">parasinonima</a> što pre otežava učenje vijetnamskog jezika. </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja">Južnoj Koreji</a> kinesko pismo se i dalje upotrebljava, upravo sa razlogom da se izbegne moguća dvosmislenost, dok se u <a href="/wiki/Severna_Koreja" class="mw-redirect" title="Severna Koreja">Severnoj Koreji</a> upotrebljava samo <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>. </p> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;"><i><b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">Kineski jezik</a></b></i> nа <a href="/wiki/Wikipedija" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedija">Wikipediji</a></div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;"><i><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:">Kineski jezik</a></b></i> nа <a href="/wiki/Wikipedija" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedija">Wikipediji</a></div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;"><i><b><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:">Kineski jezik</a></b></i> nа <a href="/wiki/Wikipedija" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedija">Wikipediji</a></div> </div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_languages" title="commons:Category:Chinese languages"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chinese languages">Kineski jezik</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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