Urticaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" > <HTML>  <head>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TGK4SMV');</script>  <title>Urticaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href='/templates/eflora.css' /> <script src="JavaScript/eflora.js" type="text/javascript" ></script> </head>  <body> <TABLE id="TableMain" cellSpacing="1" cellPadding="1" width="640" border="0"> <TR> <TD> <script language="javascript"> function jsClearTextBox(sender) { // alert(formSearchBox["name_str"].id); // alert(sender.value); if (sender.value == "taxon name") { sender.value = ""; } } </script> <table id="ucEfloraHeader_tableHeaderWrapper" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <TD style="WIDTH: 479px"><a id="ucEfloraHeader_linkFloraHome" title="Flora Homepage" href="flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><img src="images/flora/eflora-logo-1.gif" id="ucEfloraHeader_imageLogo" border="0" alt="Link to Flora of North America home" /><br> </a></TD> <TD valign="bottom" align="right"> <div id="ucEfloraHeader_panelSearchBox">  <FORM name="formSearchBox" action="browse.aspx" method="get"> <TABLE borderColor="#ccffcc" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="2" width="200" border="1"> <TR> <TD> <span id="ucEfloraHeader_lblSearchBox"><INPUT TYPE='Hidden' NAME='flora_id' ' id='flora_id' VALUE='1' >  <input id=name_str name=name_str   value='' class=small title='Use % as the wildcard (e.g. pinus % or pinus a%)' onfocus='jsClearTextBox(this);' accessKey=s size=15> <input class=small type=submit value=Search name=btnSearch><br> <input name=chkAllFloras type=checkbox > <span class=small>All Floras      <A HREF='search_page.aspx?flora_id=1' TARGET='_top' class='a.link.small'>Advanced Search</A></span> </span></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </FORM>  </div> </TD> </tr> </table> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD id="tdSubHeader"> <table id="FooterTableOut" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999999"><img src="~/images/layout/dot.gif" alt="" width="100%" height="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <TD> <table bgcolor="#ffffcc" id="footerTable" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td style="WIDTH: 291px">FNA Vol. 3</td> <TD align="right"> <span id="ucEfloraSubHeader_lblLinks"><a target='_top' href='/login.aspx'>Login</a> | <A HREF='/index.aspx' TARGET='_top' >eFloras Home</A> | <A HREF='/help_page.aspx' TARGET='_top' >Help</A></span></TD> </tr> </table> </TD> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999999"><img src="~/images/layout/dot.gif" alt="" width="100%" height="1"></td> </tr> </table> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD id="tdBody"> <table id="tableBody" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="0" width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td id="tdLeftBar" valign="top" width="0"></td> <td id="tdContent" vAlign="top" width="1930"> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td vAlign="top"> <table id="tableTaxonChain" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td><span id="lblTaxonChain" style="font-size:9pt;"><A HREF='flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1' TARGET='_top' TITLE='Flora homepage' >FNA</A> | <A HREF='browse.aspx?flora_id=1' TARGET='_top' >Family List</A> | <A HREF='volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1003&flora_id=1' TARGET='_top' >FNA Vol. 3</A></span></td> </tr> </table> <P></P> <div id="panelTaxonTreatment"> <span id="lblTaxonDesc"> 26. <b>Urticaceae</b> Jussieu <p>Nettle Family <P> David E. Boufford <P> <P> <p> <p> Herbs or small shrubs [lianas, trees], herbs annual or rhizomatous perennial, usually pubescent, sometimes with stinging hairs, deciduous. Leaves opposite or alternate and spirally arranged, simple; stipules present or absent; petioles present. Leaf blades paired, equal in size (except in Pilea , which may have unequally paired leaves), dotted with linear or rounded marks formed by cystoliths (variously shaped calcium carbonate crystals inside epidermal cells). Inflorescences axillary or terminal, of paniculately or racemosely arranged cymes, or spikelike. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (staminate or pistillate), staminate and pistillate flowers on same or different plants; perianth hypogynous. Staminate flowers usually pedicellate; tepals 4-5, white or green; stamens 4-5, equaling tepals in number; filaments inflexed in bud, reflexing suddenly as flowers open; anthers basifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pollen ejected explosively; pistillode 1. Pistillate flowers usually sessile; tepals 2-4, hypogynous, greenish or reddish, distinct or connate; staminodes present or absent; pistil1, 1-locular; placentation basal; ovule1; style present or stigma sessile; stigma linear [capitate]; Bisexual flowers: tepals 4; stamens4; pistil1. Fruits achenes, free or loosely or tightly surrounded by persistent, accrescent perianth.<p> Genera ca. 45, species ca. 800 (8 genera, 21 species in the flora): nearly worldwide, primarily tropical and subtropical regions.<p> <p> <p> <p> Cystoliths cause patterns on epidermal surfaces. Forms of the cystoliths given in descriptions are readily discernible from surface patterns. <p> Stinging hairs in Urticaceae have a distinct bulbous or cylindric base and a stiff, translucent apex. Nonstinging hairs are soft and flexible and lack a bulbous or cylindric base.<p>The compounds producing the stinging sensation caused by contact with some members of Urticaceae have been reported to be histamine, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and, in extracts from which the other three have been removed, an unknown substance that produces pain (E. L. Thurston and N. R. Lersten 1969). E. L. Thurston (1969) was not able to find these compounds in Urtica chamaedryoides using analytic techniques, but J. M. Kingsbury (1964, p. 67) reported that the same species "...contains toxicologically significant amounts of acetylcholine and histamine." The tip of the stinging hair breaks off upon slight contact, leaving a sharp point that readily pierces skin and allows fluid contents of the hair to enter flesh through the body of the hair, which acts as a miniature hypodermic needle.<P>Economically the Urticaceae are most important for their fibers (see D. W. Woodland 1989). They can be troublesome weeds (species of Urtica and Parietaria ), pot herbs (species of Pilea in the tropics, of Urtica in temperate zones), and frequently cultivated ornamentals ( Pilea ) (I. Friis 1993).<p> <p> SELECTED REFERENCES<P>Bassett, I. J., C. W. Crompton, and D. W. Woodland. 1974. The family Urticaceae in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 503-516. I. Friis. 1993. Urticaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 612-630. Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs. Miller, N. G. 1971. The genera of the Urticaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 40-68. Weddell, H. A. 1856. Monographie de la Famille des Urticac茅es. Paris. Woodland, D. W. 1989. Biology of temperate Urticaceae (nettle family). In: P. R. Crane and S. Blackmore, eds. 1989. Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelideae. 2 vols. Oxford. Vol. 2, pp. 309-318. [Syst. Assoc. Special Vol. 40A, B.]<p> <P> </span> <P> <div id="panelKey"> <BR clear="all"> <table id="tableKey" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="0"> <tr bgcolor="#d5ffff"> <TD width="347"> <P> <span id="lblKeyTitle" style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:bold;"></span></P> </TD> <TD nowrap="nowrap" align="right"> <P> <span id="lblKeyEditLink" style="font-size:8pt;"></span></P> </TD> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#f1ffff"> <TD colspan="2"> <P> <span id="lblKeyDesc" style="font-size:9pt;"></span></P> <P> <span id="lblKey"><TABLE WIDTH='100%' BORDER='0' > <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-1'>1</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Plants with stinging hairs (hairs with distinct bulbous or cylindric base and stiff, translucent apex); tepals of pistillate flowers 2 or 4, distinct or connate and completely enclosing ovary and achene.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-2'>(2)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Plants without stinging hairs (hairs, if any, soft and flexible and without bulbous or cylindric base); tepals of bisexual and pistillate flowers 3-4, distinct or connate forming tubular perianth, or perianth appearing absent.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-4'>(4)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-2'>2</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-1'>(1)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Leaves alternate; style present, persistent even in fruit. .</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>3 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=117613' TARGET='_top' >Laportea</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Leaves opposite; style absent.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-3'>(3)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-3'>3</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-2'>(2)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Tepals of pistillate flowers distinct, inner 2 equal to achene, outer 2 smaller, without hooked hairs.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>1 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134249' TARGET='_top' >Urtica</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Tepals of pistillate flowers connate, forming saclike structure tightly enclosing mature achene, covered with delicate, hooked hairs.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>2 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=115234' TARGET='_top' >Hesperocnide</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-4'>4</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-1'>(1)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Leaves opposite or alternate.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-5'>(5)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Leaves alternate.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-6'>(6)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-5'>5</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-4'>(4)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Plants glabrous; cystoliths linear.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>5 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125428' TARGET='_top' >Pilea</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Plants pubescent; cystoliths rounded.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>8 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104157' TARGET='_top' >Boehmeria</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-6'>6</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-4'>(4)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Blade margins dentate or serrate.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>8 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104157' TARGET='_top' >Boehmeria</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Blade margins entire.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-7'>(7)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-7'>7</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-6'>(6)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Bracts subtending pistillate flowers developing 3 corky wings covered with fine, hooked hairs in fruit; leaves with elongate, linear cystoliths.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>7 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130623' TARGET='_top' >Soleirolia</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Bracts subtending pistillate flowers not developing corky wings or hooked hairs in fruit; leaves with rounded cystoliths.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP><A HREF='#KEY-1-8'>(8)</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP><A NAME='KEY-1-8'>8</A> <A HREF='#KEY-1-7'>(7)</A></td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Stipules absent (but axillary involucral bracts appear stipular); tepals distinct, ascending, loosely enclosing achene; achenes acute or mucronate.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>4 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=124051' TARGET='_top' >Parietaria</A></td> </TR> <TR > <td WIDTH=50 NOWRAP VALIGN=TOP>+</td> <td WIDTH=400 VALIGN=TOP>Stipules present; tepals connate, appressed to, and tightly enclosing achene; achenes acute, not mucronate.</td> <td > </td> <td VALIGN=TOP NOWRAP>6 <A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126661' TARGET='_top' >Pouzolzia</A></td> </TR> </TABLE> </span></P> </TD> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#d5ffff"> <TD colspan="2"> <span id="lblKeyList" style="font-size:9pt;"></span></TD> </tr> </table> </div></P> <P> <span id="lblLowerTaxonList"><p> <B>Lower Taxa</B><br> <ul> <li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104157' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Boehmeria</b> Jacquin</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=115234' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Hesperocnide</b> Torrey</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=117613' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Laportea</b> Gaudichaud Beaupr茅</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=124051' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Parietaria</b> Linnaeus</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125428' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Pilea</b> Lindley</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126661' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Pouzolzia</b> Gaudichaud Beaupr茅</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130623' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Soleirolia</b> Gaudichaud Beaupr茅</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134249' TITLE='Accepted Name' ><b>Urtica</b> Linnaeus</A></ul> <p> </span></P> <BR clear="all"> <P> </P> <table id="tableObjectList" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="1"> <tr bgcolor="#ffffcc"> <TD> <TABLE cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="0" width="100%" border="0"> <TR> <TD> <span id="Label1" style="font-size:9pt;"> <b>Related Objects</b> </span></TD> <TD align="right"> <span id="lblGalleryLink" style="font-size:8pt;"></span> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> </TD> </tr> <tr> <TD> <span id="lblObjectList"><p> <TABLE WIDTH='100%' BORDER='0' cellspacing=0> <TR > <td class='bold'>Flora of China</td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td width=400><li><A HREF='http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume05/Urticaceae.pdf' TITLE='PDF' >PDF File</A></td> <td class='small'>PDF</td> </TR> <TR > <td class='bold'>Interactive Keys by Xiangying Wen</td> <td > </td> </TR> <TR > <td width=400><li><A HREF='object_page.aspx?object_id=47787&flora_id=1001' TITLE='Image/JPEG' >Boehmeria nivea (Xiangying Wen)</A></td> <td class='small'>Image/JPEG</td> </TR> <TR > <td width=400><li><A HREF='object_page.aspx?object_id=47788&flora_id=1001' TITLE='Image/JPEG' >Pilea cadierei (Xiangying Wen)</A></td> <td class='small'>Image/JPEG</td> </TR> </TABLE> </span></TD> </tr> </table> <P></P> </div> <P><div id="panelTaxonLinks">  </P> <P> <table id="tableLinkList" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="1"> <tr bgcolor="#ffffcc"> <TD><span id="lblLinkTitle" style="font-size:9pt;"><b>Related Links</b> (opens in a new window)</span></TD> </tr> <tr> <TD> <P><span id="lblLinkList"><b>Treatments in Other Floras @ www.efloras.org</b><ul> <li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal' >Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Chinese Plant Names' >Chinese Plant Names</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Flora of China' >Flora of China</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=11&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Flora of Missouri' >Flora of Missouri</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Flora of Pakistan' >Flora of Pakistan</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=101&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Flora of Taiwan Checklist' >Flora of Taiwan Checklist</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1001&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Interactive Keys by Xiangying Wen' >Interactive Keys by Xiangying Wen</A><li><A HREF='florataxon.aspx?flora_id=201&taxon_id=10931' TARGET='_top' TITLE='treatment in Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador' >Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador</A></ul> <p> <b>Other Databases</b> <ul> <li><A HREF='http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_pick?name=Urticaceae' TARGET='FLORA_LINK' TITLE='W3TROPICOS' >W<SUP>3</SUP>TROPICOS</A> <li><A HREF='http://www.ipni.org/ipni/IpniServlet?family=Urticaceae&infrafamily=&genus=&infragenus=&species=&infraspecies=&author_abbrev=&publication_title=&is_apni_record=on&is_gci_record=on&is_ik_record=on&include_authors=on&include_basionym_authors=on&query_type=by_query' TARGET='FLORA_LINK' TITLE='IPNI' >IPNI</A></ul> </span></P> </TD> </tr> </table> </div></P> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>  <P></P> <P><span id="lblEditLinks" style="font-size:9pt;"></span></P> <P> </P> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <TD id="tdRightBar" valign="top"></TD> </tr> </table> </TD> <tr> <td> <table id="SubHeaderTableOut" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999999"><img src="~/images/layout/dot.gif" alt="" width="100%" height="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <TD> <table bgcolor="#99cc99" id="SubHeaderTable" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <TD align="center" bgColor="#ffffcc">  |  <a id="ucEfloraFooter_linkHome" href="index.aspx" target="_top">eFlora Home</a> |  <a id="ucEfloraFooter_linkPeopleSearch" href="person_search.aspx" target="_top">People Search</a>  |  <a id="ucEfloraFooter_linkHelp" href="help_page.aspx" target="_top">Help</a>  |  <a id="ucEfloraFooter_linkActKey" href="http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ActKey" target="_top">ActKey</a>  |  <a id="ucEfloraFooter_Hyperlink2" href="http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/HuCards/" target="_top">Hu Cards</a>  |  <a id="ucEfloraFooter_Hyperlink1" href="glossary.aspx" target="_top">Glossary</a>  |  </TD> </tr> </table> </TD> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999999"><img src="~/images/layout/dot.gif" alt="" width="100%" height="1"></td> </tr> </table> <p></p> </td> </tr> </TABLE> </body> </HTML>

CINXE.COM

Urticaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org