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id="toc-Design_effort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_effort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Design effort </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_effort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-production_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-production_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Pre-production and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-production_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upgrades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upgrades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Upgrades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upgrades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Design </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Armament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Engines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engine_retrofit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_retrofit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Engine retrofit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_retrofit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Operational history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Introduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air-to-air_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-to-air_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Air-to-air combat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-to-air_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Vietnam_War_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Vietnam_War_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Post-Vietnam War service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Vietnam_War_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Gulf War and later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B-52_and_maritime_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B-52_and_maritime_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 B-52 and maritime operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B-52_and_maritime_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 21st century service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Operators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable accidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aircraft on display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(B-52H)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(B-52H)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Specifications (B-52H) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(B-52H)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_appearances_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable appearances in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A-52_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="بي-52 ستراتوفورتريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بي-52 ستراتوفورتريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_B-52" title="Боинг B-52 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боинг B-52" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52" title="Boeing B-52 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boeing B-52" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52" title="Boeing B-52 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boeing B-52" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C-%DB%B5%DB%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بوئینگ بی-۵۲ استراتوفورترس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوئینگ بی-۵۲ استراتوفورترس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%89_B-52_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%86%A0%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="보잉 B-52 스트래토포트리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보잉 B-52 스트래토포트리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52" title="B-52 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="B-52" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="B-52 סטרטופורטרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="B-52 סטרטופורטרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" title="B-52 Stratofortress – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E2%80%9352_Stratofortress" title="B–52 Stratofortress – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="B–52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89-52" title="بى-52 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بى-52" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" title="B-52 Stratofortress – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%91-52" title="Боинг Б-52 – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боинг Б-52" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE-%E1%81%85%E1%81%82_(%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA)" title="ဘီ-၅၂ (ဗုံးကြဲလေယာဉ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီ-၅၂ (ဗုံးကြဲလေယာဉ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" title="B-52 Stratofortress – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F)" title="B-52 (航空機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="B-52 (航空機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C-52_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="بی-52 بمبار جہاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بی-52 بمبار جہاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%A5%D9%A2_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BC%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B3" title="بي-٥٢ سټراټوفورټرېس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بي-٥٢ سټراټوفورټرېس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D9%A5%D9%A2_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بی-٥٢ ستراتۆفۆرتریس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بی-٥٢ ستراتۆفۆرتریس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_B-52" title="Боинг B-52 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боинг B-52" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52" title="Boeing B-52 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boeing B-52" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-52_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="பி-52 ஸ்ராடோபோட்ரெஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பி-52 ஸ்ராடோபோட்ரெஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5-52_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA" title="บี-52 สตราโตฟอร์เทรส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บี-52 สตราโตฟอร์เทรส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C-52_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بوئنگ بی-52 سٹریٹوفورٹریس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوئنگ بی-52 سٹریٹوفورٹریس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52%E5%90%8C%E6%B8%A9%E5%B1%82%E5%A0%A1%E5%9E%92%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="B-52同温层堡垒轰炸机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="B-52同温层堡垒轰炸机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="B-52 סטראטופארטרעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="B-52 סטראטופארטרעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%AB%E5%B1%A4%E5%A0%A1%E5%A3%98%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5%E8%BD%9F%E7%82%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="B-52同溫層堡壘戰略轟炸機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="B-52同溫層堡壘戰略轟炸機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Air Force strategic bomber (1955–present)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"B-52" and "BUFF" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/B-52_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="B-52 (disambiguation)">B-52 (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/BUFF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="BUFF (disambiguation)">BUFF (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">B-52 Stratofortress</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial top/side view of gray B-52H flying over Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-B-52_Stratofortress_assigned_to_the_307th_Bomb_Wing_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3579" data-file-height="2436" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">A B-52H from <a href="/wiki/Barksdale_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barksdale AFB">Barksdale AFB</a> flying over Texas</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">Strategic</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bomber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a><div> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (historical) </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">744<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988291-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1952–1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 1952 (72 years ago) (1952-04-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1952–present</td></tr></tbody></table> The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_aircraft" title="Subsonic aircraft">subsonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet-powered">jet-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bomber</a>. The B-52 was designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) since the 1950s, and NASA for nearly 50 years. The bomber can carry up to 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of weapons<a href="#cite_note-Minot_Fact_Sheet-2">[2]</a> and has a typical <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">combat range</a> of around 8,800 miles (14,200 km) without <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AF_B52-3">[3]</a> Beginning with the successful contract bid in June 1946, the B-52 design evolved from a <a href="/wiki/Straight_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight wing">straight wing</a> aircraft powered by six <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> engines to the final prototype YB-52 with eight <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engines and <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wings</a>. The B-52 took its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> in April 1952. The B-52 has been in service with the USAF since 1955, and NASA from 1959 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2023_r581-4">[4]</a> Built to carry <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>–era <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">deterrence</a> missions, the B-52 Stratofortress replaced the <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a>. Superior performance at high subsonic speeds and relatively low operating costs have kept them in service despite the development of more advanced strategic bombers, such as the Mach 2+ <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">Convair B-58 Hustler</a>, the canceled Mach 3 <a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">North American XB-70 Valkyrie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">variable-geometry</a> <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">Rockwell B-1 Lancer</a>, and the stealth <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit</a>. A veteran of several wars, the B-52 has dropped only <a href="/wiki/Conventional_weapon" title="Conventional weapon">conventional munitions</a> in combat. The B-52's official name Stratofortress is rarely used; informally, the aircraft has become commonly referred to as the BUFF (Big Ugly Fat Fucker/Fella).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[Note 1]</a> There are 76 aircraft in inventory as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit">[update]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> 58 operated by active forces (<a href="/wiki/2nd_Bomb_Wing" title="2nd Bomb Wing">2nd Bomb Wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_Bomb_Wing" title="5th Bomb Wing">5th Bomb Wing</a>), 18 by reserve forces (<a href="/wiki/307th_Bomb_Wing" title="307th Bomb Wing">307th Bomb Wing</a>), and about 12 in long-term storage at the <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base" title="Davis–Monthan Air Force Base">Davis-Monthan AFB Boneyard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minot_Fact_Sheet-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_B52-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale_Fact_Sheet-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The bombers flew under the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) until it was disestablished in 1992 and its aircraft absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Air_Combat_Command" title="Air Combat Command">Air Combat Command</a> (ACC); in 2010, all B-52 Stratofortresses were transferred from the ACC to the new <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command" title="Air Force Global Strike Command">Air Force Global Strike Command</a> (AFGSC). The B-52 completed 60 years of continuous service with its original operator in 2015. After being upgraded between 2013 and 2015, the last airplanes are expected to serve into the 2050s. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution,_part_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_1.png/250px-Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_1.png/375px-Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_1.png/500px-Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_1.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="406" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Models 462 (1946)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood1995201-14">[13]</a> to 464-35 (1948)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood1995201-14">[13]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution,_part_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_2.png/250px-Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_2.png/375px-Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_2.png/500px-Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress_evolution%2C_part_2.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="495" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Models 464-49 (1949)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood1995201-14">[13]</a> to B-52A (1952)</div></div></div></div></div> On 23 November 1945, <a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a> (AMC) issued desired performance characteristics for a new strategic bomber "capable of carrying out the strategic mission without dependence upon advanced and intermediate bases controlled by other countries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988206–207-15">[14]</a> The aircraft was to have a crew of five or more <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_gun_turret" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft gun turret">turret gunners</a>, and a six-man relief crew. It was required to <a href="/wiki/Cruise_(aeronautics)" title="Cruise (aeronautics)">cruise</a> at 300 miles per hour (260 kn; 480 km/h) at 34,000 feet (10,000 m) with a combat radius of 5,000 miles (4,300 nmi; 8,000 km). The armament was to consist of an unspecified number of 20 mm cannons and 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988207-16">[15]</a> On 13 February 1946, the <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> issued bid invitations for these specifications, with Boeing, <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Aircraft" title="Consolidated Aircraft">Consolidated Aircraft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company" title="Glenn L. Martin Company">Glenn L. Martin Company</a> submitting proposals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988207-16">[15]</a> On 5 June 1946, Boeing's Model 462, a straight-wing aircraft powered by six <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_J37" title="Lockheed J37">Wright T35</a> <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a> with a gross weight of 360,000 pounds (160,000 kg) and a combat radius of 3,110 miles (2,700 nmi; 5,010 km), was declared the winner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988207–208-17">[16]</a> On 28 June 1946, Boeing was issued a letter of contract for US$1.7 million to build a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">mockup</a> of the new XB-52 and do preliminary engineering and testing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200419-18">[17]</a> However, by October 1946, the USAAF began to express concern about the sheer size of the new aircraft and its inability to meet the specified design requirements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200421-19">[18]</a> In response, Boeing produced the Model 464, a smaller four-engine version with a 230,000-pound (100,000 kg) gross weight, which was briefly deemed acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200421Knaack1988208-20">[19]</a> Subsequently, in November 1946, the Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development, General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>, expressed the desire for a cruising speed of 400 miles per hour (350 kn; 640 km/h), to which Boeing responded with a 300,000-pound (140,000 kg) aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200422-21">[20]</a> In December 1946, Boeing was asked to change their design to a four-engine bomber with a top speed of 400 miles per hour (350 kn; 640 km/h), range of 12,000 miles (10,000 nmi; 19,000 km), and the ability to carry a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>; in total, the aircraft could weigh up to 480,000 pounds (220,000 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200423-22">[21]</a> Boeing responded with two models powered by T35 turboprops. The Model 464-16 was a "nuclear only" bomber with a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) payload, while the Model 464-17 was a general purpose bomber with a 9,000-pound (4,100 kg) payload.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200423-22">[21]</a> Due to the cost associated with purchasing two specialized aircraft, the USAAF selected Model 464–17 with the understanding that it could be adapted for nuclear strikes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988209-23">[22]</a> In June 1947, the military requirements were updated and the Model 464-17 met all of them except for the range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200430-24">[23]</a> It was becoming obvious to the USAAF that, even with the updated performance, the XB-52 would be obsolete by the time it entered production and would offer little improvement over the <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a>; as a result, the entire project was postponed for six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200434-25">[24]</a> During this time, Boeing continued to perfect the design, which resulted in the Model 464–29 with a top speed of 455 miles per hour (395 kn; 732 km/h) and a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988210-26">[25]</a> In September 1947, the Heavy Bombardment Committee was convened to ascertain performance requirements for a nuclear bomber. Formalized on 8 December 1947, these requirements called for a top speed of 500 miles per hour (430 kn; 800 km/h) and an 8,000-mile (7,000 nmi; 13,000 km) range, far beyond the capabilities of the 464-29.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200430Knaack1988210–211-27">[26]</a> The outright cancellation of the Boeing contract on 11 December 1947 was staved off by a plea from its president <a href="/wiki/William_McPherson_Allen" title="William McPherson Allen">William McPherson Allen</a> to the Secretary of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988212-28">[27]</a> Allen reasoned that the design was capable of being adapted to new aviation technology and more stringent requirements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200435–36-29">[28]</a> In January 1948, Boeing was instructed to thoroughly explore recent technological innovations, including <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200436–39-30">[29]</a> Noting stability and control problems <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop Corporation</a> was experiencing with their <a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-35" title="Northrop YB-35">YB-35</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-49" title="Northrop YB-49">YB-49</a> flying wing bombers, Boeing insisted on a conventional aircraft, and in April 1948 presented a US$30 million (US$380 million today<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-31">[30]</a>) proposal for design, construction, and testing of two Model 464-35 prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200440–44-32">[31]</a> Further revisions during 1948 resulted in an aircraft with a top speed of 513 miles per hour (446 kn; 826 km/h) at 35,000 feet (11,000 m), a range of 6,909 miles (6,004 nmi; 11,119 km), and a 280,000-pound (130,000 kg) gross weight, which included 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of bombs and 19,875 US gallons (75,240 L) of fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988213Tagg200445–47-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_effort">Design effort</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design effort">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-B52_Ground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/X-B52_Ground.jpg/220px-X-B52_Ground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/X-B52_Ground.jpg/330px-X-B52_Ground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/X-B52_Ground.jpg/440px-X-B52_Ground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>XB-52 prototype on flight line (<a href="/wiki/Northrop_X-4_Bantam" title="Northrop X-4 Bantam">X-4</a> in foreground; <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">B-36</a> behind). Note original tandem-seat "<a href="/wiki/Bubble_canopy" title="Bubble canopy">bubble</a>" style canopy, similar to Boeing's earlier <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">B-47 Stratojet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YB-52sideview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YB-52sideview.jpg/220px-YB-52sideview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YB-52sideview.jpg/330px-YB-52sideview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YB-52sideview.jpg/440px-YB-52sideview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Side view of YB-52 bomber, still fitted with a tandem cockpit, in common with other jet bombers in US service, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">B-45 Tornado</a>, B-47 Stratojet and <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">Martin B-57 Canberra</a></figcaption></figure> In May 1948, Air Materiel Command asked Boeing to incorporate the previously discarded jet engine, with improvements in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, into the design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200444–45-34">[33]</a> That resulted in the development of yet another revision—in July 1948, Model 464-40 substituted <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_J40" title="Westinghouse J40">Westinghouse J40</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a> for the turboprops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988214–215-35">[34]</a> The USAF project officer who reviewed the Model 464-40 was favorably impressed, especially since he had already been thinking along similar lines. Nevertheless, the government was concerned about the high fuel consumption rate of the jet engines of the day, and directed Boeing to use the turboprop-powered Model 464–35 as the basis for the XB-52. Although he agreed that turbojet propulsion was the future, General Howard A. Craig, Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel, was not very enthusiastic about a jet-powered B-52 since he felt that the jet engine had not yet progressed sufficiently to permit skipping an intermediate turboprop stage. However, Boeing was encouraged to continue turbojet studies even without any expected commitment to jet propulsion.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> On Thursday, 21 October 1948, Boeing engineers <a href="/wiki/George_S._Schairer" title="George S. Schairer">George S. Schairer</a>, Art Carlsen, and Vaughn Blumenthal presented the design of a four-engine turboprop bomber to the chief of bomber development, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Warden" title="Henry Edward Warden">Pete Warden</a>. Warden was disappointed by the projected aircraft and asked if the Boeing team could produce a proposal for a four-engine turbojet bomber. Joined by Ed Wells, Boeing's vice president of engineering, the engineers worked that night in <a href="/wiki/The_Hotel_Van_Cleve" title="The Hotel Van Cleve">The Hotel Van Cleve</a> in Dayton, Ohio, redesigning Boeing's proposal as a four-engine turbojet bomber. On Friday, Colonel Warden looked over the information and asked for a better design. Returning to the hotel, the Boeing team was joined by Bob Withington and Maynard Pennell, two top Boeing engineers who were in town on other business.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> By late Friday night, they had laid out what was an essentially new airplane. The new design (464-49) built upon the basic layout of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">B-47 Stratojet</a> with 35-degree <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wings</a>, eight engines paired in four underwing <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">pods</a>, and bicycle landing gear with wingtip outrigger wheels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200448–50-39">[38]</a> A notable feature was the ability to pivot both fore and aft main landing gear up to 20° from the aircraft centerline to increase safety during <a href="/wiki/Crosswind_landing" title="Crosswind landing">crosswind landings</a> (allowing the aircraft to "crab" or roll with a sideways slip angle down the runway).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200458–59-40">[39]</a> After a trip to a hobby shop for supplies, Schairer set to work building a model. The rest of the team focused on weight and performance data. Wells, who was also a skilled artist, completed the aircraft drawings. On Sunday, a stenographer was hired to type a clean copy of the proposal. On Monday, Schairer presented Colonel Warden with a neatly bound 33-page proposal and a 14-inch (36 cm) scale model.<a href="#cite_note-B52org-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The aircraft was projected to exceed all design specifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988215–216-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52_folding_fin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/B-52_folding_fin.jpg/220px-B-52_folding_fin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/B-52_folding_fin.jpg/330px-B-52_folding_fin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/B-52_folding_fin.jpg/440px-B-52_folding_fin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>B-52H Stratofortress undergoing maintenance to its rudder with its fin folded</figcaption></figure> Although the full-size mock-up inspection in April 1949 was generally favorable, range again became a concern since the J40s and early model J57s had excessive fuel consumption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200457-44">[43]</a> Despite talk of another revision of specifications or even a full design competition among aircraft manufacturers, General LeMay, now in charge of Strategic Air Command, insisted that performance should not be compromised due to delays in engine development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988217–218Tagg200460-45">[44]</a> In a final attempt to increase range, Boeing created the larger 464-67, stating that once in production, the range could be further increased in subsequent modifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988218-46">[45]</a> Following several direct interventions by LeMay,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988217–219-47">[46]</a> Boeing was awarded a production contract for thirteen B-52As and seventeen detachable reconnaissance pods on 14 February 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988219-48">[47]</a> The last major design change—also at General LeMay's insistence—was a switch from the B-47 style tandem seating to a more conventional side-by-side cockpit, which increased the effectiveness of the copilot and reduced crew fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988221-49">[48]</a> Both XB-52 prototypes featured the original tandem seating arrangement with a framed bubble-type canopy (see above images).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke195624–28-50">[49]</a> Tex Johnston noted, "The B-52, like the B-47, utilized a flexible wing. I saw the wingtip of the B-52 static test airplane travel 32 feet (9.8 m), from the negative 1-G load position to the positive 4-G load position." The flexible structure allowed "...the wing to flex during gust and maneuvering loads, thus relieving high-stress areas and providing a smoother ride." During a 3.5-G pullup, "The wingtips appeared about 35 degrees above level flight position."<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-production_and_production">Pre-production and production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-production and production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_(7251480460).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_%287251480460%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_%287251480460%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_%287251480460%29.jpg/330px-Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_%287251480460%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_%287251480460%29.jpg/440px-Boeing_B-52_First_Flight_P-12139_%287251480460%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5745" data-file-height="4615" /></a><figcaption>First flight of the B-52 Stratofortress on 15 April 1952</figcaption></figure> During ground testing on 29 November 1951, the XB-52's pneumatic system failed during a full-pressure test; the resulting explosion severely damaged the trailing edge of the wing, necessitating considerable repairs. The YB-52, the second XB-52 modified with more operational equipment, <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">first flew</a> on 15 April 1952 with <a href="/wiki/Alvin_M._Johnston" title="Alvin M. Johnston">"Tex" Johnston</a> as the pilot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1997161–162-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> A 2-hour, 21-minute proving flight from <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Field" title="Boeing Field">Boeing Field</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, to <a href="/wiki/Larson_Air_Force_Base" title="Larson Air Force Base">Larson Air Force Base</a> was undertaken with Boeing test pilot Johnston and USAF Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Guy_M._Townsend" title="Guy M. Townsend">Guy M. Townsend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988222-54">[53]</a> The XB-52 followed on 2 October 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200482-55">[54]</a> The thorough development,<a href="#cite_note-57">[Note 2]</a> including 670 days in the <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> and 130 days of <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity" title="Aeroelasticity">aeroelastic</a> testing, paid off with smooth flight testing. Encouraged, the USAF increased its order to 282 B-52s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988229-58">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:92%; text-align:center;"> <caption>Aircraft deliveries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a> </th> <th colspan="8">B-52 model </th> <th colspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>A <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988230-59">[57]</a> </th> <th>B <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988241-60">[58]</a> </th> <th>C <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988247-61">[59]</a> </th> <th>D <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988258-62">[60]</a> </th> <th>E <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988262-63">[61]</a> </th> <th>F <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988269-64">[62]</a> </th> <th>G <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988280-65">[63]</a> </th> <th>H <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988289-66">[64]</a> </th> <th>Annual </th> <th>Cumulative </th></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td></td> <td>13</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>13</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td></td> <td>35</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>41</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>30</td> <td>92</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>124</td> <td>181 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>77</td> <td>100</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>187</td> <td>368 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>79</td> <td>50</td> <td></td> <td>129</td> <td>497 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>106</td> <td></td> <td>106</td> <td>603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>37</td> <td>20</td> <td>57</td> <td>660 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>68</td> <td>68</td> <td>728 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>742 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>3</td> <td>50</td> <td>35</td> <td>170</td> <td>100</td> <td>89</td> <td>193</td> <td>102</td> <td>742</td> <td>742 </td></tr></tbody></table> Only three of the 13 B-52As ordered were built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200485-67">[65]</a> All were returned to Boeing and used in their test program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988230-59">[57]</a> On 9 June 1952, the February 1951 contract was updated to order the aircraft under new specifications. The final 10, the first aircraft to enter active service, were completed as B-52Bs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988230-59">[57]</a> At the roll-out ceremony on 18 March 1954, Air Force Chief of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Farragut Twining">Nathan Twining</a> said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"> The <a href="/wiki/Long_rifle" title="Long rifle">long rifle</a> was the great weapon of its day. ... today this B-52 is the long rifle of the air age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988229–230-68">[66]</a></blockquote> The B-52B was followed by progressively improved bomber and reconnaissance variants, culminating in the B-52G and <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> B-52H. To allow rapid delivery, production lines were set up both at its main Seattle factory and at Boeing's <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> facility. More than 5,000 companies were involved in the huge production effort, with 41% of the airframe being built by subcontractors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunston1957776-69">[67]</a> The prototypes and all B-52A, B and C models (90 aircraft)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003a117–121-70">[68]</a> were built at Seattle. Testing of aircraft built in Seattle caused problems due to jet noise, which led to the establishment of curfews for engine tests. Aircraft were ferried 150 miles (240 km) east on their maiden flights to Larson Air Force Base near <a href="/wiki/Moses_Lake,_Washington" title="Moses Lake, Washington">Moses Lake</a>, where they were fully tested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers1989379-71">[69]</a> As production of the B-47 came to an end, the Wichita factory was phased in for B-52D production, with Seattle responsible for 101 D-models and Wichita 69.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b100–101-72">[70]</a> Both plants continued to build the B-52E, with 42 built at Seattle and 58 at Wichita,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b102-73">[71]</a> and the B-52F (44 from Seattle and 45 from Wichita).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b103-74">[72]</a> For the B-52G, Boeing decided in 1957 to transfer all production to Wichita, which freed up Seattle for other tasks, in particular, the production of airliners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunston1957778Lake2003b101-75">[73]</a> Production ended in 1962 with the B-52H, with 742 aircraft built, plus the original two prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden200471-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upgrades">Upgrades </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Upgrades">edit</a>]</div> A proposed variant of the B-52H was the EB-52H, which would have consisted of 16 modified and augmented B-52H airframes with additional <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic jamming</a> capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200491Trimble2009-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> This variant would have restored USAF airborne jamming capability that it lost on retiring the <a href="/wiki/EF-111_Raven" class="mw-redirect" title="EF-111 Raven">EF-111 Raven</a>. The program was canceled in 2005 following the removal of funds for the stand-off jammer. The program was revived in 2007 and cut again in early 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble2009-79">[77]</a> In July 2013, the USAF began a fleet-wide technological upgrade of its B-52 bombers called Combat Network Communications Technology (CONECT) to modernize electronics, communications technology, computing, and avionics on the flight deck. CONECT upgrades include software and hardware such as new computer servers, modems, radios, data-links, receivers, and digital workstations for the crew. One update is the <a href="/wiki/AN/ARC-210" title="AN/ARC-210">AN/ARC-210</a> Warrior beyond-line-of-sight software programmable radio able to transmit voice, data, and information in-flight between B-52s and ground command and control centers, allowing the transmission and reception of data with updated intelligence, mapping, and targeting information; previous in-flight target changes required copying down coordinates. The ARC-210 allows machine-to-machine transfer of data, useful on long-endurance missions where targets may have moved before the arrival of the B-52. The aircraft will be able to receive information through <a href="/wiki/Link-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Link-16">Link-16</a>. CONECT upgrades will cost US$1.1 billion overall and take several years. Funding has been secured for 30 B-52s; the USAF hopes for 10 CONECT upgrades per year, but the rate has yet to be decided.<a href="#cite_note-CONECT-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Weapons upgrades include the 1760 Internal Weapons Bay Upgrade (IWBU), which gives a 66 percent increase in weapons payload using a digital interface (<a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1760" title="MIL-STD-1760">MIL-STD-1760</a>) and rotary launcher. IWBU is expected to cost roughly US$313 million.<a href="#cite_note-CONECT-80">[78]</a> The 1760 IWBU will allow the B-52 to carry eight<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/JDAM" class="mw-redirect" title="JDAM">JDAM</a> 2,000-pound (910 kg) bombs, <a href="/wiki/AGM-158_JASSM#Improved_JASSM_versions" title="AGM-158 JASSM">AGM-158B JASSM-ER</a> cruise missile and the <a href="/wiki/ADM-160_MALD" title="ADM-160 MALD">ADM-160C MALD-J</a> decoy missiles internally. All 1760 IWBUs should be operational by October 2017. Two bombers will have the ability to carry 40 weapons in place of the 36 that three B-52s can carry.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The 1760 IWBU allows precision-guided missiles or bombs to be deployed from inside the weapons bay; the previous aircraft carried these munitions externally on the wing <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">hardpoints</a>. This increases the number of guided weapons (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition" title="Joint Direct Attack Munition">Joint Direct Attack Munition</a> or JDAM) a B-52 can carry and reduces the need for guided bombs to be carried on the wings. The first phase will allow a B-52 to carry twenty-four GBU-38 500-pound guided bombs or twenty GBU-31 2,000-pound bombs, with later phases accommodating the JASSM and MALD family of missiles.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In addition to carrying more smart bombs, moving them internally from the wings reduces drag and achieves a 15 percent reduction in fuel consumption.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The US Air Force Research Lab is investigating defensive laser weapons for the B-52.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The B-52 is due to receive a range of upgrades alongside a planned engine retrofit. These upgrades aim to modernize the sensors and displays of the B-52. They include the new <a href="/wiki/AN/APG-79" title="AN/APG-79">APG-79B4</a> <a href="/wiki/Active_electronically_scanned_array" title="Active electronically scanned array">Active electronically scanned array</a> radar, replacing older mechanically scanned arrays, the streamlining of the nose and deletion of blisters housing the forward-looking infrared/electro-optical viewing system. In October 2022 Boeing released new images of what the upgrade would look like.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Air-Space_new_designation-88">[86]</a> The upgrades will also include improved communication systems, new pylons, new cockpit displays and the deletion of one crew station. The changes will carry the designation B-52J.<a href="#cite_note-Air-Space_new_designation-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-17,_29_%26_52,_Barksdale_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B-17%2C_29_%26_52%2C_Barksdale_2017.jpg/220px-B-17%2C_29_%26_52%2C_Barksdale_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B-17%2C_29_%26_52%2C_Barksdale_2017.jpg/330px-B-17%2C_29_%26_52%2C_Barksdale_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B-17%2C_29_%26_52%2C_Barksdale_2017.jpg/440px-B-17%2C_29_%26_52%2C_Barksdale_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Superfortress</a> <a href="/wiki/Doc_(aircraft)" title="Doc (aircraft)">Doc</a>, <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(aircraft)" title="Thunderbird (aircraft)">Thunderbird</a>, and a B-52 Stratofortress flying in formation at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale Air Force Base</a> Airshow</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The B-52 shared many technological similarities with the preceding B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber. The two aircraft used the same basic design, such as swept wings and podded jet engines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETegler2000xiii-90">[88]</a> and the cabin included the crew ejection systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETegler200084–85-91">[89]</a> On the B-52D, the pilots and electronic countermeasures (ECM) operator ejected upwards, while the lower deck crew ejected downwards; until the B-52G, the gunner had to jettison the tail gun to <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">bail out</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200543–44-92">[90]</a> The tail gunner in early model B-52s was located in the traditional location in the tail of the plane, with both visual and <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">radar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun_laying" title="Gun laying">gun laying</a> systems; in later models, the gunner was moved to the front of the fuselage, with gun laying carried out by radar alone, much like the B-58 Hustler's tail gun system.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Structural fatigue</a> was accelerated by at least a factor of eight in a low-altitude flight profile over that of high-altitude flying, requiring costly repairs to extend service life. In the early 1960s, the three-phase High Stress program was launched to counter structural fatigue, enrolling aircraft at 2,000 flying hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200487Knaack1988254–255-94">[92]</a> Follow-up programs were conducted, such as a 2,000-hour service life extension to select airframes in 1966–1968, and the extensive Pacer Plank reskinning, completed in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b101Knaack1988259-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">wet wing</a> introduced on G and H models was even more susceptible to fatigue, experiencing 60% more stress during a flight than the old wing. The wings were modified by 1964 under ECP 1050.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988276–277-96">[94]</a> This was followed by a fuselage skin and <a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">longeron</a> replacement (ECP 1185) in 1966, and the B-52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program (ECP 1195) in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988276–277-96">[94]</a> Fuel leaks due to deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Marman_clamp" title="Marman clamp">Marman clamps</a> continued to plague all variants of the B-52. To this end, all aircraft variants were subjected to Blue Band (1957), Hard Shell (1958), and finally QuickClip (1958) programs. The latter fitted safety straps that prevented catastrophic loss of fuel in case of clamp failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988266–267-97">[95]</a> The B-52's service ceiling is officially listed as 50,000 feet (15,000 m), but operational experience shows this is difficult to reach when fully laden with bombs. According to one source: "The optimal altitude for a combat mission was around 43,000 feet (13,000 m), because to exceed that height would rapidly degrade the plane's range."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorenson1995127-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of a B-52 in flight with its vertical stabilizer sheared off." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg/220px-Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg/330px-Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>B-52H (AF Ser. No. 61-23), configured at the time as a <a href="/wiki/Testbed" title="Testbed">testbed</a> to investigate structural failures, still flying after its <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a> sheared off in severe turbulence on 10 January 1964. The aircraft landed safely.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> </figcaption></figure> In September 2006, the B-52 became one of the first US military aircraft to fly using alternative fuel. It took off from <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> with a 50/50 blend of <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> (FT) synthetic fuel and conventional <a href="/wiki/JP-8" title="JP-8">JP-8</a> jet fuel, which burned in two of the eight engines. On 15 December 2006, a B-52 took off from Edwards with the synthetic fuel powering all eight engines, the first time a USAF aircraft was entirely powered by the blend. The seven-hour flight was considered a success. This program is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Assured_Fuel_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Fuel Initiative">Assured Fuel Initiative</a>, which aimed to reduce crude oil usage and obtain half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> On 8 August 2007, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Air Force Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wynne" title="Michael Wynne">Michael Wynne</a> certified the B-52H as fully approved to use the FT blend.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_controls">Flight controls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flight controls">edit</a>]</div> Because of the B-52's mission parameters, only modest maneuvers would be required with no need for <a href="/wiki/Spin_(aerodynamics)" title="Spin (aerodynamics)">spin</a> recovery. The aircraft has a relatively small, narrow <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">chord</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>, giving it limited <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> control authority. Originally an all-moving <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a> was to be used but was abandoned because of doubts about hydraulic actuator reliability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbzugLarrabee2002105–108-102">[100]</a> Because the aircraft has eight engines, <a href="/wiki/Critical_engine" title="Critical engine">asymmetrical thrust</a> due to the loss of an engine in flight would be minimal and correctable with the narrow rudder. To assist with crosswind takeoffs and landings the main <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> can be pivoted 20 degrees to either side from neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkinsRogers199015-103">[101]</a> The crew would preset the yaw adjustable crosswind landing gear according to wind observations made on the ground. Like the rudder, the <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">elevator</a> is also very narrow chord and the B-52 suffers from limited elevator control authority. For long-term pitch trim and airspeed changes the aircraft uses a <a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">stabilator</a> (or all-moving tail) with the elevator used for small adjustments within a stabilizer setting. The stabilizer is adjustable through 13 degrees of movement (nine up, four down) and is crucial to operations during takeoff and landing due to large pitch changes induced by <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flap</a> application.<a href="#cite_note-aer-104">[102]</a> B-52s prior to the G models had very small <a href="/wiki/Ailerons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailerons">ailerons</a> with a short span that was approximately equal to their chord. These "feeler ailerons" were used to provide feedback forces to the pilot's control yoke and to fine-tune the roll axes during delicate maneuvers such as aerial refueling. Due to twisting of the thin main wing, conventional outboard flap-type ailerons would lose authority and therefore could not be used. In other words, aileron activation would cause the wing to twist, undermining roll control. Six <a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">spoilerons</a> on each wing are responsible for the majority of roll control. The late B-52G models eliminated the ailerons altogether and added an extra spoileron to each wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbzugLarrabee2002105–108-102">[100]</a> Partly because of the lack of ailerons, the B-52G and H models were more susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_roll" title="Dutch roll">Dutch roll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aer-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avionics">Avionics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Avionics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52_lower_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lower deck of a B-52, with instruments and displays featuring dominantly on the aircraft's side wall. Two crew members man this station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B-52_lower_deck.jpg/220px-B-52_lower_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B-52_lower_deck.jpg/330px-B-52_lower_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B-52_lower_deck.jpg/440px-B-52_lower_deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>A view of the lower deck of the B-52, dubbed the battle station</figcaption></figure> Ongoing problems with avionics systems were addressed in the Jolly Well program, completed in 1964, which improved components of the AN/ASQ-38 bombing navigational computer and the terrain computer. The MADREC (Malfunction Detection and Recording) upgrade fitted to most aircraft by 1965 could detect failures in avionics and weapons computer systems and was essential in monitoring the <a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">AGM-28 Hound Dog</a> missiles. The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasures</a> capability of the B-52 was expanded with Rivet Rambler (1971) and Rivet Ace (1973).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988279–280-105">[103]</a> To improve operations at low altitudes, the AN/ASQ-151 Electro-Optical Viewing System (EVS), which consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Low_light_level_television" title="Low light level television">low light level television</a> (LLLTV) and a <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">forward looking infrared</a> (FLIR) system mounted in blisters under the noses of B-52Gs and Hs between 1972 and 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b41–43-106">[104]</a> The navigational capabilities of the B-52 were later augmented with the addition of <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199438-107">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IBM_AP-101" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM AP-101">IBM AP-101</a>, also used on the <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">Rockwell B-1 Lancer</a> bomber and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, was the B-52's main computer.<a href="#cite_note-ap101-108">[106]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/LITENING_targeting_pod" class="mw-redirect" title="LITENING targeting pod">LITENING targeting pod</a> was fitted, which increased the effectiveness of the aircraft in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons, using <a href="/wiki/Laser_guidance" title="Laser guidance">laser guidance</a>, a high-resolution forward-looking infrared sensor (<a href="/wiki/FLIR" class="mw-redirect" title="FLIR">FLIR</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD camera</a> used to obtain target imagery.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> LITENING pods have been fitted to a wide variety of other US aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament">Armament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Armament">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_(SN_56-0695)_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_%28SN_56-0695%29_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg/220px-Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_%28SN_56-0695%29_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_%28SN_56-0695%29_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg/330px-Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_%28SN_56-0695%29_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_%28SN_56-0695%29_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg/440px-Boeing_B-52D-40-BW_%28SN_56-0695%29_and_GAM-72_Quail_decoy_missile_and_trailer_061127-F-1234S-010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>A B-52D with <a href="/wiki/Anti-flash_white" title="Anti-flash white">anti-flash white</a> on the underside</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg/220px-B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg/330px-B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg/440px-B-52H_Bomb_Bay_-_1984_at_Ellsworth_AFB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>B-52H bomb bay: <a href="/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM" title="AGM-69 SRAM">AGM-69 SRAM</a> missiles (front) and <a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">B28 nuclear bombs</a> (background), as a downloading takes place during Exercise GLOBAL SHIELD '84</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_striking_challenge_(7851986672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_striking_challenge_%287851986672%29.jpg/220px-A_striking_challenge_%287851986672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_striking_challenge_%287851986672%29.jpg/330px-A_striking_challenge_%287851986672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_striking_challenge_%287851986672%29.jpg/440px-A_striking_challenge_%287851986672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Global Strike Challenge nuclear/conventional load crew team lift a GBU-31 Joint Direct Attack Munition into position during a dry run leading up to the 2012 Air Force Global Strike Command Challenge on Barksdale Air Force Base, La., Aug. 20, 2012.</figcaption></figure> The ability to carry up to 20 <a href="/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM" title="AGM-69 SRAM">AGM-69 SRAM</a> nuclear missiles was added to G and H models, starting in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988277–278-111">[109]</a> To further improve its offensive ability, air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs) were fitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200489-112">[110]</a> After testing of both the USAF-backed <a href="/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">Boeing AGM-86 Air Launched Cruise Missile</a> and the Navy-backed <a href="/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk" class="mw-redirect" title="BGM-109 Tomahawk">General Dynamics AGM-109 Tomahawk</a>, the AGM-86B was selected for operation by the B-52 (and ultimately by the B-1 Lancer).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmar2005529-113">[111]</a> A total of 194 B-52Gs and Hs were modified to carry AGM-86s, carrying 12 missiles on underwing pylons, with 82 B-52Hs further modified to carry another eight missiles on a rotary launcher fitted in the bomb bay. To conform with <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT II Treaty</a> requirements that cruise missile-capable aircraft be readily identifiable by reconnaissance satellites, the cruise missile-armed B-52Gs were modified with a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">wing root</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairing</a>. As all B-52Hs were assumed modified, no visual modification of these aircraft was required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b44–45-114">[112]</a> In 1990, the stealthy <a href="/wiki/AGM-129_ACM" title="AGM-129 ACM">AGM-129 ACM</a> cruise missile entered service; although intended to replace the AGM-86, the high cost and the Cold War's end led to only 450 being produced; unlike the AGM-86, no conventional, non-nuclear version was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrRogers199665–66-115">[113]</a> The B-52 was to have been modified to utilize <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AGM-137_TSSAM" title="AGM-137 TSSAM">AGM-137 TSSAM</a> weapon; however, the missile was canceled due to development costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmar2005532-116">[114]</a> Those B-52Gs not converted as cruise missile carriers underwent a series of modifications to improve conventional bombing. They were fitted with a new Integrated Conventional Stores Management System (ICSMS) and new underwing pylons that could hold larger bombs or other stores than the external pylons could. Thirty B-52Gs were further modified to carry up to 12 <a href="/wiki/AGM-84_Harpoon" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-84 Harpoon">AGM-84 Harpoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a> each, while 12 B-52Gs were fitted to carry the <a href="/wiki/AGM-142_Have_Nap" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-142 Have Nap">AGM-142 Have Nap</a> stand-off air-to-ground missile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b108–109-117">[115]</a> When the B-52G was retired in 1994, an urgent scheme was launched to restore an interim Harpoon and Have Nap capability,<a href="#cite_note-119">[Note 3]</a> the four aircraft being modified to carry Harpoon and four to carry Have Nap under the Rapid Eight program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b114-120">[117]</a> The Conventional Enhancement Modification (CEM) program gave the B-52H a more comprehensive conventional weapons capability, adding the modified underwing weapon pylons used by conventional-armed B-52Gs, Harpoon and Have Nap, and the capability to carry new-generation weapons including the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition" title="Joint Direct Attack Munition">Joint Direct Attack Munition</a> (JDAM) and <a href="/wiki/Wind_Corrected_Munitions_Dispenser" title="Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser">Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser</a> guided bombs, the <a href="/wiki/AGM-154_Joint_Standoff_Weapon" title="AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon">AGM-154</a> glide bomb and the <a href="/wiki/AGM-158_JASSM" title="AGM-158 JASSM">AGM-158 JASSM</a> missile. The CEM program also introduced new radios, integrated <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> into the aircraft's navigation system, and replaced the under-nose FLIR with a more modern unit. Forty-seven B-52Hs were modified under the CEM program by 1996, with 19 more by the end of 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2001290–291DorrRogers199681–82-121">[118]</a> By around 2010, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Strategic_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Strategic Command">U.S. Strategic Command</a> stopped assigning <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61</a> and <a href="/wiki/B83_nuclear_bomb" title="B83 nuclear bomb">B83</a> nuclear gravity bombs to B-52, and later listed only the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2</a> as tasked with delivering strategic nuclear bombs in budget requests. Nuclear gravity bombs were removed from the B-52's capabilities because it is no longer considered survivable enough to penetrate modern air defenses, instead relying on nuclear cruise missiles and focusing on expanding its conventional strike role.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The 2019 "Safety Rules for U.S. Strategic Bomber Aircraft" manual subsequently confirmed the removal of B61-7 and B83-1 gravity bombs from the B-52H's approved weapons configuration.<a href="#cite_note-B61/B83_removal-123">[120]</a> Starting in 2016, Boeing is to upgrade the internal rotary launchers to the <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1760" title="MIL-STD-1760">MIL-STD-1760</a> interface to enable the internal carriage of smart bombs, which previously could be carried only on the wings.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] While the B-1 Lancer has a larger theoretical maximum payload of 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg) compared to the B-52's 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg), the bombers are rarely able to carry their full loads. The most the B-52 carries is a full load of AGM-86Bs totaling 62,660 pounds (28,420 kg). The B-1 has the internal weapons bay space to carry more GBU-31 JDAMs and JASSMs, but the B-52 upgraded with the conventional rotary launcher can carry more of other JDAM variants.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AGM-183A" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-183A">AGM-183A</a> Air-Launched Rapid Response (ARRW) <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a> missile and the future <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Stand_Off_Weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Range Stand Off Weapon">Long Range Stand Off</a> (LRSO) <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a>-armed <a href="/wiki/Air-launched_cruise_missile" title="Air-launched cruise missile">air-launched cruise missile</a> will join the B-52 inventory in the future.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engines">Engines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg/220px-USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg/330px-USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg/440px-USAF_B-52_Stratofortress_Engines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>USAF B-52H Stratofortress TF33 turbofan engines</figcaption></figure> The eight engines of the B-52 are paired in pods and suspended by four pylons beneath and forward of the wings' <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a>. The careful arrangement of the pylons also allowed them to work as <a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">wing fences</a> and delay the onset of <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (fluid mechanics)">stall</a>. The first two prototypes, XB-52 and YB-52, were both powered by experimental <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57" title="Pratt & Whitney J57">Pratt & Whitney YJ57-P-3</a> turbojet engines with 8,700 pounds-force (39 kN) of static thrust each.<a href="#cite_note-aer-104">[102]</a> The B-52A models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57-P-1W turbojets, providing a dry thrust of 10,000 pounds-force (44 kN) which could be increased for short periods to 11,000 pounds-force (49 kN) with <a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(engine)" title="Water injection (engine)">water injection</a>. The water was carried in a 360 US gallons (1,400 L) tank in the rear fuselage.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> B-52B, C, D and E models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57-P-29W, J57-P-29WA, or J57-P-19W series engines all rated at 10,500 lbf (47 kN). The B-52F and G models were powered by Pratt & Whitney J57-P-43WB turbojets, each rated at 13,750 pounds-force (61.2 kN) static thrust with water injection. On 9 May 1961, the B-52H began to be delivered to the USAF with cleaner burning and quieter <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbofans">turbofans</a> with a maximum thrust of 17,100 pounds-force (76 kN).<a href="#cite_note-aer-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engine_retrofit">Engine retrofit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Engine retrofit">edit</a>]</div> In a study for the USAF in the mid-1970s, Boeing investigated replacing the engines, changing to a new wing, and other improvements to upgrade B-52G/H aircraft as an alternative to the B-1A, then in development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins199939-128">[125]</a> In 1996, Rolls-Royce and Boeing jointly proposed fitting each B-52 with four leased <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB211" title="Rolls-Royce RB211">Rolls-Royce RB211</a> engines. This would have involved replacing the eight Pratt & Whitney TF33 engines (total thrust 136,000 lbf (600 kN)) with four RB211-535E4 engines (total thrust 172,400 lbf (767 kN)), which would increase range and reduce fuel consumption.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b115-130">[127]</a> However, a USAF analysis in 1997 concluded that Boeing's estimated savings of US$4.7 billion would not be realized and that reengining would instead cost US$1.3 billion more than keeping the existing engines, citing significant up-front procurement and re-tooling expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> The USAF's 1997 rejection of reengining was subsequently disputed in a <a href="/wiki/Defense_Science_Board" title="Defense Science Board">Defense Science Board</a> (DSB) report in 2003. The DSB urged the USAF to re-engine the aircraft without delay,<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> saying doing so would not only create significant cost savings but reduce <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and increase aircraft range and endurance; these conclusions were in line with the conclusions of a separate Congress-funded study conducted in 2003. Criticizing the USAF cost analysis, the DSB found that among other things, the USAF failed to account for the cost of aerial refueling; the DSB estimated that aerial refueling cost $17.50 per US gallon ($4.62/L), whereas the USAF had failed to account for the cost of delivering the fuel and so had only priced fuel at $1.20 per US gallon ($0.32/L).<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> On 23 April 2020, the USAF released its request for proposals for 608 commercial engines plus spares and support equipment, with the plan to award the contract in May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-fgRFP-134">[131]</a> This Commercial Engine Reengining Program (CERP) saw General Electric propose its <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_CF34" title="General Electric CF34">CF34-10</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Passport" title="General Electric Passport">Passport</a> turbofans, Pratt & Whitney its <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW800" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW800">PW800</a>, and the Rolls-Royce BR725 to be designated <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_BR700#BR725" title="Rolls-Royce BR700">F130</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fgRFP-134">[131]</a> On 24 September 2021, the USAF selected the Rolls-Royce F130 as the winner and announced plans to purchase 650 engines (608 direct replacements and 42 spares), for US$2.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tirpak_2023-136">[133]</a> Unlike the previous re-engine proposal which also involved reducing the number of engines from eight to four, the F130 re-engine program maintains eight engines on the B-52. Although four-engine operation would be more efficient, retrofitting the airframe to operate with only four engines would involve additional changes to the aircraft's systems and control surfaces (particularly the rudder), thereby increasing the time, cost, and complexity of the project.<a href="#cite_note-Tirpak_2019-137">[134]</a> B-52Hs upgraded with <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_BR700" title="Rolls-Royce BR700">Rolls Royce F130</a> engines will be redesignated as "B-52Js".<a href="#cite_note-Tirpak_2023-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:92%"> <caption>Costs per aircraft (US dollars) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Inflation year </th> <th>X/YB-52 </th> <th>B-52A </th> <th>B-52B </th> <th>B-52C </th> <th>B-52D </th> <th>B-52E </th> <th>B-52F </th> <th>B-52G </th> <th>B-52H </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Unit <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> cost</td> <td>1955 </td> <td>100 M </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current </td> <td>1,137 M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Airframe</td> <td>1955 </td> <td> </td> <td>26.433 M </td> <td>11.328 M </td> <td>5.359 M </td> <td>4.654 M </td> <td>3.700 M </td> <td>3.772 M </td> <td>5.352 M </td> <td>6.076 M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Engines</td> <td>1955 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.848 M </td> <td>2.547 M </td> <td>1.513 M </td> <td>1.291 M </td> <td>1.257 M </td> <td>1.787 M </td> <td>1.428 M </td> <td>1.640 M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electronics</td> <td>1955 </td> <td> </td> <td>50,761 </td> <td>61,198 </td> <td>71,397 </td> <td>68,613 </td> <td>54,933 </td> <td>60,111 </td> <td>66,374 </td> <td>61,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Armament and ordnance</td> <td>1955 </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>57,067 </td> <td>494 K </td> <td>304 K </td> <td>566 K </td> <td>936 K </td> <td>866 K </td> <td>847 K </td> <td>1.508 M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current </td> <td>649,075 </td> <td>5.62 M </td> <td>3.46 M </td> <td>6.441 M </td> <td>10.65 M </td> <td>9.85 M </td> <td>9.63 M </td> <td>17.1 M </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Flyaway cost</td> <td>1955 </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>28.38 M </td> <td>14.43 M </td> <td>7.24 M </td> <td>6.58 M </td> <td>5.94 M </td> <td>6.48 M </td> <td>7.69 M </td> <td>9.29 M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current </td> <td>322.8 M </td> <td>164.1 M </td> <td>82.3 M </td> <td>74.8 M </td> <td>67.6 M </td> <td>74.8 M </td> <td>87.5 M </td> <td>105.7 M </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Maintenance cost per flying hour</td> <td>1955 </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>925 </td> <td>1,025 </td> <td>1,025 </td> <td>1,182 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current </td> <td>10,521 </td> <td>11,658 </td> <td>11,658 </td> <td>13,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11">Note: The original costs were in approximate 1955 United States dollars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988-138">[135]</a> Figures in tables noted with current have been adjusted for inflation to the current calendar year.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-31">[30]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> Although the B-52A was the first production variant, these aircraft were used only in testing. The first operational version was the B-52B which had been developed in parallel with the prototypes since 1951. First flying in December 1954, B-52B, AF Serial Number 52-8711, entered operational service with <a href="/wiki/93rd_Heavy_Bombardment_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="93rd Heavy Bombardment Wing">93rd Heavy Bombardment Wing</a> (93rd BW) at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base" title="Castle Air Force Base">Castle Air Force Base</a>, California, on 29 June 1955. The wing became operational on 12 March 1956. The training for B-52 crews consisted of five weeks of ground school and four weeks of flying, accumulating 35 to 50 hours in the air. The new B-52Bs replaced operational B-36s on a one-to-one basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988234–237-139">[136]</a> Early operations were problematic;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne2001216-140">[137]</a> in addition to supply problems, there were also technical issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988237-141">[138]</a> Ramps and taxiways deteriorated under the aircraft's weight, the fuel system was prone to leaks and icing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne2001220-142">[139]</a> and bombing and fire control computers were unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988237-141">[138]</a> The split-level cockpit presented a temperature control problem – the pilots' cockpit was heated by sunlight while the observer and the navigator on the bottom deck sat on the ice-cold floor. Thus, a comfortable temperature setting for the pilots caused the other crew members to freeze, while a comfortable temperature for the bottom crew caused the pilots to overheat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988238-143">[140]</a> The J57 engines proved unreliable. <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a> failure caused the first fatal B-52 crash in February 1956;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003a119-144">[141]</a> as a result, the fleet was briefly grounded. In July, fuel and hydraulic issues grounded the B-52s again. In response to maintenance issues, the USAF set up "Sky Speed" teams of 50 contractors at each B-52 base to perform maintenance and routine checkups, taking an average of one week per aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988240-145">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of three B-52s parked close together facing left, as personnel on the ground prepare them for departure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg/220px-B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg/330px-B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg/440px-B-52-castleafb-1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Three B-52Bs of the 93rd Bomb Wing prepare to depart <a href="/wiki/March_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="March Air Force Base">March Air Force Base</a> for Castle Air Force Base, California, after their record-setting round-the-world flight in 1957.</figcaption></figure> On 21 May 1956, a B-52B (52-13) dropped a <a href="/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 15 nuclear bomb">Mk-15 nuclear bomb</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> in a test code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Redwing" title="Operation Redwing">Cherokee</a>. It was the first air-dropped <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988243-146">[143]</a> This aircraft now is on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Nuclear_Science_and_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Nuclear Science and History">National Museum of Nuclear Science and History</a> in Albuquerque, NM. From 24 to 25 November 1956, four B-52Bs of the 93rd BW and four B-52Cs of the 42nd BW flew nonstop around the perimeter of North America in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Quick_Kick_(1956)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Quick Kick (1956) (page does not exist)">Operation Quick Kick</a>, which covered 15,530 miles (13,500 nmi; 24,990 km) in 31 hours, 30 minutes. SAC noted the flight time could have been reduced by 5 to 6 hours had the four inflight refuelings been done by fast jet-powered tanker aircraft rather than propeller-driven <a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter">Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988244-147">[144]</a> In a demonstration of the B-52's global reach, from 16 to 18 January 1957, three B-52Bs made a <a href="/wiki/Non-stop_flight" title="Non-stop flight">non-stop flight</a> around the world during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Power_Flite" title="Operation Power Flite">Operation Power Flite</a>, during which 24,325 miles (21,138 nmi; 39,147 km) was covered in 45 hours 19 minutes (536.8 mph or 863.9 km/h) with several in-flight refuelings by KC-97s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199442-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[Note 4]</a> The B-52 set many records over the next few years. On 26 September 1958, a B-52D set a world speed record of 560.705 miles per hour (487.239 kn; 902.367 km/h) over a 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles; 5,400 nautical miles) closed circuit without a payload. The same day, another B-52D established a world speed record of 597.675 miles per hour (519.365 kn; 961.865 km/h) over a 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles; 2,700 nautical miles) closed circuit without a payload.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988259-150">[146]</a> On 14 December 1960, a B-52G set a world distance record by flying unrefueled for 10,078.84 miles (8,758.27 nmi; 16,220.32 km); the flight lasted 19 hours 44 minutes (510.75 mph or 821.97 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988282-151">[147]</a> From 10 to 11 January 1962, a B-52H (60-40) set a world distance record by flying unrefueled, surpassing the prior B-52 record set two years earlier, from <a href="/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>, Japan, to <a href="/wiki/Torrej%C3%B3n_Air_Base" title="Torrejón Air Base">Torrejón Air Base</a>, Spain, which covered 12,532.28 miles (10,890.25 nmi; 20,168.75 km).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988289-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> The flight passed over Seattle, Fort Worth and the Azores. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of the route that nuclear bomb-carrying B-52s would take to enemy countries. It follows the Mediterranean Sea, and passes over Italy before turning north over the Adriatic Sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg/220px-Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg/330px-Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg/440px-Operation_Chrome_Dome_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Southerly route of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chrome_Dome" title="Operation Chrome Dome">Operation Chrome Dome</a> airborne nuclear alert</figcaption></figure> When the B-52 entered service, the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) intended to use it to deter and counteract the vast and modernizing <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s military. As the Soviet Union increased its nuclear capabilities, destroying or "countering" the forces that would deliver nuclear strikes (bombers, missiles, etc.) became of great strategic importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillman2007100-153">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower administration</a> endorsed this switch in focus; the President in 1954 expressed a preference for military targets over civilian ones, a principle reinforced in the <a href="/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Integrated Operation Plan">Single Integrated Operation Plan</a> (SIOP), a plan of action in the case of nuclear war breaking out.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, B-52s and other US strategic bombers performed airborne alert patrols under code names such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Head_Start" title="Operation Head Start">Head Start</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chrome_Dome" title="Operation Chrome Dome">Chrome Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thule_Monitor_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Thule Monitor Mission">Hard Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Round_Robin" title="Operation Round Robin">Round Robin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Giant_Lance" title="Operation Giant Lance">Giant Lance</a>. Bombers <a href="/wiki/Loiter_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiter (flight)">loitered</a> at high altitudes near the borders of the Soviet Union to provide rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of nuclear war.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> These airborne patrols formed one component of the US's nuclear deterrent, which would act to prevent the breakout of a large-scale war between the US and the Soviet Union under the concept of <a href="/wiki/Mutually_Assured_Destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually Assured Destruction">Mutually Assured Destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Due to the late 1950s-era threat of <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> (SAMs) that could threaten high-altitude aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins199921Spick19864–5-157">[153]</a> seen in practice in the <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> the intended use of B-52 was changed to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Nap-of-the-earth" title="Nap-of-the-earth">low-level</a> penetration bomber during a foreseen attack upon the Soviet Union, as <a href="/wiki/Terrain_mask#Terrain_masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain mask">terrain masking</a> provided an effective method of avoiding radar and thus the threat of the SAMs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpick19866–8-159">[155]</a> The aircraft was planned to fly towards the target at 400–440 mph (640–710 km/h) and deliver their weapons from 400 ft (120 m) or lower.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Although never intended for the low-level role, the B-52's flexibility allowed it to outlast several intended successors as the nature of aerial warfare changed. The B-52's large airframe enabled the addition of multiple design improvements, new equipment, and other adaptations over its service life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988279–180-161">[157]</a> In November 1959, to improve the aircraft's combat capabilities in the changing strategic environment, SAC initiated the Big Four modification program (also known as Modification 1000) for all operational B-52s except early B models.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200487Spick19866–8-162">[158]</a> The program was completed by 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988252–254-163">[159]</a> The four modifications were the ability to launch AGM-28 Hound Dog standoff nuclear missiles and <a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">ADM-20 Quail</a> decoys, an advanced electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite, and upgrades to perform the all-weather, low-altitude (below 500 feet or 150 m) interdiction mission in the face of advancing Soviet missile-based air defenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988252–254-163">[159]</a> In the 1960s, there were concerns over the fleet's capable lifespan. Several projects beyond the B-52, the <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">Convair B-58 Hustler</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">North American XB-70 Valkyrie</a>, had either been aborted or proved disappointing in light of changing requirements, which left the older B-52 as the main bomber as opposed to the planned successive aircraft models.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller198569–70Greenwood1995289-164">[160]</a> On 19 February 1965, General Curtis E. LeMay testified to Congress that the lack of a follow-up bomber project to the B-52 raised the danger that, "The B-52 is going to fall apart on us before we can get a replacement for it."<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Other aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a>, later complemented the B-52 in roles the aircraft was not as capable in, such as missions involving high-speed, low-level penetration dashes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz1998119-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_%281%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_%281%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_%281%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91-52_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F_23.12.1972_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Soviet specialists inspect the wreckage of the B-52 Stratofortress shot down near Hanoi on 23 December 1972</figcaption></figure> With the escalating situation in Southeast Asia, 28 B-52Fs were fitted with external racks for 24 of the 750 pounds (340 kg) bombs under project South Bay in June 1964; an additional 46 aircraft received similar modifications under project Sun Bath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b103-74">[72]</a> In March 1965, the United States commenced <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a>. The first combat mission, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Operation Arc Light</a>, was flown by B-52Fs on 18 June 1965, when 30 bombers of the 9th and 441st Bombardment Squadrons struck a communist stronghold near the <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_C%C3%A1t_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bến Cát District">Bến Cát District</a> in South Vietnam. The first wave of bombers arrived too early at a designated rendezvous point, and while maneuvering to maintain station, two B-52s collided, which resulted in the loss of both bombers and eight crewmen. The remaining bombers, minus one more that turned back due to mechanical problems, continued towards the target.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Twenty-seven Stratofortresses bombed a one-by-two-mile (1.6 by 3.2 km) target box from between 19,000 and 22,000 feet (5,800 and 6,700 m), with a little more than 50% of the bombs falling within the target zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobson200122–23-168">[164]</a> The force returned to <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a> except for one bomber with electrical problems that recovered to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>, the mission having lasted 13 hours. Post-strike assessment by teams of South Vietnamese troops with American advisors found evidence that the Viet Cong had departed from the area before the raid, and it was suspected that infiltration of the south's forces may have tipped off the north because of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">South Vietnamese Army</a> troops involved in the post-strike inspection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlight198852-169">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg/220px-Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg/330px-Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg/440px-Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>B-52F dropping bombs on Vietnam</figcaption></figure> Beginning in late 1965, a number of B-52Ds underwent Big Belly modifications to increase bomb capacity for <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200430-170">[166]</a> While the external payload remained at 24 of 500 pounds (230 kg) or 750 pounds (340 kg) bombs, the internal capacity increased from 27 to 84 for 500 lb (230 kg) bombs, or from 27 to 42 for 750 lb (340 kg) bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickPatterson2006161-171">[167]</a> The modification created enough capacity for a total of 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg) using 108 bombs. Thus modified, B-52Ds could carry 22,000 pounds (10,000 kg) more than B-52Fs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988256-172">[168]</a> Designed to replace B-52Fs, modified B-52Ds entered combat in April 1966 flying from <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. Each bombing mission lasted 10 to 12 hours and included an aerial refueling by <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotankers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1997161–162-52">[51]</a> In spring 1967, B-52s began flying from <a href="/wiki/U-Tapao_Royal_Thai_Navy_Airfield" title="U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield">U-Tapao Airfield</a> in Thailand so that refueling was not required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickPatterson2006161-171">[167]</a> B-52s were employed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ia_Drang" title="Battle of Ia Drang">Battle of Ia Drang</a> in November 1965, notable as the aircraft's first use in a tactical support role.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The B-52s were restricted to bombing suspected Communist bases in relatively uninhabited sections because their potency approached that of a tactical nuclear weapon. A formation of six B-52s, dropping their bombs from 30,000 ft (9,100 m), could "take out"... almost everything within a "box" approximately five-eighths mile wide by two miles long (1km × 3.2 km). Whenever <a href="/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Arc Light</a> struck ... in the vicinity of Saigon, the city woke from the tremor... </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a>, war correspondent, writing before the mass attacks on heavily populated cities including North Vietnam's capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199437-174">[170]</a></cite> </div> On 22 November 1972, a B-52D (55-110) from U-Tapao was hit by a SAM while on a raid over <a href="/wiki/Vinh" title="Vinh">Vinh</a>. The crew was forced to abandon the damaged aircraft over Thailand. This was the first B-52 destroyed by hostile fire.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> The zenith of B-52 attacks in Vietnam was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Operation Linebacker II</a> (also known as the Christmas bombings), conducted from 18 to 29 December 1972, which consisted of waves of B-52s (mostly D models, but some Gs without jamming equipment and with a smaller bomb load). Over 12 days, B-52s flew 729 <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a> and dropped 15,237 tons of bombs on <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a>, and other targets in North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickPatterson2006187Condor199438Budiansky2004394-178">[174]</a> Originally 42 B-52s were committed to the war; however, numbers were frequently twice this figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200432-179">[175]</a> During Operation Linebacker II, fifteen B-52s were shot down, five were heavily damaged (one crashed in Laos), and five suffered medium damage. A total of 25 crewmen were killed in these losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrPeacock2000-180">[176]</a> During the war, 31 B-52s were lost, including ten shot down over North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009172-181">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-to-air_combat">Air-to-air combat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air-to-air combat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_County,_GA,_USA_-_panoramio_(100).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Houston_County%2C_GA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%28100%29.jpg/220px-Houston_County%2C_GA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%28100%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Houston_County%2C_GA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%28100%29.jpg/330px-Houston_County%2C_GA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%28100%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Houston_County%2C_GA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%28100%29.jpg/440px-Houston_County%2C_GA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%28100%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Tail armament of a B-52D, the model used on both occasions that a B-52 scored an aerial victory. In later models, the tail gunner was moved from the traditional position to the forward crew compartment before being removed altogether.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, B-52D <a href="/wiki/Tail_gunner" title="Tail gunner">tail gunners</a> were credited with shooting down two <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21 "Fishbeds"</a>. On 18 December 1972 tail gunner <a href="/wiki/Staff_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a> Samuel O. Turner's B-52 had just completed a bomb run for Operation Linebacker II and was turning away when a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam People's Air Force</a> (VPAF) MiG-21 approached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009139-182">[178]</a> The MiG and the B-52 locked onto each other. When the fighter drew within range, Turner fired his quad (four guns on one mounting) <a href="/wiki/.50_caliber_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title=".50 caliber machine gun">.50 (12.7 mm) caliber machine guns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy200919-183">[179]</a> The MiG exploded aft of the bomber,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009139-182">[178]</a> as confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Master_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Sergeant">Master Sergeant</a> Louis E. Le Blanc, the tail gunner in a nearby Stratofortress. Turner received a <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFutrellGreenhalghGrubbHasselwander1976-184">[180]</a> His B-52, tail number 56-676, is preserved on display with air-to-air kill markings at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Air_Force_Base" title="Fairchild Air Force Base">Fairchild Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spokane" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokane">Spokane</a>, Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009139-182">[178]</a> On 24 December 1972, during the same bombing campaign, the B-52 Diamond Lil was headed to bomb the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">railroad yards</a> when tail gunner <a href="/wiki/Airman_First_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Airman First Class">Airman First Class</a> Albert E. Moore spotted a fast-approaching MiG-21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009141-185">[181]</a> Moore opened fire with his quad .50 caliber guns at 4,000 yd (3,700 m), and kept shooting until the fighter disappeared from his scope. <a href="/wiki/Technical_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Sergeant">Technical Sergeant</a> Clarence W. Chute, a tail gunner aboard another Stratofortress, watched the MiG catch fire and fall away;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy200919-183">[179]</a> this was not confirmed by the VPAF.<a href="#cite_note-Toperczer_#29_2001-186">[182]</a> Diamond Lil is preserved on display at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009141-185">[181]</a> Moore was the last <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> gunner believed to have shot down an enemy aircraft with machine guns in <a href="/wiki/Aerial_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial combat">aerial combat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy200919-183">[179]</a> The two B-52 tail gunner kills were not confirmed by VPAF, and they admitted to the loss of only three MiGs, all by F-4s.<a href="#cite_note-Toperczer_#29_2001-186">[182]</a> Vietnamese sources have attributed a third air-to-air victory to a B-52, a MiG-21 shot down on 16 April 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToperczer1998-187">[183]</a> These victories make the B-52 the largest aircraft credited with air-to-air kills.<a href="#cite_note-188">[Note 5]</a> The last Arc Light mission without fighter escort took place on 15 August 1973, as U.S. military action in Southeast Asia was wound down.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Vietnam_War_service">Post-Vietnam War service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-Vietnam War service">edit</a>]</div> B-52Bs reached the end of their structural service life by the mid-1960s and all were retired by June 1966, followed by the last of the B-52Cs on 29 September 1971; except for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s B-52B "<a href="/wiki/Balls_8" title="Balls 8">008</a>" which was eventually retired in 2004 at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> Another of the remaining B Models, "<a href="/wiki/Wings_Over_the_Rockies_Air_and_Space_Museum#B-52B_Stratofortress_s/n_52-005_(previously_RB-52B)" title="Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum">52-005</a>" is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Wings_Over_the_Rockies_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum">Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of B-52 fly above white clouds and the sea. It carries two triangular-shaped vehicles under the wings between the fuselage and inboard engines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg/220px-B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg/330px-B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg/440px-B-52_with_two_D-21s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>B-52H modified to carry two <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_D-21" title="Lockheed D-21">Lockheed D-21</a>B drones</figcaption></figure> A few time-expired E models were retired in 1967 and 1968, but the bulk (82) were retired between May 1969 and March 1970. Most F models were also retired between 1967 and 1973, but 23 survived as trainers until late 1978. The fleet of D models served much longer;<a href="#cite_note-pfusflt-192">[187]</a> 80 D models were extensively overhauled under the Pacer Plank program during the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolder1978-193">[188]</a> Skinning on the lower wing and fuselage was replaced, and various structural components were renewed. The fleet of D models stayed largely intact until late 1978 when 37 not already upgraded Ds were retired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b39-194">[189]</a> The remainder were retired between 1982 and 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b41-195">[190]</a> The remaining G and H models were used for nuclear standby ("alert") duty as part of the United States' <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_triad" title="Nuclear triad">nuclear triad</a>; the combination of nuclear-armed land-based missiles, submarine-based missiles, and manned bombers. The B-1, intended to supplant the B-52, replaced only the older models and the supersonic FB-111.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderton198598–99,_174-196">[191]</a> In 1991, B-52s ceased continuous 24-hour SAC alert duty.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> After Vietnam, the experience of operations in a hostile air defense environment was considered. Due to this, B-52s were modernized with new weapons, equipment, and both offensive and defensive avionics. This, and the use of low-level tactics, marked a major shift in the B-52's utility. The upgrades were: <ul><li>Supersonic short-range nuclear missiles: G and H models were modified to carry up to 20 SRAM missiles replacing existing gravity bombs. Eight SRAMs were carried internally on a special rotary launcher and 12 SRAMs were mounted on two wing pylons. With SRAM, the B-52s could strike heavily defended targets without entering the terminal defenses.</li> <li>New countermeasures: Phase VI ECM modification was the sixth major ECM program for the B-52. It improved the aircraft's self-protection capability in the dense Soviet air defense environment. The new equipment expanded signal coverage, improved threat warnings, provided new countermeasures techniques, and increased the quantity of expendables. The power requirements of Phase VI ECM also consumed most of the excess electrical capacity on the B-52G.</li> <li>B-52G and Hs were also modified with an electro-optical viewing system (EVS) that made low-level operations and terrain avoidance much easier and safer. EVS system contained a low light level television (LLTV) camera and a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera to display information needed for penetration at lower altitudes.</li> <li>Subsonic-cruise unarmed decoy: SCUD resembled the B-52 on the radar. As an active decoy, it carried ECM and other devices, and it had a range of several hundred miles. Although SCUD was never deployed operationally, the concept was developed, becoming known as the air-launched cruise missile (ALCM-A).</li></ul> These modifications increased weight by nearly 24,000 pounds (11,000 kg) and decreased operational range by 8–11%. This was considered acceptable for the increase in capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-fasb52-198">[193]</a> After the fall of the Soviet Union, all B-52Gs remaining in service were destroyed in accordance with the terms of the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> (START). The <a href="/wiki/309th_Aerospace_Maintenance_and_Regeneration_Group" title="309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group">Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center</a> (AMRC) cut the 365 B-52s into pieces. Russia verified the completion destruction task via satellite and first-person inspection at the AMARC facility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b51–52-199">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_and_later">Gulf War and later</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gulf War and later">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B52sdestroyed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of B-52s and other aircraft slowly being scrapped in the desert." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/B52sdestroyed.jpg/220px-B52sdestroyed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/B52sdestroyed.jpg/330px-B52sdestroyed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/B52sdestroyed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Retired B-52s are stored at the <a href="/wiki/309th_Aerospace_Maintenance_and_Regeneration_Group" title="309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group">309th AMARG</a> (formerly AMARC), a desert storage facility often called the "Boneyard" at <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base" title="Davis–Monthan Air Force Base">Davis–Monthan Air Force Base</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>, Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana-Barradas2001-200">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> B-52 strikes were an important part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>. Starting on 16 January 1991, a flight of B-52Gs flew from <a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale Air Force Base</a>, Louisiana, refueled in the air en route, struck targets in Iraq, and returned home – a journey of 35 hours and 14,000 miles (23,000 km) round trip. It set a record for the longest-distance combat mission, breaking the record previously held by an RAF <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Vulcan bomber</a> in 1982; however, this was achieved using forward refueling.<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale_Fact_Sheet-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b50-201">[196]</a> Those seven B-52s flew the first combat sorties of Operation Desert Storm, firing 35 <a href="/wiki/AGM-86" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-86">AGM-86C CALCM</a> standoff missiles and successfully destroying 85–95 percent of their targets.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> B-52Gs operating from the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdullah Air Base</a> at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a> in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_Air_Base" title="Morón Air Base">Morón Air Base</a>, Spain, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> flew bombing missions over Iraq, initially at low altitude. After the first three nights, the B-52s moved to high-altitude missions instead, which reduced their effectiveness and psychological impact compared to the low-altitude role initially played.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordesmanWagner1996451-203">[198]</a> The conventional strikes were carried out by three bombers, which dropped up to 153 of the 750 lb (340 kg) <a href="/wiki/M117_bomb" title="M117 bomb">M117 bomb</a> over an area of 1.5 by 1 mi (2.4 by 1.6 km). The bombings demoralized the defending Iraqi troops, many of whom surrendered in the wake of the strikes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickPatterson2006225-204">[199]</a> In 1999, the science and technology magazine <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a> described the B-52's role in the conflict: "The Buff's value was made clear during the Gulf War and Desert Fox. The B-52 turned out the lights in Baghdad."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarvey1999-205">[200]</a> During Operation Desert Storm, B-52s flew about 1,620 sorties and delivered 40% of the weapons dropped by coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-AF_B52-3">[3]</a> During the conflict, several claims of Iraqi air-to-air successes were made, including an Iraqi pilot, Khudai Hijab, who allegedly fired a <a href="/wiki/Vympel_R-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vympel R-27">Vympel R-27</a>R missile from his <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a> and damaged a B-52G on the opening night of the Gulf War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200448-206">[201]</a> However, the USAF disputes this claim, stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire, an <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88</a> High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently nicknamed In HARM's Way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200447–48-207">[202]</a> Shortly following this incident, General <a href="/wiki/George_Lee_Butler" title="George Lee Butler">George Lee Butler</a> announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and the gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199444-208">[203]</a> Since the mid-1990s, the B-52H has been the only variant remaining in military service;<a href="#cite_note-209">[Note 6]</a> it is currently stationed at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minot_Air_Force_Base" title="Minot Air Force Base">Minot Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> – <a href="/wiki/5th_Bomb_Wing" title="5th Bomb Wing">5th Bomb Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> – <a href="/wiki/2nd_Bomb_Wing" title="2nd Bomb Wing">2nd Bomb Wing</a> (active Air Force) and <a href="/wiki/307th_Bomb_Wing" title="307th Bomb Wing">307th Bomb Wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">Air Force Reserve Command</a>)</li> <li>One B-52H is assigned to <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> and is used by <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> at the USAF Flight Test Center.</li> <li>One additional B-52H has been used by NASA at Dryden Flight Research Center (now <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a>), California as part of the Heavy-lift Airborne Launch program.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a></li></ul> From 2 to 3 September 1996, two B-52Hs conducted a mission as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Strike">Operation Desert Strike</a>. The B-52s struck Baghdad power stations and communications facilities with 13 AGM-86C conventional air-launched cruise missiles (CALCM) during a 34-hour, 16,000 mi (26,000 km) round trip mission from Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, the longest distance ever flown for a combat mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickPatterson2006222-211">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg/220px-B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg/330px-B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg/440px-B-52_Stratofortress_Takeoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>A B-52H Stratofortress of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Bomb_Wing" title="2nd Bomb Wing">2nd Bomb Wing</a> takes off from <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></figcaption></figure> On 24 March 1999, when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a> began, B-52 bombers bombarded Serb targets throughout the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, including during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosare" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kosare">Battle of Kosare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> The B-52 contributed to <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> in 2001 (Afghanistan/Southwest Asia), providing the ability to loiter high above the battlefield and provide Close Air Support (CAS) through the use of precision-guided munitions, a mission which previously would have been restricted to fighter and ground attack aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005b56–57-213">[207]</a> In late 2001, ten B-52s dropped a third of the bomb tonnage in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> B-52s also played a role in <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>, which commenced on 20 March 2003 (Iraq/Southwest Asia). On the night of 21 March 2003, B-52Hs launched at least 100 AGM-86C CALCMs at targets within Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickPatterson2006242-215">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B-52_and_maritime_operations">B-52 and maritime operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: B-52 and maritime operations">edit</a>]</div> The B-52 can be highly effective for ocean surveillance and can assist the Navy in anti-ship and mine-laying operations. For example, a pair of B-52s, in two hours, can monitor 140,000 square miles (360,000 square kilometers) of the ocean surface. During the 2018 Baltops exercise B-52s conducted mine-laying missions off the coasts of Sweden, simulating a counter-amphibious invasion mission in the Baltic.<a href="#cite_note-fasb52-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> In the 1970s, the U.S. Navy worried that combined attacks from Soviet bombers, submarines, and warships could overwhelm its defenses and sink its aircraft carriers. After the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, US planners feared the damage that could be created by 200-mile (170 nmi; 320 km)-range missiles carried by <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tupolev Tu-22M</a> "Backfire" bombers and 250-mile (220 nmi; 400 km)-range missiles carried by Soviet surface ships. New US Navy's maritime strategy in the early 1980s called for the aggressive use of carriers and surface action groups against the Soviet navy. To help protect the carrier battle groups, some B-52G were modified to fire Harpoon anti-ship missiles. These bombers were based in Guam and Maine in the later 1970s to support both the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. In case of war, B-52s would coordinate with tanker support and surveillance by AWACS and Navy planes. B-52Gs could strike Soviet navy targets on the flanks of the US carrier battle groups, leaving them free to concentrate on offensive strikes against Soviet surface combatants. Mines laid down by B-52s could establish minefields in significant enemy chokepoints (mainly the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GIUK_gap" title="GIUK gap">GIUK gap</a>). These minefields would force the Soviet fleet to disperse, making individual ships more vulnerable to Harpoon attacks.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> From the 1980s B-52Hs were modified to use Harpoons in addition to a wide range of cruise missiles, laser- and satellite-guided bombs, and unguided munitions. B-52 bomber crews honed sea-skimming flight profiles that would allow them to penetrate stiff enemy defenses and attack Soviet ships.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Recent expansion and modernization of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> of China have caused the USAF to re-implement strategies for finding and attacking ships. The B-52 fleet has been certified to use the <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine#MK65_Quickstrike" title="Naval mine">Quickstrike</a> family of naval mines using JDAM-ER guided wing kits. This weapon provides the ability to lay down minefields over wide areas, in a single pass, with extreme accuracy, all while standing-off over 40 miles (35 nmi; 64 km) away. Besides this, with a view to enhancing B-52 maritime patrol and strike performance, an AN/ASQ-236 Dragon's Eye underwing pod, has also been certified for use by B-52H bombers. Dragon's Eye contains an advanced electronically scanned array radar that will allow B-52s to quickly scan vast Pacific Ocean areas, so finding and sinking enemy ships will be easier for them. This radar will complement the <a href="/wiki/Litening" class="mw-redirect" title="Litening">Litening</a> infrared targeting pod already used by B-52s for inspecting ships.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> In 2019, Boeing selected the <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> <a href="/wiki/AN/APG-82" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/APG-82">AN/APG-82</a>(V)1 radar to replace its mechanically scanning <a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/APQ-166&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/APQ-166 (page does not exist)">AN/APQ-166</a> attack radar.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_service">21st century service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 21st century service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg/220px-B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg/330px-B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg/440px-B-52_Takeoff_Tinker_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>B-52 taking off from Tinker AFB</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg/220px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg/330px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg/440px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>B-52 Crew Chief SSgt Figueroa stenciling completed bombing sorties on B-52H (61-0010) during  <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a>, in part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">Military intervention against ISIL</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Al Udeid Air Base</a>, in Qatar.</figcaption></figure> In August 2007, a B-52H ferrying AGM-129 ACM cruise missiles from Minot Air Force Base to Barksdale Air Force Base for dismantling was <a href="/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident" title="2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident">mistakenly loaded</a> with six missiles with their nuclear warheads. The weapons did not leave USAF custody and were secured at Barksdale.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> Four of 18 B-52Hs from <a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale Air Force Base</a> were retired and were in the "boneyard" of 309th AMARG at <a href="/wiki/Davis-Monthan_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis-Monthan Air Force Base">Davis-Monthan Air Force Base</a> as of 8 September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The exterior of a B-52 cockpit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png/220px-B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png/330px-B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png/440px-B-52H_61-007_Ghost_Rider.png 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>B-52H "Ghost Rider" leaving the "bone yard".</figcaption></figure> In February 2015, hull 61-0007 Ghost Rider became the first stored B-52 to return to service after six years in storage at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_(Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle,_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_%28Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle%2C_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF%29.png/220px-B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_%28Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle%2C_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_%28Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle%2C_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF%29.png/330px-B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_%28Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle%2C_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_%28Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle%2C_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF%29.png/440px-B-52H_60-034_Wise_Guy_%28Master_Sgt._Ted_Daigle%2C_307th_Bomb_Wing_USAF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5162" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption>B-52 "Wise Guy" leaving the "bone yard".</figcaption></figure> In May 2019, a second aircraft was resurrected from long-term storage in Davis-Monthan. The B-52, nicknamed "Wise Guy", had been at AMARG since 2008. It flew to Barksdale Air Force Base on 13 May 2019. It was completed in four months by a team of 13–20 maintainers from the 307th Maintenance Squadron.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> B-52s are periodically refurbished at USAF maintenance depots such as <a href="/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base" title="Tinker Air Force Base">Tinker Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> Even while the USAF works on the new <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Strike_Bomber" title="Long Range Strike Bomber">Long Range Strike Bomber</a>, it intends to keep the B-52H in service until 2050, which is 95 years after the B-52 first entered service, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft, civilian or military.<a href="#cite_note-AF_B52-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[Note 7]</a> The USAF continues to rely on the B-52 because it remains an effective and economical heavy bomber in the absence of sophisticated air defenses, particularly in the type of missions that have been conducted since the end of the Cold War against nations with limited defensive capabilities. The B-52 has also continued in service because there has been no reliable replacement.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> The B-52 has the capacity to "loiter" for extended periods, and can deliver precision <a href="/wiki/Standoff_missile" title="Standoff missile">standoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fire</a> munitions from a distance, in addition to direct bombing. It has been a valuable asset in supporting ground operations during conflicts such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> The B-52 had the highest <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">mission capable rate</a> of the three types of heavy bombers operated by the USAF in the 2000–2001 period. The B-1 averaged a 53.7% ready rate, the B-2 Spirit achieved 30.3%, and the B-52 averaged 80.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana-Barradas2001-200">[195]</a> The B-52's US$72,000 cost per hour of flight is more than the B-1B's US$63,000 cost per hour, but less than the B-2's US$135,000 per hour.<a href="#cite_note-axe20120326-239">[232]</a> The Long Range Strike Bomber program is intended to yield a stealthy successor for the B-52 and B-1 that would begin service in the 2020s; it is intended to produce 80 to 100 aircraft. Two competitors, Northrop Grumman and a joint team of Boeing and Lockheed Martin, submitted proposals in 2014;<a href="#cite_note-Successor,_Fortune-240">[233]</a> Northrop Grumman was awarded a contract in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> On 12 November 2015, the B-52 began <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">freedom of navigation</a> operations in the South China Sea in response to Chinese human-made islands in the region. Chinese forces, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea#United_States" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">claiming jurisdiction within a 12-mile exclusion zone</a> of the islands, ordered the bombers to leave the area, but they refused, not recognizing jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> On 10 January 2016, a B-52 overflew parts of South Korea escorted by South Korean F-15Ks and U.S. F-16s in response to the supposed test of a hydrogen bomb by North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> On 9 April 2016, an undisclosed number of B-52s arrived at <a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Al Udeid Air Base</a> in Qatar as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">military intervention against ISIL</a>. The B-52s took over heavy bombing after <a href="/wiki/B-1_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 Lancer">B-1 Lancers</a> that had been conducting airstrikes rotated out of the region in January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> In April 2016, B-52s arrived in Afghanistan to take part in the war in Afghanistan and began operations in July, proving its flexibility and precision carrying out close-air support missions.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> According to a statement by the U.S. military, an undisclosed number of B-52s participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">U.S. strikes</a> on pro-government forces in eastern Syria on 7 February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-harrigianstatement-246">[239]</a> A number of B-52s were deployed in airstrikes against the Taliban during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> In 2022, the US Air Force used a B-52 as a platform to test a <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_Air-breathing_Weapon_Concept" title="Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept">Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept</a> (HAWC) missile.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> In late October 2022, <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a> reported that the USAF intended to deploy six B-52s at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Tindal" title="RAAF Base Tindal">RAAF Tindal</a> in Australia in the near future, which would include building facilities to handle the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> On 3 November 2024, CEMTCOM confirmed an undisclosed number of B-52s from Minot Air Force Base's 5th Bomb Wing arrived in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; background:#faf5ff; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Production numbers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988291-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Variant</th> <th>Produced</th> <th>Entered service </th></tr> <tr> <td>XB-52</td> <td>2 (1 redesignated YB-52)</td> <td>prototypes </td></tr> <tr> <td>YB-52</td> <td>1 modified XB-52</td> <td>prototype </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5faff;"> <td>B-52A</td> <td>3 (1 redesignated NB-52A)</td> <td>test units </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5faff;"> <td>NB-52A</td> <td>1 modified B-52A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B-52B</td> <td>50</td> <td>29 June 1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>RB-52B</td> <td>27 Modified B-52Bs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NB-52B</td> <td>1 Modified B-52B</td> <td>1955 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5faff;"> <td>B-52C</td> <td>35</td> <td>June 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>B-52D</td> <td>170</td> <td>December 1956 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5faff;"> <td>B-52E</td> <td>100</td> <td>December 1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td>B-52F</td> <td>89</td> <td>June 1958 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5faff;"> <td>B-52G</td> <td>193</td> <td>13 February 1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>B-52H</td> <td>102</td> <td>9 May 1961 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5faff;"> <td>Grand total</td> <td>744 production</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The B-52 went through several design changes and variants over its 10 years of production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988-138">[135]</a> XB-52 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">Two prototype aircraft with limited operational equipment, used for aerodynamic and handling tests.</div> YB-52 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">One XB-52 modified with some operational equipment and re-designated.</div> B-52A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">Only three of the first production version, the B-52A, were built, all loaned to Boeing for flight testing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1997-251">[244]</a> The first production B-52A differed from prototypes in having a redesigned forward fuselage. The bubble canopy and tandem seating was replaced by a side-by-side arrangement and a 21 in (53 cm) nose extension accommodated more <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> and a new sixth crew member.<a href="#cite_note-253">[Note 8]</a> In the rear fuselage, a tail turret with four 0.50-inch (12.7 mm) machine guns with a fire-control system, and a <a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(engines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water injection (engines)">water injection</a> system to augment engine power with a 360 US gal (1,400 L) water tank were added. The aircraft also carried a 1,000-US-gallon (3,800 L) external fuel tank under each wing. The tanks damped wing flutter and kept wingtips close to the ground for ease of maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorr199026-252">[245]</a></div> NB-52A <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg/220px-Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg/330px-Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg/440px-Boeing_NB-52A_carrying_X-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>NB-52A carrying an X-15</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The last B-52A (serial 52-003) was modified and redesignated NB-52A in 1959 to carry the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a>. A pylon was fitted under the right wing between the fuselage and the inboard engines with a 6 by 8 feet (1.8 m × 2.4 m) section removed from the right wing <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flap</a> to fit the X-15 tail. Liquid oxygen and hydrogen peroxide tanks were installed in the bomb bays to fuel the X-15 before launch. Its first flight with the X-15 was on 19 March 1959, with the first launch on 8 June 1959. The NB-52A, nicknamed "The High and Mighty One" carried the X-15 on 93 of the program's 199 flights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005a70-254">[246]</a></div> B-52B/RB-52B <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg/220px-Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg/330px-Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg/440px-Nasa-b52-040721-wp-cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>NASA's NB-52B <a href="/wiki/Balls_8" title="Balls 8">Balls 8</a> (lower) and its replacement B-52H on the flight line at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The B-52B was the first version to enter service with the USAF on 29 June 1955 with the <a href="/wiki/93rd_Bombardment_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="93rd Bombardment Wing">93rd Bombardment Wing</a> at Castle Air Force Base, California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorr199026-252">[245]</a> This version included minor changes to engines and avionics, enabling an extra 12,000 pounds-force (53,000 N) of thrust using water injection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne1982-255">[247]</a> Temporary grounding of the aircraft after a crash in February 1956 and again the following July caused training delays, and at mid-year, there were still no combat-ready B-52 crews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003a119-144">[141]</a> Of the 50 B-52Bs built, 27 were capable of carrying a reconnaissance pod as RB-52Bs (the crew was increased to eight in these aircraft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1997-251">[244]</a> The 300 pounds (140 kg) pod contained radio receivers, a combination of K-36, K-38, and T-11 cameras, and two operators on downward-firing <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejection seats</a>. The pod required only four hours to install.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003a119-144">[141]</a> Seven B-52Bs were brought to B-52C standard under Project Sunflower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2005a59-256">[248]</a></div> NB-52B <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The NB-52B was B-52B number 52-8 converted to an X-15 launch platform. It subsequently flew as "<a href="/wiki/Balls_8" title="Balls 8">Balls 8</a>" in support of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> research until 17 December 2004, making it the oldest flying B-52B.<a href="#cite_note-Balls8-257">[249]</a></div> It was replaced by a modified B-52H.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkipper202453-258">[250]</a> B-52C <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The B-52C's fuel capacity (and range) was increased to 41,700 US gallons (158,000 L) by adding larger 3,000-US-gallon (11,000 L) underwing fuel tanks. The gross weight was increased by 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) to 450,000 pounds (200,000 kg). A new fire control system, the MD-9, was introduced on this model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199437-174">[170]</a> The belly of the aircraft was painted with <a href="/wiki/Anti-flash_white" title="Anti-flash white">anti-flash white</a> paint, which was intended to reflect the thermal radiation of a nuclear detonation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003a121-259">[251]</a></div> RB-52C <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The RB-52C was the designation initially given to B-52Cs fitted for reconnaissance duties in a similar manner to RB-52Bs. As all 35 B-52Cs could be fitted with the reconnaissance pod, the RB-52C designation was little used and was quickly abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003a121-259">[251]</a></div> B-52D <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="B-52D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg/220px-B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg/330px-B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg/440px-B-52D_dropping_bombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>B-52D dropping 500-lb bombs</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The B-52D was a dedicated long-range bomber without a reconnaissance option. The Big Belly modifications allowed the B-52D to carry heavy loads of conventional bombs for <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> over Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne1982-255">[247]</a> while the Rivet Rambler modification added the Phase V <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Counter_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Counter Measures">ECM</a> systems, which was better than the systems used on most later B-52s. Because of these upgrades and its long range capabilities, the D model was used more extensively in Vietnam than any other model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199437-174">[170]</a> Aircraft assigned to Vietnam were painted in a camouflage color scheme with black bellies to defeat searchlights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2003b100–101-72">[70]</a></div> B-52E <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The B-52E received updated avionics and bombing navigational system, which was eventually debugged and included in the following models.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne1982-255">[247]</a></div> JB-52E <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">One aircraft leased by General Electric to test TF39 and CF6 engines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne1982-255">[247]</a></div> NB-52E <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">One -E aircraft (AF Serial No. 56-632) was modified as a testbed for various B-52 systems. Redesignated NB-52E, the aircraft was fitted with <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canards</a> and a Load Alleviation and Mode Stabilization system which reduced airframe fatigue from wind gusts during low-level flight. In one test, the aircraft flew 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h) faster than the <a href="/wiki/VNE" class="mw-redirect" title="VNE">never exceed speed</a> without damage because the canards eliminated 30% of vertical and 50% of horizontal vibrations caused by wind gusts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1998132Knaack1988263-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a></div> B-52F <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">This aircraft was given J57-P-43W engines with a larger capacity water injection system to provide greater thrust than previous models.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne1982-255">[247]</a> This model had problems with fuel leaks which were eventually solved by several service modifications: Blue Band, Hard Shell, and QuickClip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988266–267-97">[95]</a></div> B-52G <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B52LAFB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/B52LAFB.JPG/220px-B52LAFB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/B52LAFB.JPG/330px-B52LAFB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/B52LAFB.JPG/440px-B52LAFB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>B-52G on static display at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a>, Virginia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B52_Griffiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/B52_Griffiss.jpg/220px-B52_Griffiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/B52_Griffiss.jpg/330px-B52_Griffiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/B52_Griffiss.jpg/440px-B52_Griffiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A static B-52G that resides at <a href="/wiki/Griffiss_International_Airport" title="Griffiss International Airport">Griffiss International Airport</a> (formerly Griffiss Air Force Base). Also pictured is an <a href="/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">AGM-86 ALCM</a> cruise missile.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The B-52G was proposed to extend the B-52's service life during delays in the <a href="/wiki/B-58_Hustler" class="mw-redirect" title="B-58 Hustler">B-58 Hustler</a> program. At first, a radical redesign was envisioned with a completely new wing and <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J75" title="Pratt & Whitney J75">Pratt & Whitney J75</a> engines. This was rejected to avoid slowdowns in production, although a large number of changes were implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne1982-255">[247]</a> The most significant of these was a new "wet" wing with integral fuel tanks, increasing gross aircraft weight by 38,000 pounds (17,000 kg). In addition, a pair of 700 US gallon (2,650 L) external fuel tanks were fitted under the wings on wet hardpoints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200486-262">[254]</a> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> were also eliminated, and the <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">spoilers</a> now provided all roll control (roll control had always been primarily with spoilers due to the danger of wing twist under aileron deflection, but older models had small "feeler" ailerons fitted to provide feedback to the controls). The tail fin was shortened by 8 feet (2.4 m), water injection system capacity was increased to 1,200 US gallons (4,540 L), and the nose <a href="/wiki/Radome" title="Radome">radome</a> was enlarged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne2001221-263">[255]</a> The tail gunner was relocated to the forward fuselage, aiming via a radar scope, and was now provided with an ejection seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200486-262">[254]</a> Dubbed the "Battle Station" concept, the offensive crew (pilot and copilot on the upper deck and the two bombing navigation system operators on the lower deck) faced forward, while the defensive crew (tail gunner and ECM operator) on the upper deck faced aft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199437-174">[170]</a> The B-52G entered service on 13 February 1959 (a day earlier, the last B-36 was retired, making SAC an all-jet bomber force). 193 B-52Gs were produced, making this the most produced B-52 variant. Most B-52Gs were destroyed in compliance with the 1992 <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a>; the last B-52G, number 58-224, was dismantled under <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty requirements in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> A few examples remain on display for museums.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a></div> B-52H <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_(190521-F-XN348-9173).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_%28190521-F-XN348-9173%29.jpg/220px-A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_%28190521-F-XN348-9173%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_%28190521-F-XN348-9173%29.jpg/330px-A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_%28190521-F-XN348-9173%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_%28190521-F-XN348-9173%29.jpg/440px-A_Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_in_flight_over_the_Persian_Gulf_%28190521-F-XN348-9173%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4943" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption>A Boeing B-52H Stratofortress in flight over the Persian Gulf</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">The B-52H had the same crew and structural changes as the B-52G. The most significant upgrade was the switch to <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">TF33-P-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines, which, despite the initial reliability problems (corrected by 1964 under the Hot Fan program), offered considerably better performance and fuel economy than the J57 <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondor199437-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne2001221-263">[255]</a> The ECM and avionics were updated, a new fire control system was fitted, and the rear defensive armament was changed from machine guns to a 20 mm <a href="/wiki/M61_Vulcan" title="M61 Vulcan">M61 Vulcan</a> cannon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg200486-262">[254]</a> which were then removed between 1991 and 1994.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The final 18 aircraft were manufactured with provision for the <a href="/wiki/ADR-8" title="ADR-8">ADR-8</a> countermeasures rocket, which was later retrofitted to the remainder of the B-52G and B-52H fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrPeacock200052-267">[259]</a> A provision was made for four <a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">GAM-87 Skybolt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. The aircraft's first flight occurred on 10 July 1960, and it entered service on 9 May 1961. This is the only variant currently in use.<a href="#cite_note-AF_B52-3">[3]</a> A total of 102 B-52Hs were built. The last production aircraft, B-52H AF Serial No. 61-40, left the factory on 26 October 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorr199027-268">[260]</a></div> B-52J <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">Upgrade of B-52H with <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_BR700" title="Rolls-Royce BR700">Rolls Royce F130</a> engines, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/AN/APG-82" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/APG-82">AN/APG-82</a> radar, and new communications and navigation equipment. To be operational before the end of the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-Tirpak_2023-136">[133]</a></div> XR-16A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;">Allocated to the reconnaissance variant of the B-52B, but not used. The aircraft were designated RB-52Bs instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade197955-269">[261]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_B-52_Units_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force">List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_(EC96-43808-4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_%28EC96-43808-4%29.jpg/220px-Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_%28EC96-43808-4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_%28EC96-43808-4%29.jpg/330px-Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_%28EC96-43808-4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_%28EC96-43808-4%29.jpg/440px-Dryden_NB-52B_launch_aircraft_on_Edwards_AFB_runway_%28EC96-43808-4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Dryden NB-52B launch aircraft</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_(27990921436).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_%2827990921436%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_%2827990921436%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_%2827990921436%29.jpg/330px-Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_%2827990921436%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_%2827990921436%29.jpg/440px-Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_%E2%80%980008%E2%80%99_%2827990921436%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5654" data-file-height="3769" /></a><figcaption>Boeing NB-52B "Balls 8" at Dryden Flight Research Center</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> operates 72 aircraft of the original 744 B-52 aircraft as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-WAF_2023-270">[262]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Combat_Command" title="Air Combat Command">Air Combat Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/53d_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="53d Wing">53d Wing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglin Air Force Base, Florida">Eglin Air Force Base, Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/49th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="49th Test and Evaluation Squadron">49th Test and Evaluation Squadron</a> (Barksdale)<a href="#cite_note-Heflin-271">[263]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Wing" title="57th Wing">57th Wing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base" title="Nellis Air Force Base">Nellis Air Force Base</a>, Nevada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/340th_Weapons_Squadron" title="340th Weapons Squadron">340th Weapons Squadron</a> (Barksdale)<a href="#cite_note-Heflin-271">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command" title="Air Force Global Strike Command">Air Force Global Strike Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2d_Bomb_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="2d Bomb Wing">2d Bomb Wing</a> – Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale_Fact_Sheet-11">[10]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Bomb_Squadron" title="11th Bomb Squadron">11th Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale_AFB-273">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Bomb_Squadron" title="20th Bomb Squadron">20th Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale_AFB-273">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96th_Bomb_Squadron" title="96th Bomb Squadron">96th Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale_AFB-273">[265]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Bomb_Wing" title="5th Bomb Wing">5th Bomb Wing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minot_Air_Force_Base" title="Minot Air Force Base">Minot Air Force Base</a>, North Dakota<a href="#cite_note-Minot_Fact_Sheet-2">[2]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23d_Bomb_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="23d Bomb Squadron">23d Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-Heflin-271">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minot_AFB-274">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69th_Bomb_Squadron" title="69th Bomb Squadron">69th Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-Heflin-271">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minot_AFB-274">[266]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/412th_Test_Wing" title="412th Test Wing">412th Test Wing</a> – Edwards Air Force Base, California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/419th_Flight_Test_Squadron" title="419th Flight Test Squadron">419th Flight Test Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">Air Force Reserve Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/307th_Bomb_Wing" title="307th Bomb Wing">307th Bomb Wing</a> – Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana<a href="#cite_note-307th-276">[268]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/93d_Bomb_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="93d Bomb Squadron">93d Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-307th-276">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343d_Bomb_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="343d Bomb Squadron">343d Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-307th-276">[268]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <ul><li>Dryden Flight Research Center <ul><li>1 modified ex-USAF NB-52B (52-8) <a href="/wiki/Balls_8" title="Balls 8">"Mothership" Launch Aircraft</a> operated from 1966 to 2004. It was then put on display at the North entrance to Edwards Air Force Base.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a></li> <li>1 modified ex-USAF B-52H (61-25) Heavy Lift Launch Aircraft operated from 2001 to 2008. On 9 May 2008, that aircraft was flown for the last time to <a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Air_Force_Base" title="Sheppard Air Force Base">Sheppard Air Force Base</a>, Texas, where it became a GB-52H maintenance trainer, never to fly again.<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_accidents">Notable accidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable accidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a></div> List of incidents resulting in loss of life, severe injuries, or loss of aircraft. <ul><li>In 1956, there were three crashes in eight months, all at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base" title="Castle Air Force Base">Castle Air Force Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a></li> <li>The fourth crash occurred 42 days later on 10 January 1957 in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-JB1955-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a></li> <li>On 29 March 1957, B-52C (54-2676) retained by Boeing and used for tests as JB-52C, crashed during Boeing test flight from Wichita, Kansas. Two of the four crew on board were killed.<a href="#cite_note-JB1954-282">[274]</a></li> <li>On 11 February 1958, B-52D (56-0610) crashed short of the runway at <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellsworth AFB">Ellsworth AFB</a>, South Dakota, due to total loss of power during final approach. Two of the eight crewmembers on board were killed in addition to three ground personnel. The crash was determined to be from frozen fuel lines that clogged fuel filters. It was previously unknown that jet fuel absorbs water vapor from the atmosphere. After this accident, over two hundred previous aircraft losses listed as "cause unknown" were attributed to frozen fuel lines.<a href="#cite_note-JB1956-283">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a></li> <li>On 8 September 1958, two B-52Ds (56‑0661 and 56‑0681) from the 92d Bombardment Wing collided in midair near Fairchild AFB. All thirteen crew members on the two aircraft were killed.<a href="#cite_note-JB1956-283">[275]</a></li> <li>On 23 June 1959, B-52D (56‑0591), nicknamed "Tommy's Tigator", operating out of <a href="/wiki/Larson_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Larson AFB">Larson AFB</a>, crashed in the <a href="/wiki/Ochoco_National_Forest" title="Ochoco National Forest">Ochoco National Forest</a> near <a href="/wiki/Burns,_Oregon" title="Burns, Oregon">Burns, Oregon</a>. The aircraft was operated by Boeing personnel during a test flight and crashed after turbulence-induced failure in the horizontal stabilizer at a low elevation. All five Boeing personnel were killed.<a href="#cite_note-JB1956-283">[275]</a></li> <li>On 15 October 1959, B-52F (57‑0036) from the <a href="/wiki/4228th_Strategic_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="4228th Strategic Wing">4228th Strategic Wing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbus_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus AFB">Columbus AFB</a>, Mississippi, carrying two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> collided in midair with a KC-135 tanker (57-1513) near Hardinsburg, Kentucky during a <a href="/wiki/Mid-air_refueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-air refueling">mid-air refueling</a>. Four of the eight crew members on the bomber and all four crew on the tanker were killed. One of the nuclear bombs was damaged by fire, but both weapons were recovered.<a href="#cite_note-JB1957-285">[277]</a></li> <li>On 15 December 1960, B-52D (55‑0098) from the <a href="/wiki/4170th_Strategic_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="4170th Strategic Wing">4170th Strategic Wing</a> collided with a KC-135 during mid-air refueling. The refueling probe from the KC-135 pierced the skin on the wing of the B-52. Upon landing at <a href="/wiki/Larson_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Larson AFB">Larson AFB</a>, the starboard wing failed, and the aircraft caught fire during the landing roll. The runway at Larson was damaged. All crew members were evacuated. The KC-135 landed at Fairchild AFB.<a href="#cite_note-JB1955-280">[272]</a></li> <li>On 19 January 1961, B-52B (53‑0390), call sign "Felon 22", from the <a href="/wiki/95th_Bombardment_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="95th Bombardment Wing">95th Bombardment Wing</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Biggs_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biggs AFB">Biggs AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a> crashed just north of <a href="/wiki/Monticello,_Utah" title="Monticello, Utah">Monticello, Utah</a> after a turbulence-induced structural failure, the tail snapped off, at altitude. Only the copilot survived after ejecting. The other seven crewmen died.<a href="#cite_note-JB1953-286">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A big metallic cylinder standing upright in a field next to a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg/170px-Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg/255px-Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg/340px-Goldsboro_Mk_39_Bomb_1-close-up.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>One of the two <a href="/wiki/Mark_39_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 39 nuclear bomb">MK 39</a> nuclear bombs involved in the <a href="/wiki/1961_Goldsboro_B-52_crash" title="1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash">1961 Goldsboro crash</a> after soft landing with parachute deployed. The weapon was recovered intact after three of the four stages of the arming sequence were completed. </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 24 January 1961, B-52G (58‑0187) from the <a href="/wiki/4241st_Strategic_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="4241st Strategic Wing">4241st Strategic Wing</a> <a href="/wiki/1961_Goldsboro_B-52_crash" title="1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash">broke up in midair and crashed</a> on approach to <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Johnson_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour Johnson AFB">Seymour Johnson AFB</a> near <a href="/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina" title="Goldsboro, North Carolina">Goldsboro, North Carolina</a>, dropping two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bombs">nuclear bombs</a> in the process without detonation. The aircraft suffered a fuel leak at altitude due to <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a> failure of the starboard wing. A loss of control resulted when the flaps were applied during the emergency approach to Seymour Johnson AFB. Three of the eight crew members were killed.<a href="#cite_note-JB1958-288">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a></li> <li>On 14 March 1961, B-52F (57‑0166) of the <a href="/wiki/4134th_Strategic_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="4134th Strategic Wing">4134th Strategic Wing</a> operating out of <a href="/wiki/Mather_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mather AFB">Mather AFB</a>, California, carrying two nuclear weapons experienced an <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">uncontrolled decompression</a>, necessitating a descent to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) to lower the <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">cabin altitude</a>. Due to increased fuel consumption at the lower altitude and being unable to rendezvous with a tanker in time, the aircraft ran out of fuel. The crew ejected safely, while the <a href="/wiki/1961_Yuba_City_B-52_crash" title="1961 Yuba City B-52 crash">now-unmanned bomber crashed</a> 15 miles (24 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Yuba_City,_California" title="Yuba City, California">Yuba City, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JB1957-285">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-JNACC-290">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOskinsMaggelet2008174-291">[283]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li> <li>On 7 April 1961, B-52B (53‑0380), nicknamed "Ciudad Juarez", from the 95th Bombardment Wing out of Biggs AFB was accidentally shot down by the launch of a <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> from a <a href="/wiki/F-100A_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100A Super Sabre">F-100A Super Sabre</a> (53-1662) of the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Air_National_Guard" title="New Mexico Air National Guard">New Mexico Air National Guard</a> during a practice intercept maneuver. The missile struck the engine pylon on the B-52 resulting in separation of the wing. The aircraft crashed on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(New_Mexico)" title="Mount Taylor (New Mexico)">Mount Taylor, New Mexico</a> with three of the eight crew on board killed. A firing circuit electrical fault caused the inadvertent launch of the missile.<a href="#cite_note-JB1953-286">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a></li> <li>On 13 January 1964, the vertical stabilizer broke off B-52D (55‑0060), callsign "Buzz 14", causing a <a href="/wiki/1964_Savage_Mountain_B-52_crash" title="1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash">crash</a> on <a href="/wiki/Savage_Mountain" title="Savage Mountain">Savage Mountain</a> in western Maryland. Excessive turbulence resulted in structural failure in a winter storm. The two MK53 nuclear bombs being ferried were found "relatively intact". Four of the crew of five ejected but two of them died due to exposure from the winter cold.<a href="#cite_note-JB1955-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagan1995202-293">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a></li> <li>On 18 June 1965, two B-52Fs (57‑0047 and 57‑0179) collided mid-air during a refueling maneuver at 33,000 feet (10,000 m) above the South China Sea. The head-on collision took place just northwest of the Luzon Peninsula, Philippines, in the night sky above <a href="/wiki/1965_Pacific_typhoon_season#Super_Typhoon_Dinah_(Huling)" title="1965 Pacific typhoon season">Super Typhoon Dinah</a>, a category 5 storm with maximum winds of 185 mph (298 km/h) and waves reported as high as 70 feet (21 m). Both aircraft were from the same squadron (<a href="/wiki/441st_Bombardment_Squadron" title="441st Bombardment Squadron">441st Bombardment Squadron</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Bombardment_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Bombardment Wing">7th Bombardment Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carswell_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carswell AFB">Carswell AFB</a>, Texas and assigned to <a href="/wiki/3960th_Strategic_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="3960th Strategic Wing">3960th Strategic Wing</a> operating out of <a href="/wiki/Andersen_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersen AFB">Andersen AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. Eight of twelve total crew members in two planes were killed. The rescue of four crew members who had managed to eject only to parachute into one of the largest typhoons of the 20th century remains one of the most remarkable survival stories in the history of aviation. The crash was the first combat mission ever for the B-52.<a href="#cite_note-JB1957-285">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> The two jets were part of a 30-plane deployment on an inaugural <a href="/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Operation Arc Light</a> mission to a military target about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a>, South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2016-298">[290]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg/220px-Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg/330px-Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear bomb">thermonuclear bomb</a> that fell into the sea recovered off <a href="/wiki/Palomares,_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Palomares, Almería">Palomares, Almería</a>, 1966</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 17 January 1966, <a href="/wiki/1966_Palomares_B-52_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Palomares B-52 crash">a fatal collision</a> occurred between a B-52G (58‑0256) from <a href="/wiki/68th_Bombardment_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="68th Bombardment Wing">68th Bombardment Wing</a> out of Seymour Johnson AFB and a KC-135 Stratotanker (61-0273) over <a href="/wiki/Palomares,_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Palomares, Almería">Palomares, Almería</a>, Spain, killing all four on the tanker and three of the seven on the B-52G. The two unexploded <a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">B-28 FI 1.45-megaton-range nuclear bombs</a> on the B-52 were eventually recovered; the conventional explosives of two more bombs detonated on impact, with serious dispersion of both <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, but without triggering a nuclear explosion. After the crash, 1,400 metric tons (3,100,000 lb) of contaminated soil was sent to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-JB1955-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988279-299">[291]</a> In 2006, an agreement was made between the United States and Spain to investigate and clean the pollution still remaining as a result of the accident.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a></li> <li>On 16 October 1984, a B-52G out of <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild AFB">Fairchild AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, crashed on <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Mesa" title="Hunts Mesa">Hunts Mesa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-302">[294]</a> Five of the seven crew members were able to eject and survived the crash.<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-302">[294]</a> Sergeant David Felix and Colonel William Ivy were killed.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a></li> <li>On 24 June 1994, B-52H Czar 52, 61–0026 <a href="/wiki/1994_Fairchild_Air_Force_Base_B-52_crash" title="1994 Fairchild Air Force Base B-52 crash">crashed</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild AFB">Fairchild AFB</a>, Washington, during practice for an airshow. All four crew members died in the accident.<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a></li> <li>On 21 July 2008, a B-52H, Raidr 21, 60–0053, deployed from <a href="/wiki/Barksdale_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barksdale AFB">Barksdale AFB</a>, Louisiana, to <a href="/wiki/Andersen_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersen AFB">Andersen AFB</a>, Guam, <a href="/wiki/2008_Andersen_Air_Force_Base_B-52_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Andersen Air Force Base B-52 crash">crashed</a> approximately 25 miles (40 km) off the coast of Guam. All six crew members were killed (five standard crew members and a <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_on_display">Aircraft on display</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aircraft on display">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_displayed_Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of displayed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">List of displayed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(B-52H)">Specifications (B-52H)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Specifications (B-52H)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:298px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3-view line drawing of the Boeing B-52D Stratofortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png/191px-Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png/287px-Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png/382px-Boeing_B-52D_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="4244" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">3-view line drawing of the Boeing B-52D Stratofortress</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:295px;max-width:295px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:298px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3-view line drawing of the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png/293px-Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png/440px-Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png/586px-Boeing_B-52H_Stratofortress_3-view_line_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2449" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">3-view line drawing of the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B52H.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/B52H.JPG/220px-B52H.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/B52H.JPG/330px-B52H.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/B52H.JPG/440px-B52H.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>B-52H profile, circa 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg/220px-B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg/330px-B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg/440px-B-52H_static_display_arms_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>Boeing B-52H static display with weapons, <a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale Air Force Base</a> 2006. A second B-52H can be seen in flight in the background</figcaption></figure> Data from Knaack,<a href="#cite_note-knaack_p292-4-308">[300]</a> USAF fact sheet,<a href="#cite_note-USAF_Fact_Sheet-309">[301]</a> Quest for Performance<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 5 (<a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Copilot">copilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_officer" title="Weapon systems officer">weapon systems officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_officer" title="Flight officer">navigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_officer" title="Electronic warfare officer">electronic warfare officer</a>)</li> <li>Length: 159 ft 4 in (48.5 m)</li> <li>Wingspan: 185 ft 0 in (56.4 m)</li> <li>Height: 40 ft 8 in (12.4 m)</li> <li>Wing area: 4,000 sq ft (370 m2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Airfoil</a>: <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NACA 63A219.3 mod</a> root, NACA 65A209.5 tip</li> <li>Empty weight: 185,000 lb (83,250 kg)</li> <li>Gross weight: 265,000 lb (120,000 kg)</li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 488,000 lb (221,323 kg)</li> <li>Fuel capacity: 312,197 lb (141,610 kg), 47,975 U.S. gal (181,610 L)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-lift_drag_coefficient" title="Zero-lift drag coefficient">Zero-lift drag coefficient</a>: 0.0119 (estimated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-lift_drag_coefficient" title="Zero-lift drag coefficient">Drag area:</a> 47.60 sq ft (4.42 m2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(wing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect ratio (wing)">Aspect ratio</a>: 8.56</li> <li>Powerplant: 8 × <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_TF33" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney TF33">Pratt & Whitney TF33</a>-P-3/103 <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a>, 17,000 lbf (76 kN) thrust each</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 650 mph (1,050 km/h, 560 kn)</li> <li>Cruise speed: 509 mph (819 km/h, 442 kn)</li> <li>Combat range: 8,800 mi (14,200 km, 7,600 nmi)</li> <li>Ferry range: 10,145 mi (16,327 km, 8,816 nmi)</li> <li>Service ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 6,270 ft/min (31.85 m/s)</li> <li>Wing loading: 120 lb/sq ft (586 kg/m2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust/weight</a>: 0.31</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">Lift-to-drag ratio</a>: 21.5 (estimated)</li></ul> Armament <ul><li>Guns: 1× <a href="/wiki/20_mm_caliber" title="20 mm caliber">20 mm (0.787 in)</a> <a href="/wiki/M61_Vulcan" title="M61 Vulcan">M61 Vulcan</a> cannon originally mounted in a remote-controlled tail turret on the H-model, removed in 1991 from all operational aircraft.</li> <li>Bombs: Approximately 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) mixed ordnance; bombs, mines, missiles, in various configurations.</li></ul> Avionics <ul><li>Electro-optical viewing system that uses <a href="/wiki/Platinum_silicide" title="Platinum silicide">platinum silicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">forward looking infrared</a> and high resolution low-light-level television sensors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADR-8" title="ADR-8">ADR-8</a> chaff rocket (1965–1970)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrPeacock200052-267">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LITENING" class="mw-redirect" title="LITENING">LITENING</a> Advanced Targeting System<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_Advanced_Targeting_Pod" title="Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod">Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AP-101" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM AP-101">IBM AP-101</a> computer<a href="#cite_note-ap101-108">[106]</a></li> <li>AN/ALE-20 – <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure)">flare</a> dispenser (12 systems installed)<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALE-24 – <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a> dispenser (8 systems installed)<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALQ-122 – Motorola multiple <a href="/wiki/Defense_strategy_(computing)#False_target" title="Defense strategy (computing)">false target</a> generator<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALQ-153 – Northrop Grumman tail <a href="/wiki/Missile_approach_warning_system" title="Missile approach warning system">missile approach warning system</a><a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALQ-155 – Northrop Grumman <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">jammer</a> power management system<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALQ-172(V) – <a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc." title="ITT Inc.">ITT Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasures</a> system<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALR-20A – Radar warning system<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALR-46 – <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> digital <a href="/wiki/Radar_warning_receiver" title="Radar warning receiver">radar warning receiver</a> (RWR)<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li> <li>AN/ALT-32 – Noise jammer<a href="#cite_note-AFtech-313">[305]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_appearances_in_media">Notable appearances in media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable appearances in media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#B-52_Stratofortress" title="Aircraft in fiction">Aircraft in fiction, B-52 Stratofortress</a></div> A B-52 carrying nuclear weapons was a key part of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s 1964 black comedy film <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> A 1960s hairstyle, the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)" title="Beehive (hairstyle)">beehive</a>, is also called a B-52 for its resemblance to the aircraft's distinctive nose.<a href="#cite_note-Beehive-315">[307]</a> The popular band <a href="/wiki/The_B-52%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="The B-52's">the B-52's</a> was subsequently named after this hairstyle.<a href="#cite_note-Beehive-315">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRANE" title="BRANE">BRANE</a> – airborne computer built by IBM for the B-52</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lore_Murray" title="James Lore Murray">James Lore Murray</a></li></ul> Related development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li></ul> Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V Force</a> bombers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">Vickers Valiant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_YB-60" title="Convair YB-60">Convair YB-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">Myasishchev M-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a></li></ul> Related lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Accidents and incidents involving the B-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">List of active United States military aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft" title="List of bomber aircraft">List of bomber aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">List of military electronics of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "Fellow" is substituted for "Fuck" or "Fucker" in <a href="/wiki/Bowdlerized" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdlerized">bowdlerized</a> or sanitized versions of the acronym.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn1997138-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Quote: "Designing the B-29 had required 153,000 engineering hours; the B-52, 3,000,000."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988227-56">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The Have Nap missile, carried only by the B-52, enabled stand-off attacks on targets while maintaining a "man-in-the-loop" guidance system capability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrRogers199678–79Lake2001290-118">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> The 93rd Bomb Wing received the <a href="/wiki/Mackay_Trophy" title="Mackay Trophy">Mackay Trophy</a> for accomplishing their round-the-world non-stop flight in January 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988243-146">[143]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> The following military aircraft are the only aircraft larger than the B-52 in some manner (parameter listed in parentheses may not be the only figure that exceeds the corresponding parameter of the B-52) and possess an air-to-air capability; none has a combat kill: <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a> (wingspan), <a href="/wiki/Convair_YB-60" title="Convair YB-60">Convair YB-60</a> (wingspan), <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a>D (payload). </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> A B-52B, <a href="/wiki/Balls_8" title="Balls 8">Balls 8</a>, was in use by NASA, a civilian US government entity, until 17 December 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> At least one B-52 aviator's father and grandfather also flew the bomber.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-ogden20110919-235">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> The electronic warfare officer sat in the rear of the upper flight deck facing the rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorr199026-252">[245]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988291-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988291_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaack1988291_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnaack1988">Knaack 1988</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-Minot_Fact_Sheet-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minot_Fact_Sheet_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minot_Fact_Sheet_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minot_Fact_Sheet_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Hinckley, UK: Midland Counties Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904597-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904597-22-6"><bdi>978-0-904597-22-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Military+Aircraft+Designations+and+Serials+since+1909&rft.place=Hinckley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Midland+Counties+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-904597-22-6&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArana-Barradas2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Arana-Barradas, Louis A (1 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27BUFF%27+and+Tough.-a077106313">"'BUFF' and Tough – the B-52 bomber has been a valuable and effective member of the Air Force since 1955"</a>. Airman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708084833/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBP/is_6_45/ai_77106313#selection-413.0-413.103">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airman&rft.atitle=%27BUFF%27+and+Tough+%E2%80%93+the+B-52+bomber+has+been+a+valuable+and+effective+member+of+the+Air+Force+since+1955&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.aulast=Arana-Barradas&rft.aufirst=Louis+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2F%2527BUFF%2527%2Band%2BTough.-a077106313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1973" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bowers, Peter M (1973). "Boeing B-52A/H Stratofortress". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 13. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications. pp. 241–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85383-022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85383-022-1"><bdi>978-0-85383-022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boeing+B-52A%2FH+Stratofortress&rft.btitle=Aircraft+in+Profile%2C+Volume+13&rft.place=Windsor%2C+Berkshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=241-265&rft.pub=Profile+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85383-022-1&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Peter+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1989" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Peter M. (1989). Boeing aircraft since 1916 (Third ed.). London: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-804-4"><bdi>978-0-85177-804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+aircraft+since+1916&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-804-4&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne2001" class="citation book cs1">Boyne, Walter J (2001). The Best of Wings Magazine. Aircraft in Profile. Vol. 13. New York: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-368-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-368-8"><bdi>978-1-57488-368-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Wings+Magazine&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Aircraft+in+Profile&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-368-8&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Boyne, Walter J (November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222083643/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/boyne.html">"The B-52 Story"</a>. Air University Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/boyne.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+University+Review&rft.atitle=The+B-52+Story&rft.date=1982-11&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Faureview%2F1982%2Fnov-dec%2Fboyne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky2004" class="citation book cs1">Budiansky, Stephen (2004). Air Power: The Men, Machines, and Ideas that Revolutionized War, from Kitty Hawk to Iraq. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03285-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03285-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power%3A+The+Men%2C+Machines%2C+and+Ideas+that+Revolutionized+War%2C+from+Kitty+Hawk+to+Iraq&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03285-3&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondor1994" class="citation book cs1">Condor, Albert E (1994). Air Force Gunners (AFGA): The Men Behind the Guns, The History of Enlisted Aerial Gunnery, 1917–1991. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-167-9"><bdi>978-1-56311-167-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Gunners+%28AFGA%29%3A+The+Men+Behind+the+Guns%2C+The+History+of+Enlisted+Aerial+Gunnery%2C+1917%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56311-167-9&rft.aulast=Condor&rft.aufirst=Albert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesmanWagner1996" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H.; Wagner, Abraham R. (1996). The Lessons of Modern War: The Gulf War. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8601-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8601-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-8601-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lessons+of+Modern+War%3A+The+Gulf+War&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8601-0&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Abraham+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1956" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, David C (1956). How Airplanes are Made. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1577826">1577826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Airplanes+are+Made&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1577826&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=David+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Davis, Larry. B-52 Stratofortress in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-289-0">978-0-89747-289-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickPatterson2006" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Ron; Patterson, Dan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9eyAAAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Aviation Century: War & Peace in the Air</a>. Eden Prairie, Ontario: Boston Mills Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55046-430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55046-430-6"><bdi>978-1-55046-430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+Century%3A+War+%26+Peace+in+the+Air&rft.place=Eden+Prairie%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Boston+Mills+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55046-430-6&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9eyAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1997" class="citation book cs1">Donald, David (1997). The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-375-4"><bdi>978-1-85605-375-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Aircraft&rft.place=Etobicoke%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Prospero+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85605-375-4&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorr1990" class="citation journal cs1">Dorr, Robert F (Summer 1990). "Stratofortress... The Big One from Boeing". <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>. 41. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press: 22–37. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Stratofortress...+The+Big+One+from+Boeing&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=22-37&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Dorr&rft.aufirst=Robert+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrRogers1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dorr, Robert F; Rogers, Brian C (Winter 1996). "Boeing B-52H: The Ultimate Warrior". World Air Power Journal. 27. London: Aerospace Publishing: 54–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874023-83-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874023-83-8"><bdi>978-1-874023-83-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-7050">0959-7050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Air+Power+Journal&rft.atitle=Boeing+B-52H%3A+The+Ultimate+Warrior&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=54-101&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0959-7050&rft.isbn=978-1-874023-83-8&rft.aulast=Dorr&rft.aufirst=Robert+F&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Brian+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrPeacock2000" class="citation book cs1">Dorr, Robert F; Peacock, Lindsay T (2000). B-52 Stratofortress: Boeing's Cold War Warrior. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6097-1"><bdi>978-1-8417-6097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-52+Stratofortress%3A+Boeing%27s+Cold+War+Warrior&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-8417-6097-1&rft.aulast=Dorr&rft.aufirst=Robert+F&rft.au=Peacock%2C+Lindsay+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrendel1975" class="citation book cs1">Drendel, Lou (1975). B-52 Stratofortress in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-022-3"><bdi>978-0-89747-022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-52+Stratofortress+in+action&rft.place=Carrollton%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Squadron%2FSignal+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-89747-022-3&rft.aulast=Drendel&rft.aufirst=Lou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthell1989" class="citation book cs1">Ethell, Jeffrey L (1989). B-52 Stratofortress. London: Arms and Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-937-9"><bdi>978-0-85368-937-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-52+Stratofortress&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-937-9&rft.aulast=Ethell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-84-9"><bdi>978-1-904687-84-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boeing+B-52+Stratofortress&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Military+Aircraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904687-84-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlinn1997" class="citation book cs1">Flinn, Kelly (1997). Proud to Be: My Life, The Air Force, The Controversy. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50109-8"><bdi>978-0-375-50109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proud+to+Be%3A+My+Life%2C+The+Air+Force%2C+The+Controversy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50109-8&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFutrellGreenhalghGrubbHasselwander1976" class="citation book cs1">Futrell, R Frank; Greenhalgh, William H; Grubb, Carl; et al. (1976). Aces & Aerial Victories: The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia, 1965–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89875-884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89875-884-9"><bdi>978-0-89875-884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+%26+Aerial+Victories%3A+The+United+States+Air+Force+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+1965%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-89875-884-9&rft.aulast=Futrell&rft.aufirst=R+Frank&rft.au=Greenhalgh%2C+William+H&rft.au=Grubb%2C+Carl&rft.au=Hasselwander%2C+Gerard+E&rft.au=Jakob%2C+Robert+F&rft.au=Ravenstein%2C+Charles+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvey1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Garvey, William (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP1">"New Life for Buff: Older than its pilots, the B-52 gets ready to fly for 100 years"</a>. Popular Mechanics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=New+Life+for+Buff%3A+Older+than+its+pilots%2C+the+B-52+gets+ready+to+fly+for+100+years&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmYEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1995" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, John T, ed. (1995). Milestones of Aviation. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution NASM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88363-661-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88363-661-9"><bdi>978-0-88363-661-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+of+Aviation&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+NASM&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88363-661-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunston1957" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a> (15 November 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724023218/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%201683.html?tracked=1">"Boeing B-52:The Strategic Stratofortress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight</a>. Vol. 72, no. 2547. pp. 771–778. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%201683.html?tracked=1">the original</a> on 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=Boeing+B-52%3AThe+Strategic+Stratofortress&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2547&rft.pages=771-778&rft.date=1957-11-15&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1957%2F1957%2520-%25201683.html%3Ftracked%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2005" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Robin SD (2005). Flying American Combat Aircraft: The Cold War. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3238-3"><bdi>978-0-8117-3238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+American+Combat+Aircraft%3A+The+Cold+War&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3238-3&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Robin+SD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2001" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, Chris (2001). Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-115-6"><bdi>978-1-85780-115-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+Air+Losses%2C+USAF%2C+USN%2C+USMC%2C+Fixed-Wing+Aircraft+Losses+in+Southeast+Asia+1961%E2%80%931973&rft.place=North+Branch%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Specialty+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-115-6&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder1978" class="citation journal cs1">Holder, William G (July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/1978_Vol29_No1-6/1978_Vol29_No5.pdf">"The Ever-changing Fleet"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Air_University_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Air University Review">Air University Review</a>. 29 (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401203113/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1978/jul-aug/holder.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+University+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ever-changing+Fleet&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1978-07&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=William+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FPortals%2F10%2FASPJ%2Fjournals%2F1978_Vol29_No1-6%2F1978_Vol29_No5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsby2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Isby, David C (December 2018). "B-52: Setting course for 2050". <a href="/wiki/Air_International" title="Air International">Air International</a>. Vol. 95, no. 6. pp. 36–41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-5634">0306-5634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+International&rft.atitle=B-52%3A+Setting+course+for+2050&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=2018-12&rft.issn=0306-5634&rft.aulast=Isby&rft.aufirst=David+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1999" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHwLAAAACAAJ&pg=PP1">B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134694-8"><bdi>978-0-07-134694-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-1+Lancer%3A+The+Most+Complicated+Warplane+Ever+Developed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-07-134694-8&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYHwLAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsRogers1990" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R; Rogers, Brian (1990). Boeing B-52G/H Stratofortress. Aerofax Datagraph 7. Arlington, Texas: Aerofax Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942548-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-942548-11-6"><bdi>0-942548-11-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+B-52G%2FH+Stratofortress&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Texas&rft.series=Aerofax+Datagraph+7&rft.pub=Aerofax+Inc&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-942548-11-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnaack1988" class="citation book cs1">Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/May/26/2001330264/-1/-1/0/AFD-100526-026.pdf">Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-002260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-002260-9"><bdi>978-0-16-002260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-World+War+II+Bombers%2C+1945%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-16-002260-9&rft.aulast=Knaack&rft.aufirst=Marcelle+Size&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FMay%2F26%2F2001330264%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-100526-026.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Lake, Jon (May 2001). "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress: Towards the Octogenarian Bomber". <a href="/wiki/Air_International" title="Air International">Air International</a>. Vol. 60, no. 5. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. pp. 286–293. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-5634">0306-5634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+International&rft.atitle=Boeing+B-52+Stratofortress%3A+Towards+the+Octogenarian+Bomber&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=286-293&rft.date=2001-05&rft.issn=0306-5634&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2003a" class="citation magazine cs1">Lake, Jon (Spring 2003). "Variant Briefing: Boeing B-52 Stratofortress: Part 1". International Air Power Review. Vol. 8. Norwalk, CT, USA: AIRtime Publishing. pp. 106–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880588-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880588-54-3"><bdi>978-1-880588-54-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-9917">1473-9917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Air+Power+Review&rft.atitle=Variant+Briefing%3A+Boeing+B-52+Stratofortress%3A+Part+1&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=106-121&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1473-9917&rft.isbn=978-1-880588-54-3&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2003b" class="citation magazine cs1">Lake, Jon (Summer 2003). "Boeing B-52 variants: Part 2 B-52D to 'B-52J'". International Air Power Review. Vol. 9. Norwalk, CT, USA: AIRtime Publishing. pp. 100–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880588-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880588-56-7"><bdi>978-1-880588-56-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-9917">1473-9917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Air+Power+Review&rft.atitle=Boeing+B-52+variants%3A+Part+2+B-52D+to+%27B-52J%27&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=100-115&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1473-9917&rft.isbn=978-1-880588-56-7&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakeStyling2004" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Jon; Styling, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0zIt5KPEbQC&pg=PP1">B-52 Stratofortress Units in Combat 1955–73</a>. London: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-607-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-607-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-607-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-52+Stratofortress+Units+in+Combat+1955%E2%80%9373&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-607-2&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Styling%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0zIt5KPEbQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2004" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Jon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rVZ8SAnYEQC&pg=PP1">B-52 Stratofortress Units in Operation Desert Storm</a>. London: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-026-2"><bdi>978-0-85045-026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-52+Stratofortress+Units+in+Operation+Desert+Storm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-026-2&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rVZ8SAnYEQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1988" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Alwyn T (1988). B-52 Stratofortress in Detail and Scale. Vol. 27. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-8037-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-8037-5"><bdi>978-0-8306-8037-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-52+Stratofortress+in+Detail+and+Scale&rft.place=Blue+Ridge+Summit%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Tab+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8306-8037-5&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Alwyn+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2002" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, L. Michel (2002). The Eleven Days of Christmas: America's Last Vietnam Battle. San Francisco: Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893554-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893554-24-5"><bdi>978-1-893554-24-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eleven+Days+of+Christmas%3A+America%27s+Last+Vietnam+Battle&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-893554-24-5&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=L.+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2009" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Donald J Jr (2009). MiG Killers: A Chronology of US Air Victories in Vietnam 1965–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-136-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-136-9"><bdi>978-1-58007-136-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MiG+Killers%3A+A+Chronology+of+US+Air+Victories+in+Vietnam+1965%E2%80%931973&rft.place=North+Branch%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Specialty+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58007-136-9&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Donald+J+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyAllison1985" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, James R; Allison, George B (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0awZBdvggYC&pg=PP1">Linebacker II: A View from the Rock</a>. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912799-31-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912799-31-5"><bdi>978-0-912799-31-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linebacker+II%3A+A+View+from+the+Rock&rft.place=Darby%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-912799-31-5&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=James+R&rft.au=Allison%2C+George+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0awZBdvggYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mehuron, Tamar A., Assoc. Editor. "2007 USAF Almanac – Equipment." Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, Volume 90, Number 5, May 2007. ISSN 0730-6784.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1985" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Jay (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ8DAAAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Convair B-58 Hustler: The World's First Supersonic Bomber</a>. Midland, UK: Aerofax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942548-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942548-26-6"><bdi>978-0-942548-26-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convair+B-58+Hustler%3A+The+World%27s+First+Supersonic+Bomber&rft.place=Midland%2C+UK&rft.pub=Aerofax&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-942548-26-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJ8DAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOskinsMaggelet2008" class="citation book cs1">Oskins, James C; Maggelet, Michael H (2008). Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-0361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-0361-2"><bdi>978-1-4357-0361-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Arrow%3A+The+Declassified+History+of+U.S.+Nuclear+Weapons+Accidents&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-0361-2&rft.aulast=Oskins&rft.aufirst=James+C&rft.au=Maggelet%2C+Michael+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1998" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, W Hewitt (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph12/ch13.htm">"Chapter 13: Gust Alleviation"</a>. Journey in Aeronautical Research: A Career at NASA Langley Research Center. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington, DC: NASA Historical Office. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Gust+Alleviation&rft.btitle=Journey+in+Aeronautical+Research%3A+A+Career+at+NASA+Langley+Research+Center&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Monographs+in+Aerospace+History&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=NASA+Historical+Office&rft.date=1998-11&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=W+Hewitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fmonograph12%2Fch13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmar2005" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman (2005). The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-685-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-685-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-685-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Institute+Guide+to+the+Ships+and+Aircraft+of+the+U.S.+Fleet&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-685-8&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1995" class="citation book cs1">Sagan, Scott Douglas (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pV_wbOnphsC&pg=PA202">The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02101-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02101-5"><bdi>0-691-02101-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Safety%3A+Organizations%2C+Accidents%2C+and+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-02101-5&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Scott+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pV_wbOnphsC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlight1988" class="citation book cs1">Schlight, John (1988). The War in South Vietnam: The Years of the Offensive, 1965–1968 (The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912799-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912799-51-3"><bdi>978-0-912799-51-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+South+Vietnam%3A+The+Years+of+the+Offensive%2C+1965%E2%80%931968+%28The+United+States+Air+Force+in+Southeast+Asia%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History%2C+United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-912799-51-3&rft.aulast=Schlight&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1998" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stephen I (1998). Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons since 1940. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-7773-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-7773-6"><bdi>0-8157-7773-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Audit%3A+The+Costs+and+Consequences+of+U.S.+Nuclear+Weapons+since+1940&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8157-7773-6&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkipper2024" class="citation book cs1">Skipper, Ben (2024). Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. Havertown: Pen & Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-39908-006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-39908-006-4"><bdi>978-1-39908-006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+B-52+Stratofortress&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-39908-006-4&rft.aulast=Skipper&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenson1995" class="citation book cs1">Sorenson, David (1995). The Politics of Strategic Aircraft Modernization. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95258-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95258-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Strategic+Aircraft+Modernization&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95258-7&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpick1986" class="citation book cs1">Spick, Mike (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw5_PQAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Modern Fighting Aircraft, B-1B</a>. New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-055237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-055237-2"><bdi>978-0-13-055237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Fighting+Aircraft%2C+B-1B&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-13-055237-2&rft.aulast=Spick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw5_PQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagg2004" class="citation book cs1">Tagg, Lori S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001200007/http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/B52/B-52%20Book.pdf">Development of the B-52: The Wright Field Story</a> (PDF). Dayton, Ohio: History Office Aeronautical Systems Center, Air Force Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, United States Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/B52/B-52%20Book.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+the+B-52%3A+The+Wright+Field+Story&rft.place=Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=History+Office+Aeronautical+Systems+Center%2C+Air+Force+Materiel+Command%2C+Wright-Patterson+Air+Force+Base%2C+United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tagg&rft.aufirst=Lori+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascho.wpafb.af.mil%2FB52%2FB-52%2520Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegler2000" class="citation book cs1">Tegler, Jan (2000). B-47 Stratojet: Boeing's Brilliant Bomber. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-135567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-135567-4"><bdi>978-0-07-135567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-47+Stratojet%3A+Boeing%27s+Brilliant+Bomber&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-07-135567-4&rft.aulast=Tegler&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman2007" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Barrett (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3dqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">LeMay: A Biography</a>. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7135-7"><bdi>978-1-4039-7135-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LeMay%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7135-7&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3dqCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToperczer1998" class="citation book cs1">Toperczer, Istvan (1998). Air War Over North Viet Nam; The Vietnamese People's Air Force 1949–1977. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-390-3"><bdi>978-0-89747-390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Over+North+Viet+Nam%3B+The+Vietnamese+People%27s+Air+Force+1949%E2%80%931977&rft.place=Carrollton%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Squadron%2FSignal+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89747-390-3&rft.aulast=Toperczer&rft.aufirst=Istvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimble2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Trimble, Stephen (3 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811165158/https://www.flightglobal.com/us-air-force-cancels-sam-jamming-eb-52-for-second-time/85352.article">"US Air Force cancels SAM-jamming EB-52 for the second time"</a>. Flight International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/us-air-force-cancels-sam-jamming-eb-52-for-second-time/85352.article">the original</a> on 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=US+Air+Force+cancels+SAM-jamming+EB-52+for+the+second+time&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fus-air-force-cancels-sam-jamming-eb-52-for-second-time%2F85352.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2005a" class="citation magazine cs1">Willis, David (September 2005). "Boeing's Timeless Deterrent, Part 1: B-52 Stratofortress – From Conception to Hanoi". Air Enthusiast. No. 119. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. pp. 50–73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Boeing%27s+Timeless+Deterrent%2C+Part+1%3A+B-52+Stratofortress+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+From+Conception+to+Hanoi&rft.issue=119&rft.pages=50-73&rft.date=2005-09&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2005b" class="citation magazine cs1">Willis, David (November 2005). "Boeing's Timeless Deterrent, Part 2: B-52 Stratofortress – The Permanent Spear Tip". Air Enthusiast. No. 120. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. pp. 50–73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Boeing%27s+Timeless+Deterrent%2C+Part+2%3A+B-52+Stratofortress+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+The+Permanent+Spear+Tip&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=50-73&rft.date=2005-11&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Winchester, Jim, ed. "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress (SAC)". Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-929-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-929-7">978-1-84013-929-7</a>.</li> <li>Kai Wah G Eng, "Loss of 53–0393, First Production B-52B". "Buff Bulletin – Newsletter of the B-52 Stratofortress Association", Vol. 19, No. 1, Issue 67, Spring 2011, pg. 10.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic">Boeing B-52G Stratofortress Cutaway</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/militaryaviation1946-2006cutaways/images/10903/boeing-b-52g-stratofortress-cutaway.jpg">Boeing B-52G Stratofortress Cutaway from</a> <a href="/wiki/FlightGlobal" title="FlightGlobal">FlightGlobal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104465/b-52-stratofortress.aspx">USAF B-52 Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/bomber/b-52_hist.htm">B-52 Stratofortress history on fas.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/bomber/b52/">B-52 profile on AerospaceWeb.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratofortress.org/">B-52 Stratofortress Association website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%201683.html">"Boeing B-52 – the Strategic Stratofortress"</a> a 1957 Flight article by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Bill Gunston</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-35_Issue-3/SF-B52.pdf">"Special Feature: The B-52 Stratofortress"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Power_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air & Space Power Journal">Air & Space Power Journal</a>. 35 (3): 4–15. Fall 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Power+Journal&rft.atitle=Special+Feature%3A+The+B-52+Stratofortress&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-15&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FPortals%2F10%2FASPJ%2Fjournals%2FVolume-35_Issue-3%2FSF-B52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+B-52+Stratofortress" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing_model_numbers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing model numbers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boeing_aircraft_model_numbers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> aircraft model numbers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_1" title="Boeing Model 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_2" title="Boeing Model 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_2" title="Boeing Model 2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_2" title="Boeing Model 2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_2" title="Boeing Model 2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-1" title="Boeing B-1">6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_6D" title="Boeing Model 6D">6D/E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_7" title="Boeing Model 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_8" title="Boeing Model 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 9 (page does not exist)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_GA-1" title="Boeing GA-1">10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_BA-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing BA-11 (page does not exist)">11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_BA-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing BA-12 (page does not exist)">12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_BA-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing BA-5 (page does not exist)">13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_BA-SP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing BA-SP (page does not exist)">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_T-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing T-3 (page does not exist)">17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_NBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing NBS (page does not exist)">18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_BSP-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing BSP-1 (page does not exist)">19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 20 (page does not exist)">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_NB" title="Boeing NB">21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 22 (page does not exist)">22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 23 (page does not exist)">23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 24 (page does not exist)">24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 25 (page does not exist)">25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 26 (page does not exist)">26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 27 (page does not exist)">27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 28 (page does not exist)">28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 29 (page does not exist)">29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 30 (page does not exist)">30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 31 (page does not exist)">31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 32 (page does not exist)">32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 33 (page does not exist)">33</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 34 (page does not exist)">34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 35 (page does not exist)">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 36 (page does not exist)">36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 37 (page does not exist)">37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 38 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 39 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_40" title="Boeing Model 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 41 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_42" title="Boeing Model 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_43&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 43 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 44 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 45 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 46 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 47 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 48 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 49 (page does not exist)">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPB" title="Boeing XPB">50</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_OB-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing OB-1 (page does not exist)">51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 52 (page does not exist)">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 56 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-4" title="Boeing XP-4">58</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 59 (page does not exist)">59</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 60 (page does not exist)">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">61</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_62&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 62 (page does not exist)">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_TB" title="Boeing TB">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_64" title="Boeing Model 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 65 (page does not exist)">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-8" title="Boeing XP-8">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F2B" title="Boeing F2B">69</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 70 (page does not exist)">70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 71 (page does not exist)">71</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_72&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 72 (page does not exist)">72</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 73 (page does not exist)">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F3B" title="Boeing F3B">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75" title="Boeing-Stearman Model 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F2B" title="Boeing F2B">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F3B" title="Boeing F3B">77</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_78&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 78 (page does not exist)">78</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_79&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 79 (page does not exist)">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_80" title="Boeing 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_81" title="Boeing Model 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 82 (page does not exist)">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">83</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 84 (page does not exist)">84</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 85 (page does not exist)">85</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 86 (page does not exist)">86</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 87 (page does not exist)">87</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 88 (page does not exist)">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">89</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 90 (page does not exist)">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F3B" title="Boeing F3B">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-7" title="Boeing XP-7">93</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 94 (page does not exist)">94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_95" title="Boeing Model 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-9" title="Boeing XP-9">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">97</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 98 (page does not exist)">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Monomail" title="Boeing Monomail">200</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 201 (page does not exist)">201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-15" title="Boeing XP-15">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_203" title="Boeing Model 203">203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_204" title="Boeing Model 204">204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-15" title="Boeing XP-15">205</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_206&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 206 (page does not exist)">206</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_207&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 207 (page does not exist)">207</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 208 (page does not exist)">208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">209</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 210 (page does not exist)">210</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_211&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 211 (page does not exist)">211</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 212 (page does not exist)">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing-Canada_A-213_Totem" title="Boeing-Canada A-213 Totem">213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">215</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 216 (page does not exist)">216</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 217 (page does not exist)">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">218</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 220 (page does not exist)">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Monomail" title="Boeing Monomail">221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">223</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_224&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 224 (page does not exist)">224</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_225&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 225 (page does not exist)">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_80" title="Boeing 80">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">228</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_229&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 229 (page does not exist)">229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Monomail" title="Boeing Monomail">231</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_232&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 232 (page does not exist)">232</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_233&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 233 (page does not exist)">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XF6B" title="Boeing XF6B">236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_237&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 237 (page does not exist)">237</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_238&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 238 (page does not exist)">238</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 239 (page does not exist)">239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 240 (page does not exist)">240</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_241&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 241 (page does not exist)">241</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_242&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 242 (page does not exist)">242</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 243 (page does not exist)">243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 244 (page does not exist)">244</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_245&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 245 (page does not exist)">245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">248</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_249&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 249 (page does not exist)">249</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 250 (page does not exist)">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">251</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_252&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 252 (page does not exist)">252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_253&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 253 (page does not exist)">253</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_254&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 254 (page does not exist)">254</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_255&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 255 (page does not exist)">255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">256</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_257&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 257 (page does not exist)">257</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_258&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 258 (page does not exist)">258</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_259&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 259 (page does not exist)">259</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_260&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 260 (page does not exist)">260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">261</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_262&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 262 (page does not exist)">262</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_263&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 263 (page does not exist)">263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">264</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_265&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 265 (page does not exist)">265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">267</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_268&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 268 (page does not exist)">268</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_269&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 269 (page does not exist)">269</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_270&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 270 (page does not exist)">270</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_271&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 271 (page does not exist)">271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">274</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_277&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 277 (page does not exist)">277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">278</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 279 (page does not exist)">279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">281</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_282&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 282 (page does not exist)">282</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_283&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 283 (page does not exist)">283</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_284&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 284 (page does not exist)">284</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_285&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 285 (page does not exist)">285</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_286&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 286 (page does not exist)">286</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_287&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 287 (page does not exist)">287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 290 (page does not exist)">290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 291 (page does not exist)">291</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_292&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 292 (page does not exist)">292</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_293&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 293 (page does not exist)">293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">294</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_295&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 295 (page does not exist)">295</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 296 (page does not exist)">296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">297</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_298&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 298 (page does not exist)">298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">300</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_302&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 302 (page does not exist)">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">304</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_305&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 305 (page does not exist)">305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_306" title="Boeing Model 306">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">307</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_308&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 308 (page does not exist)">308</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_309&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 309 (page does not exist)">309</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 311 (page does not exist)">311</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_312&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 312 (page does not exist)">312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_314_Clipper" title="Boeing 314 Clipper">314</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 315 (page does not exist)">315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Y1B-20" title="Boeing Y1B-20">316</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 317 (page does not exist)">317</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_318&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 318 (page does not exist)">318</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_319&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 319 (page does not exist)">319</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_320&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 320 (page does not exist)">320</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_321&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 321 (page does not exist)">321</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">322</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 323 (page does not exist)">323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_324&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 324 (page does not exist)">324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_325&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 325 (page does not exist)">325</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_326&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 326 (page does not exist)">326</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_327&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 327 (page does not exist)">327</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 328 (page does not exist)">328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearman_XA-21" title="Stearman XA-21">329</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_330&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 330 (page does not exist)">330</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 331 (page does not exist)">331</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 332 (page does not exist)">332</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_333&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 333 (page does not exist)">333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">334</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_335&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 335 (page does not exist)">335</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_336&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 336 (page does not exist)">336</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_337&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 337 (page does not exist)">337</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_338&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 338 (page does not exist)">338</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_339&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 339 (page does not exist)">339</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 340 (page does not exist)">340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_341&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 341 (page does not exist)">341</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_342&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 342 (page does not exist)">342</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 343 (page does not exist)">343</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">345</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">345-2/4/31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 346 (page does not exist)">346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_348&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 348 (page does not exist)">348</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_349&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 349 (page does not exist)">349</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 350 (page does not exist)">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">353</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">355</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_356&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 356 (page does not exist)">356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">357</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">358</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">359</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_361&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 361 (page does not exist)">361</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_362&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 362 (page does not exist)">362</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 363 (page does not exist)">363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">364</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 365 (page does not exist)">365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_366&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 366 (page does not exist)">366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter">367</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter">-76</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_367-80" title="Boeing 367-80">367-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 368 (page does not exist)">368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">369</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_370&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 370 (page does not exist)">370</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_371&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 371 (page does not exist)">371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">372</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_373&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 373 (page does not exist)">373</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_374&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 374 (page does not exist)">374</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_375&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 375 (page does not exist)">375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XAT-15" title="Boeing XAT-15">378</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XAT-15" title="Boeing XAT-15">379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XAT-15" title="Boeing XAT-15">380</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 381 (page does not exist)">381</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_382&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 382 (page does not exist)">382</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_383&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 383 (page does not exist)">383</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_384&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 384 (page does not exist)">384</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_385&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 385 (page does not exist)">385</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_386&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 386 (page does not exist)">386</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_387&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 387 (page does not exist)">387</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_388&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 388 (page does not exist)">388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_389&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 389 (page does not exist)">389</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 390 (page does not exist)">390</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_391&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 391 (page does not exist)">391</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_392&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 392 (page does not exist)">392</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_393&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 393 (page does not exist)">393</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_394&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 394 (page does not exist)">394</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_395&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 395 (page does not exist)">395</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_396&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 396 (page does not exist)">396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_397&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 397 (page does not exist)">397</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_398&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 398 (page does not exist)">398</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_399&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 399 (page does not exist)">399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XF8B" title="Boeing XF8B">400</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 401 (page does not exist)">401</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_402&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 402 (page does not exist)">402</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_403&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 403 (page does not exist)">403</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_404&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 404 (page does not exist)">404</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 405 (page does not exist)">405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_406&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 406 (page does not exist)">406</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_407&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 407 (page does not exist)">407</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_408&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 408 (page does not exist)">408</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_409&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 409 (page does not exist)">409</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_410&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 410 (page does not exist)">410</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 411 (page does not exist)">411</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_412&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 412 (page does not exist)">412</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_413&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 413 (page does not exist)">413</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 414 (page does not exist)">414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_415&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 415 (page does not exist)">415</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_416&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 416 (page does not exist)">416</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_417&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 417 (page does not exist)">417</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 418 (page does not exist)">418</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_419&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 419 (page does not exist)">419</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_420&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 420 (page does not exist)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_421&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 421 (page does not exist)">421</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_422&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 422 (page does not exist)">422</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_423&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 423 (page does not exist)">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">424</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 425 (page does not exist)">425</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_426&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 426 (page does not exist)">426</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 427 (page does not exist)">427</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_428&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 428 (page does not exist)">428</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_429&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 429 (page does not exist)">429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 431 (page does not exist)">431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_433&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 433 (page does not exist)">433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 434 (page does not exist)">434</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_435&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 435 (page does not exist)">435</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_436&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 436 (page does not exist)">436</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 437 (page does not exist)">437</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 439 (page does not exist)">439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">440</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 441 (page does not exist)">441</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_442&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 442 (page does not exist)">442</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_443&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 443 (page does not exist)">443</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_444&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 444 (page does not exist)">444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_445&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 445 (page does not exist)">445</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_446&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 446 (page does not exist)">446</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_447&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 447 (page does not exist)">447</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">448</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_449&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 449 (page does not exist)">449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_L-15_Scout" title="Boeing L-15 Scout">451</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_452&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 452 (page does not exist)">452</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 453 (page does not exist)">453</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 454 (page does not exist)">454</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_455&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 455 (page does not exist)">455</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_456&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 456 (page does not exist)">456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_457&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 457 (page does not exist)">457</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_458&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 458 (page does not exist)">458</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_459&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 459 (page does not exist)">459</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_460&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 460 (page does not exist)">460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_461&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 461 (page does not exist)">461</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">462</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_463&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 463 (page does not exist)">463</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_465&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 465 (page does not exist)">465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP3B" title="Boeing XP3B">466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_467&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 467 (page does not exist)">467</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_468&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 468 (page does not exist)">468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_469&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 469 (page does not exist)">469</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_470&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 470 (page does not exist)">470</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 471 (page does not exist)">471</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_472&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 472 (page does not exist)">472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 473 (page does not exist)">473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_475&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 475 (page does not exist)">475</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">479</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 480 (page does not exist)">480</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_481&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 481 (page does not exist)">481</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_482&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 482 (page does not exist)">482</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_483&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 483 (page does not exist)">483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">484</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">485</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 486 (page does not exist)">486</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_490&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 490 (page does not exist)">490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_493" title="Boeing Model 493">493</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 495 (page does not exist)">495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_497&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 497 (page does not exist)">497</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_498&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 498 (page does not exist)">498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-59" title="Boeing XB-59">701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">814</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_815&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 815 (page does not exist)">815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFX_Program" title="TFX Program">818</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">820</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_831&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 831 (page does not exist)">831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_853-21_Quiet_Bird" title="Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird">853-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YC-14" title="Boeing YC-14">953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_1041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 1041 (page does not exist)">1041</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_1044&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 1044 (page does not exist)">1044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_1046&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 1046 (page does not exist)">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_1074&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 1074 (page does not exist)">1074</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_1080&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 1080 (page does not exist)">1080</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Model_2020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Model 2020 (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">707</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_720" title="Boeing 720">-020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter" title="Boeing C-135 Stratolifter">717 (I)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">-100/146/148/166</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">717 (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_720" title="Boeing 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">737</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">-253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Next Generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-7_Wedgetail" title="Boeing E-7 Wedgetail">-700W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">-800A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX" title="Boeing 737 MAX">MAX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">-2G4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">-400</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YAL-1" title="Boeing YAL-1">-4G4F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">757</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-32" title="Boeing C-32">-2G4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777X" title="Boeing 777X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">2707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turbine engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_8C" title="Boeing 8C">8C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing 500 (page does not exist)">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T50" title="Boeing T50">502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T60" title="Boeing T60">520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T50" title="Boeing T50">550</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">641</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_929_Jetfoil" title="Boeing 929 Jetfoil">929</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_customer_codes" title="List of Boeing customer codes">Boeing Customer Codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boeing_military_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boeing_military_aircraft" title="Template:Boeing military aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boeing_military_aircraft" title="Template talk:Boeing military aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing_military_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing military aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boeing_military_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a> military aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters/attack aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_15" title="Boeing Model 15">PW-9/FB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F2B" title="Boeing F2B">F2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F3B" title="Boeing F3B">F3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">F4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-15" title="Boeing XP-15">XF5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XF6B" title="Boeing XF6B">XF6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">XF7B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XF8B" title="Boeing XF8B">XF8B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-4" title="Boeing XP-4">XP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-7" title="Boeing XP-7">XP-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-8" title="Boeing XP-8">XP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-9" title="Boeing XP-9">XP-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">P-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-15" title="Boeing XP-15">XP-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">P-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">P-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">XP-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFX_Program" title="TFX Program">818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II" title="Boeing F-15EX Eagle II">F-15EX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-22" title="Lockheed YF-22">YF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">EA-18G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">YB-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">XB-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Y1B-20" title="Boeing Y1B-20">Y1B-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-38_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress">XB-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-39_Superfortress" title="Boeing XB-39 Superfortress">XB-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-40_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress">YB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">XB-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">B-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-50</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">B-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">XB-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-56" title="Boeing XB-56">XB-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-59" title="Boeing XB-59">XB-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">B-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piston-engined transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">C-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">C-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter">C-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_314_Clipper" title="Boeing 314 Clipper">C-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">XC-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-108_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress">C-108</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jet transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter" title="Boeing C-135 Stratolifter">C-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-137_Stratoliner" title="Boeing C-137 Stratoliner">C-137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CC-137" title="Boeing CC-137">CC-137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YC-14" title="Boeing YC-14">YC-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">C-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">VC-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-32" title="Boeing C-32">C-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-40_Clipper" title="Boeing C-40 Clipper">C-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">CT-43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanker-transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KB-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing KB-29 Superfortress">KB-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">KB-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter">KC-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-137_Stratoliner" title="Boeing C-137 Stratoliner">KC-137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_KC-10_Extender" title="McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender">KC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-46_Pegasus" title="Boeing KC-46 Pegasus">KC-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-767" title="Boeing KC-767">KC-767</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75" title="Boeing-Stearman Model 75">PT-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75" title="Boeing-Stearman Model 75">PT-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75" title="Boeing-Stearman Model 75">PT-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75" title="Boeing-Stearman Model 75">PT-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XAT-15" title="Boeing XAT-15">XAT-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">T-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_T-45_Goshawk" title="McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk">T-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk" title="Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk">T-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol and surveillance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPB" title="Boeing XPB">XPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger" title="Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger">XPBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP3B" title="Boeing XP3B">XP3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">P-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EC-135" title="Boeing EC-135">EC-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-137_Stratoliner" title="Boeing C-137 Stratoliner">EC-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry" title="Boeing E-3 Sentry">E-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-4" title="Boeing E-4">E-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-6_Mercury" title="Boeing E-6 Mercury">E-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-7_Wedgetail" title="Boeing E-7 Wedgetail">E-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS" title="Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS">E-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-10_MC2A" title="Northrop Grumman E-10 MC2A">E-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-767" title="Boeing E-767">E-767</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_NC-135" title="Boeing NC-135">NC-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_OC-135B_Open_Skies" title="Boeing OC-135B Open Skies">OC-135B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">RC-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_WC-135_Constant_Phoenix" title="Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix">WC-135</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drones/UAVs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YQM-94_B-Gull" title="Boeing YQM-94 B-Gull">YQM-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CQM-121_Pave_Tiger" title="Boeing CQM-121 Pave Tiger">CQM-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_A160_Hummingbird" title="Boeing A160 Hummingbird">MQ-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Insitu_RQ-21_Blackjack" title="Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack">RQ-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray" title="Boeing MQ-25 Stingray">MQ-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Insitu_MQ-27_ScanEagle" title="Boeing Insitu MQ-27 ScanEagle">MQ-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat" title="Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat">MQ-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-50_Dragonfly" title="Boeing X-50 Dragonfly">X-50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental/prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Boeing_AFTI/F-111A_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics–Boeing AFTI/F-111A Aardvark">AFTI/F-111A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">Bird of Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Eye" title="Boeing Phantom Eye">Phantom Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Ray" title="Boeing Phantom Ray">Phantom Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Skyfox" title="Boeing Skyfox">Skyfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">X-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">X-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">X-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-40" title="Boeing X-40">X-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-45" title="Boeing X-45">X-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-48" title="Boeing X-48">X-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-50_Dragonfly" title="Boeing X-50 Dragonfly">X-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-51_Waverider" title="Boeing X-51 Waverider">X-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">X-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YAL-1" title="Boeing YAL-1">YAL-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_bomber_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_bomber_aircraft" title="Template:USAF bomber aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_bomber_aircraft" title="Template talk:USAF bomber aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_bomber_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF bomber aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_bomber_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">USAAS</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">USAAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> bomber designations, Army/Air Force and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original sequences (1924–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Light bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_LB-1" title="Huff-Daland LB-1">LB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_F-10" title="Fokker F-10">LB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_XLB-3" title="Keystone XLB-3">LB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XLB-4" title="Martin XLB-4">LB-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-5" title="Keystone LB-5">LB-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-3" title="Keystone B-3">LB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-4" title="Keystone B-4">LB-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-5" title="Keystone B-5">LB-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XB-1" title="Huff-Daland XB-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_B-2_Condor" title="Curtiss B-2 Condor">B-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XHB-1" title="Huff-Daland XHB-1">HB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_XHB-2" title="Fokker XHB-2">HB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XHB-3" title="Huff-Daland XHB-3">HB-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main sequence (1930–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XB-1" title="Huff-Daland XB-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_B-2_Condor" title="Curtiss B-2 Condor">B-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-3" title="Keystone B-3">B-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-4" title="Keystone B-4">B-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-5" title="Keystone B-5">B-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-6" title="Keystone B-6">B-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Y1B-7" title="Douglas Y1B-7">B-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_XB-8" title="Fokker XB-8">B-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">B-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_YOA-5" title="Douglas YOA-5">B-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">B-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-16" title="Martin XB-16">B-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">B-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-19" title="Douglas XB-19">B-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Y1B-20" title="Boeing Y1B-20">B-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-21" title="North American XB-21">B-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">B-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-23_Dragon" title="Douglas B-23 Dragon">B-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">B-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">B-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-27" title="Martin XB-27">B-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-28_Dragon" title="North American XB-28 Dragon">B-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-29D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XB-30" title="Lockheed XB-30">B-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-31" title="Douglas XB-31">B-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-32_Dominator" title="Consolidated B-32 Dominator">B-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-33_Super_Marauder" title="Martin XB-33 Super Marauder">B-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">B-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-35" title="Northrop YB-35">B-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">B-36</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_YB-60" title="Convair YB-60">B-36G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_NB-36H" title="Convair NB-36H">NB-36H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">B-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-38_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress">B-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-39_Superfortress" title="Boeing XB-39 Superfortress">B-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-40_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress">B-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_XB-41_Liberator" title="Consolidated XB-41 Liberator">B-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-42_Mixmaster" title="Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster">B-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-43_Jetmaster" title="Douglas XB-43 Jetmaster">B-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">B-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-46" title="Convair XB-46">B-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">B-47</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-56" title="Boeing XB-56">B-47C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-48" title="Martin XB-48">B-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-49" title="Northrop YB-49">B-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-50</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">B-50C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-51" title="Martin XB-51">B-51</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-53" title="Convair XB-53">B-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">B-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">B-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-56" title="Boeing XB-56">B-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">B-57</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">RB-57D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin/General_Dynamics_RB-57F_Canberra" title="Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra">RB-57F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">B-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-59" title="Boeing XB-59">B-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_YB-60" title="Convair YB-60">B-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">B-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-62_Snark" title="SM-62 Snark">B-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-63_RASCAL" title="GAM-63 RASCAL">B-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">B-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">B-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">B-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-67_Crossbow" title="GAM-67 Crossbow">B-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-68" title="Martin XB-68">B-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">B-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">B-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">B-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long-range bomber (1935–1936)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">BLR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-19" title="Douglas XB-19">BLR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_XBLR-3" title="Sikorsky XBLR-3">BLR-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service sequence (1962–current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop B-2 Spirit">B-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Redesignated A-series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">B-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter-bomber, in F-series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_FB-22" title="Lockheed Martin FB-22">FB-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">FB-111</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider" title="Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider">B-21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_military_reconnaissance_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_1962_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Template:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Template talk:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_military_reconnaissance_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_1962_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States military <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a> designations, Army/Air Force and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">1962 Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army/Air Force main sequence (1930–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefix F-, 1930–1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_71" title="Fairchild 71">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">F-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">F-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants#F-9_Flying_Fortress" title="List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants">F-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">F-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">F-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-12_Rainbow" title="Republic XF-12 Rainbow">F-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">F-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">F-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-15_Reporter" title="Northrop F-15 Reporter">F-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefix R-, 1947–1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">R-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-12_Rainbow" title="Republic XF-12 Rainbow">R-12</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R-16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance/strike sequence (1960–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">RS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">RS-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategic reconnaissance sequence (1964–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72" title="Lockheed Martin SR-72">SR-72</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service main sequence (1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">R-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance subtypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">RF-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">RF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">RF-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">RF-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">RF-104</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants" title="List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants">RB-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">RB-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">RB-47</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RB-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">RB-57</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">RB-57D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin/General_Dynamics_RB-57F_Canberra" title="Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra">RB-57F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">RB-66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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aria-labelledby="United_States_Air_Force_system_numbers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_system_codes" title="Template:USAF system codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_system_codes" title="Template talk:USAF system codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_system_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF system codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Air_Force_system_numbers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> system numbers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100–199</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">100</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">101</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-62_Snark" title="SM-62 Snark">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">105</a></li> <li>1061</li> <li>107 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-68_Titan" title="SM-68 Titan">A-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1081</li> <li>1091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">110</a></li> <li>1111</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-63_RASCAL" title="GAM-63 RASCAL">112</a></li> <li>1131</li> <li>1141</li> <li>1151</li> <li>1161</li> <li>117 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconnaissance_Satellite_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconnaissance Satellite System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>118 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGM-118_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118 Peacekeeper">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KA-27_(camera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KA-27 (camera) (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypersonic_Reconnaissance_Manned_Boost-Glide_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypersonic Reconnaissance Manned Boost-Glide Rocket (page does not exist)">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter" title="Boeing C-135 Stratolifter">119</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">C/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFM_International_CFM56" title="CFM International CFM56">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Photo-Reconnaissance_Balloon_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Photo-Reconnaissance Balloon System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EC-135" title="Boeing EC-135">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGM-75_AICBM" title="BGM-75 AICBM">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-67_Crossbow" title="GAM-67 Crossbow">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSM-73_Goose" title="XSM-73 Goose">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-124A_Flying_Cloud" title="WS-124A Flying Cloud">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-125" title="WS-125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomber_Defense_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomber Defense Missile (page does not exist)">126</a></li> <li>1271</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-128A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-128A (page does not exist)">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-130A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-130A (page does not exist)">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">131</a></li> <li>132 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomber_Defense_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomber Defense Missile (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-132B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-132B (page does not exist)">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">133</a></li> <li>1341</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-135A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-135A (page does not exist)">135</a></li> <li>1361</li> <li>1371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM" title="AGM-69 SRAM">140</a></li> <li>1411</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popeye_(missile)" title="Popeye (missile)">142</a></li> <li>143–1971</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-198A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-198A (page does not exist)">198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-199" title="WS-199">199</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bold_Orion" title="Bold Orion">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Virgo" title="High Virgo">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Draco" title="Alpha Draco">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-199Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-199Y (page does not exist)">Y</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200–299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">200</a></li> <li>201 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">A/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">B/W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J75" title="Pratt & Whitney J75">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">202</a></li> <li>2031</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-103" title="Republic XF-103">204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">206</a></li> <li>2071</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-26_Falcon" title="AIM-26 Falcon">208</a></li> <li>2091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">210</a></li> <li>2111</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Weapons_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Weapons Control System (page does not exist)">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_Early_Warning_Line" title="Distant Early Warning Line">213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-121_Constellation" title="Lockheed C-121 Constellation">214</a></li> <li>2151</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">218</a></li> <li>2191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">221</a></li> <li>222 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Wizard" title="Project Wizard">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Electro-Optical_Countermeasures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Electro-Optical Countermeasures (page does not exist)">G</a></li></ul></li> <li>2231</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Zeus" title="Nike Zeus">224</a></li> <li>2251</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-7_Sparrow" title="AIM-7 Sparrow">226</a></li> <li>227–2381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">239</a></li> <li>240–2781</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">279</a></li> <li>280–2981</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-299A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-299A (page does not exist)">299</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300–399</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">300</a></li> <li>3011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-68" title="Martin XB-68">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">303</a></li> <li>3041</li> <li>3051</li> <li>306 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">A/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">309</a></li> <li>3101</li> <li>3111</li> <li>3121</li> <li>3131</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-62_Walleye" title="AGM-62 Walleye">314</a></li> <li>315 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">A-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">316</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Tank_Guided_Air_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Tank Guided Air Rocket (page does not exist)">317</a></li> <li>3181</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">319</a></li> <li>3201</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-12_Bullpup" title="AGM-12 Bullpup">321</a></li> <li>3221</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Strike/Reconnaissance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Strike/Reconnaissance System (page does not exist)">323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">324</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Grumman_EF-111A_Raven" title="General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_TF30" title="Pratt & Whitney TF30">M/N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Medium_Range_Ballistic_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile Medium Range Ballistic Missile (page does not exist)">325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">327</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J79" title="General Electric J79">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">328</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">329</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_TF34" title="General Electric TF34">F</a></li></ul></li> <li>3301</li> <li>3311</li> <li>3321</li> <li>3331</li> <li>3341</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly" title="Cessna A-37 Dragonfly">335</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II" title="LTV A-7 Corsair II">337</a></li> <li>338–3791</li> <li>380 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_F100" title="Pratt & Whitney F100">A/B/E/F/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_F110" title="General Electric F110">P</a></li></ul></li> <li>381–3971</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theater_Ballistic_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theater Ballistic Missile (page does not exist)">398</a></li> <li>399 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-399A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-399A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-399B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-399B (page does not exist)">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">400–499</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">400</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">B/C/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_T56" title="Allison T56">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_MC-130" title="Lockheed MC-130">G/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_RC-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed RC-130 Hercules">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-132" title="Douglas C-132">401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster" title="Douglas C-133 Cargomaster">402</a></li> <li>4031</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Traffic_Control_And_Landing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Traffic Control And Landing System (page does not exist)">404</a></li> <li>405 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaceborne_Laser_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaceborne Laser Communications System (page does not exist)">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_405C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 405C (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_405D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 405D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li>4061</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Theater_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Theater Air Control System (page does not exist)">407</a></li> <li>4081</li> <li>4091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">410</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_TF39" title="General Electric TF39">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Area_Surveillance_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Area Surveillance Control System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry" title="Boeing E-3 Sentry">411</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_Warning_And_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Warning And Control System">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Weapons_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Weapons Control System (page does not exist)">412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_Early_Warning_Line" title="Distant Early Warning Line">413</a></li> <li>414 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_Early_Warning_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric Early Warning System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-414M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-414M (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command_Integrated_Management_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Airlift Command Integrated Management System (page does not exist)">415</a></li> <li>416 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-Up_Interceptor_Control" title="Back-Up Interceptor Control">M (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sands_Missile_Range_Surveillance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Sands Missile Range Surveillance System (page does not exist)">M (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seek_Dawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seek Dawn (page does not exist)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Digitizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Digitizer (page does not exist)">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-417L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-417L (page does not exist)">417</a></li> <li>418 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryukyu_Air_Defense_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryukyu Air Defense System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Air_Defense_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiian Air Defense System (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>4191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">420</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">L/W</a></li></ul></li> <li>4211</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Digital_Network" title="Automatic Digital Network">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet" title="Cessna T-37 Tweet">424</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">425</a></li> <li>426 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_AQM-35" title="Northrop AQM-35">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-426M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-426M (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>427 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AQM-60_Kingfisher" title="Lockheed AQM-60 Kingfisher">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command_Integrated_Management_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Airlift Command Integrated Management System (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>428 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Air_Ground_Intelligence_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Air Ground Intelligence System (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/URC-117_Ground_Wave_Emergency_Network" title="AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Firebee" title="Ryan Firebee">429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_Processing_and_Interpretation_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic Processing and Interpretation Facility (page does not exist)">430</a></li> <li>431 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_431G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 431G (page does not exist)">G (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_Control_And_Landing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traffic Control And Landing System (page does not exist)">G (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crash_Locator_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crash Locator System (page does not exist)">432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=METRO_Weather_Observation_and_Forecasting_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="METRO Weather Observation and Forecasting System (page does not exist)">433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Surveillance_System" title="Air Force Space Surveillance System">434</a></li> <li>435 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navy_Navigational_Satellite_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navy Navigational Satellite System (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EC-135" title="Boeing EC-135">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Automated_Command_and_Control_System" title="Strategic Automated Command and Control System">436</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-Armed_Unguided_Satellite_Inspection_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear-Armed Unguided Satellite Inspection System (page does not exist)">437</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIDS_Intelligence_Data_Handling_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIDS Intelligence Data Handling System (page does not exist)">438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Coastal_Cable_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea Coastal Cable Communications System (page does not exist)">439</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forward_Scatter_Over-the-Horizon_Radar_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forward Scatter Over-the-Horizon Radar System (page does not exist)">440</a></li> <li>441 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_Mist" title="Cobra Mist">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobra_Talon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobra Talon (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Satellite_Communications" title="Air Force Satellite Communications">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_X-7" title="Lockheed X-7">442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">443</a></li> <li>4441</li> <li>445 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-445L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-445L (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-445M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-445M (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">447</a></li> <li>4481</li> <li>4491</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">450</a></li> <li>451 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spain_Air_Defense_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spain Air Defense System (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Information_Distribution_System" title="Joint Tactical Information Distribution System">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">453</a></li> <li>4541</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HYWARDS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HYWARDS (page does not exist)">455</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrajector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrajector (page does not exist)">456</a></li> <li>4571</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wideband_Transmission_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wideband Transmission System (page does not exist)">458</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-459L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-459L (page does not exist)">459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS" title="Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS">460</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_WC-135_Constant_Phoenix" title="Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-Altitude_Balloon_Reconnaissance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-Altitude Balloon Reconnaissance System (page does not exist)">461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_AQM-37_Jayhawk" title="Beechcraft AQM-37 Jayhawk">462</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/463L_master_pallet" title="463L master pallet">463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_465L_Strategic_Air_Command_Control_System" title="ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System">465</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=466L_Electromagnetic_Intelligence_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="466L Electromagnetic Intelligence System (page does not exist)">466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Navigational_Training_Support_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Navigational Training Support System (page does not exist)">467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_JetStar" title="Lockheed JetStar">468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_Of_Range_Telemetry_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversion Of Range Telemetry Systems (page does not exist)">469</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_470L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 470L (page does not exist)">470</a></li> <li>471 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">L (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Support_System_Test_Aircraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Support System Test Aircraft (page does not exist)">472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USAF_Command_and_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USAF Command and Control System (page does not exist)">473</a></li> <li>474 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Early_Warning_System" title="Ballistic Missile Early Warning System">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/FPS-26_Radar" title="AN/FPS-26 Radar">N</a></li></ul></li> <li>4751</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter" title="Lockheed C-141 Starlifter">476</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_477L_Nuclear_Detection_and_Reporting_System" title="GE 477L Nuclear Detection and Reporting System">477</a></li> <li>478 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTV_XC-142" title="LTV XC-142">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri-Service_Tactical_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri-Service Tactical Communications System (page does not exist)">T</a></li></ul></li> <li>4791</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-480L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-480L (page does not exist)">480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-4" title="Boeing E-4">481</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Attack_Command_and_Control_System" title="Post-Attack Command and Control System">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion">482</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T64" title="General Electric T64">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Theater_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Theater Air Control System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_MH-53" title="Sikorsky MH-53">M/Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air/Ground_Digital_Secure_Teletype_Communication_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air/Ground Digital Secure Teletype Communication System (page does not exist)">483</a></li> <li>484 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Frequency_Global_Communication_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Frequency Global Communication System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Build_Back&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Build Back (page does not exist)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wet Wash (page does not exist)">N</a></li></ul></li> <li>485 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Theater_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Theater Air Control System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-61R" title="Sikorsky S-61R">Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediterranean Communications System (page does not exist)">486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivable_Low_Frequency_Communications_System" title="Survivable Low Frequency Communications System">487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Pine_(communications)" title="Green Pine (communications)">488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Area_Command_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Area Command System (page does not exist)">489</a></li> <li>490 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Voice_Network_of_the_Defense_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Voice Network of the Defense Communications System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Attack_Intercontinental_Link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post Attack Intercontinental Link (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>4911</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Strike_Command_and_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Strike Command and Control (page does not exist)">492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Secure_Voice_Communications_Network" title="Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network">493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/DRC-8_Emergency_Rocket_Communications_System" title="AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System">494</a></li> <li>495 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFF_Mark_XII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFF Mark XII (page does not exist)">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Command_and_Control_Information_Processing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Command and Control Information Processing System (page does not exist)">L (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">496</a></li> <li>497 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-497A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-497A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Digital_Switching_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Digital Switching System (page does not exist)">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>498 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-498A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-498A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Communications System (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milstar" title="Milstar">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>499 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-499A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-499A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-499C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-499C (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-499D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-499D (page does not exist)">D</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500–599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Communication_Product_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Communication Product Group (page does not exist)">500</a></li> <li>501–5191</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-520B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-520B (page does not exist)">520</a></li> <li>521–5291</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-530A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-530A (page does not exist)">530</a></li> <li>531–5411</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_542N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 542N (page does not exist)">542</a></li> <li>543–5491</li> <li>550 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-550A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-550A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-550E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-550E (page does not exist)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li>551–5591</li> <li>560 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-560A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-560A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-560F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-560F (page does not exist)">F</a></li></ul></li> <li>561–5691</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-570A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-570A (page does not exist)">570</a></li> <li>571–5791</li> <li>580 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-580A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-580A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-580E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-580E (page does not exist)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li>581–5891</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_590K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 590K (page does not exist)">590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBU-15" title="GBU-15">591</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_592K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 592K (page does not exist)">592</a></li> <li>593–5991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">600–699</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-600A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-600A (page does not exist)">600</a></li> <li>601 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_X-7" title="Lockheed X-7">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Aerospace_Offensive_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Aerospace Offensive System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>602 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XV-3" title="Bell XV-3">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Aerospace_Defensive_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Aerospace Defensive System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>603 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_X-13_Vertijet" title="Ryan X-13 Vertijet">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Forces_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Forces System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-604A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-604A (page does not exist)">604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiller_X-18" title="Hiller X-18">607</a></li> <li>6081</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">609</a></li> <li>6101</li> <li>6111</li> <li>6121</li> <li>6131</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-614A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-614A (page does not exist)">614</a></li> <li>6151</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Essential_Emergency_Communications_Network" title="Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network">616</a></li> <li>6171</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-618A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-618A (page does not exist)">618</a></li> <li>6191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">620</a></li> <li>621 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_SAINT" title="Project SAINT">A/B (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_NavSat/Inertial_Test_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated NavSat/Inertial Test System (page does not exist)">B (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">622</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Solid-Propellant_Launch_Vehicle_Rocket_Motor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Solid-Propellant Launch Vehicle Rocket Motor (page does not exist)">623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">624</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-625A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-625A (page does not exist)">625</a></li> <li>6261</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Ballistic_Reentry_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Ballistic Reentry System (page does not exist)">627</a></li> <li>6281</li> <li>6291</li> <li>6301</li> <li>6311</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/AAR-44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/AAR-44 (page does not exist)">632</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_Inertial_Doppler_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellar Inertial Doppler System (page does not exist)">633</a></li> <li>634 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_Dane" title="Cobra Dane">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Information_Distribution_System" title="Joint Tactical Information Distribution System">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALE-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALE-24 (page does not exist)">635</a></li> <li>6361</li> <li>6371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">638</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALE-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALE-40 (page does not exist)">639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALE-45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALE-45 (page does not exist)">640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/ALE-47" title="AN/ALE-47">641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seek_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seek Point (page does not exist)">642</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-184&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-184 (page does not exist)">643</a></li> <li>6441</li> <li>6451</li> <li>6461</li> <li>6471</li> <li>648 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RM-81_Agena" title="RM-81 Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_648D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 648D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-99" title="AN/ALQ-99">P</a></li></ul></li> <li>649 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-649A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-649A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-649B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-649B (page does not exist)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-649C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-649C (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-649D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-649D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Counterweapons_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Counterweapons System (page does not exist)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_Inspection_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satellite Inspection System (page does not exist)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Combat_Weapon_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Combat Weapon System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Dash 10">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-650A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-650A (page does not exist)">650</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_651A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 651A (page does not exist)">651</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-122 (page does not exist)">652</a></li> <li>6531</li> <li>6541</li> <li>655 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-655A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-655A (page does not exist)">A (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Altutude_Short_Range_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Altutude Short Range Missile (page does not exist)">A (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-131 (page does not exist)">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-135" title="AN/ALQ-135">656</a></li> <li>6571</li> <li>6581</li> <li>6591</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-155&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-155 (page does not exist)">660</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-161 (page does not exist)">661</a></li> <li>6621</li> <li>6631</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-172 (page does not exist)">664</a></li> <li>665 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-665A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-665A (page does not exist)">A (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-Sensor_Airborne_Reconnaissance/Strike_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-Sensor Airborne Reconnaissance/Strike System (page does not exist)">A (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li>666 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_NavSat/Inertial_Test_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated NavSat/Inertial Test System (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-184&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-184 (page does not exist)">C/P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_667A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 667A (page does not exist)">667</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_668A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 668A (page does not exist)">668</a></li> <li>6691</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_670B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 670B (page does not exist)">670</a></li> <li>6711</li> <li>672 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_ICBM_Technology_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced ICBM Technology Program (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALR-56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALR-56 (page does not exist)">M/P</a></li></ul></li> <li>6731</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALR-69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALR-69 (page does not exist)">674</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-675A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-675A (page does not exist)">675</a></li> <li>6761</li> <li>6771</li> <li>6781</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_679A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 679A (page does not exist)">679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survivable_Flight_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survivable Flight Control System (page does not exist)">680</a></li> <li>681 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_681D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 681D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_Installation_Security_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base Installation Security System (page does not exist)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li>6821</li> <li>683 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Air Control System (page does not exist)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">V</a></li></ul></li> <li>6841</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-685A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-685A (page does not exist)">685</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Flight_Simulation_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aircraft Flight Simulation Complex (page does not exist)">686</a></li> <li>687 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TACSATCOM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TACSATCOM (page does not exist)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">P</a></li></ul></li> <li>6881</li> <li>6891</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_690K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 690K (page does not exist)">690</a></li> <li>691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_691X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 691X (page does not exist)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Military_Command_and_Control_System" title="Worldwide Military Command and Control System">Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>6921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_X-13_Vertijet" title="Ryan X-13 Vertijet">693</a></li> <li>6941</li> <li>695 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSER" title="ANSER">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itek" title="Itek">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-68_Titan" title="SM-68 Titan">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">S (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">S (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li>6961</li> <li>6971</li> <li>6981</li> <li>6991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">700–799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>700–7351</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/APR-46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/APR-46 (page does not exist)">736</a></li> <li>7371</li> <li>7381</li> <li>7391</li> <li>7401</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Electronic_Warfare_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Electronic Warfare System (page does not exist)">741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LANTIRN" title="LANTIRN">742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LANTIRN" title="LANTIRN">743</a></li> <li>7441</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Satellite_Communications_Directorate" title="Military Satellite Communications Directorate">745</a></li> <li>746–7531</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALM-234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALM-234 (page does not exist)">754</a></li> <li>755–7991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800–899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>8001</li> <li>8011</li> <li>802 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_802L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 802L (page does not exist)">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Frequency_Global_Communication_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Frequency Global Communication System (page does not exist)">L (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li>8031</li> <li>8041</li> <li>8051</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Range_Threat_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Range Threat System (page does not exist)">806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">807</a></li> <li>808–8161</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_Sensor_Collection_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technical Sensor Collection Systems (page does not exist)">817</a></li> <li>8181</li> <li>8191</li> <li>8201</li> <li>8211</li> <li>8221</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_823L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 823L (page does not exist)">823</a></li> <li>824–8311</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">832</a></li> <li>8331</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">834</a></li> <li>835–8451</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Range_Threat_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Range Threat System (page does not exist)">846</a></li> <li>847–8991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>900–9511</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">952</a></li> <li>8531</li> <li>8541</li> <li>8551</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">956</a></li> <li>957–9671</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacer_Harmony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacer Harmony (page does not exist)">968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Unknown or not assigned</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174534#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174534#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174534#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/824817/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4542046-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010703">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12242230k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12242230k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph311236&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284657405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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[\"CITEREFCookHorneManning1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordesmanWagner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreech2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefense_Industry_Daily_staff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickPatterson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorr1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorrPeacock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorrRogers1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrendel1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEthell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlinn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFutrellGreenhalghGrubbHasselwander1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonsier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunston1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeflin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolder1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollings\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInsinna2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsby2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkinsRogers1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnaack1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakeStyling2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebermann2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindelof2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosey2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandeles1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyAllison1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuenswander2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOskinsMaggelet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParedes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrington1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawlyk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawlyk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilipps2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaatz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolfsen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlight1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiler1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkipper2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorace2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorenson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpick1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzondy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegler2000\"] = 1,\n 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encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 84,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 89,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 14,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 21,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 22,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 13,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 44,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 180,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced en dash\"] = 5,\n [\"Start 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